Rubutu

Rubutu hanya ce ta sadarwar ɗan adam wacce ta ƙunshi wakilcin harshe ta hanyar tsarin rubutu na zahiri, canja wurin inji, ko alamomin lambobi.
Tsarin rubuce-rubuce sun zama harsunan ɗan adam (tare da muhawara ban da harsunan kwamfuta); hanyoyi ne na fassara harshe zuwa wani nau'i wanda wasu mutane za su iya sake gina su ta lokaci da/ko sarari.  Haas, Christina. (1996). Writing technology: Studies on the materiality of literacy. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. Duk da yake ba duka harsuna suke amfani da tsarin rubutu ba, waɗanda ke yin na iya haɗawa da haɓaka ƙarfin harshen magana ta hanyar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan harshe masu ɗorewa waɗanda za'a iya watsa su a sararin samaniya (misali rubutattun wasiƙun) da adana su cikin lokaci (misali ɗakin karatu ko wasu bayanan jama'a). Schmandt-Besserat, Denise and Michael Erard. (2008) "Origins and Forms of Writing." Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text. Charles Bazerman, ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 7-21 [21]. An kuma lura cewa aikin rubutun da kansa yana iya samun tasirin canza ilimi, tun da yake yana ba mutane damar fitar da tunaninsu a cikin nau'i mai sauƙin tunani, dalla-dalla, sake dubawa. Estrem, Heidi. "Writing is a Knowledge-Making Activity." Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies. L. Adler-Kassner & E. Wardle, eds. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2015: 55-56. Winsor, Dorothy A. (1994). "Invention and Writing in Technical Work: Representing the Object". Written Communication. 11 (2): 227–250. doi:10.1177/0741088394011002003. S2CID 145645219. Tsarin rubuce-rubuce ya dogara da yawancin sifofin ma'ana guda ɗaya kamar harshen da yake wakilta, kamar ƙamus da rubutu, tare da ƙarin dogaro na tsarin alamomin da ke wakiltar wannan harshe da ilimin halittar jiki. Duk da haka, rubuce-rubucen harsunan da ake rubutawa na iya ɗaukar halayen da suka bambanta daga kowane yaren magana. Harris, Roy (2000). Rethinking Writing. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press. Sakamakon aikin rubutu ana kiransa text, kuma mai fassara ko kunna rubutu ana kiransa mai karatu.     

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