Sanaa

Sanaa (    ,  [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], Yaman Larabci : [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ] ; Tsohon Larabawa ta Kudu : 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 Ṣnʿw ), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da Sana'a ko Sana, babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar Yaman kuma tsakiyar lardin Sanaa. Garin ba ya cikin mulki, amma ya kafa gunduma na musamman na "ʾAmanat al-ʿĀṣima" (  ). A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Yemen, Sanaa ita ce babban birnin kasar, ko da yake kujerar gwamnatin Yemen ta koma Aden, tsohon babban birnin Yaman ta Kudu bayan mamayar Houthi. Shugaba Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi ya ayyana Aden a matsayin babban birnin wucin gadi a watan Maris shekarar 2015.

A tsayin , Sana'a na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma birnin dake kusa da tsaunin Sarawat na Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb da Jabal Tiyal, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a ƙasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. Yankin Sana'a tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 3,937,500 (2012), hakan ya birnin zama mafi girma a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, mafi girman yankin birnin Sanaa ya kai kusan kashi 10% na yawan al'ummar Yemen.

Tsohon birnin Sanaa, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO, yana da gine-gine na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin gine-ginen masu yawa da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na geometric. A rikicin da ya barke a shekarar 2015, bama-bamai sun afkawa wuraren UNESCO a tsohon birnin. Masallacin Al Saleh, mafi girma a Sana'a, yana cikin tsohon birni.

Sana'a na fuskantar matsalar ruwa mai tsanani, inda ake dibar ruwa daga magudanar ruwan da gaugawa. An yi hasashen cewa birnin zai kare gaba daya daga cikin ruwa nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasa na farko a duniya. Samun ruwan sha yana da wahala a Sanaa, kuma ana samun matsalolin ingancin ruwa.

 Tarihi 

 Zamanin da 
Bisa ga sanannun addinan Ibrahim, an kafa Sana'a a gindin tsaunin Jabal Nuqum  ta Shem, ɗan Nuhu, Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl, Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9 Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1. Aithe, p.30. bayan mutuwar karshe.

Wataƙila sunan Sanaa ya samo asali ne daga tushen Sabaic ṣnʿ, ma'ana "ƙarfi mai kyau". Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440 An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tsofaffin rubutun Sabae, galibi daga ƙarni na 3 AZ, kamar yadda ṣnʿw .  A halin yanzu, sanannen ilimin ilimin al'umma ya ce sunan Sana'a yana nufin "kyakkyawan sana'o'insa da sana'o'insa (watakila sifar mata ta larabci aṣnaʿ )". 

Masanin tarihin Larabawa na ƙarni na 10 al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa tsohon sunan Sanaa Azāl ne, wanda ba a rubuta shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen Sabae na zamani ba. Smith, G.R. (1997). "ṢANʿĀʾ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–3. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 18 March 2022. Sunan "Azal" yana da alaƙa da Uzal, ɗan Qahtan, babban jikan Shem, a cikin labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki na Littafin Farawa . 

Al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa Sana'a ta kasance katangar da Saba'awa suka yi a karkashin sarkinsu Sha'r Awtar, wanda kuma za a iya cewa ya gina fadar Ghumdan a birnin. Saboda wurin da yake, Sana'a ta kasance cibiyar birni ga kabilun yankin da ke kewaye da ita kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin yanki a kudancin Larabawa . An sanya shi a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu da suka haɗa Ma'rib a gabas zuwa Bahar Maliya a yamma. Aithe, p.30.

 Zamanin Musulunci 
Tun daga zamanin Muhammadu (wato kimanin shekara ta 622 AZ) har zuwa kafuwar kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu a sassa da dama na Khalifancin Musulunci na Yaman, Sana'a ta dage da samun matsayin kujerar mulki. Mataimakin Halifa ya kula da al'amuran daya daga cikin Makhalif din Yemen guda uku: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, da Mikhlaf Hadhramaut . Birnin Sanaa na ci gaba da samun wani muhimmin matsayi a kai a kai, kuma dukkan kasashen Yaman sun fafata da su wajen sarrafa shi.

Imam Al-Shafi'i masanin fikihu na Musulunci a karni na 8 kuma wanda ya assasa mazhabar Shafi'iyya ya ziyarci birnin Sanaa sau da yawa. Ya yaba wa birnin, ya kuma rubuta La budda min Shanʻāʼ, ko kuma "Dole ne a ga Sanaa." A cikin karni na 9-10, masanin tarihin kasar Yemen, al-Hamdani, ya lura da tsaftar birnin, yana mai cewa “Mazauni mafi kankanta a can yana da rijiya daya ko biyu, lambu da dogayen ramukan rabe da juna, babu kamshi ko sharri. yana jin ƙamshi, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kankare ( adobe da cob, mai yiwuwa) da filin kiwo mai kyau da tsaftataccen wuraren tafiya." Daga baya a cikin karni na 10, ɗan ƙasar Farisa Ibn Rustah ya rubuta game da Sanaa: "Garin Yemen ne - ba za a iya samun ... wani birni mafi girma, mafi yawan jama'a ko mafi wadata, na asali ko abinci mai dadi fiye da shi. ."

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