Hakkin yara a Mali

Ana kiyaye hakkin yara a Mali ta hanyar wasu dokoki da aka tsara don kare yara da kuma samar da walwala, ciki har da dokar da ta tanadi makaman yaki a matsayin "wakilan yara" don kare hakki da muradun yara. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Koyaya, kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin lamuran shari'a, wannan shine asusun hukuma, bisa ga dokokin da ke da matsayi kawai akan takarda. Babu wani tanadi na aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma kamar yadda duk wata ziyara da za a kai a kowane gari mai matsakaicin girma a Mali za ta nuna, akwai yara da dama a kan tituna da ke rayuwa a cikin matsananciyar yunwa, kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu. Musamman talibe,  samari 'da aka ba' ' marabout ', suna fuskantar kowane irin sakaci idan ba cin zarafin ubangidansu ba. Irin wadannan 'yan ta'adda' suma a aikace sun fi karfin doka  duk da cin zarafi da yara ke yi da su ba a yi koke ko daya a kansu ba. Akwai babbar matsala a nan, domin da kyar aka yi wani bincike a wannan fanni. Duk da haka kuma, wani bincike mai inganci da Jelle Hilven, na Jami'ar Free ta Brussels, ya yi, ya nuna manyan sauye-sauye daga siyasar hukuma a rayuwar yau da kullun.

 Fage 
Shekaru da yawa ilimi a Mali ya kasance kyauta kuma, bisa manufa, a buɗe ga kowa; duk da haka, an bukaci dalibai su ba da nasu kayan sawa da kayan aiki. Makarantar firamare ta zama tilas har zuwa shekaru 12, amma kashi 56.6 ne kawai na yara daga shekara bakwai zuwa 12 (kashi 49.3 na mata da kashi 64.1 na maza) suka halarci makarantar firamare a shekarar 2005-6. Shigar yara mata a makaranta bai kai na maza a kowane mataki ba saboda talauci, dabi'un al'adu na jaddada ilimin maza, da auren wuri ga 'yan mata. Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi shiga makaranta sun hada da nisa zuwa makaranta mafi kusa, rashin sufuri, da karancin malamai da kayan koyarwa. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Mambobin al’ummar Black Tamachek, ko kuma Bellah, sun ba da rahoton cewa an hana wasu yaran Tamachek damar karatu domin iyayensu na gargajiya ba za su bar su su halarci makaranta ba. 

Kusan kashi 11 cikin ɗari na ɗalibai sun halarci makarantu masu zaman kansu na harshen Larabci, ko medersas (daga  )." An ƙarfafa Mederas su bi tsarin karatun gwamnati, kuma galibi ana koyar da muhimman darussa da suka haɗa da lissafi, kimiyya, da harsunan waje; duk da haka, 'yan medersa kaɗan ne suka bi tsarin karatun gwamnati saboda ƙarancin horar da malamai da kayan koyarwa. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Yara da ba a san adadinsu ba a duk fadin kasar sun halarci makarantun kur’ani na wucin gadi. Yawancin daliban makarantar kur'ani sun kasance kasa da shekaru 10. Makarantun kur’ani suna koyar da kur’ani ne kawai kuma ɗalibai ne ke ba da kuɗin tallafin da aka fi sani da “garibouts,” waɗanda malaman makaranta suka buƙaci su yi bara a kan tituna a matsayin wani ɓangare na koyarwar addini. Wani bincike da hukumar UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 2005 a kan makarantun kur’ani a Mopti ya nuna cewa yaran da suka halarci wadannan makarantun sun shafe mafi yawan lokutansu suna bara a kan tituna ko kuma yin sana’o’i.  Gwamnati ta ba da tallafin jinya ga yara da manya, amma kulawar ba ta da inganci da inganci. Yara maza da mata sun sami damar samun kulawar likita daidai gwargwado. 

Ƙididdiga kan cin zarafin yara ba su da tabbas, kuma ba a cika samun rahoton cin zarafi ba, a cewar ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na cikin gida. Sashen sabis na zamantakewa ya bincika kuma ya shiga cikin lamuran cin zarafi ko rashin kula da yara. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƴan binciken da aka gudanar, Hilven (2011) ya ba da rahoton rashin kulawa da kuma tsoro mai zurfi don ba da rahoton cin zarafi, da jama'ar yankin kamar yadda mazauna da ƙungiyoyi ba na Mali ba.

Wani bincike da gwamnati ta gudanar a shekara ta 2004, wanda ya hada da hirarraki 450, ya nuna cewa yaran da suka fi fuskantar barazanar lalata su ne ’yan mata masu shekaru 12 zuwa 18 da ke aiki a matsayin masu sana’ar sayar da titi ko kuma masu yi wa gida hidima, ko kuma ‘ya’yan da ba su da matsuguni ko kuma wadanda ake fataucin yara. An fi samun irin wannan cin gajiyar a yankunan da al’umma da tattalin arzikinsu ke tabarbarewa, kamar yankunan kan iyaka ko garuruwan hanyoyin sufuri ko wuraren hakar ma’adanai. Binciken ya yi nuni da cewa, ba a kai rahoton yawancin lamuran lalata da su ba, ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa kasar ta karfafa dokokinta na kare yara. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Kaciyar mata, ko FGM, ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a yankunan karkara, kuma ana yi wa 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin watanni shida zuwa shida. A cewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na cikin gida, kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari na manyan mata an yi wa FGM. Al'adar ta yadu a mafi yawan yankuna da kuma a tsakanin mafi yawan kabilu, ba a kan iyakokin aji, kuma ba ta da alaka da addini. Babu wata doka da ta hana FGM, amma dokar gwamnati ta hana FGM a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da shirinta na kashi biyu na kawar da FGM nan da shekara ta 2008. A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gida da ke yaki da FGM, tsarin ilimi (bita, bidiyo, da wasan kwaikwayo) ya ci gaba a cikin birane, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa FGM ya ragu sosai a tsakanin 'ya'yan iyaye masu ilimi. A lokuta da yawa, masu yin FGM sun yarda su dakatar da aikin don musanya wasu ayyukan samar da kudin shiga. Kwamitin yaki da cin zarafin mata na kasa ya danganta dukkan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke yaki da FGM. 

Mata na iya yin aure bisa doka tun suna shekara 18, maza kuma suna da shekara 21. Ka'idar aure ta baiwa 'yan mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 damar yin aure tare da izinin iyaye ko izini na musamman daga alkali. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata sun yi adawa da wannan tanadin a matsayin wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da ke kare yara har zuwa shekaru 18. Auren karancin shekaru ya kasance matsala a duk fadin kasar inda iyaye a wasu lokutan sukan shirya auren ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da tara. Wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yi rahoton cewa akalla ‘yan mata 10—wasu ‘yan kasa da shekara 13—- sun rasa rayukansu tsakanin shekarun 2005 zuwa Mayu 2007 saboda matsalolin rashin lafiya da suka biyo bayan auren wuri. Kwararrun likitocin sun yi nuni da cewa, yara kanana da ake ango sun kasance masu fama da FGM, lamarin da ke kara ta’azzara yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da haihuwa. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

 Motsi 
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na cikin gida, irin su Action for Promotion and Development of Women, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Mata, da Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Mata da Yara, sun ilmantar da al’ummar yankin game da illar auren da ba su kai shekaru ba. Gwamnati ta kuma taimaka wajen bai wa ‘yan matan da aka aura tun suna kanana damar ci gaba da karatu. Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Mali. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 6, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

 Duba kuma 

 Hakkokin yara
 Jerin batutuwan haƙƙoƙin yara

 Manazarta