Zoroaster

Zoroaster,  kuma aka sani da Zarathustra,  ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai kafa ruhaniya na Zoroastrianism. An ce shi prophet din Iran ne wanda ya assasa wata kungiya ta addini wacce ta kalubalanci al'adun addinin Iran na zamanin da, kuma ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri wanda a karshe ya zama addini na farko a kasar Iran. Shi ɗan asalin tsohon Avestan ne kuma ya rayu a gabashin yankin ƙasar Iran, amma ainihin wurin da aka haife shi ba shi da tabbas.  name="West Birthplace-Surname"> 

Babu ijma'in malamai akan lokacin da ya rayu.  name="WestDate13"> Wasu malaman, ta yin amfani da shaidar harshe da zamantakewa, suna ba da shawarar saduwa da wani wuri a cikin karni na biyu BC. Wasu malaman sun ƙididdige shi a ƙarni na 7 da 6 BC a matsayin wanda ke kusa da Cyrus Mai Girma da Darius Mai Girma.    : "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century."  name="Fischer Dating">  Zoroastrianism a ƙarshe ya zama addini na hukuma na tsohuwar Iran-musamman lokacin zamanin daular Achaemenid-da rarrabuwar ta daga kusan ƙarni na 6 BC har zuwa ƙarni na 7 AD, lokacin da addinin da kansa ya fara raguwa bayan mamayar Larabawa-Musulmi. Iran.  Zoroaster yana da alaƙa da marubucin <i id="mwOA">Gathas</i> da kuma Yasna Haptanghaiti, jerin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin yaren Avestan na asali waɗanda suka ƙunshi ainihin tunanin Zoroastrian. An san kadan game da Zoroaster; Yawancin rayuwarsa an san shi ne kawai daga waɗannan ƙananan rubutun.  Ta kowane ma'auni na tarihin zamani, babu wata shaida da za ta iya sanya shi cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci kuma tarihin da ke kewaye da shi na iya zama wani ɓangare na yanayin da ya faru tun kafin ƙarni na 10 AD wanda ke ba da tarihin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi. 

 Suna da ilimin asalin 
Sunan Zoroaster a cikin yarensa na asali, Avestan, tabbas shine Zaraθuštra. Sunansa na Ingilishi, "Zoroaster", ya samo asali daga baya (ƙarni na 5 BC) fassarar Girkanci, Zōroastrēs ( ),  kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a Xanthus 's Lydiaca (Fragment 32) da kuma a cikin Alcibiades na Farko na Plato (122a1). Wannan fom yana fitowa daga baya a cikin Latin  kuma, a cikin rubutun kalmomin Helenanci daga baya, kamar yadda Ζωροάστρις Zōroastris. Sigar Helenanci na sunan ya bayyana yana dogara ne akan fassarar sauti ko musanya ta Avestan zaraθ-tare da Greek ζωρός zōros (a zahiri "undiluted") da maɓallin BMAC -uštra tare da ἄστρον astron ("tauraro").

A Avestan, Zaraθuštra an yarda da shi gabaɗaya don samowa daga Tsohon Iran *Zaratuštra-; An yi tunanin  rabin sunan (-uštra-) shine tushen Indo-Iran don "raƙumi", tare da dukan sunan yana nufin "wanda zai iya sarrafa raƙuma". .  Sake ginawa daga harsunan Iran na baya-musamman daga Farisa ta Tsakiya (300 BC) Zardusht,  wanda shine nau'in da sunan ya ɗauka a cikin rubutun Zoroastrian na ƙarni na 9 zuwa 12-yana ba da shawara cewa *Zaratuštra-na iya zama nau'in sifili na * Zarantuštra-.  Dangane da ko Zaraθuštra ya samo daga *Zaratuštra-ko daga *Zaratuštra-,an gabatar da fassarori da yawa. 
Idan Zarantuštra shine sigar asali, yana iya nufin "tare da tsofaffin raƙuma",  name="Schmitt_2003".</ref> mai alaƙa da Avestic zarant-  name="Schlerath_1977_133_135"> (cf. Pashto zōṛ da Ossetian zœrond, "tsohuwa"; Tsakiyar Persian zāl, "tsohuwar"): Paul Horn, Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie, Strassburg 1893

Fassarar -θ- (  ) a Avestan zaraθuštra ya kasance na ɗan lokaci da kansa ya fuskanci zazzafar muhawara saboda -θ- ci gaba ne mara daidaituwa: A ka'ida, * zarat- (wani abu na farko wanda ya ƙare a cikin hakori. ya kamata a sami Avestan zarat-ko zarat-a matsayin ci gaba daga gare ta. Me yasa hakan ba haka yake ba don zaraθuštra har yanzu ba a tantance ba. Duk da rashin bin ka'ida, cewa Avestan zaraθuštra tare da -θ- ya kasance a cikin harshe ainihin nau'i yana nunawa ta hanyar shaida na baya da ke nuna wannan tushe.  name="Schmitt_2003">. Duk a yau, bambance-bambancen harshen Iran na sunansa sun samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen Iran ta Tsakiya na Zarθošt, wanda, bi da bi, duk suna nuna fricative Avestan-θ-.
A cikin Farisa ta Tsakiya, sunan shine 𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲 Zardu(x)št,  in Parthian Zarhušt,  a cikin Manichaean Middle Persian Zrdrwšt,  a Farkon Sabon Farisa Zardušt, (New Persian a Zardušt),  sunan shine زرتشت Zartosht.

An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tushen Armenian na gargajiya azaman Zradašt (sau da yawa tare da bambance-bambancen Zradešt).  Marubutan Armenia Eznik na Kolb, Elishe, da Movses Khorenatsi ne suka bayar da mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shaidar.  name="SchmittIranica"  An yi rubutun Zradašt ta hanyar tsohuwar sigar da ta fara da *zur-,hujjar da masanin Iran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Friedrich Carl Andreas (1846-1930) ya yi amfani da shi azaman shaida ga kalmar Farisa ta Tsakiya *Zur(a) dušt.  name="SchmittIranica" /> Dangane da wannan zato, Andreas ma ya yi nisa don samar da sakamako daga wannan kuma ga nau'in sunan Avestan.  name="SchmittIranica"  Duk da haka, masanin Iran na zamani Rüdiger Schmitt ya yi watsi da zato Andreas, kuma ya bayyana cewa tsohuwar sigar da ta fara da *zur-ta kasance kawai ta hanyar Armeniya zur ("kuskure, azzalumi, rashin aiki"), wanda ke nufin cewa "dole ne an sake fassara sunan". a ma'anar anti-Zoroastrian ta Kiristocin Armeniya". <ref name="SchmittIranica" Bugu da ƙari, Schmitt ya ƙara da cewa: "Ba za a iya cire shi ba, cewa (Parthian ko) Farisa ta Tsakiya, wanda Armeniyawa suka ɗauka (Zaradušt ko makamancin haka), an daidaita su ne kawai zuwa gabanArm. *Zurara."  name="SchmittIranica" 

 Date 
Babu wata yarjejeniya akan soyayyar Zoroaster; Avesta ba ta ba da bayanin kai tsaye game da shi ba, yayin da tushen tarihi ke cin karo da juna. Wasu malaman sun kafa tarihin sake gina su a kan harshen Proto-Indo-Iranian da kuma addinin Proto-Indo-Iran,  don haka ana ganin asalinsa ya kasance a wani wuri a arewa maso gabashin Iran kuma wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 500 BC.    

 Manazarta 
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba