Masarautar Sennar

TFunj Sultanate

Funj Sultanate wacce kuma aka fi sani da Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (bayan babban birninta Sennar) ko kuma Blue Sultanate saboda al'adar Sudan ta gargajiya na kiran baƙar fata launin shuɗi  ( ) Ogot 1999, p. 91 masarauta ce a kasar Sudan a yanzu, tana a arewa maso yammacin Eritrea da yammacin Habasha. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1504 ta mutanen Funj, ta musulunta da sauri, kodayake wannan rungumar ta kasance kawai. Har zuwa lokacin da Musulunci ya sami karbuwa a ƙarni na 18, kasar ta kasance "daular Afirka tare da facade na musulmi".  Ta kai kololuwarta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, amma ta ƙi kuma a ƙarshe ta faɗi a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th. A cikin shekarar 1821, Sultan na ƙarshe, wanda ikonsa ya ragu sosai, ya mika wuya ga mamayar Masar ta Ottoman ba tare da faɗa ba. Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), p. 215

 Tarihi 

 Asali 
Kirista Nubia, wanda sarakunan Makuria da Alodia suka wakilta, sun fara raguwa daga ƙarni na 12.  A shekara ta 1365 Makuria ta kusan rugujewa kuma an rage ta zuwa ƙaramar masarauta da aka keɓe ga Lower Nubia, har zuwa ƙarshe ta ɓace  Bayan shekaru 150.  Makomar Alodia ba ta da kyau.  An ba da shawarar cewa ta ruguje tun a farkon ƙarni na 12 ko kuma jim kadan bayan haka, kamar yadda ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin, Soba ta daina amfani da ita a matsayin babban birninta.  A ƙarni na 13 tsakiyar Sudan kamar ta wargaje zuwa ƙananun kasashe daban-daban.  Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 zuwa 15, ƙabilun Badawiyya sun mamaye Sudan.  A cikin karni na 15 ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan Badawiyya, waɗanda al'adun Sudan suke kira Abdallah Jammah, an rubuta cewa ya kafa tarayyar ƙabilun kuma daga baya ya lalata abin da ya rage na Alodia. A farkon ƙarni na 16 ne tarayyar Abdallah ta afkawa wasu mahara daga kudu, a Funj. 

Har yanzu ana takaddama kan kabilanci na Funj. Na farko da na biyu daga cikin fitattun ka'idoji uku sun nuna cewa ko dai Nubians ne ko kuma Shilluk, yayin da, bisa ga ka'idar ta uku, Funj ba kabila ba ne, amma ajin ne na zamantakewa.

A ƙarni na 14 wani musulmi dan kasuwan Funj mai suna al-Hajj Faraj al-Funi ya tsunduma cikin cinikin tekun maliya.  A bisa al'adar baka, Dinka, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa kogin white and  Blue Nile tun daga ɓarkewar Alodia na ƙarni na 13, ta sami rikici da Funj, wanda Dinka ya ci nasara.  A ƙarshen 15th/ farkon ƙarni na 16th Shilluk ya isa mahaɗar Sobat da White Nile, inda suka ci karo da mutane masu zaman kansu al'adun Shilluk suna magana da Apfuny, Obwongo da/ko Dongo, mutanen da yanzu sun daidaita da Funj. An ce sun fi Shilluk ƙwarewa, an ci su a cikin jerin munanan yaƙe-yaƙe  kuma ko dai an haɗa su ko kuma aka tura su arewa.  Farfagandar Anti-Funj daga zamanin ƙarshe na masarauta ana kiran Funj a matsayin "pagans daga white Nilu" da "Barbarians" waɗanda suka samo asali daga "primitive kudanci na farko". 
A shekara ta 1504 Funj ya ci Abdallah Jammah da yaki ya kafa Funj sultanate. 

 Manazarta 
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba