Ontology

A cikin metaphysics, ontology shine nazarin falsafa na zama, da kuma ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa kamar wanzuwa, zama, da gaskiya.
Ontology yana magance tambayoyi kamar yadda aka haɗa ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni kuma wanene daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya wanzu akan mafi mahimmancin matakin.Hofweber, Thomas (2020). "Logic and Ontology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 23 December 2020. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa suna kokarin tantance irin nau'ikan ko yadda suke samar da tsarin Kategorizations wanda ke bayyana rarrabuwar dukkan abubuwan. Rukunin da aka saba gabatarwa sun kuma haɗa da abubuwa, kadarori, dangantaka, yanayin al'amura da abubuwan da suka faru. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da mahimman ra'ayoyi na ontological, gami da keɓancewa da duniya baki ɗaya, rashin fahimta da kankare, ko yuwuwa da larura. Abin sha'awa ta musamman ita ce ra'ayin dogaron ontological, wanda ke ƙayyade ko ƙungiyoyin nau'in suna wanzu akan mafi mahimmancin matakin. Sabani a cikin ilimin ilimin kimiyya galibi akan ko ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin wani nau'i sun wanzu kuma, idan haka ne, yadda suke da alaƙa da wasu ƙungiyoyi. 

Idan aka yi amfani da su azaman suna mai ƙididdigewa, kalmomin ontology da ontologies ba suna nufin kimiyyar zama ba amma ga ra'ayoyin da ke cikin kimiyyar zama. Za'a iya raba ka'idodin Ontological zuwa nau'i daban-daban bisa ga alƙawuran su. Ontologies monocategorical sun ɗauka cewa akwai nau'i na asali guda ɗaya kawai, amma nau'i-nau'i masu yawa sun ƙi wannan ra'ayi. Ƙididdigar ilimin tsarin mulki sun tabbatar da cewa wasu ƙungiyoyi suna wanzu a kan matakin da ya fi mahimmanci kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi sun dogara da su. Flat ontologies, a gefe guda, sun ƙaryata irin wannan gata ga kowace mahalli.

 Asalin kalma 
Kalmar hadadden  ontology ('nazarin zama') ta haɗu

 uwa- ( Greek: ;   ) kuma
 -logia (  ).  

Duk da yake  ilimin asalin Girkanci ne, mafi dadewa na bayanan kalmar kanta sabon nau'in Latin ontologia ne. wanda ya bayyana

 a cikin shekarar 1606 a cikin Ogdoas Scholastica na Yakubu Lorhard (Lorhardus), kuma
 a cikin shekarar 1613 a cikin Lexicon philosophicum na Rudolf Göckel (Goclenius).
Farkon abin da ya faru a cikin Ingilishi na Ontology, kamar yadda Oxford English Dictionary ya rubuta, "ontology." Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press (2008) ya zo a cikin shekarar 1664 ta Archelogia philosophica nova... na Gideon Harvey. Harvey, Gideon. 1663. Archelogia philosophica nova, or, New Principles of Philosophy. Containing Philosophy in General, Metaphysicks or Ontology, Dynamilogy or a Discourse of Power, Religio Philosophi or Natural Theology, Physicks or Natural philosophy. London: J.H. An fara amfani da kalmar, a cikin sigarta na Latin, ta hanyar masana falsafa, kuma bisa tushen Latin (da kuma na Girkanci).

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