Nuwamba 3

1917 – Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846)
 1918 – Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857)
 1926 – Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860)
 1927 – Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860)
 1929 – Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883)
 1933 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853)
 1939 – Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870)
 1949 – Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861)
 1954 – Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869)
 1956 – Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883)
 1957 – Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897)
 1960 – Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901)
 1962 – L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895)
 1968 – Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920)
 1969 – Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898)
 1973 – Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900)
 1975 – Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919)
 1975   – Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
 1980 – Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897)
 1983 – Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901)
 1983 – Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894)
 1987 – Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945)
 1988 – Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916)
 1989 – Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893)
 1990 – Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929)
 1990   – Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914)
 1990   – Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913)
 1991 – Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972)
 1993 – Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895)
 1994 – Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905)
 1995 – Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887)
 1996 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
 1997 – Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927)
 1998 – Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915)
 1999 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
 2001 – Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909)
 2002 – Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931)
 2002   – Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914)
 2003 – Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923)
 2004 – Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972)
 2006 – Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
 2006   – Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911)
 2006   – Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937)
 2007 – Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962)
 2007   – Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945)
 2007   – Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979)
 2008 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913)
 2009 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906)
 2009   – Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919)
 2009   – Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917)
 2010 – Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928)
 2010   – Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938)
 2010   – Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949)
 2011 – Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948)
 2012 – Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923)
 2012   – George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922)
 2012   – Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920)
 2012   – Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929)
 2012   – Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940)
 2012   – Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923)
 2013 – Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920)
 2013   – Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927)
 2013   – Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925)
 2013   – William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936)
 2013   – Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953)
 2013   – Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911)
 2014 – Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940)
 2014   – Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922)
 2014   – Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950)
 2015 – Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944)
 2015   – Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931)
 2015   – Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927)
 2015   – Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931)Lyn Innes, "Lauretta Ngcobo obituary", The Guardian, 19 November 2015.
 2016 – Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922)
 2018 – Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944)

 1914 – Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887)
 1917 – Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846)
 1918 – Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857)
 1926 – Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860)
 1927 – Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860)
 1929 – Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883)
 1933 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853)
 1939 – Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870)
 1949 – Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861)
 1954 – Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869)
 1956 – Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883)
 1957 – Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897)
 1960 – Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901)
 1962 – L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895)
 1968 – Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920)
 1969 – Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898)
 1973 – Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900)
 1975 – Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919)
 1975   – Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
 1980 – Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897)
 1983 – Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901)
 1983 – Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894)
 1987 – Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945)
 1988 – Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916)
 1989 – Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893)
 1990 – Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929)
 1990   – Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914)
 1990   – Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913)
 1991 – Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972)
 1993 – Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895)
 1994 – Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905)
 1995 – Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887)
 1996 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
 1997 – Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927)
 1998 – Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915)
 1999 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
 2001 – Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909)
 2002 – Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931)
 2002   – Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914)
 2003 – Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923)
 2004 – Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972)
 2006 – Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
 2006   – Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911)
 2006   – Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937)
 2007 – Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962)
 2007   – Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945)
 2007   – Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979)
 2008 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913)
 2009 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906)
 2009   – Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919)
 2009   – Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917)
 2010 – Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928)
 2010   – Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938)
 2010   – Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949)
 2011 – Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948)
 2012 – Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923)
 2012   – George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922)
 2012   – Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920)
 2012   – Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929)
 2012   – Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940)
 2012   – Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923)
 2013 – Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920)
 2013   – Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927)
 2013   – Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925)
 2013   – William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936)
 2013   – Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953)
 2013   – Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911)
 2014 – Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940)
 2014   – Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922)
 2014   – Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950)
 2015 – Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944)
 2015   – Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931)
 2015   – Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927)
 2015   – Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931)Lyn Innes, "Lauretta Ngcobo obituary", The Guardian, 19 November 2015.
 2016 – Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922)
 2018 – Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944)
nowaba tana da kwana 30 acikinta

 Abubuwan da suka faru 

 Kafin 1600 

 361 – Sarkin sarakuna Constantius II ya mutu da zazzabi a Mopsuestia a Kilicia ; a kan mutuwarsa ya yi baftisma kuma ya bayyana, dan uwansa Julian a matsayin magajin da ya cancanta.
 1333 – Kogin Arno ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin Florence kamar yadda tarihin Florentine Giovanni Villani ya rubuta.
 1468 – Charles I na sojojin Burgundy ya kori Liège .
 1492 – Aminci na Etaples tsakanin Henry VII na Ingila da Charles VIII na Faransa .
 1493 – Christopher Columbus ya fara kallon tsibirin Dominica a cikin Tekun Caribbean .
 1534 – Majalisar dokokin Ingila ta zartar da dokar farko ta Mulki, wanda ya sa Sarki Henry na VIII ya zama shugaban cocin Anglican, ya maye gurbin Paparoma da Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika .

 1601-1900 

 1783 – An wargaza Rundunar Sojojin Amurka.
 1793 – Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, ɗan jarida kuma Olympe de Gouges na mata yana da laifi .
 1812 – An ci sojojin Napoleon a yakin Vyazma .
 1817 – Bankin Montreal, bankin Kanada mafi dadewa na haya, ya buɗe a Montreal .
 1838 – The Times of India, mafi girma a duniya da aka watsar da yaren Ingilishi na yau da kullun jaridar da aka kafa a matsayin The Bombay Times da Journal of Commerce .
 1848 – An yi shelar kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Holland sosai, wanda ke ba da iko da yawa daga sarki zuwa majalisarsa da ministocinsa.
 1867 – Giuseppe Garibaldi da mabiyansa sun ci nasara a yakin Mentana kuma sun kasa kawo karshen ikon Paparoma a Roma (za a samu bayan shekaru uku).
 1868 – John Willis Menard (R-LA) shi ne Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . Saboda kalubalen zabe, bai taba zama ba.
 1881 – Tashin Mapuche na 1881 ya fara a Chile.
 1898 – Faransa ta janye sojojinta daga Fashoda (yanzu a Sudan), ta kawo karshen lamarin Fashoda .

 1901 - yanzu 

 1903 – With the encouragement of the United States, Panama separates from Colombia.
 1908 – William Howard Taft is elected the 27th President of the United States.
 1911 – Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T.
 1918 – The German Revolution of 1918–19 begins when 40,000 sailors take over the port in Kiel.
 1920 – Russian Civil War: The Russian Army retreats to Crimea, after a successful offensive by the Red Army and Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.
 1929 – The Gwangju Student Independence Movement occurred.
 1930 – Getúlio Vargas becomes Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24.
 1932 – Panagis Tsaldaris becomes the 142nd Prime Minister of Greece.
 1935 – George II of Greece regains his throne through a popular, though possibly fixed, plebiscite.
 1936 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected the 32nd President of the United States.
 1942 – World War II: The Koli Point action begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on November 12.
 1943 – World War II: Five hundred aircraft of the U.S. 8th Air Force devastate Wilhelmshaven harbor in Germany.
 1944 – World War II: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.
 1946 – The Constitution of Japan is adopted through Emperor's assent.
 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The Battle of Dengbu Island occurs.
 1950 – Air India Flight 245 crashes into Mont Blanc, while on approach to Geneva Airport, killing all 48 people on board.
 1956 – Suez Crisis: The Khan Yunis killings by the Israel Defense Forces in Egyptian-controlled Gaza result in the deaths of 275 Palestinians.
 1956   – Hungarian Revolution: A new Hungarian government is formed, in which many members of banned non-Communist parties participate.  János Kádár and Ferenc Münnich form a counter-government in Moscow as Soviet troops prepare for the final assault.
 1957 – Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit, a dog named Laika.
 1960 – The land that would become the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is established by an Act of Congress after a year-long legal battle that pitted local residents against Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officials wishing to turn the Great Swamp into a major regional airport for jet aircraft.
 1961 – U Thant is unanimously appointed as the 3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations, becoming the first non-European individual to occupy the post.
 1964 – Lyndon B. Johnson is elected to a full term as U.S. president, winning 61% of the vote and 44 states, while Washington D.C. residents are able to vote in a presidential election for the first time, casting the majority of their votes for Lyndon Johnson.
 1967 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Dak To begins.
 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies.
 1973 – Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury. On March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet.
 1975 – Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, Tajuddin Ahmad, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi politicians and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman loyalists, are murdered in the Dhaka Central Jail.
 1978 – Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
 1979 – Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States.
 1980 – A Latin Carga Convair CV-880 crashes at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Venezuela, killing four.
 1982 – The Salang Tunnel fire in Afghanistan by kills 150–2000 people.
 1986 – Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been secretly selling weapons to Iran in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
 1986   – The Compact of Free Association becomes law, granting the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands independence from the United States.
 1988 – Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries attempt to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the rebellion within 24 hours.
 1992 – Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican President George H. W. Bush and Independent candidate Ross Perot in the 1992 United States presidential election.
 1996 – Abdullah Çatlı, the leader of the Turkish ultranationalist organization Grey Wolves, dies in the Susurluk car crash, leading to the resignation of Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar (a leader of the True Path Party).
 1997 – The United States imposes economic sanctions against Sudan in response to its human rights abuses of its own citizens and its material and political assistance to Islamic extremist groups across the Middle East and East Africa.
 2014 – One World Trade Center officially opens in New York City, replacing the Twin Towers after they were destroyed during the September 11 attacks.
 2020 – The 2020 United States presidential election takes place between Democratic Joe Biden and Republican incumbent President Donald Trump. On November 7, Biden was declared the winner.

