Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka

sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka wani bangare ne na Toshewar Afirka da ke dakile cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin 1819 da farkon yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. Saboda yunkurin kawar da kai a Amurka, an tura tawagar jiragen ruwan yaki na sojojin ruwan Amurka da masu yankan rago don kama masu fataucin bayi a Afirka da kewaye . A cikin shekaru 42 an kama kimanin jiragen ruwa 100 da ake zargin bayi .  Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36.

 Ayyuka 

 Asalin 
An aika da tawagar Amurka ta farko zuwa Afirka a 1819, amma bayan da aka juya jiragen babu wani ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Afirka har zuwa 1840s. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, an kama jiragen bayi kaɗan saboda babu isassun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka don yin sintiri sama da mil 3,000 na gabar tekun Afirka, da kuma manyan bakin tekun Amurka da tekun da ke tsakanin. Har ila yau, masu bautar sun san cewa idan sun ɗaga tutar Spain ko Portuguese za su iya tserewa daga bi. Majalisa ta yi wahala ga sojojin ruwa su ci gaba da zama a Afirka har zuwa 1842 lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton tare da Birtaniya . An aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya sake ba da umarni ga Squadron na Afirka bayan ya zama kwamandan a 1821 a cikin jirgin USS Shark . Zuwan nasa ya nuna mafarin samun bunkasuwa a Amurka wajen dakile duk da cewa nasarar da aka samu ba ta da wani tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta yammacin Afirka a daidai wannan lokacin. Turawan ingila sun kame daruruwan jiragen ruwa na bayi kuma sun yi yakin ruwa da dama; Nasarar da suka samu ya samo asali ne saboda girman girman sojojin ruwansu da sansanonin samar da kayayyaki da ke Afirka kanta. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Amurka sun yi nasarar 'yantar da dubban bayi amma cinikin ya ci gaba da fadada aikin zuwa yammacin Indiya, Brazil da Tekun Indiya . Squadron na Brazil, West Indies Squadron, Gabashin Indiya Squadron da Squadron na gida daga baya duk suna da alhakin kama akalla 'yan bayin kowane. Dow, pg. 270–276. Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36.

 Ma'aikatan Sabis na Cutter 
A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1808, wata doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Afirka ta fara aiki. An tuhumi masu yanke kudaden shiga da aiwatar da wannan doka. A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1820, Dallas sun kama Brig Janar Ramirez mai dauke da bindigogi 10 dauke da bayi 280 daga Afirka a St. Augustine, Florida. A ranar 25 ga Maris, Alabama sun kama jiragen bayi uku. A shekara ta 1865, masu yanke kudaden shiga sun kama bayi da yawa kuma sun 'yantar da bayi kusan 500.

 Kama Spitfire 
Ranar 13 ga Yuni 1844, Brig USS An mayar da USS a cikin kwamandan tare da Kwamandan Henry Bruce . Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta gangara cikin kogin Delaware kuma ta wuce tsakanin kogin zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan ziyartar Funchal, Madeira, jirgin ya shiga tashar Afirka kusa da Tenerife a cikin Canary Islands . A cikin watanni goma sha shida masu zuwa, Truxtun ta yi sintiri a yammacin Afirka, ta ziyarci Monrovia, Laberiya da Saliyo, inda aka 'yantar da bayi. Truxtun kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa tsibiran Maio na Santiago, da Sao Vicente . Amurkawa sun kama bawa guda ɗaya kawai a kan jirgin ruwa a cikin 1845, masanin New Orleans mai suna Spitfire . An kama jirgin ne a tekun Rio Pongo na kasar Guinea kuma an dauke shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Ko da yake tana da kusan tan 100 kawai, ta ɗauki bayi 346. Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun gano cewa ta yi kasa da bayi 339 a kusa da Matanzas, a Cuba, shekara ta gaba. Kwamanda Bruce ta ruwaito cewa, "A tsakanin kwanukanta, inda bayin suka cika, babu wurin da mutum zai zauna, sai dai idan ya karkata kansa gaba; abincinsu ya kai rabin fam na shinkafa a kowace rana, tare da ruwa fam guda. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin irin wahalhalun da bayi suke ciki a kan wucewarsu, sai an duba isar da aka kai su. Kyakkyawan negroe mai kyau yana tsada amma dala ashirin, ko kuma game da shi, kuma yana kawo daga dala ɗari uku zuwa ɗari huɗu a Cuba. " Kama Spitfire ya bai wa sojojin ruwan Amurka kwarin gwiwa don kara karfin Squadron na Afirka. An kuma kera jirgin kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan yaki da bauta. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1845, Truxtun ta auna anka a Monrovia, kuma ta nufi yamma zuwa Gosport Navy Yard, wanda ta kai ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Daga nan aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Dow, pg. 272.

