Grace Aguilar

Grace Aguilar (ashirin da biyuga Yuni , shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da bakwai - saurare), marubuciyakuma masaniyar tarihin Yahudanciya, an haife ta  a Hackney, Ingila ga iyayen  ta Yahudawa na zuriyar Fotigal . Tun daga ƙuruciyarta, Grace yarinya ce mai hankali wacce tun da wuri tana nuna sha'awar Tarihi kuma musamman a tarihin Yahudawa . Mutuwar mahaifin ta tilasta masa ya rayu da dukiyarsa.

Bayan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi, ta buga a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da biyu a cikin Amurka "Ruhun Yahudanci" ("Ruhun Yahudanci"), don kare bangaskiyarta da malamanta, kuma a cikin 1845 "Imani na Yahudawa" ( " Bangaskiya ta Yahudanci") da "Matan Isra'ila" ("Matan Isra'ila"). Ita, duk da haka, an fi saninta da litattafanta, manyan su ne "Tasirin Gida" ( 1847 ) da " Ladan Uwar" ( 1850 ).

A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da saba'in  lafiyarta ta tabarbare kuma ta mutu a Frankfurt am Main ranar 16 ga Satumba.

Sauran littattafansa sun haɗa da "Magic Wreath" da "Vale of Cedars" a cikin 1850 .

 Yaranta 
Ita ce babbar 'yar Emanuel da Sarah Aguilar. Mahaifin ɗan kasuwa ne, iyayensa Yahudawa ne Sephardic, zuriyar Marranos na Portuguese, waɗanda suka nemi mafaka a Ingila a XVIII . karni . Mahaifinta muhimmin memba ne na yankin  na London. Don ƙarfafa tsarin mulkinta, wanda tun lokacin ƙuruciya ya kasance mai rauni, an aika ta zuwa teku da kuma karkara a Ingila. Ƙaunar dabi'arta ta ƙarfafa ta waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, kuma tana da shekaru goma sha biyu ta sadaukar da kanta ga nazarin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, ta haɓaka tarin tarin teku wanda ta fara lokacin da ta kasance kawai shekaru hudu a Hastings, kuma ta samar da wasu tarin guda biyu. a cikin Botany da Minerology .

Grace Aguilar tana da ilimi musamman daga iyayenta. Mahaifiyarta, ƙwararriyar mace ce mai ilimi kuma mai zurfin addini, ta koya mata karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki a tsanake, kuma sa’ad da ta kai shekara goma sha huɗu, mahaifinta a kai a kai yana karanta mata tarihin Yahudawa a kai a kai, sa’ad da ta shagala da zane ko dinki. Ita ma mawaƙiyar waƙa ce, har sai lafiyarta ya hana ta. Tana karantawa sosai, galibi littattafan tarihi kuma ta sami babban ilimin adabin kasashen waje.

 Aikin adabi 
Tun tana shekara bakwai tana nuna halin adabi ta hanyar fara diary, wanda za ta ci gaba, kusan ba tare da katsewa ba har mutuwarta. Kafin shekaru goma sha biyu, ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, "Gustavus Vasa" . An rubuta wakokinsa na farko bayan shekaru biyu kuma sun haifar da shimfidar wurare na Tavistock a Devonshire . Buga ta farko, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da biyar, ta yi ba tare da sunanta ba, tarin wakoki ne da ta tattara a ƙarƙashin sunan "The Magic Wreath" ("The Magic Wreath"). Jigoginsa galibi na tarihi ne ko na addini kuma galibi sun shafi batutuwan Yahudawa. Littafinsa na farko ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na gida, tatsuniyoyi da aka samu a tarihin Marrano, da kuma labarin soyayya na Scotland, "The Days of Bruce" a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da biyu. Shahararriyar labarinsa na Yahudawa shine "The Vale of Cedars, or the Martyr: A Story of Spain in the karni na sha biyar" , wanda aka rubuta kafin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da biyar,wanda aka buga a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin  kuma an fassara sau biyu zuwa Jamusanci kuma sau biyu zuwa Ibrananci . Sauran labarunsa, waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga labaran Yahudawa, an haɗa su a cikin tarin labarai goma sha tara, "Filayen Gida da Nazarin Zuciya" ; 'The Perez Family' ( 1843 ) da 'The Edict', tare da ''' The Escape', sun bayyana a cikin nau'i biyu daban-daban; sauran kuma sake buga mujallu ne. Tatsuniyoyi na cikin gida sune "Tasirin Gida" (1847) da mabiyinsa, "Ladan Uwar" (1850), duka an rubuta su a farkon 1836, da "abokin mata" ( "abokin mata") (1851).

Na farko na littattafan addini na Grace Aguilar fassarar fassarar Faransanci ce ta "Isra'ila ta kare", wanda Marrano Orobio de Castro ya rubuta kuma an buga shi don rabawa na sirri. Ba da daɗewa ba ya biyo bayan "Ruhun Yahudanci" , wanda aka jinkirta buga littafin na ɗan lokaci ta hanyar asarar ainihin rubutun. Bayan da ta karɓi kuma ta karanta wa'azin Rabbi Isaac Leeser, na Philadelphia, kamar yadda duk sauran ayyukan Yahudawa masu isa, ta yanke shawarar aika Leeser rubutun littafinta na Ruhun Yahudanci domin ya sake gyara shi. A cikin aika ne aka rasa rubutun. An tilasta wa marubucin sake rubuta shi, kuma a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da biyu an buga shi a Philadelphia tare da bayanin kula ta Leeser. Buga na biyu ya bayyana a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da tara  ta Kamfanin Bugawa na Yahudawa na farko na Amurka, kuma na uku ( Cincinnati, 1864) yana da shafi mai kunshe da wakoki talatin da uku (wanda ke dauke da kwanakin 1838-1847), duka amma biyu daga cikinsu an sake buga su na "The Occident" ("The West"). Bayanan editan suna aiki ne don nuna rashin jituwa da yadda Grace Aguilar ke raina al'adun Yahudawa, wanda ya bayyana ta kakanninsa na Marrano da kuma rayuwarsa a cikin karkara, ya yanke duk wata hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa.

A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da biyar"Matan Isra'ila" ("Matan Isra'ila") sun nuna jerin hotuna, bisa ga matani masu tsarki kuma a kan Flavius Josephus . Wannan aikin yana biye da "Imani na Yahudanci: Ta'aziyya ta Ruhaniya, Jagorancin ɗabi'a, da bege mara mutuwa" a cikin nau'i na haruffa talatin da ɗaya, na ƙarshe na Satumba 1846 . Babban ɓangaren waɗannan wasiƙun, waɗanda aka yi wa Bayahude a ƙarƙashin sihirin rinjayar Kiristanci, domin ya nuna mata ruhin addinin Yahudanci, ya keɓe ga rashin mutuwa na Tsohon Alkawari . Sauran rubuce-rubucen addini na Grace Aguilar, wasu daga cikinsu an rubuta su a farkon 1836, an tattara su a cikin kundin " Essays and Miscellanies " (1851-1852). Bangare na farko ya ƙunshi "Tunanin Asabar " akan ayoyin nassi da annabce-annabce, na biyu, "Sadarwar" ( Ƙungiyoyi ) ya shafi da'irar iyali.A cikin rubuce-rubucenta na addini, halin Grace Aguilar tana da kariya. Duk da kusan keɓancewar dangantakarsa da Kiristoci da kuma rashin son zuciya, manufarsa, a fili, ita ce ta ba wa matan Yahudawa Yahudawa gardama a kan “masu canzawa” . Ta yi fushi da bin ka'ida kuma ta jaddada ilimin tarihin Yahudawa da harshen Ibrananci . Domin rashin sha’awar Ibrananci daga wajen mata, waɗanda cikin ladabi ta keɓe ta, ta yi ta roƙon karanta littattafai masu tsarki a Turanci. Sha'awarta ga yunkurin kawo gyara tana da zurfi; duk da haka, duk da halinta game da al'ada, tana kiyaye wajibai a kan lokaci. Ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan shine daftarin Tarihin Yahudawa a Ingila, wanda aka rubuta don Miscellany na Chambers . A tsarin salo, shi ne mafi tsayuwar rubutu a cikin dukkan rubuce-rubucensa, ba tare da fahariya da ɗorewa ba wanda ke ɓata labaransa, wanda aka buga mafi yawancin bayan mutuwarsa da mahaifiyarsa. Abubuwan da ke cikin salon sa galibi suna da alaƙa da kuruciyarsa. Tare da himma ta ban mamaki, ta tashi da sassafe kuma ta yi aiki da tsari na tsawon yini a rubuce, da haɓakar ƙarfinta na maida hankali, ta ba da bege ga abubuwan samarwa na ban mamaki.

 Shekarun ƙarshe 
Shekarun ƙarshe na Grace Aguilar cike suke da gwaji na sirri. A cikin 1835, ta sami bugun jini wanda ba za ta taɓa murmurewa ba. Daga karshe raunin da take da shi da wahalar da take da shi ya sa a samu canjin iska, kuma a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da bakwai ta fara tafiya zuwa Turai. Kafin tafiyar ta, ta sami kyaututtuka daga matan Yahudawa a Landan waɗanda suka zo don yi mata fatan tafiye-tafiye na ban mamaki da kuma gode mata saboda matakin da ta ɗauka na goyon bayan Yahudawa da matan Yahudawa. Ta fara ziyartar babban yayanta da ke Frankfurt, kuma da farko da alama ta amfana daga canjin. Bayan 'yan makonni, ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar maganin spa a Bad Schwalbach . Amma alamu masu ban tsoro sun tilasta komawa Frankfurt, inda ta mutu16 septembre 184716 ga Satumba, 1847 yana da shekaru 31. Kalmominsa na ƙarshe ga Allah da aka rubuta a yatsunsa, sune :“ Ko da yake ya kashe ni, amma zan dogara gare shi ( Ayuba 13, 15 )  .

 a Turanci 

 (en): Éditeur: Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library; 21 décembre 2005

 * Tasirin gida; labari ga uwaye da 'ya'ya mata ; shafuka 416; ( ISBN 1425544851 )
 * Kwarin itacen al'ul; ko, Shahidi ; shafuka 212; ( ISBN 1425524370 )
 * Matan Isra'ila ; shafuka 282; ( ISBN 1425525636 )
 * Kwanakin Bruce; labari daga tarihin Scotland ; shafuka 246; ( ISBN 1425521088 )
 * Ladan uwa: mabiyi tasirin gida ; shafuka 510; ( ISBN 142556779 )
 * Al'amuran gida da karatun zuciya ; shafuka 414; ( ISBN 1425544649 )

 * Abokantakar Mace Labarin Rayuwar Cikin Gida ;30 juillet 200430 ga Yuli, 2004 ; shafuka 384; ( ISBN 1417941170 )
 * Imani da Yahudu: Ta'aziyyarta na Ruhaniya, Jagorar ɗabi'a da bege mara mutuwa, tare da Taƙaitaccen Sanarwa na Dalilai da yawa na farillai da haninsa (1864);2 juin 2008Yuni 2, 2008 ; shafuka 444; ( ISBN 1436568714 ; ( ISBN 978-1436568715 )

 (en): Michael Galchinsky, Grace Aguilar: Selected Writings; 415 pages; Broadview Press 2003  (ISBN 1-55111-377-5). Cette édition comprend la nouvelle  The Perez Family dans sa totalité, son roman historique sur les Juifs sépharades; History of the Jews in England, la première histoire des Juifs d'Angleterre écrite par un Juif; ses poèmes les plus importants; des extraits de The Women of Israel''; et son journal intime à Francfort, jamais publié auparavant. Ce livre contient aussi des écrits sur "La question juive" écrits par des contemporains non-Juifs d'Aguilar et les réponses à ses œuvres.
 Manazarta