Gas a Rasha

Tun daga 2013, Rasha ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya da ke samar da iskar gas, tana samar da iskar gas sama da biliyan cubic biliyan 669 a shekara, kuma babbar mai fitar da iskar gas a duniya, tana jigilar kimanin 196 bcm a shekara.BP Statistical Review of World Energy .  

Bisa kididdigar The World Factbook, kasar kuma tana da mafi girma da aka tabbatar da tanadi (48 trillion cubic meters (tcm)).  Alkaluman OPEC kuma sun sanya Rasha a gaba, inda aka kiyasta kimanin 49 tcm, 24% na asusun ajiyar duniya; sai dai alkaluman BP ya nuna cewa Rasha ta biyo bayan Iran da girman tcm 33. Bugu da kari Rasha na iya samun mafi girman adadin iskar gas da ba a gano ba, karin 6.7 tcm, bisa kididdigar binciken yanayin kasa na Amurka. Rasha tana cinye kusan BC 457 a shekara, na biyu kawai ga Amurka.

Flaring matsala ce. 

 Takaddama da Ukraine 
Tun a shekara ta 2005, kamfanin Gazprom na Rasha mai samar da iskar gas da na Naftogaz na Ukrainian mai da iskar gas sun shiga cikin takaddama da dama. Wadannan rigingimu sun zarce rigingimun kasuwanci masu sauki zuwa wasu batutuwan siyasa da ke yin barazana ga iskar gas a kasashen Turai da dama wadanda suka dogara da iskar gas da ake shigo da su daga Rasha, wadanda ake jigilar su ta Ukraine.

A shekarar 2005, Rasha ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ukraine ba ta biyan kuɗin iskar gas, amma tana karkatar da abin da aka yi niyyar fitarwa zuwa EU daga bututun mai. Da farko dai jami'an Ukraine sun musanta zargin, amma daga baya Naftogaz ya yarda cewa iskar gas da aka tanada ga sauran kasashen Turai ana ajiye da kuma amfani da shi wajen bukatun cikin gida. Rikicin ya kai kololuwa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2006, lokacin da Rasha ta katse dukkan iskar gas da ke ratsawa cikin yankin Ukraine.  A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2006, an cimma yarjejeniya ta farko tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, kuma an dawo da wadatar. Lamarin dai ya lafa har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007 lokacin da sabbin takaddama suka fara kan basussukan iskar gas na Ukraine. Wannan ya haifar da rage yawan iskar gas a cikin Maris 2008. A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na 2008, dangantakar ta sake yin tsami yayin da Ukraine da Rasha suka kasa cimma matsaya kan basussukan da Ukraine ke bi.

A cikin watan Janairun 2009, wannan rashin jituwa ya haifar da cikas ga samar da kayayyaki a yawancin kasashen Turai, inda kasashen Turai goma sha takwas suka bayar da rahoton raguwar yawan iskar gas da suke jigilar su ta Ukraine daga Rasha. A cikin watan Satumba na 2009 jami'ai daga kasashen biyu sun bayyana cewa suna jin halin da ake ciki yana karkashin kulawa kuma ba za a sake samun sabani kan batun ba, a kalla har sai zaben shugaban kasa na Ukraine na 2010.  Sai dai a watan Oktoban 2009, an sake samun rashin jituwa game da adadin iskar gas da Ukraine za ta shigo da su daga Rasha a shekarar 2010. Ukraine ta yi niyyar shigo da iskar gas kaɗan ne a cikin 2010 sakamakon raguwar buƙatun masana'antu saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikinta ; duk da haka, Gazprom ya dage cewa Ukraine ta cika alkawuran kwangilar ta kuma ta sayi iskar gas da aka amince da ita a baya.

A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2010, wata kotu ta Stockholm ta yanke hukuncin cewa Naftogaz na Ukraine dole ne ya dawo  na gas zuwa RosUkrEnergo, wani kamfani na Swiss wanda Gazprom ke sarrafa kashi 50% na hannun jari. Rasha ta zargi bangaren Ukraine da fitar da iskar gas daga bututun da ke ratsa Ukraine a shekarar 2009. 

Wasu manyan jami'an Ukraine da dama sun ce komawar "ba zai yi sauri ba".

A shekarar 2022, bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Tarayyar Turai ta kaddamar da wasu jerin takunkuman tattalin arziki a kan ɓangaren makamashi na Rasha, ciki har da masana'antar iskar gas.

 Yarjejeniyar da China 
A ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2014, Rasha da Sin sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin iskar gas na Gazprom da na kasar Sin, bayan shafe shekaru goma ana tattaunawa. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Rasha za ta samar wa kasar Sin iskar gas mai kubik biliyan 38 a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru 30, wanda zai fara a shekarar 2018.  Dukkan kasashen biyu za su dauki nauyin gina sabbin ababen more rayuwa don ba da damar sufuri. Rasha za ta kashe kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 55 don gina bututun mai daga Siberiya zuwa Vladivostok, yayin da China za ta kashe dala biliyan 20 wajen samar da ababen more rayuwa a cikin iyakokinta.  Filayen iskar gas na Kovykta da Chayanda wadanda za su samar da mafi yawan iskar gas a halin yanzu ba a bunkasa su ba. 