 Kama Ann D. Richardson da Independence 
Farashin USS Perry yayi aiki a Kudancin Atlantic tare da Squadron Brazil wanda ya fara a 1847. Perry ya fara tafiya daga Philadelphia ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1847, tare da takamaiman umarni don yin sintiri tsakanin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil da Buenos Aires, Argentina . An sanar da Laftanar John A. Davis cewa wadanda ake zargin bayi ne a Barque Ann D. Richardson na Amurka an daure su zuwa gabar tekun Afirka a karkashin takardun karya. Daga nan Perry ya kama jirgin a kusa da Rio de Janeiro a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Bayan kwana biyu, ta kuma kwace 'yancin kai na Amurka brig Independence . Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi cinikin bayi, kuma an aika da su zuwa birnin New York a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kyaftin na Independence ya fusata game da kama shi har ma ya kai karar Commodore George W. Storer, amma bai yi nasara ba. USS Perry ya koma Norfolk a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1849, kuma an kore shi a can bayan kwanaki hudu. Daga baya ta sake yin hidima a Afirka, amma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan haka ta koma New York. Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36. Dow, pg. 270–276.

 Kama Marta 
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Amirkawa suka samu a wannan aiki shine kama jirgin bawa Martha . A ranar 6 ga Yuni na 1850, Perry, ƙarƙashin Laftanar Davis, ya gano babban jirgin ruwa Martha a kusa da Ambriz yayin da take tsaye zuwa gaci. Ba da daɗewa ba, ' da Perry ya zo cikin kewayon bindiga, Laftanar Davis da mutanensa sun shaida wasu ma'aikatan Martha suna jefa tebur a gefe yayin da suke ɗaga tutar Amurka. Da alama barayin ba su fahimci cewa jirgin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa ne na Amurka ba har sai da aka aika wani jami’i da wasu ’yan maza da suka shiga, inda suka sauke tutar Amurka suka daga tutar Brazil . Sa’ad da jami’in ya isa ' Martha, kyaftin ɗin ya musanta cewa ba shi da wata takarda, don haka aka aika da jirgin ruwa a bayan teburin, wanda har yanzu yana iyo, kuma an gano duk wata shaida. Bayan haka, mai cinikin bayi ya yarda da Davis cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma jirgin nasa na da kayan sawa don yin baƙar fata . An gano wani bene mai ɓoye da farina mai yawa da wake, sama da cokali 400 na katako, da na'urorin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don hana bayi. An kuma gano cewa kyaftin din Martha na jiran jigilar 'yan Afirka 1,800 lokacin da Perry ya bayyana. An aika Martha tare da ma'aikatan kyauta zuwa birnin New York inda aka yanke mata hukunci. Kyaftin ɗin bayin ya biya dala 3,000 don tserewa daga kurkuku. 

 Kama Nightingale na Boston 
Jirgin ruwan yankan ton 1,066 USS Nightingale ya fara tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka kamar Nightengale na BostonA kasar Sin, kafin kasuwanci a wannan yanki  riba a cikin shekarun 1850. Daga nan ta zama sanannen jirgin bayi har sai an kama ta a St. Thomas a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1861, ta hanyar sloop-of-war USS . Saratoga . Kyaftin  Saratoga daga baya ya kwatanta bawan;"Tun wani lokaci ana kallon jirgin ruwa na Amurka Nightingale na Boston, Francis Bowen, master, a wannan gabar teku a karkashin zargin yana yin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa mun shiga tare da ita kuma ko da yake an tabbatar da cewa ta kusa shiga wannan haramtacciyar fataucin ta sha shakku. Kwanaki kadan da na lura da ita a Kabenda, na shigo na shiga da ita sai aka sa na yarda cewa tana shirin karbar bayi. A karkashin wannan tunanin jirgin ya tashi ya yi nisa da nisa amma da niyyar komawa cikin dare; wanda aka yi kuma karfe 10 na dare muka dakata muka aika da jiragen ruwa guda biyu karkashin Lieut. Guthrie ya ba ta mamaki kuma an gano cewa tana da bayi 961 a cikin jirgin kuma tana tsammanin ƙari. Laftanar Guthrie ya mallake ta a matsayin kyauta kuma na umarce shi ya kai ta New York. Ita ce mai yankan ton 1,000 kuma tana da Nightingale na Boston a bayanta kuma tana tashi da launukan Amurka."An 'yantar da bayin kuma sun sauka a Monrovia a Laberiya amma kafin 160 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon zazzabin Afirka a cikin Saratoga . Cutar kuma ta bazu ga ma'aikatan jirgin. Kyaftin, wanda ake kira "Prince of Slavers", da abokin aikin sa na biyu na Mutanen Espanya sun tsere Nightingale yayin da aka kafa ta St. Thomas. Laftanar John J. Guthrie, wanda ya fito daga North Carolina, sa'an nan a matsayin bawa, ana zargin ya 'yantar da biyun kuma ya bar su tserewa daga shari'a. Clipper daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na USS Nightingale a cikin Squadron Blockading na Gulf . Daga ƙarshe, an watsar da ita a cikin teku a cikin 1893, yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Norway . Dow, pg. 274–276.

