Fasahar muhalli

Fasahar muhalli wani nau'i ne na ayyukan fasaha wanda ya kunshi hanyoyin tarihi game da yanayi a cikin fasaha da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da siyasa. Fasahar muhalli ta samo asali ne daga damuwa ta al'ada, misali kayan aikin ƙasa masu ban mamaki ta amfani da ƙasa a matsayin kayan zane-zane, zuwa zurfin dangantaka da tsarin, matakai da abubuwan da suka faru dangane da damuwa da zamantakewa. Haɗin zamantakewa da muhalli sun bunkasa a matsayin ɗabi'a, matsayi na maidowa ya fito a cikin shekarun 1990. Fasahar muhalli ta zama maɓallin nune-nunen a duniya yayin da al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu na Canjin yanayi suka zo gaba.

Kalmar "Fasahar muhalli" sau da yawa tana kunshe da damuwa game da muhalli amma ba takamaiman su ba. Da farko yana murna da alaƙar mai zane da yanayi ta amfani da kayan halitta.Bower, Sam (2010). "A Profusion of Terms". greenmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.Steinman, Susan. "WEAD, Women Environmental Artists Directory". WEAD, Women Environmental Artists Directory. Retrieved 3 February 2014. An fi fahimtar manufar dangane da tarihin duniya / Land art da kuma ci gaban fannin fasahar muhalli. Yankin yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa masu zane-zane na muhalli suna rungumar ra'ayoyi daga kimiyya da falsafar. Ayyukan sun haɗa da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya, sabbin kafofin watsa labarai da mahimman hanyoyin zamantakewa na samarwa. Aikin ya kunshi cikakkun yanayin wuri / muhalli daga yankunan karkara, zuwa yankunan karkace da birane da kuma masana'antu na birni / karkara.

 Tarihi: zane-zane da wakilci 
Fasahar muhalli ta fara ne da zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic. Duk da yake ba a sami zane-zane ba, zane-zanen kogo suna wakiltar wasu fannoni na yanayi da ke da muhimmanci ga mutane na farko, kamar dabbobi da siffofin mutane. "Su ne abubuwan lura na prehistoric na yanayi. A wata hanya ko wata, yanayi na ƙarni ya kasance jigon da aka fi so na fasaha mai kirkira. "  Wasu misalai na zamani na fasahar muhalli sun fito ne daga zane-zane da wakilci. Lokacin da masu zane-zane suka zana a shafin sun haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahalli da ke kewaye da shi kuma sun kawo waɗannan abubuwan lura a cikin zane-zanen su. Hotunan sararin samaniya na John Constable's "mafi wakiltar sama a cikin yanayi". Claude Monet's Houses of Parliament Series kuma ya nuna alaƙar mai zane da muhalli. "A gare ni, wani wuri mai faɗi bai wanzu da kansa ba, tun da bayyanarsa tana canzawa a kowane lokaci; amma yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana kawo shi rayuwa, iska da haske, waɗanda ke ci gaba da bambanta a gare ni, yanayin da kewaye ne kawai ke ba wa batutuwa darajarsu ta gaskiya. "
Masu zane-zane na zamani, kamar Diane Burko suna wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru na halitta - da canjin sa a tsawon lokaci - don isar da batutuwan muhalli, jawo hankali ga canjin yanayi. Yanayin Alexis Rockman yana nuna ra'ayi na sarkar game da canjin yanayi da kuma sa hannun 'yan adam tare da wasu nau'o'in ta hanyar aikin injiniya.

 Kalubalanci siffofin gargajiya 
Ci gaban fasahar muhalli a matsayin motsi na fasaha ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. A farkon matakansa an fi danganta shi da zane-zane - musamman zane-zane na musamman, Land art da Arte povera - sun fito ne daga karuwar zargi game da siffofin zane-zane da ayyukan gargajiya waɗanda ake ganin sun wuce gona da iri kuma suna iya kasancewa ba tare da jituwa da yanayin halitta ba.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1968, Robert Smithson ya shirya baje kolin a Dwan Gallery a Birnin New York, wanda ake kira "Earthworks. " Ayyukan da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon sun haifar da ƙalubale ga ra'ayoyin al'ada na nune-nunen da tallace-tallace, saboda sun kasance babba ko kuma suna da wuya a tattara su; yawancin suna wakiltar su ne kawai ta hanyar hotuna, suna kara jaddada tsayayyarsu ga saye. Kastner, Jeffrey and Wallis, Brian (1998) Land and Environmental Art, London: Phaidon Press, p. 23,  Ga waɗannan masu zane-zane, an sami tserewa daga iyakokin gallery da ka'idar zamani ta hanyar barin biranen da fita cikin hamada.

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