Art

Art wani nau'i ne na ayyukan ɗan adam daban-daban, kuma samfurin da aka samo asali, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙira ko ƙwarewa mai ƙirƙira, mai bayyana ƙwarewar fasaha, kyakkyawa, ƙarfin tunani, ko ra'ayoyin ra'ayi.   

Babu wani ma'anar da aka yarda gaba ɗaya game da abin da ya ƙunshi fasaha,    kuma fassararsa ta bambanta sosai cikin tarihi da al'adu. A cikin al'adar Yammacin Turai, rassan gargajiya guda uku na zane-zane na gani suna zanen, sassaka, da kuma gine-gine.  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, da sauran zane-zane, da wallafe-wallafe, kiɗa, fina-finai da sauran kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai, suna cikin ma'anar fasaha mai zurfi.   Har zuwa karni na 17, fasaha tana nufin kowane fasaha ko ƙwarewa kuma ba a bambanta da fasaha ko kimiyya ba. A cikin amfani na zamani bayan karni na 17, inda la'akari na ado ke da mahimmanci, an raba zane-zane masu kyau kuma an bambanta su da ƙwarewar da aka samu gabaɗaya, kamar kayan ado ko zane-zane.

Yanayin fasaha da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, kamar kerawa da fassara, ana bincika su a cikin reshe na falsafar da aka sani da aesthetics.  Sakamakon zane-zane ana nazarin su a fagagen ƙwararrun zargi na fasaha da tarihin fasaha.

 Overview 
A cikin hangen nesa na tarihin fasaha,  ayyukan fasaha sun wanzu kusan tsawon lokacin ɗan adam: daga farkon fasahar tarihi zuwa fasahar zamani; duk da haka, wasu masana  suna ganin cewa ainihin manufar "ayyukan fasaha" ba su dace da kyau a wajen al'ummomin Yammacin zamani ba.  "Art: definition" . Oxford Dictionaries. Archived

from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved

25 December 2015. Ɗaya daga cikin  ma'anar fasaha ta farko tana da alaƙa da tsohuwar ma'anar Latin, wanda kusan ke fassara zuwa "ƙwarewa" ko "sana'a", kamar yadda ke da alaƙa da kalmomi kamar "mai sana'a". Kalmomin Turanci da aka samo daga wannan ma'anar sun haɗa da kayan tarihi, wucin gadi, kayan fasaha, fasahar likitanci, da fasahar soja. Duk da haka, akwai sauran amfani da kalmomin baki da yawa, duk suna da alaƙa da iliminta.
Bayan lokaci, masana falsafa kamar Plato, Aristotle, Socrates da Kant, da sauransu, sun tambayi ma'anar fasaha. Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 73–96 Tattaunawa da yawa a cikin Plato suna magance tambayoyi game da fasaha: Socrates ya ce waƙar mawaƙa ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, kuma ba ta da hankali. Ya yi magana da yarda da wannan, da sauran nau'o'in hauka na (buguwa, sha'awa, da mafarki) a cikin Phaedrus (265a–c), amma duk da haka a cikin <i id="mwcQ">Jamhuriyar</i> yana so ya haramta babban fasahar waƙa na Homer, da dariya kuma. A cikin Ion, Socrates bai ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Homer da ya bayyana a cikin Jamhuriyar ba. Tattaunawar Ion ta nuna cewa Homer's Iliad ya yi aiki a cikin tsohuwar duniyar Girka kamar yadda Littafi Mai-Tsarki yake yi a yau a duniyar Kirista ta zamani: a matsayin fasahar adabi da Allah ya hure wanda zai iya ba da jagorar ɗabi'a, idan da za a iya fassara shi da kyau. Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 40–72

Game da fasahar wallafe-wallafen da fasahar kiɗa, Aristotle yayi la'akari da waƙar almara, tragedy, ban dariya, waƙar Dithyrambic da kiɗa don zama mimetic ko kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo, kowannensu ya bambanta a cikin kwaikwayo ta hanyar matsakaici, abu, da kuma hanya. Aristotle, Poetics I 1447a Misali, waka tana kwaikwaya da kafafen yada labarai na raye-raye da juna, yayin da raye-raye ke kwaikwaya da kari kadai, kuma waka da harshe. Siffofin kuma sun bambanta a cikin abin koyi. Barkwanci, alal misali, kwaikwayo ne na ban mamaki na maza fiye da matsakaici; alhali tragedy yana kwaikwayi maza da ɗan kyau fiye da matsakaici. A ƙarshe, nau'ikan sun bambanta ta hanyar kwaikwayon su ta hanyar labari ko hali, ta hanyar canji ko canji, kuma ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo ko babu wasan kwaikwayo. Aristotle, Poetics III Aristotle ya gaskanta cewa kwaikwayo dabi'a ce ga 'yan adam kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin ɗan adam akan dabbobi. Aristotle, Poetics IV

Bugu da Ƙarin yanzu kuma takamaiman ma'anar kalmar fasaha azaman taƙaitaccen fasaha don ƙirƙira ko fasaha mai kyau ya bayyana a farkon ƙarni na 17.  Kyakkyawan fasaha na nufin wata fasaha da ake amfani da ita don bayyana ƙirƙirar mai zane, ko don jawo hankalin masu sauraro, ko don jawo masu sauraro zuwa ga la'akari da ingantaccen aikin fasaha ko mafi kyawu.

A cikin wannan ma'ana ta ƙarshe, kalmar fasaha na iya nufin abubuwa da yawa: (i) nazarin fasaha mai ƙirƙira, (ii) tsarin yin amfani da fasaha mai ƙirƙira, (iii) samfurin fasaha na ƙirƙira, ko (iv) gwanintar masu sauraro tare da fasahar kere kere. Ƙirƙirar fasaha (zane-zane a matsayin horo) tarin horo ne wanda ke samar da zane-zane (zane-zane a matsayin abubuwa) waɗanda ke tilasta su ta hanyar motsa jiki (art a matsayin aiki) da kuma isar da saƙo, yanayi, ko alamar alama don mai fahimta don fassara (art a matsayin abubuwa). kwarewa). Art wani abu ne da ke motsa tunanin mutum, motsin zuciyarsa, imani, ko ra'ayinsa ta hanyar hankali. Ana iya yin ayyukan fasaha a sarari don wannan dalili ko fassara bisa hotuna ko abubuwa. Ga wasu malamai, irin su Kant, kimiyyar kimiyya da fasaha za a iya bambanta ta hanyar ɗaukar kimiyya a matsayin wakiltar yanki na ilimi da fasaha a matsayin wakiltar yankin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Gilbert, Kuhn pp. 287–326

Sau da yawa, idan ana amfani da wannan fasaha ta hanyar gama gari ko kuma a aikace, mutane za su ɗauke ta a matsayin sana'a maimakon fasaha. Hakanan, idan ana amfani da wannan fasaha ta hanyar kasuwanci ko masana'antu, ana iya ɗaukar ta fasahar kasuwanci maimakon fasaha mai kyau. A gefe guda, sana'a da ƙira wani lokaci ana la'akari da amfani da fasaha. Wasu masu bin zane-zane sun yi iƙirarin cewa bambanci tsakanin fasaha mai kyau da fasaha mai amfani yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ƙimar da aka yi game da fasaha fiye da kowane takamaiman  ma'anar. David Novitz, The Boundaries of Art, 1992 Koyaya, ko da fasaha mai kyau sau da yawa yana da maƙasudi fiye da tsantsar ƙirƙira da bayyana kai. Manufar ayyukan fasaha na iya zama don sadarwa ra'ayoyi, kamar a cikin fasaha na siyasa, ruhaniya, ko ilimin falsafa; don ƙirƙirar ma'anar kyakkyawa (duba kayan ado); don bincika yanayin tsinkaye; don jin daɗi; ko don haifar da motsin rai mai ƙarfi. Manufar ita ma tana iya zama kamar babu ita.
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