Charlemagne

Charlemagne  (/ˈʃɑːrləmən,_SHAR- lə-mayn, MAYN SHAR: French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ]) ko Charles the Great (Latin; German; 2 Afrilu 747  -28 Janairu 814), memba ne na daular Carolingian, shine Sarkin Franks daga 768, Sarkin Lombards daga 774, kuma Sarkin farko na Romawa daga 800. Charlemagne ya yi nasarar hada kan mafi yawan yammacin Turai da tsakiyar Turai kuma shi ne sarki na farko da aka amince da shi da ya yi mulki daga yammacin Turai bayan faduwar daular Roma ta Yamma a wajen karni uku a baya.  Ƙasar da aka faɗaɗa ta Faransanci wanda Charlemagne ya kafa ita ce daular Carolingian. Antipope Paschal III ne ya naɗa shi—wani aikin da daga baya ya ɗauke shi a matsayin marar amfani—kuma yanzu wasu suna ɗaukansa a matsayin wanda aka yi masa tsiya (wanda yake mataki ne kan tafarkin tsarkaka) a cikin Cocin Katolika.

Charlemagne shine ɗan fari na Pepin the Short da Bertrada na Laon. An haife shi kafin aurensu na farilla ..  Ya zama sarkin Franks a shekara ta 768 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma tun farko ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwansa Carloman I har zuwa mutuwar na ƙarshe a 771.  A matsayinsa na mai mulki shi kaɗai, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa game da kariyar sarautar Paparoma kuma ya zama mai kare shi kaɗai, ya kawar da Lombards daga mulki a arewacin Italiya tare da jagorantar kutsawa cikin musulmin Spain. Ya kuma yi yaƙi da Saxons zuwa gabas, Kiristanci su (a kan hukuncin kisa) wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Kisan Kisan da aka yi na Verden. Ya kai tsayin daka a cikin 800 lokacin da Paparoma Leo III ya nada shi Sarkin sarakuna na Romawa a ranar Kirsimeti a Old St. Peter's Basilica a Roma.

Charlemagne an kira shi "Uban Turai" (Pater Europae),  yayin da ya haɗu da mafi yawan Yammacin Turai a karon farko tun zamanin daular Romawa, da kuma haɗakar da sassan Turai da ba a taɓa kasancewa ba. Mulkin Faransanci ko na Romawa. Mulkinsa ya haifar da Renaissance na Carolingian, lokacin ƙwaƙƙwaran ayyukan al'adu da tunani a cikin Cocin Yammacin Turai. Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun kalli Charlemagne da kyau, saboda goyon bayansa na filioque da kuma fifikon Paparoma a matsayin sarki akan mace ta farko ta Daular Byzantine, Irene ta Athens. Wadannan da sauran rigingimu sun haifar da rabuwar Roma da Konstantinoful a cikin Babban Schism na 1054.  

Charlemagne ya mutu a shekara ta 814 bayan ya kamu da cutar huhu mai yaduwa.  An binne shi a babban cocin Aachen Cathedral a babban birnin masarautarsa na Aachen. Ya yi aure aƙalla sau huɗu,   kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza uku na halal waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa girma. Sai kawai ƙarami daga cikinsu, Louis the Pious, ya tsira ya gaje shi. Charlemagne shi ne kakannin kai tsaye na yawancin gidajen sarauta na Turai, ciki har da daular Capetian,  daular Ottonia,  Gidan Luxembourg,  Gidan Ivrea  da kuma House of Habsburg. 

 Sunaye da laƙabi 
Sunan English:  ( Turanci: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌ ʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/SHAR-lə SHAR mayn,- ⁠MAYN),  wanda aka fi sani da sarki a Turanci, ya fito ne daga Faransanci Charles-le-magne, ma'ana "Charles the Great".  A cikin Jamusanci na zamani, Karl der Große yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Sunan da aka ba shi shine Charles (Latin Carolus, Tsohon Babban Jamus Karlus, Romance Karlo).  An ba shi suna bayan kakansa, Charles Martel, zaɓi wanda da gangan ya yi masa alama a matsayin magajin gaskiya na Martel. 

Laƙabin magnus (mai girma) mai yiwuwa an haɗa shi da shi a cikin rayuwarsa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. The zamanin Latin Royal Frankish Annals akai-akai kiransa Carolus magnus rex, "Charles the great king".  A matsayin sunan barkwanci, tabbas an tabbatar da shi a cikin ayyukan Poeta Saxo a kusa da 900 kuma ya zama daidaitattun a duk ƙasashen tsohuwar daularsa a kusa da 1000. 

Nasarorin da Charles ya samu sun ba da sabon ma'ana ga sunansa. A cikin harsuna da yawa na Turai, ainihin kalmar "sarki" ta samo asali ne daga sunansa; mis, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech,, Slovak, Hungarian,    Lithuanian, Latvian, ,    Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic, .   .Wannan ci gaban ya yi daidai da sunan Kaisar a cikin ainihin Daular Roma, wanda ya zama kaiser da tsar (ko czar ), da sauransu. 

 Bayanan siyasa 
A ƙarni na 6, ƙabilar Jamus ta yamma na Franks sun zama Kiristanci, saboda babban ma'auni ga juyin Katolika na Clovis I.  Francia, wanda Merovingians ke mulki, ita ce mafi iko a cikin masarautun da suka gaji daular Roma ta Yamma.  Bayan Yaƙin Tertry, Merovingians sun ƙi zuwa cikin rashin ƙarfi, wanda saboda haka aka yi musu lakabi da rois fainéants ("sarakuna-ba-komai").  Kusan dukkan ikon gwamnati babban hafsansu ne, magajin fadar. 

A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry.  Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen.  Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer). 

A cikin 687, Pepin na Herstal, magajin fadar Austrasia, ya kawo karshen takaddama tsakanin sarakuna daban-daban da magajin su tare da nasararsa a Tertry. ☃☃ Ya zama gwamna tilo na dukan masarautar Faransa. Pepin jikan ne ga wasu muhimman mutane biyu na Masarautar Australiya: Saint Arnulf na Metz da Pepin na Landen. ☃☃ Pepin na Herstal daga ƙarshe ɗansa Charles ne ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).

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