Jinsi

Jinsi shine kewayon halaye da suka shafi mace da namiji da kuma banbance tsakanin su. Dangane da mahalli, wannan na iya haɗawa da tsarin zamantakewa na tushen jima'i (watau matsayin jinsi) da kuma asalin jinsi.  Yawancin al'adu suna amfani da binary na jinsi, wanda jinsi ya kasu kashi biyu, kuma ana la'akari da mutane na ɗaya ko ɗaya ('yan maza/maza da 'yan mata/mata);    waɗanda ke wajen waɗannan ƙungiyoyi na iya faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin kalmar laima ba binary. Wasu al'ummomin suna da takamaiman jinsi ban da "namiji" da "mace", kamar hijra na Kudancin Asiya; Ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa a matsayin jinsi na uku (da kuma jinsi na huɗu, da sauransu). Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa jinsi shine sifa ta tsakiya a ƙungiyar zamantakewa. 

Masanin ilimin jima'i John Money galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon wanda ya gabatar da bambance-bambance tsakanin jima'i na halitta da matsayin jinsi (wanda, kamar yadda aka bayyana a asali, ya haɗa da ra'ayoyin dukka matsayin jinsi da abin da daga baya za a san shi azaman asalin jinsi) a cikin shekarar  1955    kodayake Madison Bentley ya riga ya bayyana jinsi a cikin shekarar 1945 a matsayin "maganganun jima'i na jima'i", Haig, David (April 2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 33 (2): 87–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.9143. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d. PMID 15146141. S2CID 7005542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2012.  da Simone de Beauvoir 's 1949 littafin Jima'i na Biyu an fassara shi a matsayin farkon bambance-bambance tsakanin jima'i da jinsi a ka'idar mata.  

Kafin aikin Kudi, ba a saba yin amfani da kalmar jinsi don komawa ga wani abu ba sai nau'ikan nahawu. Duk da haka, ma'anar Kudi na kalmar bai zama tartsatsi ba har zuwa 1970s, lokacin da ka'idar mata ta rungumi ra'ayi na bambanci tsakanin jima'i na halitta da tsarin zamantakewa na jinsi. Yawancin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na zamani, masana kimiyyar dabi'a da masana ilimin halitta,  yawancin tsarin shari'a da hukumomin gwamnati,  da hukumomin gwamnatoci kamar WHO, sun bambanta tsakanin jinsi da jima'i. 

A wasu mahallin, ana amfani da kalmar jinsi don maye gurbin jima'i ba tare da wakiltar bambancin ra'ayi ba. Misali, a cikin binciken dabba ba na mutum ba, ana amfani da jinsi da yawa don nuni ga jinsin halittu na dabbobi. "What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2015. Ana iya gano wannan canjin ma'anar jinsi tun daga shekarun 1980. A cikin shekarar 1993, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta fara amfani da jinsi maimakon jima'i don guje wa rudani da jima'i. Daga baya, a cikin shekarar 2011, FDA ta canza matsayinta kuma ta fara amfani da jima'i a matsayin jinsin halittu da jinsi a matsayin "matsalar mutum a matsayin namiji ko mace, ko kuma yadda ake amsa wannan mutumin ta hanyar cibiyoyin zamantakewa bisa ga yadda mutum ya gabatar da jinsi." 

Ilimin zamantakewa yana da reshe wanda ya keɓe don nazarin jinsi. Sauran ilimin kimiyya, irin su sexology da neuroscience, kuma suna sha'awar batun. Ilimin zamantakewa a wasu lokuta yana fuskantar jinsi a matsayin ginin zamantakewa, kuma nazarin jinsi musamman yakan yi, yayin da bincike a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta ya bincika ko bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin mata da maza suna tasiri ga ci gaban jinsi a cikin mutane; Dukansu suna sanar da muhawara game da yadda bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta ke tasiri ga samuwar asalin jinsi da halayyar jinsi. A cikin wasu wallafe-wallafen Turanci, akwai kuma trichotomy tsakanin jima'i na halitta, jinsi na tunani, da matsayin jinsi na zamantakewa. Wannan tsarin ya fara bayyana a cikin takarda na mata akan transsexualism a cikin shekarar 1978. Haig, David (April 2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 33 (2): 87–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.9143. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d. PMID 15146141. S2CID 7005542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2012. Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). "The Nature of Gender". Demography. 31 (4): 561–573. doi:10.2307/2061790. JSTOR 2061790. PMID 7890091. S2CID 38476067.
A 1926, Henry Watson Fowler ya bayyana cewa ma'anar kalmar ta shafi wannan ma'anar nahawu:

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