Tsare mafakar Christopher Smart

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alt=Half length and dark portrait of a serious and slightly plump man wearing a black academic gown with white collar, ruffled cuff, and a large mortarboard.|right|thumb|225x225px|Christopher Smart
shi Mawallafin yaren Ingilishi Christopher Smart (1722-1771) an tsare shi a asibitocin mahaukata daga Mayu 1757 har zuwa Janairu 1763. An kwantar da Smart a asibitin St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics, Upper Moorfields, London, a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1757. Surukinsa, John Newbery ne ya kai shi can, kodayake ana iya tsare shi a cikin gidan mahaukaci mai zaman kansa kafin wannan lokacin. Yayinda yake a cikin St Luke's ya rubuta Jubilate Agno da A Song to David, waƙoƙin da aka ɗauka a matsayin manyan ayyukansa. Kodayake yawancin tsaransa sun yarda cewa Smart ya kasance "hauka", bayanan yanayinsa da sakamakonsa sun bambanta, kuma wasu sun ji cewa an aikata shi ba daidai ba.

An gano Smart a matsayin "marasa warkewa" yayin da yake St Luke's, kuma lokacin da suka ƙare kudade don kula da shi an tura shi zuwa mafaka na Mr. Potter, Bethnal Green. Duk abin da aka sani game da shekarun da ya yi a tsare shi ne cewa ya rubuta waka. Keɓewar Smart ya kai shi ga barin nau'ikan waka na karni na 18 wanda ya nuna aikinsa na farko da kuma rubuta waƙoƙin addini kamar Jubilate Agno ("Jaraba cikin Ɗan Rago"). Waƙoƙinsa na mafaka sun nuna sha'awar "bayyanar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba", kuma yana yiwuwa cewa kimanta kansa da aka samu a cikin waƙoƙinsa yana wakiltar furcin Kiristanci na Bishara.

Masu sukar ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 sun ji cewa hauka na Smart ya tabbatar da su ta hanyar watsi da A Song to David, amma a cikin ƙarni mai zuwa Robert Browning da tsaransa sun ɗauki yanayinsa ya zama tushen basirarsa. Ba har zuwa karni na 20 ba, tare da sake gano Jubilate Agno (ba a buga shi ba har zuwa 1939), cewa masu sukar sun sake la'akari da batun Smart kuma sun fara ganinsa a matsayin mawaki mai juyin juya hali, wanda zai yiwu a yi niyyar makircin surukinsa, mai bugawa, don yin shiru da shi.

An tsare Smart a mafaka a lokacin muhawara game da yanayin hauka da kuma maganin ta. A cikin karni na 18, an gudanar da hauka "duka biyu don bayyana gaskiyar ciki kuma an hukunta shi zuwa shiru da warewa a matsayin wani abu da ba a fahimta ba ta hanyar dalili, sabili da haka yana barazana ga al'umma da bil'adama". An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin yanayin da ba za a iya warkar da shi ba, kuma duk wanda ke da shi ya kamata a ware shi daga al'umma. Likita William Battie - wanda daga baya ya kula da Smart - ya rubuta:

Musamman, Battie ya bayyana hauka a matsayin "mafarki". Koyaya, wasu likitoci sun soki shi, kamar John Monro, wanda ke aiki a Asibitin Bethlem. A cikin Magana game da Dr. Battie's Treatise on Madness, Monro ya bayyana cewa waɗanda suka hauka suna da fahimta daidai, amma ba su da ikon yin hukunci yadda ya kamata. Kodayake Monro ya inganta ra'ayoyin sake fasalin, maganin da ya ba da shawarar - doke marasa lafiya - ya kasance mai tsanani ga marasa lafiya kamar yadda Battie ya fi so, na ware marasa lafiya gaba ɗaya daga al'umma.

A cikin 1758, Battie da sauransu sun yi jayayya cewa waɗanda aka ɗauka "mad" an yi musu cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin tsarin mafaka na Burtaniya, kuma sun tura su don aikin majalisa. Battie's Treatise on Madness ya jaddada matsalolin kula da asibitoci a matsayin abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido da matakan azabtarwa da aka dauka akan marasa lafiya. Tattaunawar Battie da sauransu sun haifar da wucewar Dokar Gudanar da Madhouses masu zaman kansu (1774), amma sun makara don taimakawa Smart.

Masu sukar zamani, duk da haka, suna da ra'ayi mai banƙyama game da amfani da kalmar "hauka" a ƙarni na 18 lokacin da ake gano marasa lafiya; likitan kwakwalwa Thomas Szasz ya kalli ra'ayin hauka a matsayin mai son rai da rashin al'ada. Da yake yarda da matsayin Szasz, masanin falsafa Michel Foucault ya jaddada cewa an yi amfani da mafaka a karni na 18 don kai farmaki ga ra'ayoyin da ba su yarda da su ba kuma cewa ra'ayin hauka tsoro ne na al'adu da jama'ar Burtaniya ke da shi, maimakon yanayin kiwon lafiya na gaskiya. Musamman, Foucault ya ɗauki karni na 18 a matsayin lokacin "babban tsare-tsare". Wannan bayanin ya yi daidai da rubuce-rubucen Smart na 1760 a kan batun wanda, a cewar Thomas Keymer, "an ci gaba da daidaita rukunin hauka, kuma an sanya shi ya zama kamar kadan fiye da kirkirar al'umma da ke da damuwa da dabarun lalata duk maganganu ko halayyar da ke barazana ga bukatunsu da ka'idojin su. "

Magani na marasa lafiya na ƙarni na 18 ya kasance mai sauƙi: ana ciyar da su kowace rana abinci mai sauƙi na burodi, oatmeal, wasu nama ko cuku, da ɗan giya, waɗanda ba su isa ba don biyan bukatun abinci mai gina jiki na yau da kullun;  an hana su hulɗa da baƙi, gami da 'yan uwa;  kuma za a hana su samun damar abin da aka ɗauka shine dalilin hauka (waɗannan dalilai sun kasance daga barasa da abinci zuwa aiki a waje). Idan ayyukansu sun bayyana "sabon kuma ba tare da wani dalili ba", to za a lakafta yanayinsu a matsayin "haukaci" kuma a dauke su marasa magani. Wani ma'aikata kamar St Luke's, wanda Battie ke gudanarwa, yana da marasa lafiya "masu warkarwa" da "marasa warkarwa". Akwai ƙananan wurare don marasa lafiya don karɓar magani kyauta, kuma an saki da yawa bayan shekara guda don samar da wuri don sabon shigarwa.

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