 Haihuwa 

 Kafin 1600 

 AD 39 – Lucan, mawaƙin Romawa (d. 65)
 1500 – Benvenuto Cellini, Italiyanci sculptor kuma mai zane (d. 1571)
 1505 – Achilles Gasser, likitan Jamus kuma masanin taurari (d. 1577)
 1527 – Tilemann Heshusius, masanin tauhidin Gnesio-Lutheran (d. 1588)
 1560 – Annibale Carracci, mai zanen Italiyanci kuma mai zane (d. 1609)
 1587 – Samuel Scheidt, Bajamushe organist, mawaki, kuma malami (d. 1654)

 1601-1900 

 1604 – Osman II, Sarkin Ottoman (d. 1622)
 1618 – Aurangzeb, Mughal Sarkin Indiya (d. 1707)
 1656 – Georg Reutter, Ostiriya organist da mawaki (d. 1738)
 1659 – Hui-bin Jang, Royal consort (d. 1701)
 1689 – Jan Josef Ignác Brentner, mawaƙin Czech (d. 1742)
 1749 – Daniel Rutherford, masanin chemist dan Scotland kuma likita (d. 1819)
 1757 – Robert Smith, sojan Amurka, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 6 (d. 1842)
 1777 – Gimbiya Sophia ta Burtaniya (d. 1848)
 1793 – Stephen F. Austin, ɗan kasuwan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa (d. 1836)
 1794 – William Cullen Bryant, mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan jarida (d. 1878)
 1799 – William Sprague III, lauyan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa, Gwamna na 14 na Rhode Island (d. 1856)
 1801 – Karl Baedeker, marubucin Jamusanci kuma mawallafi, ya kafa Baedeker Publishing Company (d. 1859)
 1801 – Vincenzo Bellini, mawaƙin Italiyanci (d. 1835)
 1815 – John Mitchel, ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Irish kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya (d. 1875)
 1816 – Jubal Early, Janar na Amurka kuma lauya (d. 1894)
 1816 – Calvin Fairbank, Ministan Amurka kuma mai fafutuka (d. 1898)
 1845 – Edward Douglass White, lauyan Amurka, masanin shari’a, kuma ɗan siyasa, Babban Alkalin Alkalan Amurka na 9 (d. 1921)
 1852 – Sarkin sarakuna Meiji na Japan (d. 1912)
 1854 – Carlo Fornasini, masanin ilimin micropalaeontologist na Italiya (d. 1931) 
 1856 – Jim McCormick, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan ƙasar Scotland-Amurke kuma manaja (d. 1918)
 1857 – Mikhail Alekseyev, Janar na Rasha (d. 1918).
 1862 – Henry George, Jr., ɗan jarida kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Amurka (d. 1916)
 1863 – Alfred Perot, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimi na Faransa (d. 1925)
 1866 – Harry Staley, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka (d. 1910) 
 1871 – Albert Goldthorpe, ɗan wasan rugby na Ingilishi kuma manaja (d. 1943)
 1875 – Emils Dārziņš, Mawaƙin Latvia kuma madugu (d. 1910)
 1876 – Stephen Alencastre, bishop na Amurka kuma ɗan mishan (d. 1940)
 1877 – Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Janar kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Chile, Shugaban ƙasar Chile na 20 (d. 1960)
 1878 – Bangalore Nagarathnamma, Mawaƙin Carnatic ɗan Indiya kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya (d. 1952)
 1882 – Yakub Kolas, marubucin Belarushiyanci (d. 1956)
 1884 – Joseph William Martin, Jr., Mawallafin Ba’amurke kuma ɗan siyasa, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka na 49 (d. 1968).
 1887 – Samuil Marshak, marubuci kuma mawaƙi na Rasha (d. 1964)
 1887 – Eileen Hendriks, Masanin ilimin kasa na Burtaniya (d. 1978) 
 1890 – Harry Stephen Keeler, marubucin Ba’amurke (d. 1967)
 1890 – Eustáquio van Lieshout, limamin Dutch-Brazil kuma ɗan mishan (d. 1943)
 1894 – William George Barker, matukin jirgi na Kanada kuma Kanar, mai karɓar Victoria Cross (d. 1930)
 1894 – Sofoklis Venizelos, Kyaftin na Girka kuma ɗan siyasa, Firayim Minista na 133 na Girka (d. 1964)
 1896 – Gustaf Tenggren, Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Sweden mai zane kuma mai raye-raye (d. 1970)
 1899 – Ralph Greenleaf, ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka (d. 1950)
 1899 – Rezső Seress, ɗan wasan pian na Hungary kuma mawaƙi (d. 1968)
 1899 – Gleb Wataghin, Ukrainian-Italian Physicist da ilimi (d. 1986)
 1900 – Adolf Dassler, ɗan kasuwan Jamus, ya kafa Adidas (d. 1978)

 1901 - yanzu 

 1901 – Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
 1901   – André Malraux, French historian, theorist, and author (d. 1976)
 1901   – Lionel Hitchman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1969)
 1903 – Walker Evans, American photographer and journalist (d. 1975)
 1905 – Lois Mailou Jones, American painter and academic (d. 1998)
 1906 – Julia Boyer Reinstein, American teacher and historian (d. 1998)
 1908 – Giovanni Leone, Italian lawyer and politician, 6th President of Italy (d. 2001)
 1908   – Bronko Nagurski, Canadian-American football player, wrestler, and coach (d. 1990)
 1909 – James Reston, Scottish-American journalist and author (d. 1995)
 1910 – Karel Zeman, Czech director, animator, production designer, and screenwriter (d. 1989)
 1911 – Kick Smit, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 1974)
 1912 – Alfredo Stroessner, Paraguayan general and politician, 46th President of Paraguay (d. 2006)
 1915 – Hal Jackson, American journalist and radio host (d. 2012)
 1917 – Annapurna Maharana, Indian activist (d. 2012)
 1918 – Claude Barma, French director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1992)
 1918   – Bob Feller, American sailor, baseball player, and sportscaster (d. 2010)
 1918   – Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American general (d. 2007)
 1918   – Russell B. Long, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 2003)
 1919 – Jesús Blasco, Spanish author and illustrator (d. 1995)
 1919   – Ludovic Kennedy, Scottish journalist and author (d. 2009)
 1919   – Květa Legátová, Czech author (d. 2012)
 1920 – Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian poet, educator, and activist (d. 1993)
 1921 – Charles Bronson, American soldier and actor (d. 2003)
 1922 – Dennis McDermott, English-Canadian union leader and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to Ireland (d. 2003)
 1923 – Violetta Elvin, Russian ballerina (d. 2021)
 1923   – Tomás Ó Fiaich, Irish cardinal (d. 1990)
 1923   – Yamaguchi Hitomi, Japanese author and critic (d. 1995)
 1924 – Marc Breaux, American actor, director, and choreographer (d. 2013)
 1924   – Samuel Ruiz, Mexican bishop (d. 2011)
 1926 – Valdas Adamkus, Lithuanian engineer and politician, 3rd President of Lithuania
 1926   – Maurice Couture, Canadian archbishop (d. 2018)
 1926   – Robert W. Wilson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)
 1927 – Harrison McCain, Canadian businessman, co-founded McCain Foods (d. 2004)
 1927   – Peggy McCay, American actress (d. 2018)
 1927   – Odvar Nordli, Norwegian politician, 21st Prime Minister of Norway (d. 2018)
 1928 – Goseki Kojima, Japanese illustrator (d. 2000)
 1928   – Bill Morrison, Australian politician and diplomat, 37th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 2013)
 1928   – Osamu Tezuka, Japanese animator and producer (d. 1989)
 1928   – George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004)
 1929 – Alfonso Orueta, Chilean footballer, manager, and politician (d. 2012)
 1930 – Phil Crane, American academic and politician (d. 2014)
 1930   – William H. Dana, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2014)
 1930   – Mable John, American blues singer (d. 2022)
 1930   – D. James Kennedy, American pastor and author (d. 2007)
 1930   – Brian Robinson, English cyclist (d. 2022)
 1930   – Tsutomu Seki, Japanese astronomer and academic
 1930   – Lois Smith, American actress
 1930   – Frits Staal, Dutch philosopher and scholar (d. 2012)
 1931 – Yon Hyong-muk, North Korean soldier and politician, 7th Premier of North Korea (d. 2005)
 1931   – Monica Vitti, Italian actress, singer, and screenwriter (d. 2022)
 1931   – Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (d. 2007)
 1932 – Albert Reynolds, Irish businessman and politician, 9th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2014)
 1932   – Gerry Ehman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)
 1933 – John Barry, English-American composer and conductor (d. 2011)
 1933   – Ken Berry, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2018)
 1933   – Jeremy Brett, English actor (d. 1995)
 1933   – Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995)
 1933   – Michael Dukakis, American lawyer, academic, and politician, 65th Governor of Massachusetts
 1933   – Amartya Sen, Indian economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
 1934 – Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking, English poet and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 1934   – Hans Janmaat, Dutch businessman, educator, and politician (d. 2002)
 1935 – Ingrid Rüütel, Estonian philologist and academic, 3rd First Lady of Estonia
 1936 – Roy Emerson, Australian-American tennis player and coach
 1936   – Takao Saito, Japanese author and illustrator, created Golgo 13 (d. 2021)
 1937 – Dietrich Möller, German lawyer and politician, 15th Mayor of Marburg
 1937   – Jim Houston, American football player (d. 2018)
 1938 – Martin Dunwoody, English mathematician and academic
 1938   – Akira Kobayashi, Japanese actor
 1938   – Jean Rollin, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 1940 – Sonny Rhodes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021)
 1942 – Martin Cruz Smith, American author and screenwriter
 1943 – Bert Jansch, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
 1944 – Jan Boerstoel, Dutch poet and songwriter
 1945 – Ken Holtzman, American baseball player and manager
 1945   – Gerd Müller, German footballer and manager (d. 2021)
 1945   – Nick Simper, English bass guitarist
 1946 – Reinhard Karl, German mountaineer, photographer, and author (d. 1982)
 1946   – Wataru Takeshita, Japanese lawyer and politician (d. 2021)
 1947 – Mazie Hirono, Japanese-American lawyer and politician, U.S. Senator from Hawaii
 1947   – Siiri Oviir, Estonian lawyer and politician, 3rd Estonian Minister of Social Affairs
 1947   – Faraj Sarkohi, Iranian journalist and critic
 1948 – Lulu, Scottish singer-songwriter and actress
 1948   – Takashi Kawamura, Japanese politician
 1948   – Helmuth Koinigg, Austrian race car driver (d. 1974)
 1948   – Rick Kreuger, American baseball player and coach
 1948   – Rainer Zobel, German footballer, coach, and manager
 1949 – Mike Evans, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2006)
 1949   – Osamu Fujimura, Japanese engineer and  politician
 1949   – Stephen Oliver, English biochemist and academic
 1949   – Larry Holmes, American boxer and talk show host
 1949   – Anna Wintour, English-American journalist
 1950 – Massimo Mongai, Italian journalist and author (d. 2016)
 1950   – Joe Queenan, American author and critic
 1951 – Dwight Evans, American baseball player and coach
 1951   – Ed Murawinski, American cartoonist
 1951   – André Wetzel, Dutch footballer and manager
 1952 – Roseanne Barr, American comedian, actress, and producer
 1952   – Jim Cummings, American voice actor
 1952   – David Ho, Taiwanese-American scientist
 1953 – Kate Capshaw, American actress and producer
 1953   – Helios Creed, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1953   – Larry Herndon, American baseball player and coach
 1953   – Dennis Miller, American comedian, producer, and talk show host
 1953   – Vilma Santos, Filipino actress and politician
 1954 – Adam Ant, English singer-songwriter and actor
 1954   – Kathy Kinney, American actress and comedian
 1955 – Teresa De Sio, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1955   – Anne Milton, English nurse and politician
 1955   – Phil Simms, American football player and sportscaster
 1956 – Cathy Jamieson, Scottish politician, 2nd Scottish Minister for Justice
 1956   – Kevin Murphy, American actor, puppeteer, producer, and screenwriter
 1956   – Gary Ross, American director, producer, and screenwriter
 1956   – Bob Welch, American baseball player and coach (d. 2014)
 1957 – Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and martial artist
 1957   – Gary Olsen, English actor (d. 2000)
 1957   – Steve Johnson, American basketball player
 1958 – Brady Hoke, American football coach
 1959 – Hal Hartley, American director, producer, and screenwriter
 1960 – Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player, coach, and sportscaster
 1960   – Ian McNabb, English singer-songwriter and musician
 1961 – David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, English businessman
 1961   – Dave Hahn, Japanese-American mountaineer and journalist
 1961   – Greg Townsend, American football player
 1962 – Gabe Newell, American businessman, co-founded Valve
 1962   – David J. Schiappa, American lawyer and politician
 1962   – Jacqui Smith, English lawyer and politician
 1963 – Davis Guggenheim, American director, producer, and screenwriter
 1963   – Shigeaki Hattori, Japanese race car driver
 1963   – Ian Wright, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster
 1963   – Howard Ballard, American football player
 1964 – Algimantas Briaunis, Lithuanian footballer and manager
 1964   – Bryan Young, New Zealand cricketer
 1965 – Gert Heerkes, Dutch footballer and manager
 1965   – Ann Scott, French-English author
 1965   – Mike Springer, American golfer
 1967 – Mike O'Neill, Canadian ice hockey player
 1967   – Mark Roberts, Welsh singer and guitarist
 1967   – Steven Wilson, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
 1968 – Alberto Iñurrategi, Spanish mountaineer
 1968   – Paul Quantrill, Canadian baseball player and coach
 1969 – Robert Miles, Swiss-Italian DJ and producer (d. 2017)
 1969   – Petteri Orpo, Finnish politician
 1969   – Niels van Steenis, Dutch rower
 1970 – Geir Frigård, Norwegian footballer
 1970   – Jeanette J. Epps, American aerospace engineer and astronaut
 1970   – Doug Zmolek, American ice hockey player
 1971 – Diego Alessi, Italian race car driver
 1971   – Unai Emery, Spanish football manager and former player
 1971   – Dylan Moran, Irish actor, comedian, and screenwriter
 1971   – Alison Williamson, English archer
 1971   – Dwight Yorke, Tobagonian footballer and coach
 1972 – Ugo Ehiogu, English footballer and manager (d. 2017)
 1972   – Michael Hofmann, German footballer
 1972   – Marko Koers, Dutch runner
 1972   – Armando Benitez, Dominican baseball player
 1973 – Ben Fogle, English television host and author
 1973   – Sticky Fingaz, American rapper, producer, and actor
 1973   – Christian Picciolini, American businessman and manager
 1973   – Chrissie Swan, Australian radio and television host
 1973   – Mick Thomson, American guitarist
 1974 – Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French basketball player and coach
 1975 – Darren Sharper, American football player and sportscaster
 1976 – Guillermo Franco, Argentinian-Mexican footballer
 1976   – Jake Shimabukuro, American ukulele player and composer
 1977 – Marcel Ketelaer, German footballer
 1977   – Greg Plitt, American model and actor (d. 2015)
 1977   – Damien Woody, American football player
 1978 – Tim McIlrath, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1978   – Jonas Howden Sjøvaag, Norwegian drummer
 1978   – Hiroko Sakai, Japanese softball player
 1979 – Pablo Aimar, Argentinian footballer
 1979   – Beau McDonald, Australian footballer and coach
 1980 – Hans Andersen, Danish motorcycle racer
 1981 – Diego López, Spanish footballer
 1981   – Vicente Matías Vuoso, Argentinian-Mexican footballer
 1981   – Rodrigo Millar, Chilean footballer
 1981   – Sten Pentus, Estonian race car driver
 1981   – Karlos Dansby, American football player
 1982 – Moniek Kleinsman, Dutch speed skater
 1982   – Evgeni Plushenko, Russian figure skater
 1982   – Egemen Korkmaz, Turkish footballer
 1982   – Janel McCarville, American professional basketball player
 1982   – Jay Harrison, Canadian ice hockey player
 1982   – Pekka Rinne, Finnish ice hockey player
 1983 – Myrna Braza, Norwegian singer-songwriter
 1983   – Tamba Hali, American football player
 1984 – Christian Bakkerud, Danish race car driver (d. 2011)
 1984   – Ryo Nishikido, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor
 1984   – LaMarr Woodley, American football player
 1985 – Tyler Hansbrough, American basketball player
 1985   – Philipp Tschauner, German footballer
 1986 – Paul Derbyshire, Italian rugby player
 1986   – Davon Jefferson, American  basketball player
 1986   – Piet Velthuizen, Dutch footballer
 1986   – Heo Young-saeng, South Korean singer
 1987 – Courtney Barnett, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1987   – Colin Kaepernick, American football player
 1987   – Ty Lawson, American basketball player
 1987   – Felix Schütz, German ice hockey player
 1987   – Gemma Ward, Australian model and actress
 1987   – Kyle Seager, American baseball player
 1988 – Jessie Loutit, Canadian rower
 1989 – Paula DeAnda, American singer-songwriter and actress
 1989   – Joyce Jonathan, French singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1990 – Ellyse Perry, Australian footballer and cricketer
 1991 – Damisha Croney, Barbadian netball player
 1992 – Joe Clarke, English slalom canoeist
 1992   – Valeria Solovyeva, Russian tennis player
 1993 – Kenny Golladay, American football player
 1993   – Martina Trevisan, Italian tennis player
 1995 – Kendall Jenner, American television personality and model
 1997 – Kyle Benjamin, American race car driver
 1997   – Connor McGovern, American football player
 1997   – Izuchuckwu Anthony, Nigerian footballer
 1997   – Filip Forejtek, Czech skier
 1997   – Sarthak Golui, Indian footballer
 1997   – Agustín Guiffrey, Argentinian footballer
 1997   – Michael Kelly, Scottish footballer
 1997   – Takumi Kitamura, Japanese actor 
 1997   – Marco Klepoch, Slovak figure skater
 1997   – Łukasz Kozub, Polish volleyball player
 1997   – Lázaro Martínez, Cuban athlete
 1998 – Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer
 2001 – Hailey Baptiste, American tennis player

 Mutuwa 

 Kafin 1600 

 361 – Constantius II, Sarkin Roma (b. 317)
 753 – Saint Pirmin, Sufaniya-Jamus sufa da waliyyi (b. 700)
 1219 – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl na Winchester, Baron Ingilishi da tawaye (BC 1170)
 1220 – Urraca na Castile, Sarauniyar Portugal, matar Sarki Afonso II na Portugal (b. 1186)
 1254 – John III Doukas Vatatzes, Sarkin Byzantine (b. 1193)
 1324 – Petronilla de Meath, Irish da ake zargin mayya (bc 1300)
 1373 – Jeanne de Valois, Sarauniyar Navarre (b. 1343)
 1428 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, Turanci janar kuma ɗan siyasa (b. 1388)
 1456 – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, mahaifin Sarki Henry VII na Ingila (b. 1431)
 1580 – Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, ɗan tarihi na Spain kuma marubuci (b. 1512)
 1584 – Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Italiyanci kuma waliyyi (b. 1538)
 1599 – Andrew Báthory, Yariman Transylvania (BC 1563)
 1600 – Richard Hooker, limamin Ingilishi kuma masanin tauhidi (b. 1554)

 1601-1900 

 1639 – Martin de Porres, Saint na Peru (b. 1579)
 1643 – John Bainbridge, masanin falaki da ilimi na Ingilishi (b. 1582)
 1643 – Paul Guldin, Masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi na Swiss (b. 1577)
 1676 – Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, sojan Ottoman kuma ɗan siyasa, Grand Vizier na 110 na Daular Ottoman (b. 1635).
 1711 – John Ernest Grabe, masanin tauhidin Jamusanci da ilimi (b. 1666)
 1787 – Robert Lowth, bishop na Ingilishi kuma ilimi (b. 1710)
 1793 – Olympe de Gouges, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya na Faransa (b. 1748)
 1794 – François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, Cardinal Faransa kuma jami'in diflomasiyya (b. 1715)
 1850 – William E. Shannon, ɗan siyasan Amirka haifaffen Irish (b. 1821/1822)
 1858 – Harriet Taylor Mill, Baturen falsafa kuma marubuci (b. 1807)
 1869 – Andreas Kalvos, mawaƙin Girkanci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (b. 1792)
 1890 – Ulrich Ochsenbein, Lauyan Swiss kuma ɗan siyasa, Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa ta Switzerland na farko (b. 1811).
 1891 – Louis Lucien Bonaparte, Baturen Italiyanci philologist kuma ɗan siyasa (b. 1813)
 1900 – Carrie Steele Logan, Ba’amurke mai ba da agaji, wanda ya kafa gidan marayu mafi tsufa baƙar fata a Amurka (b. ~ 1829)

 1901 - yanzu 

 1914 – Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887)
 1917 – Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846)
 1918 – Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857)
 1926 – Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860)
 1927 – Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860)
 1929 – Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883)
 1933 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853)
 1939 – Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870)
 1949 – Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861)
 1954 – Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869)
 1956 – Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883)
 1957 – Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897)
 1960 – Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901)
 1962 – L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895)
 1968 – Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920)
 1969 – Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898)
 1973 – Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900)
 1975 – Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919)
 1975   – Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 1975   – Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
 1980 – Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897)
 1983 – Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901)
 1983 – Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894)
 1987 – Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945)
 1988 – Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916)
 1989 – Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893)
 1990 – Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929)
 1990   – Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914)
 1990   – Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913)
 1991 – Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972)
 1993 – Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895)
 1994 – Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905)
 1995 – Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887)
 1996 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921)
 1997 – Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927)
 1998 – Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915)
 1999 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
 2001 – Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909)
 2002 – Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931)
 2002   – Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914)
 2003 – Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923)
 2004 – Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972)
 2006 – Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
 2006   – Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911)
 2006   – Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937)
 2007 – Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962)
 2007   – Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945)
 2007   – Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979)
 2008 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913)
 2009 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906)
 2009   – Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919)
 2009   – Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917)
 2010 – Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928)
 2010   – Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938)
 2010   – Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949)
 2011 – Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948)
 2012 – Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923)
 2012   – George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922)
 2012   – Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920)
 2012   – Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929)
 2012   – Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940)
 2012   – Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923)
 2013 – Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920)
 2013   – Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927)
 2013   – Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925)
 2013   – William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936)
 2013   – Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953)
 2013   – Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911)
 2014 – Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940)
 2014   – Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922)
 2014   – Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950)
 2015 – Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944)
 2015   – Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931)
 2015   – Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927)
 2015   – Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931)Lyn Innes, "Lauretta Ngcobo obituary", The Guardian, 19 November 2015.
 2016 – Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922)
 2018 – Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944)