Dara (Chess)

Chess wasa ne na allo a tsakanin ' yan wasa biyu. Wani lokaci ana kiransa chess na duniya ko kuma dara na yammacin duniya don bambanta shi da wasanni masu alaƙa, kamar xiangqi (Ches na China) da shogi (Ches na Japan). Tsarin wasan na yanzu ya bayyana a Spain da sauran Kudancin Turai a lokacin rabin na biyu na karni na 15 bayan da ya samo asali daga chaturanga, wasa mai kama da asalin Indiyawa. A yau, chess na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a duniya, wanda miliyoyin mutane ke bugawa a duniya.United States Chess Federation. (2003). U.S. Chess Federation's official rules of chess. Just, Tim., Burg, Daniel B. (5th ed.). New York. ISBN 0-8129-3559-4. OCLC 52859422.
Chess wasa ne na dabarun dabara kuma bai ƙunshi bayanan ɓoye ba. Ana buga shi a kan allo mai murabba'i 64 da aka tsara a cikin grid takwas da takwas. A farkon, kowane mai kunnawa yana sarrafa guda goma sha shida: sarki ɗaya, sarauniya ɗaya, rooks biyu, bishops biyu, knights biyu, da 'yan baranda takwas. Mai kunnawa da ke sarrafa farar guda ya fara motsawa, sannan mai kunnawa yana sarrafa baƙake. Manufar wasan ita ce bincikar sarkin abokan hamayya, inda aka kai wa sarki hari nan take (a cikin "check") kuma babu yadda za a yi ta kubuta. Hakanan akwai hanyoyi da yawa da wasa zai iya ƙarewa a cikin zane.

Ches ɗin da aka tsara ya tashi a ƙarni na 19. FIDE (International Chess Federation) ce ke jagorantar gasar chess a yau. Zakaran Chess na Duniya na farko da aka sani a duniya, Wilhelm Steinitz, ya yi ikirarin takensa a 1886; Magnus Carlsen shine Gwarzon Duniya na yanzu. Babbar ka'idar dara ta haɓaka tun farkon wasan. Ana samun ɓangarorin fasaha a cikin ƙirar chess, kuma Ches a nasa bangaren ya shafi al'adu da fasaha na Yamma, kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da ilimin halin ɗan adam. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na farko shine ƙirƙirar na'urar wasan dara. A cikin shekarar 1997, Deep Blue ta zama kwamfuta ta farko da ta doke Gwarzon Duniya mai mulki a wasa lokacin da ta doke Garry Kasparov. Injin chess na yau sun fi ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ɗan adam ƙarfi kuma sun yi tasiri sosai ga haɓakar ka'idar dara.

 Dokoki 
FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), hukumar gudanarwar chess ce ta buga dokokin dara, a cikin littafin Handbook."Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023". FIDE. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.  Dokokin da hukumomin gwamnatocin ƙasa suka buga, ko ta ƙungiyoyin darasi maras alaƙa, masu buga tallace-tallace, da sauransu, na iya bambanta a wasu cikakkun bayanai. Kwanan nan an sake sabunta dokokin FIDE a cikin shekarar 2018.


 Chess ta mail 

Bambance-bambancen dara ne wanda abokan hamayya ke musayar motsi ta imel.  Ana auna lokacin ansawa a cikin kwanaki kuma wasan na iya daukar watanni ko shekaru kafin a gama.

Kungiyar Chess ta duniya ta mail ( ICCF) wadala aka kafa a 1951, ita ce ke da alhakin shirya wasannin Olympics da na duniya ta hanyar wasiku.

 Zakarun gasar chess ta duniya ta mail 
 #  Daga...zuwa  Zakaran  Kasar zama 1  1950-1953  Cecil Purdy     1.Zakaran 2  1956-1959  Viacheslav Ragozin     2.Zakaran 3  1959-1962  Alberic O'Kelly     3.Zakaran 4  1962-1965  Vladimir Zagorovsky     4.Zakaran 5  1965-1968  Hans Berliner     5.Zakaran 6  1968-1971  Horst Berliner     6.Zakaran 7  1972-1976  Jacob Estrin     7.Zakaran 8  1975-1980  Jorn Sloth     8.Zakaran 9  1977-1983  Tonu Oim     9.Zakaran 10  1978-1984  Vytas Palciuaskas     10.Zakaran 11  1983-1989  Fritz Baumbach     11.Zakaran 12  1984-1991  Grigory Sanakoev     12.Zakaran 13  1989-1998  Mikhail Umansky     13.Zakaran 14  1994-2000  Tonu Oim     14.Zakaran 15  1996-2002  Gert Timmerman     15.Zakaran 16  1999-2004  Tunc Hamarat     16.Zakaran 17  2002-2007  Ivar Bern     17.Zakaran 18  2003-2005   Joop van Oosterom      18.Zakaran 19  2004-2007  Christophe Leotard      19.Zakaran 20  2004-2011  Pertti Lehinoinen     20.Zakaran 21  2005-2008  Joop van Oosterom     21.Zakaran  22  2007-2010  Aleksandr Dronov     22.Zakaran 23  2007-2010  Ulrich Stephan     23.Zakaran 24  2009-2011  Marjan Semri     24.Zakaran 25  2009-2013  Fabio Finocchiaro     25.Zakaran 26  2010-2014  Ron Langeveld     26.Zakaran 27  2011-2014  Aleksandr Dronov     27.Zakaran 28  2013-2016  Leonardo Ljubicic       28.Zakaran 29  2015-2018  Aleksandr Dronov     29.Zakaran 30  2017-2019  Andrey Kochemasov     30.Zakaran 31  2019-2022  Fabian Stanach  Christian Muck  Ron Langeveld         31.Zakaran 32  2020-2022  Jon Edwards     32.Zakaran

 Olympiad chess ta mail 

Gasar Olympiad gasa ce da kowace kasa da ke da alaka da ICCF ke da hakkin gabatar da tawagar da za ta wakilce ta.  Dole ne ya kasance da 'yan  wasa 6 masu farawa da kuma 2 masu maye gurbin.

Jamus ce kasa mafi nasara a cikinsu, inda ta lashe lambar zinare sau 8.  Sai Tarayyar Soviet 6 da Czechoslovakia 3 (dukkansu sun ruguje).

Ana gudanar da gasar ne a matakai biyu da za a fara lokaci guda:  na karshe na Olympiad daya na kusa da karshe na gaba.  

 #  Daga...zuwa  Lambar zinare  Lambar azurfa  Lambar tagulla   01  1949-1952    Czechoslovakia     02  1952-1955  Czechoslovakia       03  1958-1961  Kungiyar Soviet     Yugoslavia  04  1962-1964  Kungiyar Soviet   Demokradiyyar Jamus    05  1965-1968  Czechoslovakia   Kungiyar Soviet   Tarayya Jamus   06  1968-1972  Kungiyar Soviet  Czechoslovakia   Demokradiyyar Jamus  07  1972-1976  Kungiyar Soviet       08  1977-1982 Kungiyar Soviet       09  1982-1987   Tarayya Jamus    Kungiyar Soviet    10  1987-1995  Kungiyar Soviet    Demokradiyyar Jamus  11  1992-1999  Czechoslovaquia           12  1998-2004        13  2004-2009        14  2002-2006        15  2006-2009        16  2010-2016        17  2009-2012        18  2012-2016        19  2016-2021          20  2016-2019        21  2020-2023      

 Manazarta 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba