Lafiyar muhalli

Lafiyar muhalli,  reshe ne na kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ke kula da duk wani nau'i na yanayin halitta da ginannen yanayin dake shafar lafiyar ɗan Adam.https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c4g8pr4d2e1o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536495905942&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc4g8pr4d2e1o. Don sarrafa abubuwan da za su iya shafar lafiya, yadda ya kamata, dole ne a ƙayyade buƙatun da dole ne a cika don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau. Manyan ƙa'idojin kiwon lafiyar muhalli, sune kimiyyar muhalli, (toxicology), wato ilimin cututtuka na muhalli, da muhalli da likitancin sana'a.Kelley T. The ecology of environmental health. Environ Health Insights. 2008 Jul 21;2:25-6. doi: 10.1177/117863020800200001. PMID 21572828; PMCID: PMC3091335.

 Ma'anoni 

 Ma'anar WHO 
An bayyana lafiyar muhalli a cikin takardar, A shekara ta 1989, ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a matsayin: Wadancan abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar dan adam da cututtuka wadanda abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli suka ƙaddara. Hakanan ana kiransa ka'idar da aiki na samun dama da sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin da zai iya shafar lafiya.https://www.who.int/health-topics/environmental-health

Takardar WHO ta 1990 ta bayyana cewa lafiyar muhalli, kamar yadda Ofishin Yanki na WHO na Turai ya yi amfani da shi, "ya hada da duka tasirin cutar kai tsaye na sinadarai, radiation da wasu kwayoyin halitta, da kuma tasirin (sau da yawa kaikaice) kan lafiya da walwala na fa'ida. yanayin jiki, tunani, zamantakewa da al'adu, wanda ya hada da gidaje, ci gaban birane, amfani da filaye da sufuri." 

Kamar yadda na 2016 [sabuntawa], shafin yanar gizon [WHO] game da lafiyar muhalli ya bayyana cewa "Lafiyar muhalli tana magance duk abubuwan da ke cikin jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta na waje ga mutum, da duk abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka shafi halayen halayen. Ya kunshi kima da kula da wadannan muhalli.
abubuwan da za su iya yin tasiri ga lafiya, an yi niyya ne don hana cututtuka da samar da yanayi masu tallafawa kiwon lafiya, wannan ma'anar ya kebance dabi'un da ba su da alaka da muhalli, da kuma halayen da suka shafi yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu, da kuma kwayoyin halitta". 

Hukumar ta WHO ta kuma ayyana ayyukan kula da muhalli a matsayin “wadanda ke aiwatar da manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ta hanyar sa ido da ayyukan sarrafawa. Har ila yau, suna gudanar da wannan rawar ta hanyar inganta habakar sigogin muhalli da kuma karfafa yin amfani da fasaha da halaye masu dacewa da muhalli. Har ila yau, suna da rawar da za su taka wajen habakawa da kuma ba da shawarar sabbin fannonin manufofi."Brooks Bryan, W, Gerding Justin, A, Landeen, E, et al. Environmental health practice challenges and research needs for U.S. Health Departments. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127:125001.MacArthur, I, Bonnefoy, X. Environmental health services in Europe 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s. WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser. 1997

 Sauran la'akari 
Ana iya ganin kalmar maganin muhalli a matsayin kwararrun likitanci, ko reshe na fage na fannin lafiyar muhalli.  

Kididdiga ba ta cika cika ba, kuma a yawancin ƙasashen Turai ana amfani da su tare.

Kiwon lafiyar muhalli na yara shine horo na ilimi wanda ke nazarin yadda bayyanar muhalli a farkon rayuwa-sunadarai, abinci mai gina jiki, da zamantakewa-tasirin lafiya da ci gaba a lokacin kuruciya da duk tsawon rayuwar dan adam.

Sauran sharuddan da ke magana ko game da lafiyar muhalli sun haɗa da lafiyar jama'a da kare lafiya.

 Ladabi 
Daban-daban na asali guda biyar gabaɗaya suna ba da gudummawa ga fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli: cututtukan muhalli, toxicology, kimiyyar fallasa, injiniyan muhalli, da dokar muhalli . Kowane dayan wadannan fannoni biyar suna ba da gudummawar bayanai daban-daban don bayyana matsaloli da mafita a cikin lafiyar muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai wasu jeri a tsakanin su.

 Ilimin cututtukan muhalli yana nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli (ciki har da fallasa ga sinadarai, radiation, magungunan kwayoyin cuta, da sauransu) da lafiyar dan adam. Nazarin lura, wanda kawai ke lura da fallasa da mutane suka rigaya suka fuskanta, sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ilimin cututtukan muhalli saboda ba za a iya fallasa dan adam cikin dabi'a ga jami'an da aka sani ko ake zargin suna haifar da cuta ba. Yayin da rashin iya amfani da zane-zane na gwajin gwaji shine iyakancewar cututtukan cututtukan muhalli, wannan horo kai tsaye yana lura da tasiri akan lafiyar dan adam maimakon kididdige tasirin daga nazarin dabbobi.  Kwayar cuta ta muhalli ita ce nazarin tasirin lafiyar dan adam na abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jiki, ilimin halitta, da sinadarai a cikin muhallin waje, wanda aka dauka gaba daya. Har ila yau, nazarin takamaiman al'ummomi ko al'ummomin da aka fallasa ga mahallin yanayi daban-daban, Cutar cututtuka a cikin muhallinmu na da nufin fayyace dangantakar da ke tsakanin abubuwan jiki, ilimin halitta ko sinadarai da lafiyar ɗan adam.

 Toxicology yana nazarin yadda bayyanar muhalli ke haifar da takamaiman sakamakon kiwon lafiya, gaba daya a cikin dabbobi, a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yiwuwar sakamakon lafiya a cikin mutane. Toxicology yana da damar samun damar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar da sauran nazarin gwaji saboda suna iya amfani da abubuwan dabba. Koyaya, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin ilimin halittar dabbobi da na dan adam, kuma ana iya samun rashin tabbas sosai yayin fassara sakamakon binciken dabbobi don tasirin su ga lafiyar dan adam. 
 Kimiyyar fallasa tana nazarin fallasa ɗan adam ga gurɓataccen muhalli ta hanyar ganowa da kididdige fallasa. Za a iya amfani da kimiyyar fallasa don tallafawa cututtukan cututtukan muhalli ta hanyar mafi kyawun kwatanta bayyanar muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da wani sakamako na kiwon lafiya, gano abubuwan da aka saba gani waɗanda sakamakon lafiyar su za a iya fahimtar su ta hanyar binciken toxicology, ko kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin kima na hadari don sanin ko halin yanzu matakan fallasa na iya wuce matakan da aka ba da shawarar.Kimiyyar fallasa tana da fa'idar kasancewa iya kididdige bayyanannun bayanai ga takamaiman sinadarai, amma ba ta haifar da wani bayani game da sakamakon lafiya kamar cututtukan muhalli ko toxicology.
 Injiniyan muhalli yana amfani da ka'idodin kimiyya da injiniya don kariya ga yawan jama'a daga illolin muggan abubuwan muhalli; kariya daga mahalli daga abubuwan da za su iya halakar da ayyukan halitta da na ɗan adam; da ingantaccen ingancin muhalli gabaɗaya. 
 Dokokin muhalli sun haɗa da hanyar sadarwa na yarjejeniyoyin, dokoki, ƙa'idodi, dokokin gama gari da na al'ada waɗanda ke magance tasirin ayyukan dan adam akan yanayin yanayi.

Ana iya hada bayanai daga ilimin cututtuka, toxicology, da kimiyyar fallasa don gudanar da kimanta hadarin takamaiman sinadarai, gaurayawan sinadarai ko wasu abubuwan haɗari don sanin ko fallasa yana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiyar dan adam (watakila fallasa zai iya haifar da habakar gurbatawa- cututtuka masu alaka ). Hakanan za'a iya amfani da wannan don habakawa da aiwatar da manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli wadanda, alal misali, ke daidaita fitar da sinadarai, ko kuma sanya ka'idodi na tsaftar muhalli. Ayyukan aikin injiniya da doka za a iya hada su don samar da hadarin hadari don ragewa, saka idanu, da kuma sarrafa tasirin tasiri don kare lafiyar ɗan adam don cimma manufofin manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli.

 Damuwa 
Kiwon lafiya na muhalli yana magance duk abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar ɗan adam na muhallin halitta da ginin muhalli. Abubuwan da ke damun lafiyar muhalli sun haɗa da:

 Biosafety .
 Shirye-shiryen bala'i da martani.
 Amintaccen abinci, gami da a cikin noma, sufuri, sarrafa abinci, jigilar kayayyaki da rarrabawa da siyarwa
 Gidaje, ciki har da rashin ingancin gidaje da kuma duba gidajen yari da gidajen yari .
 Rigakafin cutar da gubar kuruciya.
 Shirye-shiryen amfani da kasa, gami da habaka mai wayo .
 Zubar da sharar ruwa, gami da masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sharar birni da tsarin zubar da ruwan sharar gida, kamar tsarin tankin ruwa da bandakunan sinadarai .
 Gudanar da sharar likita da zubar.
 Lafiyar sana'a da tsaftar masana'antu .
 Lafiyar radiyo, gami da fallasa zuwa ionizing radiation daga radiyon X ko isotopes na rediyoaktif .
 Rigakafin rashin lafiyar ruwa na nishadi, gami da daga wuraren waha, wuraren shakatawa da teku da wuraren wanka na ruwa .
 Sarrafa shara mai karfi, gami da wuraren zubar da kasa, wuraren sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani da tashoshi masu dorewa.
 Bayyanar sinadarai mai guba ko a cikin samfuran mabukaci, gidaje, wuraren aiki, iska, ruwa ko kasa.
 Kula da vector, gami da sarrafa sauro, rodents, kwari, kyankyasai da sauran dabbobin da zasu iya yada cututtuka.National and regional story (Netherlands) – Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the Abode project. EEA. 

Dangane da alkaluma na baya-bayan nan, kusan kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na shekarun da suka daidaita nakasa (DALYs) sun rasa su ne saboda dalilai na muhalli a Turai. Ya zuwa yanzu mafi mahimmancin al'amari shine gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin iskar birane.National and regional story (Netherlands) – Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the Abode project. EEA. Hakazalika, an yi kiyasin ficewar muhalli zai ba da gudummawar mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.9 (8.7%) da kuma DALY miliyan 86 (5.7%) a duniya."Knows and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review". Press-Ustinov, A., et al. 2011. Environmental Health 10:9. A Amurka, an gano wuraren Superfund da kamfanoni daban-daban suka kirkira suna da illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa. Wannan barazana ce da aka yi hasashe, da ta daɗa kallon zubar da ciki, maye gurbi, lahani na haihuwa, da ciwon daji wanda ya fi firgita jama'a. Schleicher, D. (1995). "Superfund’s Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites". In A. Wildavsky (Ed.), But Is it True?: A Citizen’s Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (153–184) . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 

 ingancin iska 
Ingancin iska ya haɗa da ingancin iska na waje da ingancin iska na cikin gida . Babban damuwa game da ingancin iska sun hada da hayakin taba muhalli, gurbataccen iska ta nau'ikan sharar sinadarai, da sauran damuwa.

 ingancin iska na waje 
Gurbacewar iska ita ce ke haifar da mutuwar mutane sama da miliyan 6.5 a duk duniya. Richard Fuller, Philip J Landrigan, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Glynda Bathan, Stephan Bose-O'Reilly, Michael Brauer, Jack Caravanos, Tom Chiles, Aaron Cohen, Lilian Corra, Maureen Cropper, Greg Ferraro, Jill Hanna, David Hanrahan, Howard Hu, David Hunter, Gloria Janata, Rachael Kupka, Bruce Lanphear, Maureen Lichtveld, Keith Martin, Adetoun Mustapha, Ernesto Sanchez-Triana, Karti Sandilya, Laura Schaefli, Joseph Shaw, Jessica Seddon, William Suk, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Chonghuai Yan, Pollution and health: a progress update, The Lancet Planetary Health, Volume 6, Issue 6, 2022, Pages e535-e547, ISSN 2542-5196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. Gurbacewar iska ita ce gurbatar yanayi saboda kasancewar abubuwa masu illa ga lafiyar halittu masu rai, muhalli ko yanayi. "Air pollution". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-03-01. Wadannan abubuwa sun shafi jami'an kiwon lafiya na muhalli tun da gurbataccen iska sau da yawa yana haifar da hadari ga cututtuka da ke da alaka da gurbata, kamar ciwon huhu, cututtuka na numfashi, fuka, cututtukan zuciya, da sauran nau'o'in cututtuka masu alaka da numfashi. "7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-03-01. Rage gurbataccen iska, da habaka ingancin iska, an gano yana rage yawan mace-macen manya. Rovira J, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain). Sci Total Environ. 2020 Feb 10;703:135538. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538. Epub 2019 Nov 18. PMID 31759725.
Kayayyakin gama gari da ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki sun hada da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, samar da makamashi, konewar gida, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da motocin motsa jiki, da sauran nau'ikan gurbatattun abubuwa. Prüss-Ustün, A., J. Wolf, C. Corvalán, R. Bos, and M. Neira. "Preventing disease through healthy environments: A global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. 2016." World Health Organization. https://apps. who. int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204585/9789241565196_eng. pdf (2020) US EPA, OAR (2015-09-10). "Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-01. Wadannan gurbatacciyar iska ce ke haifar da konewar man fetur, wanda zai iya fitar da barbashi masu cutarwa zuwa cikin iskar da mutane da sauran halittu suke shaka ko sha. "Air Pollution and Your Health". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved 2023-03-01.

Gurbacewar iska tana da alaka da illar lafiya kamar cututtukan numfashi da cututtukan zuciya, ciwon daji, cututtukan da ke da alaka, har ma da mutuwa. Abdo, Nour, Khader, Yousef S., Abdelrahman, Mostafa, Graboski-Bauer, Ashley, Malkawi, Mazen, Al-Sharif, Munjed and Elbetieha, Ahmad M.. "Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review" Reviews on Environmental Health 31, no. 2 (2016): 259-280. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 Hadarin gurbataccen iska yana kayyade hadarin gurbataccen iska da kuma yawan fallasa da ke shafar mutum. Vallero, Daniel., and Daniel. Vallero. Fundamentals of Air Pollution. 5th ed. San Diego: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2014. Alal misali, yaron da ke buga wasanni a waje zai sami mafi girman yuwuwar bayyanar gurbataccen iska a waje idan aka kwatanta da babban mutum wanda ke son yin karin lokaci a cikin gida, ko a wurin aiki ko kuma a wani wuri.  Jami'an kiwon lafiya na muhalli suna aiki don gano mutanen da ke cikin hadari mafi girma na cinye gurbataccen iska, aiki don rage bayyanar su, da gano abubuwan hadari da ke cikin al'ummomi. Manisalidis, Ioannis; Stavropoulou, Elisavet; Stavropoulos, Agathangelos; Bezirtzoglou, Eugenia (2020). "Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review". Frontiers in Public Health. 8. ISSN 2296-2565.

 ingancin iska na cikin gida 
Gurbacewar iska na gida yana ba da gudummawa ga cututtuka da ke kashe kusan mutane miliyan 4.3 a kowace shekara. “Cleaner Indoor air.(Public Health Round-up)(World Health Organization’s Guidelines to Improve Indoor Air quality)(Brief Article).” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92, no. 12 (2014): 852-853. Gurbataccen iska na cikin gida yana ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan hadari ga cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan huhu, bugun jini, ciwon huhu, da sauran cututtuka masu alaka.  Ga mutane masu rauni wadanda ke ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a cikin gida, kamar yara da tsofaffi, karancin ingancin iska na cikin gida na iya zama hadari. Cincinelli, Alessandra, and Tania Martellini. “Indoor Air Quality and Health.” International journal of environmental research and public health 14, no. 11 (2017): 1286–1291.

Kona mai kamar gawayi ko kananzir a cikin gidaje na iya haifar da fitar da sinadarai masu hadari a cikin iska. “Cleaner Indoor air.(Public Health Round-up)(World Health Organization’s Guidelines to Improve Indoor Air quality)(Brief Article).” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 92, no. 12 (2014): 852-853. Danshi da gyada a cikin gidaje na iya haifar da cututtuka suma, amma kadan an yi nazari akan Kura a makarantu da wuraren aiki. Lanthier-Veilleux M, Baron G, Généreux M. Respiratory Diseases in University Students Associated with Exposure to Residential Dampness or Mold. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Nov 18;13(11):1154. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111154. PMID 27869727; PMCID: PMC5129364. Ana daukar hayakin taba a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga gurbataccen iska na cikin gida, tun da fallasa hayaki na biyu da na hannu na uku abu ne na gama gari. Mueller D, Uibel S, Braun M, Klingelhoefer D, Takemura M, Groneberg DA. Tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality (ToPIQ) - the protocol of a new study. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2011 Dec 21;6:35. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-35. PMID 22188808; PMCID: PMC3260229. Hayakin taba ya kunshi fiye da 60 carcinogens, inda kashi 18% aka sani da carcinogens na dan adam. Hoffmann, D., and I. Hoffmann. "Chapter 5; The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays." Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine-Monograph 13: 160-170. Bayyana wadannan sinadarai na iya haifar da cutar asma, habaka cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan zuciya, da habaka yiwuwar haɓakar ciwon daji. Vidale, Simone, A. Bonanomi, M. Guidotti, M. Arnaboldi, and R. Sterzi. "Air pollution positively correlates with daily stroke admission and in hospital mortality: a study in the urban area of Como, Italy." Neurological sciences 31 (2010): 179-182.

 Sauyin yanayi da illolinsa ga lafiya 
Canjin yanayi yana sa al'amuran yanayi masu tsananin gaske, gami da abubuwan da suka faru na smog na ozone, guguwar Kura, da habakar matakan aerosol, duk saboda tsananin zafi, fari, iska, da ruwan sama. Paton-Walsh, Clare, Peter Rayner, Jack Simmons, Sonya L. Fiddes, Robyn Schofield, Howard Bridgman, Stephanie Beaupark, Richard Broome, Scott D. Chambers, Lisa Tzu-Chi Chang, Martin Cope, Christine T. Cowie, Maximilien Desservettaz, Doreena Dominick, Kathryn Emmerson, Hugh Forehead, Ian E. Galbally, Alan Griffiths, Élise-Andrée Guérette, Alison Haynes, Jane Heyworth, Bin Jalaludin, Ruby Kan, Melita Keywood, Khalia Monk, Geoffrey G. Morgan, Hiep Nguyen Duc, Frances Phillips, Robert Popek, Yvonne Scorgie, Jeremy D. Silver, Steve Utembe, Imogen Wadlow, Stephen R. Wilson, and Yang Zhang. 2019. "A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales" Atmosphere 10, no. 12: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120774 Melita Keywood, Martin Cope, C.P. Mick Meyer, Yoshi Iinuma, Kathryn Emmerson, When smoke comes to town: The impact of biomass burning smoke on air quality, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 121, 2015, Pages 13-21, ISSN 1352-2310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.050. Wadannan matsanancin yanayin yanayi na iya Kara yuwuwar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, mace-mace, rashin abinci, da cututtuka masu saurin yanayi a cikin mutane masu rauni. Romanello M, McGushin A, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Hughes N, Jamart L, Kennard H, Lampard P, Solano Rodriguez B, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Cai W, Campbell-Lendrum D, Capstick S, Chambers J, Chu L, Ciampi L, Dalin C, Dasandi N, Dasgupta S, Davies M, Dominguez-Salas P, Dubrow R, Ebi KL, Eckelman M, Ekins P, Escobar LE, Georgeson L, Grace D, Graham H, Gunther SH, Hartinger S, He K, Heaviside C, Hess J, Hsu SC, Jankin S, Jimenez MP, Kelman I, Kiesewetter G, Kinney PL, Kjellstrom T, Kniveton D, Lee JKW, Lemke B, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lott M, Lowe R, Martinez-Urtaza J, Maslin M, McAllister L, McMichael C, Mi Z, Milner J, Minor K, Mohajeri N, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morrissey K, Munzert S, Murray KA, Neville T, Nilsson M, Obradovich N, Sewe MO, Oreszczyn T, Otto M, Owfi F, Pearman O, Pencheon D, Rabbaniha M, Robinson E, Rocklöv J, Salas RN, Semenza JC, Sherman J, Shi L, Springmann M, Tabatabaei M, Taylor J, Trinanes J, Shumake-Guillemot J, Vu B, Wagner F, Wilkinson P, Winning M, Yglesias M, Zhang S, Gong P, Montgomery H, Costello A, Hamilton I. The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet. 2021 Oct 30;398(10311):1619-1662. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6. Epub 2021 Oct 20. Erratum in: Lancet. 2021 Dec 11;398(10317):2148. PMID 34687662. Tasirin sauyin yanayi duk duniya ne ke ji, amma bai dace ba yana shafar al'ummomin da ba su da galihu wadanda ke fuskantar matsalar sauyin yanayi . Li A, Toll M, Martino E, Wiesel I, Botha F, Bentley R. Vulnerability and recovery: Long-term mental and physical health trajectories following climate-related disasters. Soc Sci Med. 2023 Mar;320:115681. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115681. Epub 2023 Jan 20. PMID 36731303.
Tasirin yanayi na iya yin tasiri ga kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa ta hanyar karuwar yawan kwararar ruwa, yawan ruwan sama mai yawa, da kuma tasirin guguwa mai tsanani. "Climate Impacts on Human Health | Climate Change Impacts | US EPA". climatechange.chicago.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Matsanancin yanayi da guguwa za su iya zarce karfin abubuwan samar da ruwa, wanda zai iya Kara yuwuwar cewa al'umma za su iya kamuwa da wadannan gurbatattun abubuwa.  USGCRP (2016). Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Crimmins, A., J. Balbus, J.L. Gamble, C.B. Beard, J.E. Bell, D. Dodgen, R.J. Eisen, N.Fann, M.D. Hawkins, S.C. Herring, L. Jantarasami, D.M. Mills, S. Saha, M.C. Sarofim, J.Trtanj, and L.Ziska, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. 312 pp. dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0R49NQX. Ana iya kamuwa da wadannan gurbatattun abubuwa a cikin al'ummomi masu karancin kudi, inda ba su da isassun kayan aikin da za su iya magance bala'o'in yanayi kuma ba sa iya murmurewa daga lalacewar ababen more rayuwa cikin sauri. "Creating the Healthiest Nation: Water and Health Equity". American Public Health Association.

Matsaloli kamar asarar gidaje, kaunatattuna, da hanyoyin rayuwa na baya, galibi su ne abin da mutane ke fuskanta bayan bala'in yanayi. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya haifar da rauni a cikin nau'in damuwa na araha na gidaje, kananan kudin shiga gida, rashin hadin kai, bakin ciki, da damuwa a kusa da wani bala'i da ke faruwa. Li A, Toll M, Martino E, Wiesel I, Botha F, Bentley R. Vulnerability and recovery: Long-term mental and physical health trajectories following climate-related disasters. Soc Sci Med. 2023 Mar;320:115681. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115681. Epub 2023 Jan 20. PMID 36731303.

 Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli 
Ana iya sanya wasu kungiyoyin mutane cikin hadari mafi girma don hadarin muhalli kamar iska, kasa da gurbataccen ruwa. Wannan sau da yawa yana faruwa saboda warewar jama'a, tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa, da wariyar launin fata. Wariyar kabilanci ta musamman tana shafar kungiyoyi daban-daban a duniya, duk da haka galibin kungiyoyin da aka fi sani da kowane yanki ana shafa. Wadannan kungiyoyin da aka ware galibi ana sanya su kusa da tushen gurbata kamar manyan tituna, wuraren sharar guba, wuraren share kasa, da tsire-tsire masu guba. Kaufman, Joel D., and Anjum Hajat. "Confronting environmental racism." Environmental Health Perspectives 129, no. 5 (2021): 051001. A cikin wani bincike na 2021, an gano cewa kungiyoyin kabilanci da kabilanci a Amurka suna fuskantar kazamin gurbataccen iska. Tessum, Christopher W., David A. Paolella, Sarah E. Chambliss, Joshua S. Apte, Jason D. Hill, and Julian D. Marshall. “PM2.5 Polluters Disproportionately and Systemically Affect People of Color in the United States.” Science advances 7, no. 18 (2021). Manufofin gidaje na kabilanci da ke wanzuwa a Amurka suna ci gaba da Kara  kazamar kabilar kabilanci ga gurbacewar iska a daidai gwargwado, duk da cewa gaba dayan matakan gurɓatawa sun ragu.  Hakazalika, a cikin wani bincike na 2022, an nuna cewa aiwatar da sauye-sauyen manufofin da ke ba da damar sake rarraba dukiya na iya ninka matsayin matakan rage sauyin yanayi. Adua, Lazarus. “Super Polluters and Carbon Emissions: Spotlighting How Higher-Income and Wealthier Households Disproportionately Despoil Our Atmospheric Commons.” Energy policy 162 (2022): 7–10. Ga al'ummomin da ba su da matakan rarraba dukiya, wannan yana nufin ƙarin kuɗi za su shiga cikin al'ummominsu yayin da ake rage tasirin yanayi.  

 Gurbacewar hayaniya 
Gurbacewar amo yawanci ba muhalli ba ne, sautin na'ura da aka kirkira wanda zai iya rushe ayyuka ko sadarwa tsakanin mutane da sauran nau'ikan rayuwa. Jariwala, Hiral J., Huma S. Syed, Minarva J. Pandya, and Yogesh M. Gajera. "Noise pollution & human health: a review." Indoor Built Environ 1, no. 1 (2017): 1-4. Bayyanawa ga gurbacewar amo na dindindin na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar nakasa ji, damuwa barci, matsalolin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, bacin rai, matsaloli tare da sadarwa da sauran cututtuka. Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., THE LANCET, Volume 383, issue 9925(April, 2014), page 1325-1332. Ga yan tsirarun Amurkawa wadanda ke zaune a unguwannin da ba su da matsayi na tattalin arzikin kasa, galibi suna fuskantar gurbatacciyar amo idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na tattalin arziki. "The Effects of Noise on Health". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-09.

Gurbacewar amo na iya haifar da ko kuma ta'azzara cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, wanda zai iya Kara shafar manyan cututtuka, Kara matakan damuwa, da kuma haifar da tashin hankali . "The Effects of Noise on Health". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Gurbacewar amo kuma tana da alhakin lamurra na asarar ji, tinnitus, da sauran nau'ikan rashin jin dadi ko rashin sauti.  Wadannan sharuddan na iya zama haɗari ga yara da matasa wadanda ke fuskantar gurɓacewar amo akai-akai, saboda yawancin waɗannan yanayi na iya habaka zuwa matsaloli na dogon lokaci. 

Yaran da ke zuwa makaranta a yankunan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa sun nuna cewa suna da karancin habakar kwakwalwar ajiya 20% idan aka kwatanta da sauran daliban da suka halarci makarantu a wuraren zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, in ji wani binciken Barcelona. Foraster, M., Esnaola, M., López-Vicente, M., Rivas, I., Álvarez-Pedrerol, M., Persavento, C., Sebastian-Galles, N., Pujol, J., Dadvand, P., & Sunyer, J. (2022). Exposure to road traffic noise and cognitive development in schoolchildren in Barcelona, Spain: A population-based cohort study. PLOS Medicine, 19(6), e1004001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004001 Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da ke nuna cewa yaran da ke fuskantar hayaniyar jirgin sama na yau da kullun "suna da karancin aiki akan daidaitattun gwaje-gwajen nasara." Basner, M., Clark, C., & Hansell, A. (2017). Aviation noise impacts: State of the science. Noise and Health, 19(87), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.NAH_104_16

Fitarwa ga gurbacewar amo na dindindin na iya sa mutum ya sami nakasuwar ji, kamar tinnitus ko rashin nuna wariyar magana. Passchier, W., Passchier, W., Noise Exposure and Public Health, Environmental Health perspective, Vol. 108, Supplemental (March, 2000). Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda gurbatar surutu shine bacin rai . Hammersen F, Niemann H, Hoebel J. Environmental Noise Annoyance and Mental Health in Adults: Findings from the Cross-Sectional German Health Update (GEDA) Study 2012. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Sep 26;13(10):954. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13100954. PMID 27681736; PMCID: PMC5086693. Mathias Basner, Wolfgang Babisch, Adrian Davis, Mark Brink, Charlotte Clark, Sabine Janssen, Stephen Stansfeld, Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health, The Lancet, Volume 383, Issue 9925, 2014, Pages 1325-1332, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X. An gano bacin rai saboda dalilai na muhalli don haɓaka halayen damuwa da kuma ji na damuwa a tsakanin manya. Basner, Mathias, Wolfgang Babisch, Adrian Davis, Mark Brink, Charlotte Clark, Sabine Janssen, and Stephen Stansfeld. "Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health." The lancet 383, no. 9925 (2014): 1325-1332. Matsayin bacin rai da mutum ke ji ya bambanta, amma yana ba da gudummawa ga tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa sosai. 

Har ila yau, bayyanar da surutu yana haifar da rikicewar barci, wanda zai iya haifar da barcin rana da rashin barci gaba daya, wanda ke haifar da tabarbarewar lafiya. "Daytime Somnolence - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10. Mathias Basner, Wolfgang Babisch, Adrian Davis, Mark Brink, Charlotte Clark, Sabine Janssen, Stephen Stansfeld, Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health, The Lancet, Volume 383, Issue 9925, 2014, Pages 1325-1332, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X.

 Amintaccen ruwan sha 
Samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ana daukarsa a matsayin "tushen bukatun dan adam don lafiya da walwala" ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Martin. "Water and Sanitation". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2023-03-03. A cewar rahotannin su, sama da mutane biliyan 2 a duniya suna rayuwa ba tare da samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ba. "— SDG Indicators". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-03-03. A cikin 2017, kusan Amurkawa miliyan 22 sun sha daga tsarin ruwa wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the environment: drinking water. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov. Accessed March 3, 2023. A duk duniya, sama da mutane biliyan 2 suna shan gurbataccen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da babbar barazana ga amincin ruwan sha. "Drinking-water". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Gurbataccen ruwan sha na iya yada cututtuka irin su kwalara, dysentery, typhoid, gudawa da polio . 

Magunguna masu cutarwa a cikin ruwan sha na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya. Hanyoyin kula da ruwa marasa tsafta na iya Kara yawaitar cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da kuma cututtukan da ke da alaka da tsafta. Omole, David O., and Julius M. Ndambuki. 2014. "Sustainable Living in Africa: Case of Water, Sanitation, Air Pollution and Energy" Sustainability 6, no. 8: 5187-5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6085187 Emenike, C.P., I.T. Tenebe, D.O. Omole, B.U. Ngene, B.I. Oniemayin, O. Maxwell, and B.I. Onoka. “Accessing Safe Drinking Water in Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Challenges in South–West Nigeria.” Sustainable cities and society 30 (2017): 263–272. Makarantu a Amurka doka ba ta bukaci su yi gwajin tsaftataccen ruwan sha ba, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa yara da yawa za su iya shan gurbatacciyar ruwa kamar gubar dalma a cikin ruwansu a makaranta. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, March 15). Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Childcare Facilities. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-drinking-waterschools-and-childcare-facilities "Creating the Healthiest Nation: Water and Health Equity". American Public Health Association. Rashin isasshen tsabtace ruwan datti a cibiyoyin masana'antu da noma na iya cutar da daruruwan miliyoyin mutane da gurbataccen ruwa. "Drinking-water". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Sinadarai irin su fluoride da arsenic na iya amfanar dan adam idan ana sarrafa matakan wadannan sinadarai, amma sauran, wasu sinadarai masu hadari kamar gubar da karafa na iya zama cutarwa ga ɗan adam. 

A Amurka, al'ummomin masu launi na iya zama karkashin rashin ingancin ruwa. Switzer, David, and Manuel P Teodoro. “The Color of Drinking Water: Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Safe Drinking Water Act Compliance.” Journal of the American Water Works Association. 109, no. 9 (2017): 40–45. A cikin al'ummomi a Amurka da ke da yawan al'ummar Hispanic da bakar fata, ana samun haɓaka mai alaka da take Hakkin lafiyar SDWA .  Al'ummar da suka fuskanci rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, kamar al'ummar Flint, Michigan, sun fi amincewa da ruwan famfo a cikin al'ummominsu. "Creating the Healthiest Nation: Water and Health Equity". American Public Health Association. Yawan jama'ar da za su fuskanci wannan yawanci kananan kudi ne, al'ummomi masu launi. Patel, A. I., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017). Water Access in the United States: Health Disparities Abound and Solutions Are Urgently Needed. American Journal of Public Health, 107(9), 13541356. doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303972

 Gudanar da kayan hadari 
Sarrafa abubuwa masu hadari, gami da sarrafa sharar gida mai hadari, gurbataccen gurbataccen wuri, rigakafin digogi daga tankunan ajiya na kasa da hana fitar da abubuwa masu hadari ga muhalli da martani ga yanayin gaggawa sakamakon irin wannan sakin. Lokacin da ba a sarrafa abubuwa masu hadari yadda ya kamata, sharar gida na iya gurbata hanyoyin ruwa da ke kusa da kuma rage ingancin iska. Thomas T. Shen, Air pollution assessment of toxic emissions from hazardous waste lagoons and landfills, Environment International, Volume 11, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 71-76, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(85)90104-7.

A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Ostiriya, mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren masana'antu "sun fi yawan rashin aikin yi, suna da kananan matakan ilimi, kuma suna iya zama baki sau biyu. Glatter-Götz, Helene, Paul Mohai, Willi Haas, and Christoph Plutzar. “Environmental Inequality in Austria: Do Inhabitants’ Socioeconomic Characteristics Differ Depending on Their Proximity to Industrial Polluters?” Environmental research letters 14, no. 7 (2019): 1–11. Tare da sha'awar lafiyar muhalli a zuciya, an kaddamar da Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfadowa a cikin Amurka a cikin 1976 wanda ya shafi yadda ake sarrafa datti mai hadari yadda ya kamata.

 Bayani da taswira 
Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP)  cikakken bincike ne na toxicology da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli, wanda ya hada da Bude damar samun albarkatun da hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da kungiyoyi suka samar, kuma ana kiyaye shi karkashin inuwar Sabis din Bayanai na Musamman a Laburare na Magunguna na Amurka . TEHIP ya haɗa da hanyoyin hadi zuwa bayanan fasaha, litattafai, koyawa, da albarkatu masu dacewa. TEHIP ne ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET),  tsarin hadin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli ciki har da Bankin Bayanai na Abubuwa masu haɗari, wadanda ke buɗe damar shiga, watau samuwa kyauta. TOXNET ya yi ritaya a cikin 2019. 

Akwai kayan aikin taswirar lafiyar muhalli da yawa. TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman  na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ke amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimaka wa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. EPA _ TOXMAP wata hanya ce ta gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka. Ana daukar bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli na TOXMAP daga Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology ta NLM (TOXNET)  da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu karfi.

 Sana'ar kula da muhalli 
Ana iya sanin kwararrun lafiyar muhalli da jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli, masu duba lafiyar jama'a, kwararrun lafiyar muhalli ko masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli. Masu bincike da masu tsara manufofi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yadda ake aiwatar da lafiyar muhalli a fagen. A yawancin kasashen Turai, likitoci da likitocin dabbobi suna shiga cikin lafiyar muhalli.A cikin United Kingdom, masu aikin dole ne su sami digiri na digiri a cikin lafiyar muhalli kuma  takaddun shaida kuma su yi rajista tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Chartered ko Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Royal na Scotland.  A Kanada, ana buƙatar masu aiki a cikin lafiyar muhalli don samun takardar shaidar digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli tare da takardar shaidar kwararrun kasa, Takaddun shaida a Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI(C).  Yawancin jihohi a Amurka kuma suna bukatar daidaikun mutane su sami digiri na farko da lasisi na ƙwararru don yin aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli. Dokar jihar California ta bayyana iyakar aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli kamar haka: California Health and Safety Code, section 106615(e)

 "Irin yin aiki a cikin lafiyar muhalli" yana nufin aikin lafiyar muhalli ta kwararrun kiwon lafiyar muhalli masu rijista a cikin jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ma'anar wannan labarin kuma ya hada da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, kungiya, gudanarwa, ilimi, tilastawa, tuntubar ba. da kuma ba da agajin gaggawa don manufar rigakafin hadarin lafiyar muhalli da habakawa da kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli a cikin wadannan fagage: kariya ta abinci; gidaje; lafiyar muhalli na hukumomi; amfani da kasa; kula da hayaniyar al'umma; wuraren shakatawa da ruwaye; electromagnetic radiation iko; m, ruwa, da kuma kayan sarrafa abubuwa masu haɗari; kula da tanki na karkashin kasa; na kansite septic tsarin; sarrafa vector; ingancin ruwan sha; tsaftar ruwa; shirye-shiryen gaggawa; da kuma tsaftar madara da kiwo bisa ga sashe na 33113 na dokar abinci da noma.

Sana'ar kula da lafiyar muhalli ta samo asali ne na zamani a harkar tsafta da lafiyar jama'a na Burtaniya. Sir Edwin Chadwick ne ya kwatanta wannan, wanda ya taka rawa wajen soke dokokin da ba su da kyau, kuma a cikin 1884 shi ne shugaban kungiyar masu sa ido na tsaftar jama'a, wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Chartered .

 Lafiyar muhalli a cikin kafofin watsa labaru da wallafe-wallafe 
Ayyuka na asali kamar Dr. Seuss 'The Lorax sun ba da damar shigar da ilimin muhalli a cikin iliminmu. Daraktoci sun Kara daukar matakai kuma sun ba da umarnin littafin yara zuwa fim din da ya sami lambar yabo, yana yin hanya mafi sauki don daukar hankalin matasa masu sauraro.  Hakazalika tallace-tallace, wadannan fina-finai sun baje kolin abubuwa masu kyau na ilimi don lafiyar muhalli da dorewa yayin da suke zage-zage cikin batutuwan da yara za su iya danganta su kamar abokantaka, dangi, ban dariya, da ƙari. 

Lafiyar muhalli ya zama dacewa a cikin al'adun mu na pop tare da fina-finai kamar The Lorax (wanda Dokta Seuss ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi: Littafin asali na Lorax ), WALL-E, Free Willy, Happy Feet, da Hoot wanda ke nuna bukatar jin dadin jin dadi. yanayi. Fina-finai masu zuwa suna ba da damar samari don fahimtar lafiyar muhalli da mahimmancin dorewa ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na hangen nesa mai narkewa.

 Nassoshi 

Category:Muhalli
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba