Ban dariya

Ban dariya wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana ra'ayoyi tare da hotuna, yawanci haɗe da rubutu ko wasu bayanan gani. Yawanci yana ɗaukar nau'i na jerin sassan hotuna. Na'urorin rubutu kamar balloon magana, taken magana, da onomatopoeia na iya nuna tattaunawa, labari, tasirin sauti, ko wasu bayanai.  Babu yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi kan ma'anar ban dariya;  wasu suna jaddada haɗin hotuna da rubutu, wasu jerin abubuwa ko wasu alaƙar hoto, da sauran abubuwan tarihi kamar haɓakar taro ko amfani da haruffa masu maimaitawa. Zane da sauran nau'ikan zane-zane sune mafi yawan hanyoyin yin hoto a cikin wasan kwaikwayo; fumetti wani nau'i ne da ke amfani da hotunan hoto. Siffofin gama gari sun haɗa da tsiri mai ban dariya, zane-zane na gag, da littattafan ban dariya. Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20, kundin da aka ɗaure irin su litattafan zane-zane, kundin ban dariya, da tankōbon sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, yayin da wasan kwaikwayo na kan layi ya haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 21.

Tarihin wasan kwaikwayo ya bi hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Masana sun kafa tarihi akan training har zuwa zanen kogon Lascaux. A tsakiyar karni na 20, wasan kwaikwayo ya bunƙasa, musamman a Amurka, yammacin Turai (musamman Faransa da Belgium ), da Japan. Tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na Turai sau da yawa ana bin sahun zane-zane na Rodolphe Töpffer na 1830s, kuma ya zama sananne bayan nasarar da aka samu a cikin 1930s na tube da littattafai kamar The Adventures of Tintin. Mawakan barkwanci na Amurka sun fito a matsayin matsakaicin matsakaici a farkon karni na 20 tare da zuwan labaran barkwanci na jaridu; Littattafan ban dariya irin na mujallu sun biyo baya a cikin 1930s, wanda nau'in superhero ya zama sananne bayan Superman ya bayyana a cikin 1938. Tarihi na ban dariya na Jafananci da zane-zane (  ) sun ba da shawarar tushen tun farkon karni na 12. Hotunan barkwanci na zamani sun bayyana a Japan a farkon karni na 20, kuma fitowar mujallu da littattafai masu ban dariya da sauri ya faɗaɗa a bayan yakin duniya. Zamanin II (1945-) tare da shaharar masu zane-zane irin su Osamu Tezuka.  yayi kaurin suna ga yawancin tarihinsa, amma zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 ya fara samun karbuwa ga jama'a da malamai.

Kalmar barkwanci ana amfani da ita azaman suna guda ɗaya idan tana nufin matsakaicin kanta (misali " Comics sigar fasaha ce ta gani."), amma ya zama jam'i lokacin da ake magana akan ayyuka tare (misali " Comics ne sanannen kayan karatu." ).Al'adun ban dariya na Turai, Amurka da Japan sun bi hanyoyi daban-daban.  Turawa sun ga al'adarsu tun daga Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer tun daga farkon 1827 kuma Amurkawa sun ga asalinsu a cikin jaridar Richard F. Outcault ta 1890s strip The Yellow Kid, kodayake yawancin Amirkawa sun fahimci Töpffer's. fifiko. [2] Japan tana da dogon tarihin zane mai ban dariya da ban dariya wanda ya kai ga yakin duniya II zamani. Mawakin ukiyo-e Hokusai ya shahara da kalmar Jafananci don ban dariya da zane mai ban dariya, , a farkon karni na 19. [3] A cikin 1930s Harry "A" Chesler ya fara gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya, wanda a ƙarshe a tsayinsa ya ɗauki ma'aikata 40 aiki don masu wallafa 50 daban-daban waɗanda suka taimaka wajen haɓaka matsakaicin wasan ban dariya a cikin "Golden Age of Comics" bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II.  A zamanin baya-bayan nan, wasannin barkwanci na Japan na zamani sun fara bunƙasa lokacin da Osamu Tezuka ya samar da ƙwararrun ayyuka. [5] A kusan ƙarshen karni na 20, waɗannan hadisai guda uku sun haɗu a cikin yanayin zuwa ga masu ban dariya na tsawon littafi: kundin ban dariya a Turai,   a Japan, da kuma labari mai hoto a cikin harshen Ingilishi. kasashe. 

A waje da waɗannan sassa na asali, masu ba da labari na wasan kwaikwayo da masana tarihi sun ga abubuwan da suka gabata don wasan kwaikwayo a cikin zane-zane na kogon Lascaux [6] a Faransa (wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance jerin jerin hotuna na zamani), hieroglyphs na Masar, Trajan's Column a Roma,  na 11th. -karni Norman Bayeux Tapestry, [8] da 1370  yanke katako,  na ƙarni na 15 da kuma toshe littattafai, Hukuncin Ƙarshe na Michelangelo a cikin Sistine Chapel,  da William Hogarth na ƙarni na 18 na zane-zane,  da sauransu.  

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