Ecology

Ecology  shine nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin rayayyun halittu, game da mutane, da muhallinsu na zahiri. Ecology yana la'akari da kwayoyin halitta a daidaikun mutane, yawan jama'a, al'umma, yanayin muhalli, da matakin halittu. Ecology ya zo tare da ilimin kimiyya masu alaƙa na biogeography, ilmin juyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, ilimin halitta, da tarihin halitta. Ecology reshe ne na ilmin halitta, kuma bai dace da muhalli ba.Stadler, B.; Michalzik, B.; Müller, T. (1998). "Linking aphid ecology with nutrient fluxes in a coniferous forest". Ecology. 79 (5): 1514–1525. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1514:LAEWNF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0012-9658.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, na ilimin halittu shine nazarin:

 Yawaita, biomass, da rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin mahallin yanayi
 Tsarin rayuwa, antifragility, hulɗa, da daidaitawa
 Motsi na kayan aiki da makamashi ta hanyar al'ummomin rayuwa
 Ci gaban tsarin muhalli na jere
 Haɗin kai, gasa, da tsinkaya a ciki da tsakanin nau'ikan

Ecology yana da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace a cikin ilimin halitta na kiyayewa, sarrafa ƙasa mai laushi, sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa (agroecology, noma, gandun daji, aikin gona, kamun kifi, ma'adinai, yawon buɗe ido), tsara birane (ilimin Urban ecology), lafiyar al'umma, tattalin arziƙi, asali da kimiyyar aiki, da zamantakewar ɗan adam mu'amala (yanayin halittu).

Kalmar ilimin halitta (German   Masanin kimiyyar Jamus Ernst Haeckel ne ya kirkiro shi a cikin shekarar 1866. Kimiyyar halittu kamar yadda muka sani a yau ta fara ne da gungun masana ilimin halittu na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1890s. S. E. Kingsland, "Foundational Papers: Defining Ecology as a Science," in L. A. Real and J. H. Brown, eds., Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1991. Pages 1-2. Ka'idodin juyin halitta masu alaƙa da daidaitawa da zaɓin yanayi sune ginshiƙan ka'idar muhalli ta zamani.
Tsarin halittu suna mu'amala da tsarin kwayoyin halitta, al'ummomin da suka kafa, da kuma abubuwan da ba su da rai (abiotic) na muhallinsu. Tsarin halittu, irin su samar da farko, nutrient cycling , da niche construction, suna tsara jigilar makamashi da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yanayi. Tsarin halittu suna da hanyoyin mayar da martani na biophysical waɗanda ke daidaita matakan aiki akan rayuwa (biotic) da sassan halittu na duniya. Tsarin halittu yana ci gaba da ayyukan tallafawa rayuwa kuma suna ba da sabis na tsarin halittu kamar samar da halittu (abinci, man fetur, fiber, da magani), ƙa'idodin yanayi, kewayawar biochemical na duniya, tace ruwa, samuwar ƙasa, sarrafa yashwa, kariyar ambaliya, da sauran fasalulluka masu yawa. na kimiyya, tarihi, tattalin arziki, ko na asali.

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