Yanayin Zambia

Yanayin Zambiya a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka tabbas yanayin zafi ne ya canza ta hanyar tsayi (tsawo) . A cikin Köppen sauyin yanayi yana rarrabuwa, mafi yawan ƙasar ana rarrabe a matsayin m subtropical ko wurare masu zafi rigar da bushe, tare da ƙananan faci na Semi-m steppe sauyin yanayi a kudu maso yamma.

Yanayi da kuma musamman adadin ruwan sama shi ne babban abin da ke tabbatar da nau'in da kuma rarraba yankunan Zambiya. Jami'ar ZambiaDon haka a fasahance, Zambiya ƙasa ce mai hunturu da canje-canjen yanayi.

 Lokuta 
Akwai manyan lokutan yanayi guda biyu: lokacin damina (Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu) daidai da lokacin rani, da lokacin rani (Mayu zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba), daidai da lokacin hunturu. An raba lokacin rani zuwa lokacin rani mai sanyi (Mayu zuwa Agusta), da kuma lokacin rani mai zafi (Satumba zuwa Oktoba/Nuwamba). Canjin tasirin tsayi yana ba ƙasar yanayi mai daɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa maimakon yanayin zafi na mafi yawan shekara. 

 Lokacin Damina 
Ruwan sama ya bambanta a kan kewayon  a kowace shekara (mafi yawan yankunan sun faɗa cikin kewayon  ). Bambance-bambancen damina da lokacin rani ana nuna cewa babu ruwan sama kwata-kwata a cikin watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta. Galibin harkokin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'ummar ƙasar sun mamaye lokacin damina da ƙarshen damina, da yawan ruwan sama da ake kawowa. Rashin ruwan sama yana haifar da yunwa a mafi yawan lokuta. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Zambiya a lokacin bazara shi ne 30 °C kuma a cikin hunturu (lokacin sanyi) yana iya kaiwa ƙasa da 5 °C. Yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) ne ke kawo ruwan sama kuma yana da tsawa, wani lokaci mai tsanani, tare da walƙiya da yawa, wani lokacin ƙanƙara. ITCZ yana arewacin Zambiya a lokacin rani. Yana motsawa zuwa kudu a raɓi na biyu na shekara, kuma zuwa arewa a farkon rabin shekara. A cikin wasu shekaru, ta ƙaura zuwa kudancin Zambiya, wanda ke haifar da "ƙananan lokacin rani" a arewacin ƙasar na tsawon makonni uku ko huɗu a cikin Disamba.

Ruwan sama mafi girma shi ne a arewa, musamman arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas, yana raguwa zuwa kudu; Wuraren da suka fi bushewa sun kasance a kudu maso yamma mai nisa da kogin Luangwa da kwarin Zambezi na tsakiya, waɗanda sassan da ake la'akari da su ba su da ɗanɗano. Babu wani daga cikin ƙasar da ake ɗauka a matsayin bushewa ko hamada .

Ambaliyar ruwa wani lamari ne na shekara-shekara a kan filayen ambaliya, wanda mutane da namun daji ke daidaitawa. Ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama da ba a saba gani ba yana haifar da lalacewa lokacin da ta faru a wuraren da ba a sami ambaliyar ruwa ba. Zaizayar ƙasa da wankewar tituna da gadoji sun zama ruwan dare. Ana yawan lalacewa amfanin gona ta hanyar ambaliya da ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama da yawa lokacin da masara ke fure ko kuma a ƙarshen lokacin da yakamata ya bushe kafin girbi, yana iya yin illa sosai kuma yana haɓaka ruɓar hatsin da aka adana.

 Lokacin rani 

 Tsarin shuka da dabba 
Bishiyoyi masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke rasa ganye a lokacin rani don adana ruwa sun fi yawa akan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da cuticles na ganyen waxy don wannan manufa. Bishiyoyin da ba a daɗe suna fitar da ganyaye masu kore ko jajayen ganye kafin lokacin damina. Ciyawa da wasu tsire-tsire suna bushewa sama da ƙasa amma suna haɓaka da sauri tare da farkon ruwan sama daga tushen da tubers, da sauransu.

Ban da waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da ke da ruwa na dindindin, dabbobin sun dace da dogon lokacin rani, kamar yadda ake gani a ƙaura da tsarin kiwo.

 gobarar daji 
A tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, gobarar daji tana yaɗuwa, kuma ana iya ganin hayaƙi ta hanyar wari da hazo. Mazauna ƙauyen na farautar gobarar, da kona ragowar amfanin gona, da shirya lambunan chitemene ; ko kuma ta hanyar walƙiya a farkon lokacin damina. Domin irin wannan gobara na faruwa a kowace shekara, babu wani busasshen man fetur da yake taruwa a cikin daji, don haka ba a saba yin ɓarna ba. Za su iya kashe dabbobi, kuma su lalata amfanin gona idan damina ta ƙare da wuri kuma gobara ta faru kafin girbi. Kasancewar tsire-tsire da aka daidaita da wuta da binciken ilimin halittu sun nuna cewa irin wannan gobarar ta faru shekaru dubunnan.

 Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a lokacin rani 
Yawancin koguna, tafkuna da fadamu, sai dai a kudu mai nisa da kudu maso yamma, na dindindin ne. Bugu da ƙari, dambos (ƙasar ciyayi da ke zama daɗaɗɗen ruwa a lokacin damina) sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin ƙasar kuma yawanci ana samun ruwa a cikinsu daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko rijiyoyi masu zurfi . Haka kuma Dambos na fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa rafuka da koguna zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, inda suke ci gaba da gudana har abada. Ana yawan gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa a cikin dambos a matsayin tushen ruwa da kuma tafkunan kifi.

Ga al'ummar bil'adama, ana sanin wurin da mazauna karkara suke ta hanyar samun ruwa a lokacin rani (ko da yake a yanzu ana amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse don ƙara kayan aiki). A al'adance, mutane kuma sun yi ƙaura a wuraren da babu ruwan koguna. A Barotseland, mutane suna tafiya da dabbobinsu, suna kiwon su a filin Barotse a lokacin rani kuma suna tafiya zuwa ƙasa mai zurfi a bakin teku a lokacin damina. 

Samar da isasshen abinci a lokacin damina don ɗorewar lokacin rani shi ma wani abu ne na rabon al’umma. A al'adance wasu al'ummomi sun raba shekara zuwa noma a lokacin damina, da kuma kamun kifi da farauta a lokacin rani, inda za'a iya samun ciyawa a cikin sauƙi yayin da suke ziyartar wuraren ruwa, ana iya kunna wuta don fallasa su ko tura su cikin tarko.

 Hauhawar yanayi 
Tsayin babban tudun da Zambiya take a kai, yawanci tsakanin , yana canza yanayin zafi, waɗanda suka yi ƙasa da na yankunan bakin teku a latitude ɗaya, kuma mai daɗi ga yawancin shekara. A kan tudu (wanda ke rufe kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar) kewayon zafin jiki, ya danganta da wurin:
Watanni Kaka Matsakaicin Kullum Matsakaicin °C (°F) Ma'ana Mafi ƙarancin °C (°F) Kullum Mayu-Agusta Sanyi da bushewa 21-26 (70-79) 6-12 (43-54) Satumba – Oktoba Zafi da bushewa 28-35 (82-95) 17-22 (63-72) Nuwamba-Afrilu Ruwan sama 25-30 (77-86) 14-19 (57-66)
Yawancin ƙasar ba su da sanyi amma a wasu shekaru sanyin ƙasar yana faruwa. An keɓe wannan ga tsaunuka mafi girma da aka fallasa, ko kuma ya fi yawa a cikin ƙananan wurare masu zafi na sassan kudancin ƙasar.

Zazzaɓi ya fi girma a ƙananan tuddai, kamar Luapula - Mweru da Mweru Wantipa / Tanganyika kwaruruka a arewa, kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙananan kwarin Luangwa da Zambezi a kudu, yawanci suna fuskantar  a cikin Oktoba, tare da haɓakar zafi yana haifar da yanayi mara kyau.

A lokacin damina watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu ko Mayu wasu kwanaki na iya zama, amma kullum mafi yawan zafin jiki yakan kasance kadan m fiye da na zafi lokacin rani. Ruwan sama na iya yin sanyi, ba kamar a cikin wurare masu zafi ba.

 Iska 
Iskar da ke ci gaba da zama a lokacin rani gabaɗaya matsakaici ne, amma lokaci-lokaci ta fi tsanani kuma tana iya kawo iska mai sanyi mai ɗauke da ƙura daga miyagu mai nisa. Iskar guguwa ta zama ruwan dare amma ba yawanci barna ba. Ana iya ganin magudanar ruwa a kan tafkuna.

A lokacin damina, ana yin iskoki tare da tsawa kuma ana iya yin barna amma yawanci ana iyakance ga ƙananan wurare, kamar hura rufin gine-gine. Kasar ba ta fama da mahaukaciyar guguwa ko guguwa ta barna.

 Canjin yanayi 
Zambiya ana ganin tana da rauni ga sauyin yanayi . Babban tasirin sauyin yanayi a kasar shi ne ta hanyar karuwar yawan ruwan sama da ake samu a lokacin noma a yankuna daban-daban na aikin gona, da kuma sauyawa a tsawon lokacin damina.  Ana kallon kasar Zambia a matsayin kasa mai saurin kamuwa da illar sauyin yanayi saboda galibin al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da noma don rayuwarsu - kuma sauyin yanayin damina na da mummunan tasiri saboda yanayin samar da ruwan sama . Shaidu da aka yi bincike sun nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar zazzabi ya karu da 1.82 o C sannan ruwan sama ya ragu da kashi 0.87 nan da shekarar dubu biyu da hamsin 2050.  Wannan yana nufin faruwar matsanancin yanayi kamar fari da ambaliya za su ƙara yawaita. Kalantary, C. (2010). Climate change in Zambia: Impacts and adaptation. Global Majority E-Journal, 1(2), 85-96. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da guguwa mai karfin gaske wanda hakan ya haifar da ambaliya da ke haddasa hasarar dukiya da amfanin gona. Gwamnatin Zambiya, kamar sauran ƙasashe, ta amince da buƙatar "haɗa matsalolin jinsi " cikin dukkan  tsare-tsare. Wannan saboda an haifar da rauni ga girgizar yanayi. Don haka, Gwamnati ta buga wani Tsarin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi a cikin 2018. Shirin ya shafi duka biyun ci gaban ayyukan da suka dace da jinsi don magance sauyin yanayi da kuma ikon aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for the Government of Zambia, Climate Change Gender Action Plan of the Republic of Zambia, published 2018, accessed 31 January 2021

 Manazarta 

 Kamarapix: "Jagorancin Baki zuwa Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba