Marco Polo

Marco Polo (an haifece a ranar takos 8 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1324)  ɗan kasuwa ne na Venetia,   mai bincike kuma marubuci wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Asiya takan hanyar siliki tsakanin shekarata 1271 da shekara ta 1295. An rubuta tafiye-tafiyensa a cikin Tafiya na Marco Polo (wanda kuma aka sani da Littafin Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Duniya da Il Milione,  ), wani littafi da ya bayyana wa Turawa al'adu masu ban mamaki da ayyukan ciki na Gabashin duniya, ciki har da dukiya da girman daular Mongol da ƙasar Sin a daular Yuan, wanda ya ba da cikakken nazari na farko game da Sin, Farisa, Indiya, Japan da sauran biranen Asiya da ƙasashe. 

Born in Venice, Marco learned the mercantile trade from his father and his uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, exploring many places along the Silk Road until they reached Cathay (China). They were received by the royal court of Kublai Khan, who was impressed by Marco's intelligence and humility. Marco was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary, and he was sent on many diplomatic missions throughout the empire and Southeast Asia, such as in present-day Burma, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. As part of this appointment, Marco also travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years and seeing many things that had previously been unknown to Europeans. Around 1291, the Polos also offered to accompany the Mongol princess Kököchin to Persia; they arrived around 1293. After leaving the princess, they travelled overland to Constantinople and then to Venice, returning home after 24 years. At this time, Venice was at war with Genoa; Marco was captured and imprisoned by the Genoans after joining the war effort and dictated his stories to Rustichello da Pisa, a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married, and had three children. He died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.
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Ko da yake ba shi ne Bature na farko da ya isa kasar Sin ba (duba Turawa a tsakiyar kasar Sin ), Marco Polo shi ne na farko da ya bar cikakken tarihin kwarewarsa. Wannan labarin na Gabas ya ba wa Turawa cikakken hoto game da yanayin Gabas da al'adun kabilanci, kuma shi ne tarihin farko na Yammacin Turai na anta, foda, kudin takarda, da wasu tsire-tsire na Asiya da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa.  Littafin tafiye-tafiyensa ya ƙarfafa Christopher Columbus  da sauran matafiya da yawa. Akwai adabi masu mahimmanci bisa rubuce-rubucen Polo; ya kuma rinjayi zane-zane na Turai, wanda ya kai ga gabatar da taswirar Fra Mauro .

 Rayuwa 

 Wurin haihu da asalin iyali 
An haifi Marco Polo a shekara ta alif 1254 a Venice, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Venetian.

Mahaifinsa, Niccolò Polo, yana da gidansa a Venice kuma ya bar mahaifiyar Marco ta ciki don tafiya zuwa Asiya tare da ɗan'uwansa Maffeo Polo. Komawarsu Italiya don "tafi Venice kuma ziyarci gidansu" an kwatanta shi a cikin Tafiya na Marco Polo kamar haka: "sun tashi daga Acre kuma suka tafi Negropont, kuma daga Negropont sun ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Venice. A lokacin da suka isa wurin, Messer Nicolas ya gano cewa matarsa ta mutu, kuma ta bar mata ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, mai suna Marco.” Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated by Henry Yule. Edited and Annotated by Henri Cordier. John Murray: London, 1920.

Kakansa na farko da aka sani shi ne babban kawu, Marco Polo (babban) daga Venice, wanda ya ba da rancen kuɗi kuma ya umarci jirgi a Constantinople. Andrea, kakan Marco, ya zauna a Venice a cikin " contrada San Felice", yana da 'ya'ya maza uku: Marco "babban", Maffeo da Niccolò (mahaifin Marco).  (online copy pp. 24–25)  Wasu tsoffin tushen tarihi na Venetian sun ɗauki kakannin Polo a matsayin asalin Dalmatiya mai nisa.   


An ambaci Marco Polo sau da yawa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Jamhuriyar Venice kamar yadda ,  wanda ke nufin Marco Polo na  na St John Chrysostom Church.

Duk da haka, ana kuma yi masa lakabi da  a lokacin rayuwarsa (wanda a Italiyanci a zahiri yana nufin 'Miliyan'). A gaskiya ma, lakabin Italiyanci na littafinsa shine , wanda ke nufin "Littafin Marco Polo, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da ''  A cewar wani ɗan Adam na ƙarni na 15 Giovanni Battista Ramusio, 'yan uwansa sun ba shi wannan laƙabi lokacin da ya dawo Venice saboda ya ci gaba da cewa an kirga dukiyar Kublai Khan a miliyoyin. Hakazalika, ana masa lakabi da  (Mr Marco Miliyoyin). Giovan Battista Ramusion, Delle navigationi et viaggi Vol. II, Giunti, Venezia, 1574.

Koyaya, tunda kuma ana yiwa mahaifinsa Niccolò laƙabi da , Marco Polo, Il Milione, Istituto Geografico DeAgostini, 1965, p.22 Masanin ilimin falsafa na ƙarni na 19 Luigi Foscolo Benedetto ya rinjaye cewa . taqaitaccen sigar  , da kuma cewa an yi amfani da wannan laƙabin don bambanta reshen Niccolò da Marco daga sauran dangin Polo. Benedetto, L. F.: Marco Polo, il Milione, Firenze, 1928 in Marco Polo, Il Milione, Istituto Geografico DeAgostini, 1965, p.22  (Ranieri Allulli, MARCO POLO E IL LIBRO DELLE MERAVIGLIE – Dialogo in tre tempi del giornalista Qualunquelli Junior e dell'astrologo Barbaverde, Milano, Mondadori, 1954, p.26)

 Rayuwar farko da tafiya Asiya 
A shekara ta 1168, babban kawunsa, Marco Polo, ya aro kuɗi kuma ya umurci jirgi a Konstantinoful.  Kakansa, Andrea Polo na Ikklesiya ta San Felice, yana da 'ya'ya maza uku, Maffeo, duk da haka wani Marco, da mahaifin matafiyi Niccolò. Wannan zuriyar, wanda Ramusio ya kwatanta, ba a yarda da shi a duk duniya ba saboda babu ƙarin shaida don tallafawa. 

Mahaifinsa, Niccolò Polo, ɗan kasuwa, ya yi ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya zama mai arziki kuma yana samun babban daraja.  Niccolò da ɗan'uwansa Maffeo sun tashi tafiya tafiya ta kasuwanci kafin haihuwar Marco.Italiani nel sistema solare di Michele T. Mazzucato  A cikin 1260, Niccolò da Maffeo, yayin da suke zama a Constantinople, a lokacin babban birnin Daular Latin, sun hango canjin siyasa; sai suka kwashe dukiyarsu da kayan ado suka koma.  A cewar The Travels of Marco Polo, sun ratsa yawancin Asiya, kuma sun gana da Kublai Khan, wani shugaban Mongol kuma wanda ya kafa daular Yuan .  Shawarar da suka yanke na barin Konstantinoful ya tabbatar da lokaci. A cikin 1261 Michael VIII Palaiologos, mai mulkin Daular Nicaea, ya ɗauki Constantinople, da sauri ya ƙone kwata na Venetian kuma ya sake kafa daular Byzantine . An makantar da ƴan ƙasar Venetian da aka kama, Zorzi, Alvise, Vita di Marco Polo veneziano, Rusconi Editore, 1982 yayin da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasarar tserewa suka halaka a cikin jiragen ruwa masu yawan gaske da ke gudun hijira zuwa wasu yankunan Venetian a cikin Tekun Aegean.

Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da yarinta na Marco Polo har sai da ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar, sai dai watakila ya shafe wani ɓangare na yarinta a Venice.    A halin yanzu, mahaifiyar Marco Polo ta rasu, kuma inna da kawu sun rene shi.  Ya sami ilimi mai kyau, koyan darussan kasuwanci da suka haɗa da kuɗin waje, kimantawa, da sarrafa jiragen ruwa;  ya koyi Latin kadan ko babu.  Daga baya mahaifinsa ya auri Floradise Polo (née Trevisan). Pavešković, Anđelko (1998). "Putopisac Marko Polo" [Travel writer Marco Polo]. Godišnjak Poljičkog Dekanata "Poljica" (23): 38–66.

A cikin 1269, Niccolò da Maffeo sun koma ga iyalansu a Venice, sun sadu da matashi Marco a karon farko.  A cikin shekarar 1271, a lokacin mulkin Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo, Marco Polo (yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai), mahaifinsa, da kawunsa sun tashi zuwa Asiya a kan jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa waɗanda Marco daga baya ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa. 
Sun tashi zuwa Acre daga baya suka hau kan raƙumansu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Farisa Hormuz . A cikin matakan farko na tafiya, sun zauna na 'yan watanni a Acre kuma sun sami damar yin magana da Archdeacon Tedaldo Visconti na Piacenza . Iyalan Polo, a wannan karon, sun bayyana nadamarsu da rashin samun wani Paparoma na tsawon lokaci, domin a tafiyar da suka yi a baya a kasar Sin sun samu wasika daga Kublai Khan zuwa Paparoma, don haka sai da suka tashi zuwa kasar Sin cike da takaici. A lokacin tafiyar, duk da haka, sun sami labarin cewa bayan watanni 33 na hutu, a ƙarshe, Conclave ya zaɓi sabon Paparoma kuma shi ne ainihin babban diyacon na Acre. Su ukun suka yi gaggawar komawa kasa mai tsarki, inda sabon Paparoma ya damka musu wasiku na "Babban Khan", inda ya gayyace shi ya aika da jakadunsa zuwa Roma. Don ba da ƙarin nauyi ga wannan manufa ya aika tare da Polos, a matsayin wakilai, ubanni biyu na Dominican, Guglielmo na Tripoli da Nicola na Piacenza. 

Sun ci gaba da wuce gona da iri har suka isa wurin Kublai Khan a birnin Shangdu na kasar Sin (wanda ake kira Cathay a lokacin). A wannan lokacin, Marco yana ɗan shekara 21.  Domin basira da tawali’u na Marco sun burge Khan, sai Khan ya naɗa shi ya zama jakadan ƙasashen waje zuwa Indiya da Burma . An aika shi a ofisoshin diflomasiyya da yawa a cikin daularsa da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya, (kamar Indonesia ta yau, Sri Lanka da Vietnam ),   amma kuma ya nishadantar da Khan da labarai da lura game da ƙasashen da ya gani. . A wani bangare na wannan nadin, Marco ya yi balaguro da yawa cikin kasar Sin, inda ya zauna a kasashen sarki na tsawon shekaru 17. 

Kublai da farko ya ƙi sau da yawa ya bar Polos ya koma Turai, saboda ya yaba da kamfanin kuma sun zama masu amfani a gare shi.  Duk da haka, a kusa da 1291, a ƙarshe ya ba da izini, yana ba wa Polos amanar aikinsa na ƙarshe: rakiyar gimbiya Mongol Kököchin, wanda zai zama mataimakiyar Arghun Khan, a Farisa (duba sashin labari ).  Bayan barin gimbiya, Polos ya yi tafiya a kan ƙasa zuwa Konstantinoful. Daga baya suka yanke shawarar komawa gidansu. 

Sun koma Venice a cikin 1295, bayan shekaru 24, tare da dukiya da dukiya da yawa.

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