Zazzabin Rawaya

Zazzabin typhoid, shine  akafi sani da typhoid, cuta ce da k'wayoyin cutar Salmonella serotype Typhi ke haifarwa.  Alamun sun bambanta daga wanda ze fara mai sauki  zuwa mai tsanani, kuma yawanci suna farawa kwanaki shida zuwa 30 bayan kamuwa da k'wayar cutar. Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731. S2CID 2409150 Acute Communicable Disease Control, 2016 Annual Morbidity Report (2016). "TYPHOID FEVER, ACUTE AND CARRIER" (PDF). Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. p. 133 Sau da yawa a hankali, a hankali zazzaɓi mai tsanani yakan tashi bayan wasu kwanaki da yawa.  Amma a wanna lokacin, yakan zo ne tare da rauni, ciwon ciki, cushewar ciki, ciwon kai, da  amai marar tsanani.  Newton AE (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.  A Wasu mutane yakanzo masu da kurajen fata tare da  tabo a jiki . "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015. A lokuta masu yawa, mutane na iya samun rudani. "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. Idan ba'a yi magani ba, cutar na iya wuce makonni ko watanni.  Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani, amma ba a cika samun hakan ba.  Wasu mutane na iya zama  ɗauke da  kwayar cutar ba tare da ta saka su rashin lapiya ba , amma har kuma  suna iya yada cutar ma wasu. Zazzabin Typhoid nau'in zazzabi ne na ciki, tare da zazzabin paratyphoid . "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 83 (6): 49–59. February 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. An yi imanin S. enterica Typhi  tana sa rashin lapiya ne a cikin mutane kawai.

Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, Watson CH, Kang G, Basnyat B, Baker S (October 2019). "The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (Suppl 5): S395–S401. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz611. PMC 6792124. PMID 31612938Crump JA, Mintz ED (January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.

Ana samun cutar  Typhoid ta hanyar kwayar cutar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, wadda take  girma a cikin hanji, peyers faci, mesenteric lymph nodes, saifa, hanta, gallbladder, kasusuwa da jini . Näsström E, Parry CM, Thieu NT, Maude RR, de Jong HK, Fukushima M, et al. (2017). Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa. Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMC 6494485. PMID 29851031 tyhoid tana yaduwa  ne ta hanyar ci ko shan abinci ko ruwan da ya gurbace da najasar mai kwayar cutar. Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, et al. (January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573 Abubuwan da zasu iya saka ka samu cutar  sun haɗa da karancin samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da rashin tsafta .  Wadanda har yanzu ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma suka ci gurbacewar ruwan sha ko abinci sun fi fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da alamun cutar.  Mutane ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cutar; babu sanannun dabbobi da zasu iya kamuwa. Anayin binciken ganeta ne ta hanyar shuka kwayoyin cutar daga samfurin marar lapiya ko kuma gano garkuwar jiki wadanda jiki ya samar ta dalilin cutar. . Bada jimaw ba, sabbin manhajojin daukar bayanai da kuma yin bincike suna ba masu bincike damar kirkiro wasu sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar. Wannan ya hada da sauyawar kwayoyin dake cikin jini wadan da zasu iya nuna kwayar cutar typhoid.

Na'urorin bincike a wuraren da typhoid ta zama ruwan dare sunada karanci sannan kuma ingancinsu a wurin bincike yayi karanci, yawan lokacinda ake bukata wurin bincike, karuwar yaduwar jurewar magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsadar awo, suna daga cikin wahalaolin da ake samu inda babu isassun kayan aiki da ma'aikata na kula da lafiya.

Alurar rigakafin typhoid na iya hana kusan kashi 40 zuwa 90% na lokuta a cikin shekaru biyu na farko. Evans, Alfred S.; Brachman, Philip S. (2013). Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. Springer. p. 839. ISBN 978-1-4615-5327-4 Maganin na iya yin ɗan tasiri har zuwa shekaru bakwai. "Typhoid". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-24 Ga waɗanda ke cikin hadari ko kuma mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare, ana ba da shawarar yin rigakafi. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3825885 Sauran kokarin da ake na rigakafin cutar sun hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli da kuma wanke hannu . Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL (2016). "Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 270. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270. PMC 4774407. PMID 26973639Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL (2016). "Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 270. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270. PMC 4774407. PMID 26973639 Wong VK, Baker S, Pickard DJ, Parkhill J, Page AJ, Feasey NA, et al. (June 2015). "Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events". Nature Genetics. 47 (6): 632–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3281. PMC 4921243. PMID 25961941 Har sai an tabbatar da cewa mutum ya warke, mai cutar bai kamata ya shirya abinci ga wasu ba.  Ana yin maganin taifot da maganin  kamar azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, ko cephalosporins na ƙarni na uku .   kwayar cutar typhoid tana bijirewa magunguna , wanda ya sa maganinta yaketa kara wahala.  Wong VK, Baker S, Connor TR, Pickard D, Page AJ, Dave J, et al. (October 2016). "An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12827. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712827W. doi:10.1038/ncomms12827. PMC 5059462. PMID 27703135 Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH (June 2015). "Salmonella:A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance". Frontiers in Life Science. 8 (3): 284–293. doi:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243 A cikin 2015, an sami sabbin cututtukan typhoid miliyan 12.5. Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. Cutar ta fi kamari a Indiya. Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. tafi shafar yara.  Wijedoru L, Mallett S, Parry CM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (May 2017). "Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (5): CD008892 Typhoid ya ragu a kasashen da suka ci gaba a cikin 1940s sakamakon ingantacciyar tsafta da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi. . A kowace shekara ana ba da rahoton cutar kusan 400 a Amurka kuma an kiyasta mutane 6,000 suna da taifot. Lim PL, Tam FC, Cheong YM, Jegathesan M (August 1998). "One-step 2-minute test to detect typhoid-specific antibodies based on particle separation in tubes". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36 (8): 2271–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.8.2271-2278.1998. PMC 105030. PMID 9666004 "TYPHIDOT Rapid IgG/IgM (Combo)" (PDF). Reszon Diagnostics International. Retrieved 14 November 2019. A cikin 2015, ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 149,000 a duk duniya - ƙasa daga 181,000 a 1990. "The Great Horse Manure Crisis of 1894". Archived from the original on 2015-05-25 Cirillo VJ (2006). ""Winged sponges": houseflies as carriers of typhoid fever in 19th- and early 20th-century military camps". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49 (1): 52–63. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0005. PMID 16489276. S2CID 41428479 Idan ba tare da magani ba, haɗarin mutuwa zai iya kaiwa kashi 20%. "History of Drinking Water Treatment | Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2020-04-21. Idan kuma anyi magani, yana iya kaiwa tsakanin 1% da 4%. Marathe SA, Lahiri A, Negi VD, Chakravortty D (2012). "Typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 135 (2): 161–9. PMC 3336846. PMID 22446857 . Typhus cuta ce daban. Date KA, Bentsi-Enchill A, Marks F, Fox K (June 2015). "Typhoid fever vaccination strategies". Vaccine. 33 Suppl 3: C55-61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.028. PMID 25902360Date KA, Bentsi-Enchill A, Marks F, Fox K (June 2015). "Typhoid fever vaccination strategies". Vaccine. 33 Suppl 3: C55-61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.028. PMID 25902360 Saboda irin alamun bayyanar su, ba a gane su a matsayin cututtuka daban-daban har zuwa 1800s. "Typhoid" na nufin "kamar typhus"."Vivaxim Solution for injection". NPS MedicineWise. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2017..

 Alamomin cuta 
A bayyanance, ci gaban zazzabin typhoid ba tare da magani ba yana da matakai daban-daban guda uku, kowanne yana daukar kusan mako guda. A tsawon wadannan matakan, marar lapiya ze rika fama da  gajiya da  kuma ya yi rama Gallagher J (4 December 2019). "Typhoid vaccine 'works fantastically well'". BBC News. Retrieved 17 January 2020.

A cikin satin farko zafin jiki ze rika karuwa  a hankali, kuma za aya rika samun zazzabi  mai zuwa yana dawowa. Bugun zuciya zaya rika raguwa,  ciwon kai, da tari. marar lapiya ze iya samun habo a  kashi daya bisa hudun na mararsa lafiya. tare da  ciwon ciki. Ragu adadin kwayar halittar garkuwar jiki,tare da eosinopenia da lymphocytosis; Idan anyi  Gwaji na shuka kwayoyin cuta  za'a iya samun  S. enterica subsp. Cutar sankarau. Gwajin Widal baya nunawa.Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Pant D, Smith N, et al. (December 2019). "Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal". The New England Journal of Medicine. 381 (23): 2209–2218. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1905047. PMC 6785806. PMID 31800986
A cikin mako na biyu, mutum yakan  ji gajiya  sosai wurin  tashi, tare da zazzabi mai zafi a Filato kusan 40 °C (104 °F) da ragewar bugun gaba. Rudani yakan iya faruwa, inda marar lafia yakan kwantar da hankalina , amma bayan dan  wani lokacin se kuma yasamu rudani. Wannan halaccin ya sanyawa typhoid lakabin "zazzabin fargaba".   jajayen kuraje zasu iya fitar ma marar lafiya kirji da ciki a kusan kashi uku na marasa lafiya. Ana jin  (sautin numfashi) a wurin  huhu. Ciki yana zazzalowa zuwa bangarn dama na kasa. kuma yana jin zafi a cikin kananan kwata na dama, kuma  za a iya jin sautin ruri. Zawo na iya faruwa a wannan mataki, sannan da cushewar ciki. Hanta da sefa zasuyi girma sannan zasuyi taushi., sinadaran transaminases  na hanta zasu karu. Gwajin Widal yana da inganci mai ƙarfi, wanda akayi  da ƙwayoyin rigakafin antin O da antin H.  Shuka kwayoyin cuta acikin jini har yanzu hanyar gwaji ce mai inganci.
A cikin mako na uku na zazzabin typhoid, matsaloli da yawa na iya faruwa:

Har yanzu zazzabin yana da yawa kuma yana hawa ya sauka a cikin awa ashirin da hudu(24). Rashin ruwan jiki yana faruwa tare da rashin koshi na  abinci mai gina jiki, kuma mai haƙuri yana jin dadi. Kashi uku na mutanen da abin ya shafa suna samun kuraje a  gangar jikii. 

 a 
 Zubar da jini CIKI  hanji saboda zubar jini a cikin  Peyer's faci. ; wannan na iya zama mai tsanani, amma yawanci baya kawo mutuwa.
 Ciwon hanji a cikin janji  mai na kasa yana da matukar tsananta kuma sau da yawa yana iya kawo  mutuwa. Yana iya faruwa ba tare da alamu masu ban tsoro ba har sai kwayoyin cuta sun shiga acikin jini. ko yaduwa peritonitis ya shiga.

Cututtukan numfashi kamar su ciwon huhu da mashako mai tsanani

Encephalitis
Alamun ciwon jijiyoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da "muttering delirium" ko "coma vigil"), tare da daukar tufafin gado ko abubuwan da aka sani.
Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteitis .
Ana ganin kananan adadin platelet ( thrombocytopenia ) wani lokaci.

 Manazarta