Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (/məˈɡɛlən/ [  /məˈdʒɛlən/;  Portuguese, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish:,  IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1480-27 watan Afrilun shekarar 1521) ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne mai bincike. An fi saninsa da yadda ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci balaguro na shekarar 1519 na Sipaniya zuwa Gabashin Indiyawan da ke kan Tekun Pasifik don buɗe hanyar kasuwanci ta teku, a lokacin ne ya gano hanyar interoceanic da ke ɗauke da sunansa kuma ya sami nasarar fara zirga-zirgar Turai daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa yankin Asiya. 

A lokacin wannan tafiya, an kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a shekara ta 1521 a kasar Philippines ta yau, bayan da ya fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummar 'yan asalin da Lapulapu ya jagoranta, wanda a sakamakon haka ya zama alamar kasa ta Philippine na tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Bayan mutuwar Magellan, Juan Sebastián Elcano ya jagoranci balaguron, kuma tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun mambobi a cikin daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu da suka rage, sun kammala zagaye na farko na duniya lokacin da suka koma Spain a shekarar 1522. Pigafetta, Antonio.  Mitchell, Mairin. 
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An haifi Magellan a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1480 a cikin dangin ƙananan ƴan ƙasar Portugal, Magellan ya zama ƙwararren matukin jirgin ruwa kuma jami'in sojan ruwa a hidimar Crown Portuguese a Asiya. Sarki Manuel ya ki goyon bayan shirin Magellan na isa tsibirin Maluku ("Spice Islands") ta hanyar tafiya zuwa yammacin nahiyar Amurka. Da yake fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, Magellan ya bar Portugal kuma ya ba da shawarar irin wannan balaguron zuwa ga Sarki Charles I na Spain, wanda ya yarda da shi. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa a Portugal sun ɗauke shi maci amana kuma bai dawo ba. A typical evaluation of Magellan by a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel, edited by Texeira de Carvalho e Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83–84, who considered Magellan “a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel.” "Magellan". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 8 October 2019. A Seville ya yi aure, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, kuma ya shirya balaguro.  Domin biyayyarsa ga Masarautar Hispaniya, a cikin shekarar 1518, an nada Magellan a matsayin mai kula da jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya kuma ya ba da umarnin balaguro-jirgin ruwa biyar na Armada na Molucca. An kuma nada shi Kwamandan Order of Santiago, daya daga cikin manyan mukamai na soja na Daular Spain. Castro, Xavier de (dir.

Ya ba da iko na musamman da gata daga Sarki, ya jagoranci Armada daga Sanlucar de Barrameda kudu maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika, zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, har zuwa Patagonia. Duk da yawan guguwa da guguwa, balaguron ya samu nasarar ratsa mashigin Magellan zuwa cikin Mar del Sur, wanda Magellan ya sake masa suna "Tekun Aminci" (Tekun Pacific na zamani).  Balaguron ya isa Guam kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, tsibirin kasar Philippine. A can aka kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a cikin watan Afrilun shekarar  1521. A karkashin umarnin kyaftin Juan Sebastian Elcano, balaguron ya isa tsibirin Spice daga baya. Don komawa Spain da kuma guje wa kamawa da Portuguese, sauran jiragen ruwa guda biyu na balaguro sun rabu, daya yana ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don isa New Spain ta hanyar tafiya zuwa gabas ta tekun Pacific, yayin da ɗayan, Elcano ya umarta, ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma ta Tekun Indiya. har zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, daga karshe suka isa tashar jirgin ruwan balaguro kuma ta haka ne aka kammala zagaye na farko na duniya.

Yayin da yake hidimar Masarautar Portugal, Magellan ya riga ya isa tsibirin Malay a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a tafiye-tafiyen da ya gabata na tafiya gabas (daga shekarar 1505 zuwa 1511-1512). Ta hanyar sake ziyartar wannan yanki amma yanzu tafiya yamma, Magellan ya sami kusan cikakkiyar kewayawa na duniya a karon farko a tarihi.

 Ƙuruciya da tafiye-tafiye 
An haifi Magellan a garin Sabrosa na Portuguese a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1480.  Mahaifinsa, Pedro de Magalhães, ƙaramin memba ne na ƴan ƙasar Portugal  kuma magajin garin. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Alda de Mezquita.  'Yan uwan Magellan sun hada da Diego de Sosa da Isabel Magellan.  An haife shi azaman shafin Sarauniya Eleanor, mataimakiyar Sarki John II. A cikin shekarar 1495 ya shiga hidimar Manuel I, magajin John. 

A cikin watan Maris 1505, yana da shekaru 25, Magellan ya shiga cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa 22 da aka aika don karbar bakuncin Francisco de Almeida a matsayin mataimakin farko na Portuguese Indiya. Ko da yake sunansa bai bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, an san cewa ya zauna a can shekaru takwas, a Goa, Cochin da Quilon. Ya halarci yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da yaƙin Cannanore a shekara ta 1506, inda ya ji rauni. A shekara ta 1509 kuma ya yi yaƙi a wani yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida da suka canza duniya,  yaƙin Diu. 
Daga baya ya tashi a ƙarƙashin Diogo Lopes de Sequeira a cikin ofishin jakadancin Portugal na farko zuwa Malacca, tare da Francisco Serrão, abokinsa kuma mai yiwuwa dan uwan.  A watan Satumba, bayan isa Malacca, balaguron ya fada cikin wani makirci kuma ya ƙare a ja da baya. Magellan yana da muhimmiyar rawa, yana gargaɗin Sequeira tare da jefa rayuwarsa cikin haɗari don ceto Francisco Serrão da sauran waɗanda suka sauka.  
A cikin shekarar 1511, karkashin sabon gwamna Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan da Serrão sun shiga cikin cin nasara na Malacca. Bayan cin nasara, hanyoyinsu sun rabu: An ɗaukaka Magellan, tare da ganima mai arziki. A cikin kamfanin wani Malay ya yi baftisma kuma ya yi baftisma, Enrique na Malacca, ya koma Portugal a 1512 ko 1513.  Serrão ya tashi a cikin balaguron farko da aka aika don nemo "Tsibirin Spice" a cikin Moluccas, inda ya zauna. Ya auri wata mace daga Amboina kuma ya zama mai baiwa Sarkin Musulmi shawara bayan Sirrullah. Wasiƙunsa zuwa Magellan daga baya sun tabbatar da yanke hukunci, suna ba da bayanai game da yankuna masu samar da kayan yaji.  

Bayan ya yi hutu ba tare da izini ba, Magellan ya fadi daga ni'ima. Yin hidima a Maroko, an ji masa rauni, wanda ya haifar da gurguzu na dindindin. An zarge shi da yin kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da Moors. An tabbatar da zargin karya, amma bai sami ƙarin tayin aikin ba bayan 15 ga watan Mayu 1514. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1515, an ba shi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Portuguese, amma ya ƙi wannan. A cikin shekarar 1517, bayan jayayya da Manuel I na Portugal, wanda ya ki amincewa da buƙatunsa na ci gaba da jagorantar balaguro don isa tsibirin Spice daga gabas (watau yayin tafiya zuwa yamma, don haka guje wa buƙatar tafiya a kusa da iyakar Afirka  ), ya tafi Spain. A Seville ya yi abokantaka da dan kasarsa Diogo Barbosa kuma nan da nan ya auri 'yar matar Diogo ta biyu, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.  Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Rodrigo de Magallanes . da Carlos de Magallanes, dukansu sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. Matarsa ta mutu a Seville a kusa da 1521.

A halin yanzu, Magellan ya sadaukar da kansa don nazarin zane-zane na baya-bayan nan, bincike, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Rui Faleiro, wata ƙofa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kudancin Pacific da yiwuwar Moluccas na Sipaniya ne a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas.

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