Acid

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 Acid kwayar halitta ce ko ion mai iya ba da gudummawar proton (watau hydrogen ion, H +), wanda aka sani da Brønsted-Lowry acid, ko samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da nau'in electron, wanda aka sani da Lewis acid. IUPAC Gold Book - acid

Kashi na farko na acid sune masu ba da gudummawar proton, ko Brønsted-Lowry acid. A cikin yanayin musamman na maganin ruwa, masu ba da gudummawar proton suna samar da hydronium ion H 3 O + kuma an san su da acid Arrhenius. Brønsted da Lowry sun haɗa ka'idar Arrhenius don haɗa da kaushi marasa ruwa. Brønsted ko Arrhenius acid yawanci yana ƙunshe da atom na hydrogen da aka haɗe da tsarin sinadarai wanda har yanzu yana da kuzari bayan asarar H +.

Aqueous Arrhenius acid yana da  halayen da ke ba da bayanin aiki na acid.  Acids suna samar da mafita mai ruwa tare da ɗanɗano mai tsami, suna iya juya launin shuɗi litmus ja, kuma suna amsawa tare da tushe da wasu ƙarfe (kamar calcium) don samar da gishiri. Kalmar acid ta samo asali ne daga Latin  , ma'ana 'mai tsami'. Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: acid Maganin ruwa mai ruwa na acid yana da pH kasa da 7 kuma ana kiransa da baki a matsayin "acid" (kamar yadda yake cikin "narkar da acid"), yayin da ma'anar tana nufin kawai solute. IUPAC Gold Book - acid Ƙananan pH yana nufin mafi girma acidity, kuma ta haka ne mafi girma taro na tabbataccen ions hydrogen a cikin bayani. An ce sinadarai ko abubuwan da ke da mallakar acid.
Ruwan ruwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da acid hydrochloric (maganin hydrogen chloride wanda ke samuwa a cikin acid gastric a cikin ciki kuma yana kunna enzymes masu narkewa), acetic acid (vinegar shine bayani mai tsarma ruwa na wannan ruwa), sulfuric acid (amfani da batira na mota). da citric acid (samuwa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus). Kamar yadda waɗannan misalan suka nuna, acid (a cikin ma'anar magana) na iya zama mafita ko abubuwa masu tsafta, kuma ana iya samun su daga acid (a cikin ma'anar IUPAC Gold Book - acid mai ƙarfi) waɗanda suke da ƙarfi, ruwa, ko gas. Acids mai ƙarfi da wasu ƙarancin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi suna lalata, amma akwai keɓancewa kamar carboranes da boric acid.
Kashi na biyu na acid shine Lewis acids, wanda ke samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da nau'in electron. Misali shi ne boron trifluoride (BF 3 ), wanda boron atom yana da sarari sarari wanda zai iya samar da haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar raba guda biyu na electrons akan atom a cikin tushe, misali nitrogen atom a cikin ammonia (NH 3 ). Lewis ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin ma'anar Brønsted gabaɗaya, ta yadda acid wani nau'in sinadari ne wanda ke karɓar nau'ikan electron kai tsaye ko ta hanyar sakin protons (H + ) a cikin maganin, sannan su karɓi nau'ikan electron. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, da mafi yawan sauran Brønsted-Lowry acid ba za su iya samar da haɗin kai tare da nau'in electron ba, duk da haka, don haka ba Lewis acid ba ne.  Sabanin haka, yawancin acid na Lewis ba Arrhenius ko Brønsted-Lowry acid ba ne. A cikin kalmomi na zamani, acid a fakaice Brønsted acid ne ba Lewis acid ba, tunda kusan ko da yaushe masanan suna nufin Lewis acid a sarari a matsayin Lewis acid.Otoxby, D. W.; Gillis, H. P.; Butler, L. J. (2015). Principles of Modern Chemistry (8th ed.). Brooks Cole. p. 617. ISBN 978-1305079113.

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alt=Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is composed of a methyl group, CH3, bound chemically to a carboxylate group, COOH. The carboxylate group can lose a proton and donate it to a water molecule, H20, leaving behind an acetate anion CH3COO- and creating a hydronium cation H3O. This is an equilibrium reaction, so the reverse process can also take place.|thumb|350x350px| Acetic acid, mai rauni acid, yana ba da proton (hydrogen ion, wanda aka nuna a cikin kore) zuwa ruwa a cikin ma'auni mai mahimmanci don ba da ion acetate da ion hydronium . ja: oxygen, baki: carbon, fari: hydrogen.



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