 Ƙarshen ayyuka 
Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka akan cinikin bayi sun ƙare a cikin 1861 tare da barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka . An sake kiran jiragen ruwa na ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma an sake tura su zuwa gamayyar Tarayyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci.

A karshen yakin basasa, cinikin bayi na Afirka a Tekun Atlantika ya kara raguwa, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1900, musamman a Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya . Jami'an sojin ruwan Amurka da suka yi aiki a Afirka tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1861 sun karbi yakin neman zabe na "African Slave Patrol". Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36. Dow, pg. 270–276.  

 An kama jiragen ruwa 

 Afrika Squadron 
VesselCaptorDateLocationUncas1 March 1844GallinasSpitfire24 March 1845Pongas R.Patuxent27 September 1845Cape MountPons30 September 1845KabendaMerchant3 December 1845Sierra LeonePanther15 December 1845KabendaRobert Wilson15 January 1846Porto PrayaMalaga13 April 1846KabendaCasket2 August 1846KabendaChancellor10 April 1847Cape PalmasExcellent23 April 1850AmbrizMartha6 June 1850AmbrizChatsworth11 September 1850AmbrizAdvance3 November 1852Porto PrayaR.P. Brown23 January 1853Porto PrayaH.N. Gambrill3 November 1853KongoGlamorgan10 March 1854KongoW.G. Lewis6 November 1857KongoBrothers8 September 1858MayumbaJulia Dean28 December 1858Cape Coast CastleOrion21 April 1859KongoArdennes27 April 1859KongoEmily21 September 1859LoangoDelicia21 September 1859KabendaVirginian6 February 1860KongoFalmouth6 May 1860Porto PrayaThomas Achorn29 June 1860KabendaTriton16 July1860LoangoErie8 August 1860KongoStorm King8 August 1860KongoCora26 September 1860KongoBonito10 October 1860KongoExpress25 February 1861Possibly Loango21 April 1861KabendaTriton20 May 1861KongoFalmouth14 June 1862Kongo

 Brazil Squadron 
Jirgin ruwa Mai kamawa Kwanan wata Wuri Rashin kunya Raritan 23 ga Janairu, 1845 Rio de Janeiro Albert Bainbridge Yuni 1845 Bahia Laurens Onkahye 23 ga Janairu, 1848 Rio de Janeiro AD Richardson Perry 11 ga Disamba, 1848 Rio de Janeiro 'Yanci Perry 13 ga Disamba, 1848 Rio de Janeiro Susan Perry 6 Fabrairu 1849 Rio de Janeiro

 Gidan Squadron 
Jirgin ruwa Mai kamawa Kwanan wata Wuri Putnam Dolphin 21 ga Agusta, 1858 Kuba Cygnet Mohawk 18 ga Nuwamba, 1859 Kuba Wutar daji Mohawk Afrilu 26, 1860 Kuba William Wyandotte 9 ga Mayu 1860 Kuba Bogota Crusader 23 ga Mayu 1860 Kuba WR Kibby Crusader 23 ga Yuli, 1860 Kuba Joven Antonio Crusader 14 ga Agusta, 1860 Kuba Toka Mohawk 20 ga Disamba, 1860 Havana Mariya J. Kimball Mohawk 21 ga Disamba, 1860 Havana

 Nassoshi 

Category:Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba