Yankin Saharar Afirka

Afirka ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da yankuna na nahiyar Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara. Wadannan sun hada da Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Gabas, Kudancin Afirka da Yammacin Afirka. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, WHO, Bankin Duniya, da sauransu.Rashin bayani Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan kasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna.

Kalmar tana aiki azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin Afirka, wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau Gabas ta Tsakiya –Arewacin Afirka) a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin Afirka su ma membobi ne na kungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, da Somalia (da kuma wani lokacin Sudan ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.  Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na Afirka, ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. 

Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar Afirka sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a Sudan, kodayake Sudd da kogin kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar Afirka don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na Afirka suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tabkuna da karin koguna suka wanzu.￼

 Nomenclature 
Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.

Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gabaɗaya bilâd as-sûdân ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255. Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine Zanj ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.

Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da Eritrea na zamani shine Al-Habash ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin Habesha.Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163. A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko Bilad al-Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), wanda ke zaune da Baribah na Gabas ko Barbaroi, kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.F.R.C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires, (Brill: 1997), p. 174Bethwell A. Ogot, Zamani: A Survey of East African History, (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490

A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku na kakanninmu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu.￼

 Yankunan yanayi da yankuna 
Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. Afirka ta Kudu da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.

 Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na Sahel a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da Mauritania, Mali, Nijar, Chadi da Sudan. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi.
 Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial.
 Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha.
 Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka.
 A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya.
 Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.
 Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga Angola zuwa Mozambique da Tanzania.
 Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada.
 Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands.

 Tarihi 
Tarihi na farko

Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi.  Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 2, .

Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka.  Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu.

Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya.  Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri.

Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe.  Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin.

A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba.  Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya.

 Yawan jama'a 
Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1.  Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya. tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km2.

Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa.  Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare.

Ƙasa Yawan mutanen Faɗin ƙasa  Ilimi(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, . GDP per Capita (PPP)Trans  (Rank/Score)  Life (Exp.)  HDI  EODBR/SAB  PFI (RANK/MARK) Angola  18,498,000  1,246,700  82.9%/54.2%  6,800  168/2  42.4  0.486  172/171  132/58,43 Burundi  8,988,091  27,830  67.3%/52.2%  700  168/1.8  49  0.316  176/130  103/29,00 Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango  68,692,542  2,345,410  80.9%/54.1%  800  162/11.9  46.1  0.286  182/152  146/53,50 Kamaru  18,879,301  475,440  77%/59.8%  3,700  146/2.2  50.3  0.482  171/174  109/30,50 Afirka ta Tsakiya  4,511,488  622,984  64.8%/33.5%  700  158/2.8  44.4  0.343  183/159  80/17,75 Cadi  10,329,208  1,284,000  40.8%/12.8%  2,300  175/1.6  50.6  0.328  178/182  132/44,50 Jamhuriyar Kwango  3,700,000  342,000  90.5%/ 79.0% 800  162/1.9  54.8  0.533  N/A  116/34,25 Gini Ikwatoriya  1,110,000  28,051  93.4%/80.3%  37,400  168/1.8  51.1  0.537  170/178  158/65,50 Gabon  1,514,993  267,667  88.5%/79.7%  18,100  106/2.9  56.7  0.674  158/152  129/43,50 Kenya  39,002,772  582,650  77.7%/70.2  3,500  146/2.2  57.8  0.519  95/124  96/25,00 Najeriya 174,507,539  923,768  84.4%/72.7%  5,900  136/2.7  57  0.504  131/120  112/34.24 Ruwanda  10,473,282  26,338  71.4%/59.8%  2,100  89/3.3  46.8  0.429  67/11  157/64,67 Sao Tome da Prinsipe  212,679  1,001  92.2%/77.9% 3,200  111/2.8  65.2  0.509  180/140  NA Tanzaniya  44,928,923  945,087  77.5%/62.2%  3,200  126/2.6  51.9  0.466  131/120  NA/15,50 Uganda  32,369,558  236,040  76.8%/57.7  2,400  130/2.5  50.7  0.446  112/129  86/21,50 Sudan  31,894,000  1,886,068  79.6%/60.8%  4,300 176/1.5  62.57  0.408  154/118  148/54,00 Sudan ta Kudu  8,260,490  619,745   1,600     Jibuti (ƙasa)  516,055  23,000  N/A  3,600  111/2.8  54.5  0.430  163/177  110/31,00 Eritrea  5,647,168  121,320  N/A  1,600  126/2.6  57.3  0.349  175/181  175/115,50 Ethiopia  85,237,338  1,127,127  50%/28.8%  2,200  120/2.7  52.5  0.363  107/93  140/49,00 Somaliya  9,832,017  637,657  N/A  N/A  180/1.1  47.7  N/A  N/A  164/77,50 Botswana  1,990,876  600,370  80.4%/81.8%  17,000  37/5.6  49.8  0.633  45/83  62/15,50 Komoros  752,438  2,170  N/A  1,600  143/2.3  63.2  0.433  162/168  82/19,00 Lesotho  2,130,819  30,355  73.7%/90.3%  3,300  89/3.3  42.9  0.450  130/131  99/27,50 Madagaskar  19,625,000  587,041  76.5%/65.3%  1,600  99/3.0  59  0.480  134/12  134/45,83 Malawi  14,268,711  118,480  N/A  1,200  89/3.3  47.6  0.400  132/128  62/15,50 Mauritius  1,284,264  2,040  88.2%/80.5%  22,300  42/5.4  73.2  0.728  17/10  51/14,00 Mozambique  21,669,278  801,590  N/A  1,300  130/2.5  42.5  0.322  135/96  82/19,00 Namibiya  2,108,665  825,418  86.8%/83.6%  11,200  56/4.5  52.5  0.625  66/123  35/9,00 Seychelles  87,476  455  91.4%/92.3%  29,300  54/4.8  72.2  0.773  111/81  72/16,00 Afirka ta Kudu  59,899,991 1,219,912  N/A  13,600  55/4.7  50.7  0.619  34/67  33/8,50 Eswatini  1,123,913  17,363  80.9%/78.3%  11,089  79/3.6  40.8  0.608  115/158  144/52,50 Zambia  11,862,740  752,614  N/A  4,000  99/3.0  41.7  0.430  90/94  97/26,75 Zimbabwe  11,392,629  390,580  92.7%/86.2%  2,300  146/2.2  42.7  0.376  159/155  136/46,50 Benin  8,791,832  112,620  47.9%/42.3%  2,300  106/2.9  56.2  0.427  172/155  97/26,75 Mali  12,666,987  1,240,000  32.7%/15.9%  2,200  111/2.8  53.8  0.359  156/139  38/8,00 Burkina Faso 15,730,977 274,200 25.3% 1,900 79/3.6 51 0.331 150/116 N/A Cape Verde 499,000 322,462  7,000     Ivory Coast 20,617,068  322,463  3,900     Gambiya 1,782,893  11,295  2,600     Ghana 24,200,000  238,535  4,700     Gine 10,057,975  245,857   2,200     Guinea-Bissau 1,647,000  36,125   1,900     Liberia 4,128,572  111,369  1,300     Mauritaniya 3,359,185  1,030,700  4,500     Nijar 17,129,076  1,267,000  1,200     Senegal 12,855,153  196,712  3,500     Sierra Leone 6,190,280  71,740   1,600     Togo 7,154,237  56,785  1,700    

 Harshe da ƙabilu 
Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare.  Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin.  Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da Bantu, Hausa, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Fulatanci, yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, Zulu, da Amharic.  Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara.

 Tattalin arziƙi 

Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su.  Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale.  Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa.  Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin.  Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

 Ilimi 
Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa.  Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi:

 Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018.

 Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci.  Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara.

 Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya.  Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga.

 Fadada ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi.

Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.  Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa.  Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama.  Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.

 Al'adu 

Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.

 Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba

 Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku.

 Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban.

 Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman.

 Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin.

 Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban.

 Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama.

 Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.

Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban.

 Yawon buɗe ido 

An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa. Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.

 Ƙungiyoyin Yanki 

 Tarayyar Afirka (AU)
 Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)
 Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC)
 Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC)
 Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD)
 Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD)
 Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA)
 Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB)

 Manazarta