Fateema Mernissi

Fatema Mernissi, ( ; 27 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta 1940  zuwa 30 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2015) marubucin mata ne na Moroko kuma masanin zamantakewa .

 Kuruciya 
An haifi Fatema Mernissi a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta  1940 a Fez, Morocco . Ta taso ne a gidan kakar ta arzik'i tare da 'yan uwa mata da bayi da dama. Ta yi karatun firamare a  da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa suka kafa, sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar 'yan mata da ke samun tallafin Faransa . A shekara ta 1957, ta yi karatun ta a makaranta a gobnatiSorbonne dake birnin Paris daga baya kuma tayi ah jami'ar Brandeis ta Amurka, inda ta samu digirin  a shekarar 1974.

Ta koma aiki a Jami'ar Mohammed V da ke Rabat kuma ta koyar a Faculté des Lettres daga lokacin a shekara ta 1974 zuwa shekarar 1981 akan batutuwa irin su hanyoyin, ilimin zamanta kewar iyali da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Bugu da kari, sanan ta kasance masaniyar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya  Jami'ar a wannan jami'a.

Mernissi's Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society an rubuta shi ne don karatun digirinta na PhD sannan daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin litafin wanda ya gane ikon mata musulmai dangane da addinin Musulunci . Mernissi a santa da hanyoyin da dama na zamanta kewar zaman take wa don tattauna wa batun jinsi da jima'i, musamman na Maroko da sauran ƙasashen musulmi. An dauke ta a matsayin mace mai kwazo, kasance warta shahararriyar mai magana da jama'a, malama,malamar, marubuciya, kuma masaniyar ilimin zaman takew. Mernissi ta mutu a Rabat a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba,shekara ta 2015.

 Bugawa mai tasirin su 
An buga ta kardan  farko na Mernissi, Beyond the Veil, a cikin shekara ta 1975. An buga bugu na bita a Biritaniya a cikin shekara ta  1985 kuma a cikin Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1987. Bayan Labule ya zama abin al’ajabi, musamman a fannin nazarin bil’adama da zamantakewa, kan mata a kasashen Larabawa, yankin Bahar Rum ko kuma al’ummar Musulmai baki daya.

A matsayinta na mai kishin addinin musulunci, Mernissi ta damu da Musulunci da matsayin mata, tana nazarin tarihin ci gaban tunanin Musulunci da bayyanarsa ta zamani . Ta hanyar yin bincike dalla-dalla kan yanayin magajin Muhammad, ta sanya shakku kan ingancin wasu hadisi (maganganun da hadisai da aka jingina su gare shi), don haka ta karkashin mata da take gani a Musulunci, amma ba lallai ba ne a cikin hadisin. Qur'ani .

A cikin shekara ta 1984, ta ba da gudumma war rubutun "'yar kasuwa da ɗan sarki" zuwa tarihin Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan.   Shahararriyar littafin ta a matsayin ta na mata na Musulunci, The Veil and the Male Elite: Faminist Interpretation of Islam, nazarin but ne na tarihi na matsayin matan Muhammadu . An fara buga shi a cikin Faransanci a cikin shekara ta 1987 kuma an fassara shi zuwa Turanci a cikin shekara ta 1991. Daga baya aka dakatar da littafin a Maroko, Iran, da kuma kasa shen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha.

A matsayin masaniyar zamanta, Mernissi ta fi gudanar da aikin ta  fage a Maroko. A lokuta da dama a karshen shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarar 1980, ta gudanar da hirarraki domin taswirar halaye masu yawa ga mata da aikinsu. Ta yi bincike kan zamanta kewar al'umma ga UNESCO da ILO da kuma na gwamnatin Morocco. A daidai wannan lokacin, Mernissi ta l ba da gudummawar kasidu ga kasidu da sauran wallafe-wallafen kan mata a Maroko da mata da Musulunci daga zamani da kuma ta fuskar tarihi.
Aikinta dai ya kasance abin zaburar wane daga sauran masu ra’ayin mata a musulunci kamar Wanda da suka kafa Musawah da sauransu.  Don Yin Yaƙin Kullum: Tattaunawa da Matan Moroko (a shekarar 1991), ta yi hira da matan manoma, ma'aikatan mata, clairvoyants da kuyangi. A cikin shekara ta 1994, Mernissi ta buga wani tarihin almara, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (a cikin Amurka, littafin an fara sa masa suna The Harem A cikin: Tatsuniya na 'Yan Matan Moroccan, kuma har yanzu ana san shi da wannan taken a cikin Burtaniya). 

Maudu'i mai maimai tawa a cikin rubuce-rubucenta shine halin almara Scheherazade na <i id="mwYQ">Larabawan Larabawa</i> . Labarinta, The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazade: Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam tayi nazari akan lamuran da mata ke shiga cikin kafofin watsa labaru na kan layi, yayin da Digital Scheherazades a cikin Larabawa ta rufe batutuwan ayyukan kan layi suna canza hanyoyin al'adu.  A cikin waɗannan kasidu, ta faɗi yadda fasahar ke yaɗuwa cikin sauri - ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen ita ce Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizon Duniya - kuma ta yi nazari akan matsayi da gudunma war mata a cikin wannan motsi.

Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da rayuwa tsakanin haram, jinsi, da na jama'a da masu zaman kansu.  Girman 6: Harem na Matan Yamma, makala ce daga littafinta, Scheherazade Goes Yamma: Al'adu daban-daban, Harem daban-daban da ke magana akan danniya da matsin lamba da mata a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban suke fuskanta kawai ta hanyar kamannin jikinsu. Ko ta yi nazari kan mata a cikin al'ummar Maroko ko kuma na Yammacin Turai, ta yi iƙirarin cewa dole ne su yi rayuwa daidai da ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin al'adu, kamar girman sutura. Mernissi ta kwatanta girman suturar 6 da haramun kuma ya bayyana cewa waɗannan ayyukan Yammacin Turai suna ware da wulaƙanta mata.

 Kabilanci:  
A cikin shekara ta 1975, an buga littafin Fatima Mernissi na farko, Beyond the Veil, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin juyin juya hali. Khaleeli, H. (2011). Top 100 women: activists campaigners, Fatima Mernissi ta karya ra'ayin kabilanci da al'ummar Yamma suka samu da Musulunci, musamman mata musulmai. Sun bambanta matan musulmai daga rukunin 'mata na duniya na uku' wanda 'yan matan Yammacin Turai suka haifar. Mernissi ta kuma yi fafutuka don shawo kan tunanin kasa shen yamma na cewa mata musulmai ba su da wani abin dogaro ga addinin su da kuma mazajen addinin su. Ra'ayoyin kasa shen yamma sun kaurace wa maza musulmai wadanda ba su dace da farare ba, maza da mata, da suka mamaye al'ummar duniya ta farko, suna raya ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata ga addinin da aka yi imani da cewa yana zaluntar mata.

Sai dai Mernissi ta yi nuni da cewa, matan musulmai ba su kasance masu fama da ayyukan addininsu ba, kamar yadda matan yammacin duniya ke fama da kabilanci; ƙungiyoyin mata biyu an zalunce su ta takamaiman cibiyoyin zaman takewa a cikin wani addini ko al'umma da aka ƙirƙira don cin riba daga warewar wasu. Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta bayyana cewa matan yammacin duniya suna lulluɓe, kamar yadda mata musulmai suke, amma duk da haka lullubin yammacin ya fi hankali.Mernissi, F. (1975). Beyond the Veil: Male -Female Dynamics in a. Modern Muslim Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa samari da kyau sun lullube matan Yammacin Turai, kuma da zarar mace ba ta da wadannan, da kyar al’umma ta gane ta.

Mernissi ta rushe tsarin kabilanci na yammacin mata da ke amfani da shi kuma ta rubuta don kawo ƙarin haske ga bambance-bambancen da ake bukata a cikin yunkurin mata na duniya. Gadon Mernissi na juyin juya hali ne saboda ta samar da sarari a cikin wani yunkuri na yammacin turai wanda ya baiwa mata musulmai damar shiga ba tare da lalata ayyukansu na addini ba. Aikin Mernissi ya nuna yadda yancin mata na yammacin duniya zai iya zama illa ga karfafawa mata a duniya idan ba ta da hanyar shiga tsakanin kan lamuran mata.

 Sarauniyar Musulunci da aka manta 
A cikin littafin The Forgotten Queens of Islam, Fatima Mernissi ta yi amfani da hanyar tsaka-tsaki don fahimtar da matsayin mata a cikin tarihin Musulunci na farko ta hanyar zaman takewa da siyasa waɗanda suka haifar da hanyoyin nuna wariyar. Manufarta ita ce ta fito da gagarumar gudunmawar da mata suka bayar a tsawon tarihin Musulunci na farko da kuma kawar da ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba game da rashin mata a matsayin masu siyasa da masu mulki. Ta yi haka ne ta hanyar binciko irin rawar da mata suka taka a tarihin Musulunci da kuma sauya yadda ake nuna mata a tarihin tarihi. Ta yi ikirarin cewa mata sun rike mukamai na siyasa duk da lakabin addini da ake ba maza.Mernissi, F. (1994). Hidden from history: the forgotten queens of Islam. Lahore, Pakistan: ASR Publications. An misalta hakan ta hanyar labaran tarihi da ta bayar game da mata goma sha biyar da kuma rawar da suka taka a siyasar Musulunci kafin zamani.

Misali, rawar da bayi mata suka taka wajen jagorantar tawagan bayi a kan sarakunan addini ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba (Mernissi,a shekara ta  1994). Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta bambanta tsakanin "Musulunci na Siyasa," lokacin da canji mai tsanani ya faru kuma aka yi watsi da matsayin mata ko kuma aka manta da shi, da "Rislala Islam," inda aka canza rayuwar mata (Mernissi, a shekara ta 1994). Ta kasance mai mahimmanci wajen ba da gudummawa ga  ilimi game da bayyanar mata a tarihin Musulunci a waje da matsayinsu na al'ada ta hanyar nuna shigarsu cikin siyasa, addini, da canjin al'adu.

 Matsayin Jinsi: Tawayen Mata & Tunawa da Musulunci 
A cikin littafin Tawayen Mata da Tunawa da Musulunci, Fatima Mernissi ta yi nazari kan rawar da mata ke takawa dangane da duniyar Musulunci ta zamani. A cikin aikinta, ta binciko ra'ayin ainihin jima'i da matsayin jinsi a duniyar Musulunci kuma ta taimaka wajen sake fasalin labarin da ke tattare da shi. Mernissi ta tattauna wasu fitattun batutuwan da suka shafi matsayin mata musulmi, kamar rufewa mata gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga tattalin arzikin kasashen Larabawa (Mernissi, a shekarar 1996). Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi ta shiga cikin alƙaluma daban-daban, gami da ilimi da karatu. Ta yi amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen bayyana mahimmancin waɗannan abubuwan ba kawai don ƙarfafa mata a Musulunci ba, har ma da lafiyarsu (Mernissia,a shekarar 1996).

Bugu da ƙari, Mernissi tayi nazari akan rawar da jihar ke takawa a matsayin jinsi da kuma sakamakon jihar da ke goyan bayan rashin daidai to.Mernissi, 1996 Daga karshe ta yi nuni da cewa 'yanci daga wadannan al'adu masu sarrafa kansu da tsammanin mata ita ce hanya daya tilo da kasashen Larabawa za su samu ci gaba. Aikin Mernissi tana da matukar tasiri a cikin addinin musulunci na mata, da tsakanin juna, da kuma akidar mata ta duniya, ta hanyar mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata musulmi a kasashen Larabawa. Musamman wannan littafi ya iya kawo haske kan wasu batutuwa na musamman da mata suka yi ta fama da su a duniyar Musulunci, kamar batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da matsayin jinsi, da irin tasirin da wadannan za su iya yi wajen karfafawa mata da lafiyarsu.

 Musulunci da : Tsoron Duniyar Zamani 
A cikin littafinta mai suna Islam and Democracy: Tsoron Duniyar Zamani, Fatima Mernissi ta yi amfani da wata hanya ta kasa da kasa don nazarin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na kasashen Larabawa da Musulunci jim kadan bayan yakin Gulf. Ta yi muhawara kan ko kafaffen tsatsauran ra'ayi da ke mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya zai iya kasancewa da jituwa da tsarin dimokuradiyya da ake amfani da shi a cikin al'ummomin Yamma. Mernissi ta tayar da tambayoyi game da rashin tabbas da Musulmai ke ji game da tsarin gwamnati da ba ta da tsarin Musulunci kuma yana iya lalata tsarin rayuwarsu ta Musulunci, gami da ɗabi'u da ɗabi'u, kamar tawali'u.Mernissi, F. (2002). Islam and democracy: fear of the modern world. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. Bugu da ƙari, ta bincika batutuwa irin su tsoron addinin Musulunci, dimokuradiyya, Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yancin tunani da son kai (Mernissi, a shekara ta  2002).

Misali, ta kalli yadda tsaurin ra'ayi ke sarrafa abin da mace za ta iya sanyawa, don haka al'ummar dimokuradiyya da ta 'yantar da mata su yi ado yadda suka ga dama na iya zama barazana ga al'adar maza. Ta yi takara cewa dimokuradiyya mai rai ta ba da damar doka da ikon tsarin mulki na rashin jituwa da jihar. Daga nan Mernissi ta ba da shawarar hanyoyin da musulmai masu ci gaba, ciki har da masu ra'ayin mata, waɗanda suka zaɓi yin ra'ayin dimokuradiyya da ƙin bin ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi ya kamata su fito daga nassosi masu tsarki guda ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke neman zaluntar su, don tabbatar da cewa Musulunci ba shi da tushe a kan mata.

 Kyaututtuka 
Ayyukan Mernissi sun mayar da hankali kan samar da murya ga mata da aka zalunta da kuma wariya.  Ta bayyana irin gudunmawar da mata ke bayarwa ga tattalin arziki tare da sanin irin rawar da suka shafi yadda ake kallon mata a cikin al'adun Musulunci.  A duk tsawon aikinta, Mernissi ta kasance mai magana mai fafutuka kan 'yancin mata da daidaito, yayin da kuma ta rungumi addinin Musulunci.  Ta yi amfani da bincike na addini na tarihi don yin da'awar matsayinta na zamani na mata. 

A cikin shekara ta 2003, Mernissi ta sami lambar yabo ta Yariman Asturias, tare da Susan Sontag . Jawabin karbuwa na Mernissi, The Cowboy ko Sinbad?, kuma a santa da yadda ta yi la'akari da batutuwa da tasirin al'adu.  A cikin shekara ta  2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Erasmus, tare da Sadik Al-Asm da Abdolkarim Soroush .  wannan lambar yabo, an karɓe ta saboda tasirinta na zamanta kewar al'umma, tunda an sadaukar da ita ga "Addini da Zamani".  A cikin shekara ta 2017, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta Fatema Mernissi don " a cikin nazarin jinsi, jima'i, da ƙwarewar rayuwar mata".

Za a iya danganta gadon Mernissi ga gudummawar ilimi da na adabi ga yunkurin mata na Musulunci na farko. Mernissi ta magance batutuwa irin su Eurocentrism, intersectionality, ƙetare kasa da kuma mata na duniya a cikin littattafanta da laccoci na jama'a. The New York Times ta nakalto ta a cikin wani labarin mutuwar:  "Ba wai kawai ana amfani da nassosi masu tsarki ko yaushe ba, amma yin amfani da su wani sifa ce ta tsarin aiki a cikin al'umm ar musulmi," Fatema Mernissi, Labule da Namiji. Elite: Tafsirin 'Yancin Mata A Musulunci (a shekara ta 1991)
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