Daular Biritaniya

Daular Biritaniya ta ƙunshi masarautu, ƴan mamaya, protectorates, mandates, da sauran yankunan da Burtaniya da jihohin da suka gabace ta ke mulki ko kuma suke gudanarwa. Ta fara ne da kadarorin kasashen waje da wuraren kasuwanci da Ingila ta kafa a tsakanin karshen karni na (16) zuwa farkon karni na (18) A tsawonsa ita ce daula mafi girma a tarihi kuma, sama da karni guda, ita ce kan gaba a duniya.  A shekara ta (1913) Daular Biritaniya ta mamaye  mutane militant (412, 23%) kashi dari na yawan mutanen duniya a lokacin, Maddison 2001, p. 97: "The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"; Maddison 2001, pp. 241: "[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1 791 020". kuma ya zuwa (1920) ta rufe(   , Taagepera, p. 502. 24 kashi dari na daukacin fadin duniya. Sakamakon haka, gadonsa na tsarin mulki, na shari'a, na harshe, da al'adu ya yadu. A kololuwar ikonta, an kwatanta ta da “The empire  on which the sun never sets ”, kamar yadda Rana ta kasance koyaushe tana haskakawa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin yankunanta. Jackson, pp. 5–6.

A Age of Discovery a ƙarni na 15 da na 16, Portugal da Spain sun fara binciken Turai a duniya, kuma a cikin haka ne aka kafa manyan dauloli na ketare. Saboda hassada mai yawa da waɗannan masarautu suka samar, Russo 2012, p. 15 chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans.". Ingila, Faransa, da Netherlands sun fara kafa yankuna da cibiyoyin kasuwanci na nasu a cikin Amurka da Asiya. Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙarni na 17 da 18 tare da Netherlands da Faransa sun bar Ingila (Birtaniya, bin Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta 1707 tare da Scotland) mafi rinjayen mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amirka. Biritaniya ta zama babbar ƙasa a cikin yankin Indiya bayan da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya ci Mughal Bengal a Yaƙin Plassey a 1757.
Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Amurka ya sa Biritaniya ta yi asarar wasu tsoffin mazaunanta kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Arewacin Amurka ta 1783. Hankalin Birtaniyya ya juya zuwa Asiya, Afirka, da Pacific. Bayan cin nasarar Faransa a Yaƙin Napoleon (1803-1815), Biritaniya ta fito a matsayin babbar rundunar sojan ruwa da ikon daular a ƙarni na 19 kuma ta faɗaɗa hannun jarinta. Lokacin kwanciyar hankali (1815-1914) lokacin da Daular Burtaniya ta zama hegemon na duniya daga baya an kwatanta shi da  ("British Peace"). Tare da tsarin mulkin da Birtaniyya ta yi a kan yankunan da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, yadda ta mamaye yawancin kasuwancin duniya yana nufin ta sarrafa tattalin arzikin yankuna da dama kamar Asiya da Latin Amurka. Porter, p. 8. Marshall, pp. 156–57. An ba da ƙarin digiri na 'yancin cin gashin kai ga fararen hular mazaunanta, wasu daga cikinsu an mayar da su a matsayin Sarakuna.

A farkon karni na 20, Jamus da Amurka sun fara ƙalubalantar jagorancin tattalin arzikin Biritaniya. Rikicin soji da na tattalin arziki tsakanin Biritaniya da Jamus sune manyan musabbabin yakin duniya na farko, wanda a lokacin Birtaniyya ta dogara ga daularta. Rikicin ya haifar da matsala mai yawa ga kayan aikin soja, kudi, da ma'aikata. Duk da cewa daular ta samu mafi girman yankinta nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na farko, Biritaniya ba ta kasance babbar karfin masana'antu ko soja a duniya ba. A yakin duniya na biyu, daular Japan ta mamaye yankunan da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a gabashin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Duk da nasarar ƙarshe da Birtaniyya da ƙawayenta suka yi, lalacewar martabar Birtaniyya ta taimaka wajen haɓaka koma bayan daular. Indiya, mallakin Biritaniya mafi daraja da yawan jama'a, ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1947 a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban yunkuri na kawar da mulkin mallaka, wanda Biritaniya ta ba da 'yancin kai ga yawancin yankuna na daular. Rikicin Suez na 1956 ya tabbatar da koma bayan Biritaniya a matsayin kasa mai karfi a duniya, da kuma mika Hong Kong zuwa kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1997 ya kawo karshen daular Burtaniya da dama. Brendon, p. 660. Brown, p. 594. Yankuna 14 na ketare sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yawancin tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, tare da mafi yawan masarautu, sun shiga Commonwealth of Nations, ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu 'yanci. Sha biyar daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da Burtaniya, suna riƙe da sarauta na gama gari, a halin yanzu Sarki Charles III.

