Sunan Federn

Etta Federn-Kohlhaas ga watan (Afrilu ranar ishirin da takwas, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da uku - Mayu tara, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da daya) dokuma Marietta Federn, wanda kuma aka buga a matsayin Etta Federn-Kirmsse da Esperanza, marubuciya ce, mai fassara, malama kuma muhimmiyar mace ta haruffa a Jamus kafin yakin Jamus.   A cikin shekarar 1920s da 1930s, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin anarcho-syndicalist motsi a Jamus da Spain.

Ta tashi a Vienna, ta ƙaura a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da biyar zuwa kasar Berlin, inda ta zama mai sukar wallafe-wallafe, fassarar, marubuci kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwa. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da biyu, yayin da Nazis suka hau kan karagar mulki, ta koma Barcelona, inda ta shiga kungiyar anarchist-feminist Mujeres Libres, (Mata 'Yanci),  ta zama marubuci kuma mai koyar da harkar. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas, kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa na Spain, ta gudu zuwa Faransa. A can, da Gestapo ke farauta a matsayin Bayahudiya kuma mai goyon bayan Resistance Faransa, ta tsira daga yakin duniya na biyu a boye. 

A Jamus, ta buga littattafai ishirin da uku, daga cikinsu akwai fassarorin Danish, Rashanci, Bengali, Girkanci na zamanin da, Yiddish da Ingilishi. Ta kuma buga littattafai biyu yayin da take zaune a Spain.

Labarin Etta Federn da 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun yi wahayi zuwa wasan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da takwas, Skuggan av Mart  (Shadow na Marty), ta wani muhimmin marubucin Sweden Stig Dagerman, wanda ya buga litattafai, wasan kwaikwayo da aikin jarida kafin ya kashe kansa yana da shekaru talatin da uku. Wasan da ya ginu a kan Federn an fara yin shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Dramatic da ke Stockholm, kuma tun daga nan ake yin shi a kasashe da dama da suka hada da Ireland da Netherlands da Cyprus da Faransa. An fara yin Shadow na Marty a Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2017, ta Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Agusta Strindberg a Birnin New York. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
An taso a cikin dangin Bayahudawa da ke cikin kasar Vienna, Etta Federn ita ce 'yar suffragist Ernestine (Spitzer)  da Dokta Salomon Federn, babban likita kuma majagaba a cikin lura da hawan jini.  

Dan uwanta Paul Federn, masanin ilimin halaiyar dan Adam, ya kasance farkon mabiyi kuma abokin Sigmund Freud . Masanin ilimin halin dan adam da kuma maganin psychosis, ya zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Vienna Psychoanalytic Society .

Dan uwanta Walther Federn ya kasance muhimmin dan jarida a fannin tattalin arziki a Ostiriya kafin Hitler ya hau mulki. Dan uwanta Karl Federn lauya ne wanda bayan ya gudu zuwa Burtaniya, ya shahara da rubuce-rubucensa na adawa da Markisanci.

'Yar'uwarta Else Federn ta kasance ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Vienna, mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamarwa. An sanya mata suna wurin shakatawa a Vienna a cikin 2013.  

Mijin Etta Federn na farko shi ne Max Bruno Kirmsse, malami Bajamushe na yara masu nakasa. Mijinta na biyu shine Peter Paul Kohlhaas, mai zane.  Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Hans da Michael, daya daga kowane aure. Babban ɗanta, wanda aka fi sani da Capitaine Jean a cikin Resistance Faransa, abokan haɗin gwiwar Faransa sun kashe shi a cikin shekarar 1944.  

 Sana'a 
A Vienna da Berlin, Etta Federn ta yi nazarin tarihin adabi, ilimin falsafa na Jamus da Girkanci na dā.  Ta yi aiki a nau'o'i da yawa, wallafe-wallafen labarai, tarihin rayuwa, nazarin adabi da wakoki. Ta kuma rubuta wani matashin labari mai suna Ein Sonnenjahr (Shekara ta Rana), da kuma wani babban labari wanda ba a buga ba.
A matsayinta na 'yar jarida, ta kasance mai sukar wallafe-wallafe ga Berliner Tageblatt, jarida mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai tasiri. Ta rubuta tarihin Dante Alighieri da Christiane Vulpius (matar Johann von Goethe ).  A cikin 1927, ta buga tarihin Walther Rathenau, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Yahudawa mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Jamus, wanda 'yan ta'adda masu adawa da Yahudawa suka kashe a 1922. Gabriele Reuter ya sake nazarin tarihin rayuwarta don jaridar New York Times, wanda ya kira asusun Federn "mai ban mamaki mai haske kuma daidai" kuma ya ce "yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da rayuwar [Rathenau]."  Bayan buga littafin, Federn ya zama makasudin barazanar kisa na Nazi. 

A cikin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da ishirin, Federn ta zama wani ɓangare na da'irar anarchists, ciki har da Rudolf Rocker, Mollie Steimer, Senya Fleshin, Emma Goldman, da Milly Witkop Rocker, wanda zai zama abokiyar ku.   Ta ba da gudummawa ga jaridun anarchist daban-daban da mujallu masu alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata 'Yanci ta Jamus . 

A Berlin, Federn kuma ya gana kuma ya fassara mawaƙa Yahudawa da yawa haifaffen Poland waɗanda suka rubuta cikin Yiddish. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya, an buga fassararta na tarin waƙoƙin Yiddish Fischerdorf (Ƙauyen Kifi) na Abraham Nahum Stencl . Thomas Mann ya ba wa littafin bita mai kyau, yana sha'awar Stencl na "sha'awar sha'awar sha'awa."  (Ba da daɗewa ba za a lalata aikin a cikin ƙonewar littafin Nazi ).

A cikin shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da talatin da biyu, Federn ya bar Berlin, ya gane cewa a karkashin Nazis ba za ta iya buga rubutunta ba. Ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta maza zuwa Barcelona, Spain, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar anarchist Mujeres Libres (Mata 'Yanci), wanda ke ba da sabis kamar cibiyoyin haihuwa, wuraren kula da yara, da horar da mata. Ta koyar da Mutanen Espanya kuma ta zama darekta na makarantu masu ci gaba guda hudu a cikin birnin Blanes, tana ilmantar da malamai da yara kan dabi'un duniya da kyamar soja.  Tun daga 1936, ta kuma buga labarai da dama a cikin mujallu na mata na motsi, wanda ake kira Mujeres Libres . 

Kamar yawancin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta yi imani da mahimmancin karatu ga mata, wajen hana haihuwa da 'yancin jima'i,  da kuma ikon mata masu ilimi su zama uwa nagari. Ta rubuta: “Iyaye masu ilimi suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma wahalarsu ga ’ya’yansu; suna fahimtar yadda suke ji da furcinsu da kyau. Malamai ne na qwarai, kamar yadda su ma abokan ‘ya’yan da suke karantarwa ne.” 

A cikin shekarar 1938, yayin da masu fasikanci na Francisco Franco suka jefa bama-bamai a Barcelona kuma suka ci hagu, Federn ta gudu zuwa kasar Faransa, inda aka tsare ta a sansanonin horarwa a matsayin 'yar gudun hijirar waje. Ta yi yaƙin a ɓoye a Lyon, a wasu lokuta a cikin gidan zuhudu, kuma ta yi aikin fassarar Faransa Resistance.  Ta yi shekarunta na ƙarshe a Paris, wani bangare na goyon bayan danginta a Amurka da kuma yin karatun dabino bisa fahimtar tunaninta. Domin an kashe danta a matsayin mai gwagwarmayar Resistance, an ba ta izinin zama 'yar kasar Faransa. 

Manazarta

Category:Haifaffun 1951
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Rukuni:Anarchists