Tarihin Habasha

Habasha na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙasashe a Afirka, bayyanar civilization na  Habasha ta samo asali ne tun dubban shekaru. Saboda ƙaura da faɗaɗa masarautu, ya ƙaru ya haɗa da yawancin al'ummomin da ke magana da Afro-Asiatic, da suka haɗa da Amhara, Oromos, Somalia, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw da Harari, da sauransu."Ethiopia country profile". BBC News. 1997-01-17. Retrieved 2022-02-02. Daya daga cikin masarautun farko da suka hau mulki a yankin ita ce daular D'mt a karni na 10 BC, wacce ta kafa babban birninta a Yeha. A karni na farko miladiyya Masarautar Aksumite ta hau karagar mulki a yankin Tigray mai hedkwata a Aksum kuma ta zama babbar kasa a Tekun Bahar Maliya, ta mamaye Yemen da Meroe. A farkon ƙarni na huɗu, lokacin mulkin Ezana, an ayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addinin gwamnati. Sarautar Ezana kuma ita ce lokacin da Aksumiyawa suka fara bayyana kansu a matsayin "Habashawa", kuma ba da dadewa ba, Philostorgius ya zama marubuci na farko daga waje da ya kira Aksumites Habashawa.Hatke, George (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. pp. 52–53.  Daular Aksumite ta fada cikin durkushewa tare da bullowar Musulunci a yankin Larabawa, wanda sannu a hankali ya sauya kasuwanci daga Aksum na Kirista.Daga karshe ya zama  tattalin arzikinta ya durkushe sannan aka kawo karshen mamayar kasuwancin Aksum na yanki Aksumites sun ba da damar zuwa daular Zagwe, wanda ya kafa sabon babban birni a Lalibela kafin ya ba da damar daular Sulemanu a karni na 13. A lokacin zamanin Sulemanu na farko, Habasha ta yi gyare-gyaren soja da faɗaɗa masarautu wanda ya ba ta damar mamaye Horn of Afirka. Mishan na Portugal sun zo a wannan lokacin.

A cikin shekarar 1529, Adal Sultanate yayi ƙoƙari ya ci Abyssinia kuma ya sami nasara ta farko; Daular Ottoman ne suka kawo Adal yayin da Abyssinia ta sami ƙarfafan Portuguese. A shekara ta 1543, Abyssinia ta sake kwace yankunan da aka rasa amma yakin ya raunana bangarorin biyu. Mutanen Oromo sun sami damar faɗaɗa zuwa tsaunukan tsaunuka, inda suka ci duka Adal Sultanate da Abyssinia. Kasancewar Portuguese kuma ya karu, yayin da Ottoman suka fara turawa zuwa cikin kasar Eritrea a yanzu, suna haifar da Habesh Eyale. Turawan Portugal sun kawo makamai na zamani da gine-ginen baroque zuwa Habasha, kuma a shekara ta 1622 sun mayar da sarki Susenyos I zuwa Katolika, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a kawar da dukan Katolika daga Habasha. An kafa sabon babban birnin kasar a Gonder a shekara ta 1632, kuma an samu zaman lafiya da ci gaba har sai da kasar ta raba gari da sarakunan yaki a karni na 18 a zamanin Zemene Mesafint.

Kasar Habasha ta sake hadewa a shekara ta 1855 karkashin Tewodros II, inda ta fara tarihinta na zamani sannan kuma ya biyo bayan mulkinsa Yohannes IV wanda aka kashe a 1889. A karkashin Menelik na biyu Habasha ta fara sauye-sauye zuwa ingantaccen tsarin ci gaban fasaha da tsarin da kasar ke da shi a yanzu."Ethiopian History". Retrieved 2 July 2019. Habasha ta zaci kan iyaka na zamani zuwa kudu da gabas bayan yaki da maharan da suka fito daga kudu, wanda ya haifar da iyakokin Habasha ta zamani. Habasha ta yi galaba a kan mamayewar Masar a 1876 da kuma mamayar Italiya a 1896 wanda ya kashe Habashawa 17,000,  kuma ta zama halastacciyar ƙasa ta turawa. Sabon zamani ya yi sauri a karkashin Menelik II da Haile Selassie. Italiya ta ƙaddamar da mamayewa na biyu a cikin shekarar 1935. Daga 1935 zuwa 1941, Habasha tana karkashin mulkin Italiya a matsayin wani yanki na Italiyan Gabashin Afirka. Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun yi nasarar korar Italiyawa daga ƙasar a shekara ta 1941, kuma Haile Selassie ya koma kan karagar mulki daga shekaru 5 da ya yi gudun hijira a Biritaniya. Habasha da Eritiriya sun haɗu a cikin tarayya, amma lokacin da Haile Selassie ya kawo karshen tarayyar a shekara ta 1961 ya mayar da Eritrea lardin Habasha, shekaru 30 na yakin 'yancin kai na Eritrea ya barke. Eritrea ta sake samun 'yancin kai bayan kuri'ar raba gardama a shekarar 1993.

An hambarar da Haile Selassie a shekara ta 1974 kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Derg ta hau kan karagar mulki. A cikin shekarar 1977 Somaliya ta mamaye, tana ƙoƙarin mamaye yankin Ogaden, amma sojojin Habasha, Soviet, da Kuba suka fatattake su. A cikin shekarar 1977 da 1978 gwamnati ta azabtar da ko kashe dubban daruruwan da ake zargin makiya a cikin Red Terror.  Kasar Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa a shekarar 1984 da ta kashe mutane miliyan daya da yakin basasa wanda ya yi sanadin faduwar mulkin Dergi a shekarar 1991. Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Tarayya karkashin Meles Zenawi. Kasar Habasha ta kasance tana fama da talauci sosai, duk da cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama daya daga cikin kasashe masu saurin bunkasa a duniya.  Rikicin basasa a kasar, da suka hada da rikicin Metekel da yakin Tigray, na ci gaba da gudana.

 Tarihi  

Sai a shekara ta 1963 ne aka gano shaidar kasancewar tsohon hominids a Habasha, shekaru da yawa bayan an yi irin wannan binciken a makwabciyar Kenya da Tanzaniya. Gerrard Dekker, masanin kimiyyar ruwa dan kasar Holland ne ya gano wannan binciken, wanda ya gano kayan aikin dutse na Acheulian da suka wuce shekaru miliyan daya a wurin Kella, kusa da Awash.  Tun daga wannan lokaci muhimman abubuwan da aka gano da yawa sun sa Habasha ta zama kan gaba a fannin ilimin burbushin halittu. Hominid mafi tsufa da aka gano har zuwa yau a Habasha shine Ardipithicus ramidus (Ardi) mai shekaru miliyan 4.2 wanda Tim D. White ya samo a 1994.  Sanannen binciken hominid shine Lucy, wanda aka samo a kwarin Awash na yankin Afar a cikin shekarar 1974 ta Donald Johanson, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi cika kuma mafi kyawun adanawa, manyan burbushin Australopithecine da aka taɓa ganowa. Sunan taxonomic na Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis, yana nufin 'biri na kudancin Afar', kuma yana nufin yankin Habasha inda aka gano. An kiyasta Lucy ta rayu shekaru miliyan 3.2 da suka wuce. 

An sami wasu fitattun binciken burbushin halittu da yawa a cikin ƙasar. A cikin Gona kayan aikin dutse an gano a cikin shekarar 1992 waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 2.52, irin waɗannan kayan aikin mafi dadewa da aka gano a ko'ina cikin duniya.  A cikin shekarar 2010 burbushin kasusuwan dabbobi, waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 3.4, an same su da alamun dutse-kayan aikin da aka yi musu a cikin Lower Awash Valley ta wata ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa, karkashin jagorancin Shannon McPherron, wanda shine mafi tsufa shaidar amfani da kayan aikin dutse da aka taɓa samu. a ko'ina a duniya.  A cikin shekarar 2004 burbushin da Richard Leakey ya gano kusa da kogin Omo a Kibbish a cikin shekarar 1967 an canza su zuwa shekaru 195,000, mafi tsufa kwanan wata a Gabashin Afirka ga Homo sapiens na zamani. Homo sapiens idaltu, wanda aka samu a tsakiyar Awash a Habasha a 1997, ya rayu kimanin shekaru 160,000 da suka wuce. "Melka Kunture". Sapienza University of Rome. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

Wasu daga cikin sanannun shaidun farko na makamai masu linzami na farko (wani kayan aiki na Homo sapiens), ƙwanƙolin dutse na javelins ko jifar mashi, an gano su a cikin shekarar 2013 a wurin Gademotta, kuma kwanan wata zuwa kusan 279,000 shekaru da suka wuce. Ansari, Azadeh (October 7, 2009). "Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution". CNN.com/technology. Retrieved 2 March 2011. A cikin shekarar 2019, an sami ƙarin shaida game da haɗaɗɗun makamai masu linzami a Aduma, kuma a cikin Habasha, shekaru 100,000-80,000 da suka gabata, a cikin nau'ikan maki da ake ganin na iya zama na darts da masu jefa mashi suka kawo. "Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-03-16.


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