Aesthetics/Kayan ado

Aesthetics, ko esthetics, wani reshe ne na falsafar da ke hulɗar da yanayin kyau da dandano, da kuma falsafar fasaha (yankin falsafar da ke fitowa daga kayan ado). , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 28-02-2021. Yana nazarin dabi'u masu kyau, sau da yawa ana bayyana su ta hanyar yanke hukunci na ɗanɗano. Zangwill, Nick. "Aesthetic Judgment", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 02-28-2003/10-22-2007. Retrieved 07-24-2008.
Aesthetics ya ƙunshi tushen abubuwan gogewa na halitta da na wucin gadi da yadda muke yanke hukunci game da waɗannan tushen. Yana la'akari da abin da ke faruwa a cikin zukatanmu sa'ad da muke hulɗa da abubuwa ko yanayi kamar kallon zane-zane, sauraron kiɗa, karanta waƙa, fuskantar wasan kwaikwayo, kallon wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, wasanni ko ma bincika abubuwa daban-daban na yanayi. Falsafar fasaha tana nazarin yadda masu fasaha ke tunani, ƙirƙira, da yin ayyukan fasaha, da yadda mutane ke amfani da su, jin daɗi, da sukar fasaha. Aesthetics yayi la'akari da dalilin da yasa mutane suke son wasu ayyukan fasaha ba wasu ba, da kuma yadda fasaha ke iya shafar yanayi ko ma imaninmu. Thomas Munro, "Aesthetics", The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. A. Richard Harmet, et al., (Chicago: Merchandise Mart Plaza, 1986), p. 80 Dukansu kayan ado da falsafar fasaha suna ƙoƙarin nemo amsoshin menene ainihin fasaha, zane-zane, ko abin da ke samar da kyakkyawar fasaha.

Masana a fannin sun bayyana kyawawan ɗabi'u a matsayin "mahimman tunani kan fasaha, al'adu da yanayi". Kelly (1998) p. ix  A cikin Ingilishi na zamani, kalmar "kyakkyawa" kuma na iya komawa zuwa tsarin ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin ayyukan wani motsi na fasaha ko ka'idar (wanda yayi magana, misali, na Renaissance aesthetic). 

 Etymology 
Kalmar aesthetical ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Hellenanci αἰσθητικός (aisthētikós, "hankali, mai hankali, dangane da tsinkaye"), wanda kuma ya fito daga αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai, ma'ana, fahimta da αἴσθησις aísthēsis, "hankali, ji").  Aesthetics a cikin wannan ma'ana ta tsakiya an ce ta fara ne da jerin kasidu kan "Farin Hankali" wanda ɗan jaridar Joseph Addison ya rubuta a farkon al'amuran mujallar The Spectator a 1712. 

Kalmar aesthetics an tsara ta da sabuwar ma'ana ta masanin falsafar Jamus Alexander Baumgarten a cikin littafinsa na Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus (English::) a shekara ta 1735;  Baumgarten ya zaɓi "kyakkyawa" saboda yana so ya jaddada ƙwarewar fasaha a matsayin hanyar sani. Ma'anar Baumgarten na ƙawa a cikin gutsuttsarin Aesthetica (1750) ana ɗaukar lokaci-lokaci ma'anar farko na kayan ado na zamani. 

 Aesthetics da falsafar fasaha 

Wasu kebantattun kayan ado da falsafar fasaha, suna da'awar cewa na farko shine nazarin kyan gani da dandano yayin da na biyun nazarin ayyukan fasaha ne. Amma aesthetics yawanci la'akari da tambayoyi na kyau da kuma na art. Yana nazarin batutuwa irin su ayyukan fasaha, gwanintar kyan gani, da hukunce-hukunce masu kyau.  Wasu suna la'akari da kyan gani a matsayin ma'anar falsafar fasaha tun Hegel, yayin da wasu suka dage cewa akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin waɗannan fagage masu alaƙa. A aikace, hukunce-hukuncen kyawawa yana nufin tunani na hankali ko godiya ga abu (ba lallai ba ne aikin fasaha), yayin da hukuncin fasaha yana nufin ganewa, godiya ko sukar fasaha ko aikin fasaha.

Ƙwararrun Falsafa dole ne ba kawai magana game da yin hukunci game da fasaha da ayyukan fasaha ba amma kuma su ayyana fasaha. Batun sabani na gama gari ya shafi ko fasaha ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga kowace manufa ko siyasa.

Kwararrun masana kayan adon  suna auna ra'ayi na al'adu na fasaha da wanda ke da ka'ida kawai. Suna nazarin nau'ikan fasaha dangane da yanayinsu na zahiri, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Har ila yau, masu ƙayatarwa suna amfani da ilimin halin ɗan adam don fahimtar yadda mutane suke gani, ji, tunani, tunani, koyo, da aiki dangane da kayan aiki da matsalolin fasaha. Ƙwararren ilimin halin ɗabi'a yana nazarin tsarin ƙirƙira da ƙwarewar ƙayatarwa. Thomas Munro, "aesthetics", The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. A. Richard Harmet, et al., (Chicago: Merchandise Mart Plaza, 1986), p. 81.

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