An cim ma yarjejeniya sau da yawa tun daga shekara ta 2005, amma duk lokacin da tattaunawar karshe ta lalace kan farashin.  Ba a bayyana farashin da aka amince da shi ba, amma wadanda suka san halin da ake ciki sun ce samun rahusa fiye da masu saye na Turai wata babbar bukata ce ta kasar Sin a tattaunawar. Duk da haka, wakilan Rasha sun ce farashin zai canza bisa ga farashin kasuwa na man fetur, wanda zai sa yarjejeniyar ta kusa da abin da Rasha ta so fiye da abin da China ta nema.  An kiyasta jimillar darajar yarjejeniyar a kan dalar Amurka biliyan 400.  Za ta kara yawan kayayyakin da Rasha ke fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen da ba na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da kashi 25% ba, kuma za ta sa kasar Sin ta kasance kasa ta 2 mafi yawan abokan cinikin kasar, bayan Jamus. 

An dai cimma wannan yarjejeniya ne a daidai lokacin da shugabannin kasashen Sin da Rasha suka gana domin tattaunawa kan yadda za a kara yin hadin gwiwa a nahiyar Asiya ba tare da shiga cikin kasashen yammacin duniya ba. An dai yi mata kallon wata muhimmiyar nasara ta siyasa da tattalin arziki ga shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin . Yana ba wa Rasha damar haɓaka kasuwancinta na zahiri a wajen Turai tare da raunana ƙarfin takunkumin tattalin arzikin da ƙasashen Yamma suka sanya bayan rikicin Crimea na 2014 .  Gabaɗaya, ta bai wa Rasha damar rage warewar da take yi saboda rikicin da take yi a Ukraine.  Ga kasar Sin, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wajen rage dogaro da kwal wajen samar da wutar lantarki, ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar samar da wutar lantarki da ba ta da kyau sosai ta hanyar iskar gas. Haka kuma yana taimakawa wajen biyan bukatar iskar gas a kasar.

 Fitowa 
Rasha tana da zafi fiye da kowace ƙasa.

 Tallafi 
Akwai dogon tarihi na tallafin iskar gas a Rasha. Tallafin iskar gas ya kasance daya daga cikin dalilan da suka haifar da karancin ci gaban makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa a kasar. Duk da haka, yana da wuya a ƙididdige yawan tallafin, saboda babu farashin ma'auni. Sau da yawa ana amfani da lissafin netback,  amma akwai gardama kan ingancinsu wajen tantance girman tallafin gida. "Netback" shine farashin da ake siyar da iskar gas na Rasha a kan iyaka, ban da farashin sufuri da harajin da aka sanya wa fitarwa. Duk da haka, ba tabbas cewa farashin gida ya kamata ya zama daidai da farashin da aka samu a kan iyaka. Madadin zai kasance duba sarkar samar da iskar gas, gano duk wata asara da aka yi sannan a sanya wadannan a matsayin tallafin kai tsaye. Koyaya, saboda sarkar da ke tattare da iskar gas (ciki har da ayyukan sama, bututun gangar jikin, grid na rarrabawa da kayan aikin gida - wani lokaci na kamfanoni na kasuwanci, wani lokacin na gundumomi ko wasu hukumomi), yana da wahala a gano girman asarar kudi.

 Amfani da mota 
Amfani da motocin iskar gas a Rasha yana da kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnati. Kamfanoni kamar Italgas suna siyar da kayan aikin bayan kasuwa, yayin da ana siyar da wasu motocin GAZ Group tare da tsarin iskar gas. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2016, Gazprom yana da hanyar sadarwa na tashoshin mai 254 a cikin ƙasar, tare da shirye-shiryen isa tashoshi 500 nan da 2020. Kamfanin kera bas na NEFAZ yana yin bas masu amfani da iskar gas ta hanyar amfani da injunan Daimler.  An gabatar da bambancin iskar gas na Lada Vesta a cikin 2017.

 Tasiri kan iskar gas na Rasha yayin yakin da Ukraine 
Yunkurin mamayar da Rasha ta yi a shekarar 2022, a matsayin na baya-bayan nan na yakin Russo-Ukrain, ya haifar da makamin iskar gas, wanda Rasha ta yi kokarin amfani da shi wajen hana kasashen yammacin Turai bayar da tallafi ga Ukraine. Barazana sannan kuma a zahiri ƙuntata iskar gas zuwa ƙasashen yammacin Turai ya haifar da Nord Stream 2 bai fara aiki ba, ya biyo bayan wasu bututun iskar gas daga Rasha a yankin Baltic da aka lalata a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2022. Takunkumin da aka kakaba wa bankunan kasar Rasha ya sa Gazprom ke da wuyar samun kudi daga tallace-tallacen kasa da kasa wanda a shekarar 2022 ya fadi da kashi 45.5% zuwa 100.9bcm. Jamus, wacce a baya ita ce babbar mai siyan iskar gas ta Rasha ta daina shigo da iskar gas nan da Disamba 2022, kamar yadda akasarin kasashen EU suka yi. Samar da iskar gas na Rasha a cikin 2022 ya ragu da kashi 20 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da na 2021 kuma ana iya yin shekaru kafin Rasha ta sami madadin masu siya don kasuwar EU da ta ɓace.

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 Manazarta 

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