Tarihin Amurka

Tarihin ƙasashen da suka zama Amurka ya fara ne da zuwan mutane na farko cikin kasar Amurka kusan shekaru 15,000 kafin zuwa Yesu."United States | History, Map, Flag, & Population | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. An kafa al'adu da yawa na 'yan asalin kasar, kuma da yawa sun ga sauye-sauye musamman acikin karni na 16 daga yanki mafi yawan jama'a zuwa yanki mai sabon tsari na siyasa a wasu wuraren. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun fara mamaye yankin Amurka ne a ƙarshen karni na 15, duk da haka yawancin yankunan da za suka zamo Amurka an kafasu ne a karni na 1600. A cikin 1760s, yankuna goma sha uku na Burtaniya sun ƙunshi mutum miliyan 2.5  kuma an kafa su a yankin Tekun Atlantika gabas da tsaunin Appalachian. Bayan anci galabar kasar Faransa, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sanya jerin haraji, ciki har da Dokar Stamp na 1765, inda aka ƙi amincewa da hujjar tsarin mulki na 'yan mulkin mallaka cewa sabon haraji yana buƙatar amincewarsu. Bijirewa waɗannan haraji, musamman ma Ƙungiyar Tea ta Boston a 1773, ya janyo Majalisar ta ba da dokokin azabtarwa da aka tsara don kawo ƙarshen mulkin kai. Rikici da makamai ya fbarke a Massachusetts a shekarar 1775.
Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar ra'ayin bayyanannen kaddara, Amurka ta faɗaɗa zuwa Tekun Pacific. Yayin da al'ummarta ke da girma ta fuskar yanki, yawan mutanenta a 1790 sun kasamce miliyan hudu ne kacal. Neman ƙarin filaye mara tsada ga manoma yeoman da masu mulkar bayi ya haifar da faɗaɗa kasar daga yammaci. Faɗawar ga masu cinikin bayi ya ƙara janyo rudani kuma ya haifar da yaƙin siyasa da tsarin mulki, waɗanda aka warware ta hanyar sasantawa. An kawo karshen cinikayyar bayi a duk jihohin arewacin layin Mason-Dixon a shekara ta 1804, amma jihohi a kudu sun ci gaba da cinikin, don tallafawa nau'o'in noma masu girma da suka mamaye tattalin arzikin kudanci. Rarraba kasar bisa wadannan layukan ne ya zama babban batu na siyasa na shekaru 80 na farkon ci gaban Amurka. Yakin basasar da aka yi a lokacin zaben Abraham Lincoln a shekara ta 1860, ya faru ne a lokacin da jihohin kudancin kasar suka balle daga Tarayyar suka kafa kasarsu ta bautar da bayi, wato kasar Confederate of America. Cin galabar kasar ta Confederates da akayi a shekara ta 1865 ya kai ga kawar da bautar da bayi. A yunkurin sake gina yankin bayan yaƙin, an ba da haƙƙin doka da na zaɓe ga wanda hakan ya janyo an ’yantat bayin. Gwamnatin ƙasar ta kara ƙarfi sosai, kuma ta kara kaimi wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, lokacin da 'yan Democrat na kudancin kasar suka sake samun ikonsu na siyasa a Kudu a cikin shekarar 1877, ta hanyar dakatar da jefa kuri'a a majalisa, sun zartar da sabbin dokoki na Jim Crow Laws don fifita fararen fata, da kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya halatta nuna bambanci dangane da launin fata kuma ya hana yawancin Amirkawa na Afirka daga shiga cikin harkokin more rayuwa na jama'a.

A karni na 20, kasar Amurka ta zamo kasa mafi karfi a duniya ta fuskar masana'antu a dalilin bunkasar harkokin kasuwanci da kuma masana'antu da kuma isowar ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira da kuma manoma.
Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiet sun zama masu adawa da juna bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin yakin  Cold War, kasashen biyu sun fuskanci juna a kaikaice a tseren mallakar makamai, tseren mallakar tashohi a sararin samaniya, yakin farfaganda, da kuma yakin da ake yi da fadada gurguzu. A cikin 1960s, a wani babban ɓangare saboda hura wuta da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suka yi, an sake aiwatar da wani sauyi na zamantakewa wanda ya tilasta yancin jefa kuri'a da 'yancin yawo ga Amurkawa na Afirka. Yaƙin cacar bakin ya ƙare lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta wargaje a hukumance, ta bar Amurka a matsayin babbar ƙasa ɗaya tilo a duniya. Manufofin harkokin waje bayan yakin cacar baka sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan rikice-rikicen zamani da ake fama da su a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman dangane da harin 11 ga Satumba. A farkon karni na 21, Amurka ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma annobar COVID-19, wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin kasar.

Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya sanar da cewa zai hana cirani a Amurka ''har abada'' daga duka ''ƙasashe masu tasowa.'' Trump dai bai yi ƙarin bayani kan shirin nasa ba kuma bai kai ga lissafa ƙasashen da lamarin zai shafa ba. Shugaban ƙasar ya kuma zargi masu gudun hijira da kawo ''taɓarɓrewar zamantakewa a Amurka'' kuma ya sha alwashin tasa ƙeyar ''duk wanda ba ya kawo ci gaba ga Amurka''. Kalaman na sa na zuwa ne kwana guda bayan wani ɗan Afghanistan ya harbi wasu dakarun rundunar sojin tarayya a birnin Washington DC, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar ɗaya daga cikinsu a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba. "Zan dakatar da ƙaura na dindindin daga duk ƙasashe masu tasowa na duniya don bai wa Amurka damar farfaɗowa, zan dakatar da batun miliyoyin mutanen da Biden ya ba su izinin shigowa ƙasarmu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, gami da waɗanda Sleepy Joe Biden ya yi amfani da alƙalami mai sarrafa kansa domin ba su izini, da kuma korar duk wanda ba shi da wata gudumawa da zai bayar ga cigaban Amurka," in ji shi a dandalin sada zumunta na Truth Social. A baya dai Trump ya bayyana harbin a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsaron ƙasar kuma ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukar matakin kawar da duk wani baƙo "daga kowace ƙasa da wanda bai dace ya zauna a nan ba". A ranar Laraba, Amurka ta dakatar da aiwatar da duk wasu buƙatu na shige da fice daga ƴan ƙasar Afganistan, gwamnatin ta ce ta yanke shawarar ne har sai an sake nazarin "ƙa'idojin tantancewa saboda batu na tsaro ". A saƙon da ya wallafa a daren ranar alhamis, Trump ya kuma yi alƙawarin "soke duk wani tallafi na tarayya hda ake bai wa duk waɗanda ba ƴanƙasa ba".

Tun da farko a ranar Alhamis ɗin hukumar kula da shige da fice ta Amurka ta ce za ta sake nazari kan katin iziznin zama a ƙasa da aka bai wa mutanen da suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka daga wasu ƙasashe 19.

Da BBC ta tambayi ko waɗanne ƙasashe ne ke cikin jerin sunayen, hukumar ta yi nuni da wata sanarwa da fadar White House ta fitar a watan Yuni da ta ambaci; Afghanistan da Cuba da Haiti, da Iran da Somalia da Venezuela.

Sauran ƙasashen da za a sake nazarin takardunsu sun haɗan da Burma da Chadi Jamhuriyar Congo da kuma Libya.

Gwamnati ba ta bayar da ƙarin bayani game da yadda za a sake yin nazarin takardun ba.

Sanarwar guda biyu na zuwa ne bayan da rahotanni suka ce wanda ake zargi da aikata harbin na Washington DC ya shiga Amurka a shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin wani shiri na ba da kariya ta musamman ga ƴan Afghanistan bayan ficewar Amurka daga Afghanistan.

Jami'ai sun ce wanda ake zargin mai suna Rahmanullah Lakanwa ya taɓa yin aiki tare da hukumar leƙen asiri ta CIA a Afganistan kuma ya taimaka wajen gadin sojojin Amurka a filin jirgin Kabul a lokacin da aka kwashe su, kamar yadda wani tsohon kwamandan sojan da ya yi aiki da shi ya shaida wa Sashen Afganistan na BBC.

 Waɗanne ƙasashe ne 'masu tasowa' da Trump ke magana a kai? 
Trump da jami'ansa ba su bayar da cikakken bayani kan shirin ko sunan ƙasashen da abin ya shafa ba.

Amma Joseph Edlow, wanda shi ne Darakta a hukumar kula da shige da fice ta Amurka, ya ce bisa ga umarnin Trump, ya ba da umarnin yin cikakken nazari kan takardun kowane ɗan cirani ko baƙo daga kowace ƙasa da ake da damuwa a kanta.

To, su wane ne waɗannan ''ƙasashen da ake da damuwa a kansu' kuma menene matsayinsu?

Shugaba Donald Trump na watan Yuni ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta zartarwa wadda ta sanya cikakken takunkumin hana shiga Amurka daga ƙasashe 12 tare da dakatar da shigar ƴan wasu ƙasashe bakwai waɗanda ya kira wanda ake da damuwa a kansu.

Sun haɗa da:

 Afghanistan - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Burma - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Chad - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Republic of DR Congo - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Equatorial Guinea - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Eritrea - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Haiti - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Iran - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Libya - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Somalia - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Sudan - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Yemen - Cikakkiyar dakatarwa
 Burundi - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Cuba - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Laos -Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Sierra Leone - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Togo - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Turkmenistan - Dakatawar wani ɓangare
 Venezuela - Dakatawar wani ɓangare

Ƙasa ɗaya ce a yankin Caribbean:

 Haiti

Ƙasashe uku ne a yankin Pacific:

 Kiribati
 Solomon Islands
 Tuvalu

Wani kwamiti mai kula da manufofin ci gaba ne ke bitar jerin sunayen waɗannan ƙasashe bayan kowace shekara uku, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masana masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da rahoto ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

 Manazarta 
CTJTMT