 Asali (1497-1583) 
An kafa harsashin daular Biritaniya lokacin da Ingila da Scotland suka kasance masarautu daban-daban. A cikin shekarar 1496, Sarki Henry na VII na Ingila, bayan nasarorin da Spain da Portugal suka samu a binciken kasashen waje, ya umurci John Cabot ya jagoranci wani balaguro don gano hanyar arewa maso yammacin Asiya ta Arewacin Atlantic.  Cabot ya yi tafiya a cikin shekarar 1497, shekaru biyar bayan balaguron farko na Christopher Columbus, kuma ya yi kasa a gabar tekun Newfoundland. Ya yi imani ya kai Asiya, Andrews 1985, p. 45. kuma babu wani yunƙuri na samun mulkin mallaka. Cabot ya sake yin wata tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekara mai zuwa amma bai dawo daga wannan balaguron ba kuma ba a san abin da ya faru da jiragen nasa ba. 

Ba a sake yin wani yunƙuri na kafa yankunan Ingila a cikin nahiyar Amirka ba har sai lokacin mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwfg">&nbsp;</span>Ni, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na 16. Canny, p. 35. A halin da ake ciki, Dokar ta 1533 ta Henry na VIII ta hana kararrakin daukaka kara ta bayyana "cewa wannan daula ta Ingila Daula ce". Koebner, pp. 29–52. Canjin Furotesta ya mayar da Ingila da Katolika Spain zuwa maƙiyan da ba su da tushe.  A cikin shekarar 1562, Elizabeth Na ƙarfafa masu zaman kansu John Hawkins da Francis Drake da su shiga hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa na Spain da Portuguese a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma Thomas, pp. 155–58 da nufin kafa cinikin bayi na Atlantic. An soki wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce kuma daga baya, yayin da Yaƙin Anglo-Spanish ya tsananta, Elizabeth Na yi mata albarka don ci gaba da kai hare-hare na sirri a kan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya a cikin Amurka da jigilar kayayyaki da ke dawowa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, dauke da kaya daga Sabuwar Duniya.  A lokaci guda kuma, marubuta masu tasiri irin su Richard Hakluyt da John Dee (wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar "Daular Burtaniya") Canny, p. 62. sun fara matsa lamba don kafa daular Ingila. A wannan lokacin, Spain ta zama babbar ƙasa a cikin Amurka kuma tana binciken tekun Pacific, Portugal ta kafa wuraren kasuwanci da garu daga bakin tekun Afirka da Brazil zuwa China, kuma Faransa ta fara daidaita yankin kogin Saint Lawrence, daga baya ta zama Sabuwar Faransa. Lloyd, pp. 4–8.
Kodayake Ingila ta kasance tana bin bayan Portugal, Spain, da Faransa wajen kafa yankunan ketare, ta aiwatar da mulkin mallaka na farko na zamani, wanda ake kira Ulster Plantation, a cikin karni na 16 Ireland ta hanyar daidaita Furotesta na Ingilishi a Ulster. Ingila ta riga ta mallaki wani yanki na ƙasar bayan mamayewar Norman na Ireland a 1169. Canny, p. 7. Kenny, p. 5. Mutane da yawa da suka taimaka wajen kafa Ulster Plantations daga baya sun taka rawa a farkon mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amirka, musamman ƙungiyar da aka sani da West Country Men. Taylor, pp. 119,123.

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