Dokar muhalli

Dokokin muhalli  dokokin kare muhalli.Phillipe Sands (2003) Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Edition. p. xxi Available at  Accessed 19 February 2020 Dokar muhalli ita ce tattara dokoki, ka'idoji, yarjejeniyoyi da doka ta kowa da ke jagorantar yadda mutane ke hulɗa da mahallinsu. Wannan ya haɗa da ka'idojin muhalli; dokokin da ke kula da kula da albarkatun kasa, kamar gandun daji, ma'adanai, ko kamun kifi; da batutuwa masu alaƙa kamar kimanta tasirin muhalli. Ana ganin dokar muhalli a matsayin tsarin dokokin da suka shafi kariya ga abubuwa masu rai (mutane sun hada da) daga cutar da aikin ɗan adam zai iya haifar da su nan da nan ko a ƙarshe, ko dai kai tsaye ko ga kafofin watsa labarai da halaye da suka dogara da su.

Dokar muhalli reshe ne na fannin doka da ke kula da karewa, kiyaye wa, da sarrafa muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa. Ta ƙunshi dokoki, ƙa’idoji, manufofi, da hanyoyin aiki na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka nufi hana barna ga muhalli, tsara yadda ake amfani da albarkatu, da tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Dokar muhalli tana ƙara shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban irin su haƙƙin ɗan adam, sauyin yanayi, kiwon lafiya na jama’a, da tsarin tattalin arziƙi.

 Tarihi 
Dokar muhalli ta zamani ta fara ɗaukar tsari ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 bayan yawaitar gurbacewar masana’antu da rikice-rikicen muhalli. Manyan muhimman abubuwan tarihin da suka ba ta tushe sun haɗa da:

Ƙasashe masu tasowa, al’ummomin asali, da ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun taka rawar gani wajen faɗaɗa tsarin shugabancin muhalli da kuma motsin neman adalcin muhalli.

Ana samun misalai na dokokin da aka tsara don adana muhalli don kansa ko don jin daɗin ɗan adam a cikin tarihi. A cikin doka ta yau da kullun, an sami kariya ta farko a cikin dokar damuwa, amma wannan ya ba da izini ne kawai ga ayyukan sirri don lalacewa ko umarni idan akwai lahani ga ƙasa. Don haka, ƙanshin da ke fitowa daga aladu, Aldred's Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b; (1610) 77 ER 816 tsananin alhakin zubar da shara, R v Stephens (1866) LR 1 QB 702 ko lalacewa daga fashewar madatsar ruwa. Rylands v Fletcher [1868] UKHL 1 Duk da haka, tilasta aiki mai zaman kansa ya iyakance kuma an gano cewa bai dace ba don magance manyan barazanar muhalli, musamman barazanar albarkatun yau da kullun. A lokacin "Great Stink" na shekara ta 1858, zubar da magudanar ruwa a cikin Kogin Thames ya fara jin ƙanshi sosai a cikin zafi na rani cewa dole ne a kwashe majalisar. Abin mamaki shine, Dokar Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 ta ba da izinin Hukumar Metropolitan for Sewers ta rufe ramuka a kusa da birni a cikin ƙoƙari na "tsabtace" amma wannan kawai ya sa mutane su gurɓata kogi. A cikin kwanaki 19, Majalisar ta zartar da ƙarin Dokar don gina tsarin sharar gida na London. Har ila yau, London ta sha wahala daga mummunar gurɓataccen iska, kuma wannan ya ƙare a cikin "Great Smog" na 1952, wanda hakan ya haifar da nasa martani na majalisa: Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1956. Tsarin tsari na asali shine ya saita iyakoki kan hayaki ga gidaje da kasuwanni (musamman ƙone kwal) yayin da mai dubawa zai tilasta bin doka.

 Faɗin Aiki da Manufofi 

 Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi
 Ƙarfafa Cigaba Mai ɗorewa da Adalci
 Tabbatar da cewa jama’a suna da rawar gani a yanke shawarar muhalli
 Riƙe gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da alhakin ayyukansu
 Kare nau’in halittu da tsarin halittun muhalli
 Tsara yadda ake amfani da ƙasa, ruwa, da albarkatun ƙasa


 Rashin gurɓata iska na masana'antu yanzu ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar Dokar ingancin iska

alt=A typical stormwater outfall.|thumb|Rashin ruwan sama na yau da kullun, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Dokar ingancin ruwa

 Gudanar da sharar gida 
alt=A landfill.|thumb|Gidan zubar da shara na gari, wanda ke aiki bisa ga Dokar kula da sharar gida


 Tsabtacewar gurbatawa 
alt=Oil spill cleanup.|thumb|Amsa na gaggawa na zubar da mai, wanda Dokar tsaftace muhalli ke jagoranta

 Tsaro na sinadarai 
Dokokin tsaro na sinadarai suna sarrafa amfani da sunadarai a cikin ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman sunadarai da aka yi da mutum a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu na zamani. Ya bambanta da dokokin muhalli na kafofin watsa labarai (misali, dokokin iska ko ingancin ruwa), dokokin kula da sinadarai suna neman sarrafa gurbataccen (mai yuwuwa) da kansu. Ƙoƙarin sarrafawa sun haɗa da haramta takamaiman sinadarai a cikin samfuran masu amfani (misali, Bisphenol A a cikin kwalabe na filastik), da kuma tsara magungunan kashe kwari.

 Rashin dorewar albarkatun 

 Binciken tasirin 

 Ma'adanai na ruwa 

Dokokin albarkatun ruwa suna sarrafa mallakar da amfani da albarkatun ruwan, gami da Ruwa na sama da ruwa a ƙasa. Yankunan sarrafawa na iya haɗawa da kiyaye ruwa, ƙuntatawa na amfani, da tsarin mallaka.

 Ma'adanai 

 Abubuwan da ke cikin gandun daji 
alt=A timber operation.|thumb|Ayyukan katako, wanda dokar gandun daji ta tsara

 Dabbobi da tsire-tsire 
Dokokin namun daji suna sarrafa yiwuwar tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan dabbobin daji, ko kai tsaye akan mutane ko jama'a, ko a kaikaice ta hanyar lalacewar mazaunin. Irin waɗannan dokoki na iya aiki don kare nau'ikan shuke-shuke. Ana iya aiwatar da irin waɗannan dokoki gaba ɗaya don kare bambancin halittu, ko kuma a matsayin hanyar kare nau'in da aka ɗauka da muhimmanci saboda wasu dalilai. Ƙoƙarin sarrafawa na iya haɗawa da ƙirƙirar Matsayi na kiyayewa na musamman, haramtacciyar kashewa, cutarwa, ko damuwa da jinsunan da aka kare, ƙoƙarin haifar da tallafawa dawo da jinsuna, kafa mafaka na namun daji don tallafawa kiyayewa, da haramtacciya kan fataucin jinsuna ko sassan dabbobi don yaki da farauta.

 Kifi da wasa 
Dokokin kifi da wasan suna tsara haƙƙin bin da ɗaukar ko kashe wasu nau'ikan kifi da dabba ta daji (wasan). Irin waɗannan dokoki na iya ƙuntata kwanakin girbi kifi ko wasa, yawan dabbobi da aka kama ga kowane mutum, nau'in da aka girbe, ko makamai ko kayan kamun kifi da aka yi amfani da su. Irin waɗannan dokoki na iya neman daidaita buƙatun dueling don adanawa da girbi da kuma sarrafa muhalli da yawan kifi da wasan. Dokokin wasan na iya samar da tsarin doka don tattara kudaden lasisi da sauran kudade waɗanda ake amfani da su don tallafawa kokarin kiyayewa da kudi samun bayanan girbi da aka yi amfani da su a aikin kula da namun daji.

 Ka'idoji 
Dokar muhalli ta bunkasa ne don mayar da martani ga wayar da kan jama'a game da - da damuwa game da - batutuwan da ke tasiri a duniya. Duk da yake dokoki sun bunkasa a hankali kuma saboda dalilai daban-daban, wasu ƙoƙari sun shiga cikin gano mahimman ra'ayoyi da ka'idojin jagora na yau da kullun ga dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya.For example, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified eleven "emerging principles and concepts" in international environmental law, derived from the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the 1992 Rio Declaration, and more recent developments. UNEP, Training Manual on International Environmental Law  (Chapter 3). Ana ganin wasu dokoki a matsayin na wucin gadi ko na wucikhi inda gaskiyar siyasa ke hana karɓar ƙa'idodi masu kyau. Paparoma Francis a cikin wasikar da ya rubuta a shekarar 2015 Laudato si' ya amince da cewa "gaskiya ta siyasa na iya kiran matakan sauyawa da fasahohi, muddin waɗannan suna tare da tsari a hankali da karɓar alkawura masu ɗaurewa".Pope Francis, Laudato si', paragraph 180, published 24 May 2015, accessed 28 April 2024

Ka'idodin da aka tattauna a ƙasa ba cikakkiyar jerin ba ne kuma ba a gane su ko kuma a yarda da su a duniya ba. Duk da haka, suna wakiltar muhimman ka'idoji don fahimtar dokar muhalli a duniya.

 Ci gaba mai dorewa 
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ci gaba wanda ke biyan bukatun yanzu ba tare da lalata ikon tsararraki masu zuwa don biyan bukatun su ba, ana iya la'akari da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa tare da ra'ayoyin "haɗin kai" (ba za a iya la'ayi ci gaba a ware shi daga dorewa ba) da kuma "dogaro da juna" (ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kare muhalli, suna dogara da juna). UNEP Manual , ¶¶ 12-19. Dokokin da ke ba da umarnin kimanta tasirin muhalli da buƙatar ko ƙarfafa ci gaba don rage tasirin muhallu ana iya kimanta su akan wannan ka'idar.

Tunanin zamani na ci gaba mai ɗorewa shine batun tattaunawa a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1972 kan Muhalli na Mutum (Taron Stockholm), da kuma ƙarfin motsawa a bayan Hukumar Duniya ta 1983 kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (WCED, ko Hukumar Bruntland). A shekara ta 1992, taron koli na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya haifar da Sanarwar Rio, Ka'idar 3 wanda ya karanta: "Dalile ne a cika haƙƙin ci gaba don biyan bukatun ci gaba da muhalli na al'ummomi na yanzu da na gaba. " Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ya kasance babban ra'ayi na tattaunawar muhalli ta duniya tun daga lokacin, gami da taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai ɗorawa (Taron Duniya 2002), da kuma Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci Gaban mai dorewa (Tariyar ƙasa 2012, ko Rio + 20).

 Daidaitawa 
UNEP ta ayyana shi don haɗawa da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki - "dama na tsararraki masu zuwa don jin daɗin matakin adalci na dukiyar gama gari" - da daidaito na tsararraka - "dama ga duk mutane a cikin ƙarni na yanzu don samun dama mai kyau ga haƙƙin ƙarni na yau da kullun ga albarkatun ƙasa" - daidaito na muhalli yana la'akari da ƙarni na gaba a ƙarƙashin wajibin lissafin tasirin ayyukan na dogon lokaci, da kuma yin aiki don kiyaye yanayin duniya da tushen albarkatu ga tsararraki na gaba.UNEP Manual , ¶¶ 20-23. Ana iya kimanta dokokin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma kula da albarkatu bisa ga wannan ka'idar.

 Hakki na ƙetare iyaka 
An bayyana shi a cikin yanayin dokar kasa da kasa a matsayin wajibi don kare mahalli na mutum, da kuma hana lalacewar mahalli makwabta, UNEP tana ɗaukar alhakin iyaka a matakin kasa da kasa azaman iyakancewa akan haƙƙin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.UNEP Manual , ¶¶ 24-28. Dokokin da ke aiki don iyakance abubuwan waje da aka ɗora akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli ana iya kimanta su bisa ga wannan ƙa'idar.

 Kasancewar jama'a da nuna gaskiya 
An gano su a matsayin muhimman yanayi ga "gwamnatoci masu lissafi,... damuwa na masana'antu", da ƙungiyoyi gabaɗaya, UNEP ta gabatar da shiga cikin jama'a da nuna gaskiya kamar yadda ke buƙatar "tsaron haƙƙin ɗan adam don riƙewa da bayyana ra'ayoyi da neman, karɓa da ba da ra'ayoyin,... haƙƙin samun dama ga bayanan da suka dace, masu fahimta da kuma damuwa da masana'antu game da manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa game da amfanin amfani da muhalli, ba tare da ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi mara amfani da masu nema ba kuma isasshen kariya ga masu neman tsaro da kuma shari'a da kuma " Wadannan ka'idoji suna cikin kimanta tasirin muhalli, dokokin da ke buƙatar bugawa da samun dama ga bayanan muhalli masu dacewa, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa.

 Ka'idar kariya 
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin da aka fi haɗuwa da su kuma masu rikitarwa na dokar muhalli, Sanarwar Rio ta tsara ƙa'idar kariya kamar haka:Don kare muhalli, Jihohi za su yi amfani da tsarin kariya a ko'ina bisa ga iyawarsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba.Ka'idar na iya taka rawa a kowane muhawara game da buƙatar tsarin muhalli.

 Rigakafi 

 Ma'anar rigakafi ... watakila ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin babban burin da ke haifar da hanyoyin shari'a da yawa, gami da kimantawa na baya game da cutar muhalli, lasisi ko izini wanda ya tsara yanayin aiki da sakamakon keta ka'idojin, da kuma karɓar dabarun da manufofi. Ƙayyadaddun fitarwa da sauran samfurori ko ka'idojin tsari, amfani da mafi kyawun dabarun da ake da su da irin waɗannan dabarun ana iya ganin su azaman aikace-aikacen manufar rigakafi.UNEP Manual , ¶¶ 58.

 Ka'idar mai gurɓataccen 
Mai gurbatawa yana biyan ka'idar cewa "farashin muhalli na ayyukan tattalin arziki, gami da farashin hana yiwuwar cutar, ya kamata a sanya shi a ciki maimakon a ɗora shi a kan al'umma gaba ɗaya. " Rio Declaration Principle 16; UNEP Manual ¶ 63. Duk batutuwan da suka shafi alhakin farashi don Gyara muhalli da bin ka'idojin kula da gurbatawa sun haɗa da wannan ka'idar.

Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da ke da doka sun ƙunshi yankuna daban-daban, daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, ruwa da yanayi har zuwa namun daji da kariya ga halittu masu yawa. Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa galibi Yarjejeniyoyi ne na bangarori da yawa (ko wani lokacin yarjejeniya ta Biyu), yarjejeniya, yarjejeniya, da dai sauransu. Yarjejeniyoyi yarjejeniyoyi ne da aka gina daga Yarjejeniya farko. Sun wanzu a fannoni da yawa na dokar kasa da kasa amma suna da amfani musamman a fagen muhalli, inda za a iya amfani da su akai-akai don haɗa ilimin kimiyya na baya-bayan nan. Har ila yau, suna ba da izinin ƙasashe su cimma yarjejeniya a kan tsarin da zai zama mai rikitarwa idan an amince da kowane daki-daki a gaba. Yarjejeniyar da aka fi sani da ita a cikin dokar muhalli ta duniya ita ce Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wacce ta biyo bayan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi.

Duk da yake hukumomin da suka ba da shawara, suka yi jayayya, suka amince, kuma a ƙarshe suka amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ke akwai sun bambanta bisa ga kowane yarjejeniya, wasu tarurruka, gami da Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1972 kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, Hukumar Duniya ta 1983 kan Muhalli, Taron Majalisar Dokoki na 1992 kan Muhalli mai dorewa, da Taron Duniya na 2002 sun kasance da mahimmanci. Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta bangarori da yawa wani lokaci suna haifar da Ƙungiyar Duniya, Cibiyar ko Kungiyar da ke da alhakin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Manyan misalai sune Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Dabbobi da Flora masu haɗari (CITES) da Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN).

Dokar muhalli ta kasa da kasa ta haɗa da ra'ayoyin kotuna da kotuna na kasa da kasa. Duk da yake akwai kaɗan kuma suna da iyakantaccen iko, yanke shawara suna da nauyi sosai tare da masu sharhi na shari'a kuma suna da tasiri sosai ga ci gaban dokar muhalli ta duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da aka yanke a cikin yanke shawara na duniya shine ƙayyade isasshen diyya don lalacewar muhalli. Kotunan sun hada da Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ), Kotun Shariʼa ta Duniya ta Tekun (ITLOS), Kotun Turai, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai  da sauran kotunan yarjejeniyar yanki.

Binciken da ya gabata ya gano cewa matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki da darajar ɗabi'a ta shafi bin ka'idojin muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa kamar Amurka, EU, da Ostiraliya suna kira ga dokoki mafi kyau da ke da niyyar rage tasirin muhalli. Ya kamata a lura cewa akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da nisan tsakanin doka da ɗabi'a. Kasashe masu tasowa suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin dokokin muhalli da dabi'u na ɗabi'a. Idan tsarin shari'a na kasar ya rabu da dabi'un ta gaba daya, mutane bazai bi dokokin ba kuma za su rasa muhimmancin su da tasiri. Duk da ka'idojin muhalli, ruwa a cikin Kogin Ganges na Indiya ya kasance matalauta a matsayin misali.Li, R.Y.M.; Li, Y.L.; Crabbe, M.J.C.; Manta, O.; Shoaib, M. The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115882

 A duk faɗin duniya 

 Afirka 
A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Harkokin Muhalli (INECE), manyan Batutuwan muhalli a Afirka sune " fari da ambaliyar ruwa, gurɓata iska, sare daji, asarar halittu masu yawa, wadatar ruwa mai laushi, lalacewar ƙasa da ciyayi, da kuma talauci mai yawa".  Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana mai da hankali kan "tsanan gurɓataccen birane da masana'antu, ingancin ruwa, Sharar lantarki da iska daga wuraren dafa abinci. " Ta hanyar yin haka, suna da niyyar "kare lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman mutanen da ke cikin rauni kamar yara da matalauta. "  Don cimma waɗannan manufofi a Afirka, shirye-shiryen EPA suna mai da hankali kan karfafa ikon aiwatar da dokokin muhalli da kuma bin su na jama'a. Sauran shirye-shiryen suna aiki akan haɓaka ƙa'idodin muhalli masu ƙarfi, ƙa'idodi, da ƙa'idori.

 Asiya 

 Tarayyar Turai 
Tarayyar Turai ta ba da dokoki na biyu game da batutuwan muhalli waɗanda ke aiki a duk faɗin EU (wanda ake kira ka'idoji) da kuma umarni da yawa waɗanda dole ne a aiwatar da su cikin dokokin ƙasa daga kasashe mambobi 27 (kasashe na ƙasa). Misalan su ne Dokar (EC) No. 338/97 akan aiwatar da CITES; ko cibiyar sadarwa ta Natura 2000 tsakiya don yanayi & manufofin bambancin halittu, wanda ya ƙunshi umarnin tsuntsaye (79/409/EEC / canza zuwa 2009/147/EC) da umarnin mazaunin (92/43/EEC). Wanda ya kunshi SACs da yawa (Zone na Musamman na Karewa, wanda ke da alaƙa da umarnin mazaunin) & SPAs (Zone masu Karewa na Musamman, wanda ke hade da umarnin tsuntsaye), a duk faɗin Turai.

Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta yi mulki a cikin Mataki na 249 Yarjejeniyar Ayyukan Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya (TFEU). Batutuwa don dokokin EU na yau da kullun sune:

 Canjin yanayi
 Rashin gurɓata iska
 Kare ruwa da gudanarwa
 Gudanar da sharar gida
 Tsaro na ƙasa
 Kare yanayi, jinsuna da bambancin halittu
 Rashin gurɓataccen amo
 Haɗin kai don muhalli tare da ƙasashe na uku (ban da ƙasashen membobin EU) 
 Tsaro na Jama'a

A watan Fabrairun 2024, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da dokar da ta yi babban lalacewar muhalli, da gangan, "wanda za'a iya kwatanta da Ecocide" wani laifi wanda za'a gaje shi da shekaru 10 a kurkuku. Ya kamata membobin Tarayyar su shigar da shi cikin dokarsu ta ƙasa, na tsawon shekaru 2. Har ila yau, majalisar ta amince da dokar sabunta yanayi wacce ke tilasta wa membobin su dawo da kashi 20% na yanayin halittu da ya lalace (ciki har da kashi 30% na turɓaya) nan da shekara ta 2030 da 100% nan da shekara de 2050.

 Gabas ta Tsakiya 
Dokar muhalli tana girma cikin sauri a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka tana aiki tare da ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya don inganta "gwamnatin muhalli, gurɓataccen ruwa da tsaro na ruwa, mai tsabta da motoci, shiga jama'a, da rigakafin gurɓata".

 Yankin teku 
Babban damuwa game da batutuwan muhalli a Yankin teku sune "sakewar iska da gurɓataccen ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, cinikin katako / katako ba bisa ka- doka ba, jigilar sharar gida ba bisa ka 'yanci ba, gami da sharar gida da jiragen ruwa da aka tsara don hallakawa, da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin hukuma / rashin ikon tilasta aiki". Sakatariyar Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific (SPREP)  kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa tsakanin Australia, Tsibirin Cook, FMS, Fiji, Faransa, Kiribati, Tsibirin Marshall, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, PNG, Samoa, Tsibirin Solomon, Tonga, Tuvalu, Amurka, da Vanuatu . An kafa SPREP don samar da taimako wajen ingantawa da kare muhalli da kuma tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

 Ostiraliya 
Commonwealth da Tasmania (1983), wanda aka fi sani da "Tasmanian Dam Case", wani muhimmin shari'a ne a cikin dokar muhalli ta Australiya. Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1 (1 July 1983)

Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokar Kare Muhimmanci ta 1999 ita ce muhimmiyar doka ta muhalli a Ostiraliya. Ya kafa "tsarin doka don karewa da sarrafa muhimman tsire-tsire na ƙasa da na duniya, fauna, al'ummomin muhalli da wuraren al'adun gargajiya" kuma yana mai da hankali kan kare kadarorin al'adun duniya, kadarorin al-adun ƙasa, wuraren da ke da muhimmanci a duniya, nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasa da al'ummomi na muhalli, nau'ikan ƙaura, Yankunan ruwa na Commonwealth, Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park, da kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da ayyukan nukiliya. Koyaya, ya kasance ƙarƙashin sake dubawa da yawa game da gazawarsa, na baya-bayan nan da ya faru a tsakiyar 2020. Rahoton wucin gadi na wannan bita ya kammala cewa dokokin da aka kirkira don kare jinsuna da wuraren zama na musamman ba su da tasiri.

 Brazil 
Gwamnatin Brazil ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli a cikin 1992 don haɓaka ingantaccen dabarun kare muhalli, ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa yadda ya kamata, da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli na jama'a. Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana da iko a kan manufofi da suka shafi muhalli, albarkatun ruwa, adanawa, da shirye-shiryen muhalli da suka shafi Amazon.

 Kanada 
Ma'aikatar Dokar Muhalli ta kafa Ma'aikalin Muhalli a cikin gwamnatin Kanada da kuma matsayin Ministan Muhalli. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da "tsaron da haɓaka ingancin yanayin yanayi, gami da ruwa, iska da Ingancin ƙasa; albarkatun sabuntawa, gami na tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da sauran tsire-tsire da dabbobi marasa gida; ruwa; yanayin yanayi;"  Dokar Kare Muhalli ita ce babban ɓangaren dokokin muhalli na Kanada wanda aka sanya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2000. Dokar ta mayar da hankali kan "girmama rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi da kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam don ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa".  Sauran ka'idojin tarayya sun haɗa da Dokar Binciken Muhalli ta Kanada, da Dokar Dabbobi da ke cikin Hadari. Lokacin da dokokin lardin da na tarayya ke cikin rikici dokokin tarayya suna da fifiko, ana cewa kowane lardin na iya samun nasu dokoki kamar Dokar Kare Hakkin Muhalli ta Ontario, da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace.

 China 
A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, "China tana aiki tare da babban ƙuduri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don haɓaka, aiwatarwa, da aiwatar da tsarin doka ta muhalli mai ƙarfi. Jami'an kasar Sin suna fuskantar ƙalubale masu mahimmanci wajen aiwatar da dokokin yadda ya kamata, bayyana matsayin gwamnatocin su na ƙasa da na larduna, da ƙarfafa aikin tsarin shari'ar su". EPA, China Environmental Law Initiative. Ci gaban tattalin arziki da masana'antu a kasar Sin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, kuma kasar Sin a halin yanzu tana cikin tsarin ingantaccen kulawar shari'a.  Haɗin kan al'ummar kasar Sin da yanayin yanayi ana kiranta shi a matsayin fifiko mai tasowa.NRDC, Environmental Law in China .Rachel E. Stern, Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence (Cambridge University Press 2013)

Ana samun shari'ar muhalli a kasar Sin tun farkon shekarun 2000.: 15 zanga-zangar jama'a, duk da haka, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara Manufofin muhalli na kasar Sin fiye da shari'a. : 15 : 15 

 Kongo (RC) 
A cikin Jamhuriyar Kongo, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar samfurin Afirka na shekarun 1990, abin da ya faru na tsarin mulki na dokar muhalli ya bayyana a shekarar 1992, wanda ya kammala ci gaban tarihi na dokar mujalli da manufofi tun daga shekarun 'yancin kai har ma da daɗewa kafin mulkin mallaka. Yana ba da tushen tsarin mulki ga kariya ta muhalli, wanda a al'adance ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin doka. Kundin Tsarin Mulki guda biyu na 15 Maris 1992 da 20 Janairu 2002 sun tabbatar da wannan tsarin,  hanyar bayyana wajibin doka na yanayi mai tsabta,  ta hanyar kafa ka'idar diyya da tushe na aikata laifuka. Ta hanyar wannan sabon abu, dokar muhalli ta Kongo tana tsakanin rashin koma baya da neman inganci."

Manazarta

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