Havana

Havana / / h əˈvænə / ; Espanya: La Habana [la aˈβana] (babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na kasar Cuba . Zuciyar lardin La Habana, Havana ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasar. Cuba.  Birnin yana da yawan jama'a miliyan biyu da dubu dari ukku mazaunan,   kuma ya kai jimlar     - sanya shi birni mafi girma ta yanki, birni mafi yawan jama'a, kuma yanki na huɗu mafi girma a cikin yankin Caribbean .  
Birnin yana jan hankali kan amiliyan masu yawon bude ido a kowace shekara;  Ƙididdigar Hukuma ta Havana ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2010, masu yawon bude ido na duniya 1,176,627 sun ziyarci birnin,  ya karu da kashi 20% daga 2005. An ayyana Old Havana a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1982.  An kuma san birnin don tarihi, al'adu, gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi.  Kamar yadda ake yi a Cuba, Havana tana fuskantar yanayi mai zafi . 

Yawan jama'arta ya kasance 1,814,207 mazauna a cikin 2023.

Mutanen Espanya ne suka kafa Havana a karni na 16. Ya yi aiki a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don cin nasarar Mutanen Espanya na Amurka, ya zama wurin tsayawa ga galleons na Spain da ke komawa Spain. Sarki Philip na uku na Spain ya ba Havana taken babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1607.Havana". The Free Dictionary. capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552 An gina ganuwa da garu don kare birnin.Old Havana". www.galenfrysinger.com. Birnin shi ne wurin zama na gwamnatin Cuba da ma'aikatu daban-daban, da kuma hedkwatar kasuwanci da ofisoshin diflomasiyya fiye da 100."Cuba – Embassies and Consulates". Embassypages.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Gwamna shi ne Reinaldo García Zapata na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Cuba (PCC).San Miguel, Raúl (18 January 2020). "Electos el Gobernador y Vicegobernadora en La Habana". Tribuna de La Habana (in Spanish).(in Spanish) [1] Archived 22 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Preside Esteban Lazo toma de posesión de las autoridades de Gobierno en La Habana A shekara ta 2009, birni/lardi ne ke da matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasar."Workforce and Salary (Section 4.5)" (in Spanish and English). Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas – Republica de Cuba. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16.

Havana na yau da kullun ana iya kwatanta shi azaman birane uku a ɗaya: Tsohuwar Havana, Vedado da sabbin gundumomi na kewayen birni."Havana | History, Climate, Population, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21. Garin ya shimfida galibi zuwa yamma da kudu daga bakin tekun, wanda ake shiga ta wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar mashiga kuma wacce ta raba zuwa manyan tashoshin ruwa guda uku: Marimelena, Guanabacoa da Antares. Kogin Almendares yana ratsa birnin daga kudu zuwa arewa, yana shiga mashigin Florida da ke da nisan mil kadan daga yammacin bakin teku."Anuario Estadistico de Ciudad de La Habana" (in Spanish). ONE – Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas (National Statistics Office). Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011

Birnin yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido sama da miliyan guda a shekara; Section 15 (Turismo), article 15.7 (Visitantes por mes)" (in Spanish). ONE- Oficina de Estadisticas de Cuba. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. (1,176,627 yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa a cikin 2010, Section 15 (Turismo), article 15.7 (Visitantes por mes)" (in Spanish). ONE- Oficina de Estadisticas de Cuba. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011. karuwa 20% daga 2005). An ayyana Old Havana a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1982.Old Havana and its Fortification System". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO.ORG. An kuma san birnin saboda tarihi, al'adu, gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi.Goodsell, James Nelson (11 April 2017). "Havana". Encyclopædia Britannica Kamar yadda ake yi a Cuba, Havana tana fuskantar yanayi mai zafiHavana climate summary". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016..

 Asali 
A shekara ta 1514, Diego Velázquez ya kafa birnin San Cristóbal de la Habana, wanda ke nufin " Saint Christopher na Habana" kuma daga baya ya zama babban birnin Cuba. Habana shine sunan rukunin mutanen yankin. Har ila yau a a san inda aka samo sunan ba, amma an yi la'akari da cewa roƙon ya samo asali ne daga Habaguanex, wanda shi ne babban dan kabilar Amirka. Sunansa Taíno, wanda yaren Arawakan ne, amma ba a san wani abu ba.Aleksic, Adam. "HABAGUANEX". The Etymology Nerd. Lokacin da aka daidaita Habana zuwa Turanci, an canza ⟨  zuwa ⟨  saboda wani yanayi na harshe da aka sani da betacism, wanda shine rudani tsakanin  bilabial plosive da sautin muryoyin labiodental wanda ke faruwa a yawancin yarukan  Espanya na zamani. Amfani da kalmar Havana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka fahimta a lokacin yakin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka, amma har yanzu ana inganta shi da yawa saboda yana wakiltar nau'in sigari, launi, da nau'in zomo da kuma birnin.

 Tarihi 
Karni na 16

Wani dan fashin teku na Faransa Jacques de Sores ya yi fashi da kona Havana a 1555

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar ya kafa Havana a shekara ta 1514, a bakin tekun kudancin tsibirin, kusa da garin Surgidero de Batabanó na yanzu a bakin kogin Mayabeque kusa da Playa Mayabeque. Sai dai duk kokarin da aka yi na gano wani birni a gabar tekun kudancin Cuba ya ci tura; farkon taswirar Cuba da aka zana a cikin 1514 ya sanya garin a bakin kogin.in Spanish) Fundación de La Habana a orillas del Río Onicajinal o Mayabeque"San Cristóbal de La Habana en el Sur". Mayabeque.blogia.com. August 19, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-08.

Tsakanin 1514 zuwa 1519 Mutanen Espanya sun kafa ƙauyuka guda biyu a bakin tekun arewa, ɗaya daga cikinsu a La Chorrera, a kusa da wurin Torreón de la Chorrera, abin da ya zama unguwannin Vedado da Miramar, kusa da bakin kogin Almendares. Garin da ya zama Havana ya samo asali ne kusa da abin da ake kira Puerto de Carenas a lokacin (a zahiri, "Port Careening"), a shekara ta 1519. Ingancin wannan bakin teku, wanda yanzu ya karbi tashar jiragen ruwa na Havana, ya ba da tabbacin canjin wurin.

Karni na 20[gyara tushe]

Ƙarin bayani: Jamhuriyar Cuba (1902-1959)

Tada tutar Cuban a fadar Gwamna da tsakar rana a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1902 Paseo del Prado, Havana, a cikin 1909. [30] Ginin Capitol, Havana, a cikin 1933, bugun hoto (katin gidan waya)

Zaman shugaban kasa na farko na Cuba a karkashin Tomás Estrada Palma daga 1902 zuwa 1906 an yi la'akari da shi da kiyaye mafi girman ma'auni na amincin gudanarwa a tarihin Jamhuriyar Cuba.

Yayin da Cuba ke da mafi girman rabo na gadaje asibiti da yawan jama'a a cikin Caribbean, kusan kashi 80% na waɗannan gadaje suna cikin birnin Havana, asibitin karkara ɗaya ne kawai kuma yana da gadaje 10 kawai. A cikin watan Yulin 1940, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an gudanar da taron Havana kuma kasashe 21 na Amurka, ciki har da kasar Cuba mai masaukin baki, sun amince su mallaki yankunansu da ke karkashin ikon Axis. A cikin 1958, Cuba wata ƙasa ce mai ci gaba ta hanyar ƙa'idodin Caribbean, kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar ƙa'idodin duniya.Smith & Llorens 1998 A gefe guda kuma, wataƙila mafi girman gata na ƙungiyar ƙwadago a Amurka, gami da hana korar kora da injina ya shafe Cuba. An same su da yawa "a kan farashin marasa aikin yi da na talakawa", wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa.Baklanoff 1998 Tsakanin 1933 da 1958, Cuba ta tsawaita ka'idojin tattalin arziki mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki.Thomas, Hugh (1998). Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press. p. 1173. ISBN 978-0-306-80827-2. Rashin aikin yi ya zama matsala yayin da wadanda suka kammala karatunAverhoff Purón, Mario. Los primeros partidos políticos. La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, 1971. p. 66 digiri suka kasa samun aikin yi.Masu matsakaicin matsayi, wanda ya yi kama da na Amurka, sun ƙara nuna rashin gamsuwa da rashin aikin yi da kuma zalunci na siyasa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun goyi bayan Batista har zuwa ƙarshe. Batista ya ci gaba da mulki har sai da aka tilasta masa gudun hijira a watan Disambar 1958.

Fidel Castro da mutanensa a Saliyo Maestra, ca. 1957

Bayan juyin juya halin 1959, sabuwar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Fidel Castro ta fara inganta ayyukan zamantakewa, gidajen jama'a, da gine-gine na hukuma. Duk da haka, bayan da Castro ya kwashi dukiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana'antu ba zato ba tsammani (Mayu 1959 gaba) a ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin gurguzu wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi bayan takunkuman Amurka, ƙarancin da ya shafi Cuba gabaɗaya ya shafi Havana sosai. A shekara ta 1966-68, gwamnatin Cuba ta mayar da duk wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na kasuwanci a Cuba, har zuwa "wasu nau'o'in kananan nau'o'in kasuwanci" kamar yadda doka ta 1076. Nigel Hunt. "Cuba Nationalization Laws". cuba heritage .org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2009. ta tanada.

Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta faru ne bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991. Tallafin da Tarayyar Soviet ya ƙare, wanda ke wakiltar biliyoyin daloli da Tarayyar Soviet ta bai wa gwamnatin Cuba. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa gwamnatin juyin juya hali za ta rushe nan ba da jimawa ba, kamar yadda ya faru da kasashen Soviet tauraron dan adam na Gabashin Turai.

 Gudanarwa 
Mulkin Sifen (1550 - 1601)[gyara tushe]

An fara majalisar birnin Havana a shekara ta 1550.UNESCO recognizes the Acts of the Havana City Council | Arte por Excelencias". www.arteporexcelencias.com. 2025-03-10. Retrieved 2025-03-22.

A shekara ta 1557, Majalisar ta kada kuri'a ta haramtawa duk wani bakar fata da aka 'yantar da su mallakar gidajen abinci, dakunan kwana, sayar da tabaco, ko giya."Cuban history timeline: 1492 thru 1775". www.historyofcuba.com. Retrieved 2025-03-22.

Babban Kyaftin (1550 - 1898)[gyara tushe]

A karkashin Janar Kyaftin na Cuba, majalisar birnin Havana ta wanzu."Acts of the Havana City council (colonial period 1550-1898) - Memory of the World". 2024-12-03. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-23.

Majalisar birni da "Plaza de Armas", 1937

Jamhuriyar Cuba (1901 - 1959)[gyara tushe]

Bayan yakin 'yancin kai na Cuba, Cuba ta kirkiro sabon tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1901."The Economic History and Economy of Cuba". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-23. An sake buɗe majalisar birnin Havana a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1901."Havana City Council Inaugurated". The New York Times. 1901-07-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-03-23. An nada Alfredo Zayas magajin gari a takaice, sannan sai kashi na Miguel Gener y Rincón, mukaddashin sakataren shari'a na Cuba,Department, United States War (1901). Annual Reports of the War Department. U.S. Government Printing Office. bayan ya ci zaben kananan hukumomin Cuban na 1900.Alfredo Zayas". www.latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved 2025-03-23.  "Havana City Council Inaugurated". The New York Times. 1901-07-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-03-23.

A cikin 1902, yayin da Emilio Núñez ya gudanar da bincike, Leonard Wood ya tsige Gener a matsayin magajin garin Havana, bayan kuri'ar wakilai ashirin da uku cikin ashirin da biyar na majalisar birnin sun bukaci ya yi murabus."Salt Lake Herald | 1902-01-09 | Page 7 | Mayor of Havana Said to be a Boodler Already". newspapers.lib.utah.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-23

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