Luxmanda

Luxmanda wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake cikin gundumar Babati ta ,Tanzaniya ta tsakiya. An gano shi a cikin 2012. Binciken da aka yi a yankin ya gano shi a matsayin wurin zama mafi girma kuma mafi girma a kudu na Savanna, Pastoral Neolithic (SPN),  al'adun makiyaya da aka gane da archaeologically a gabashin Afirka a lokacin da aka sani da Pastoral Neolithic (kimanin 5000-).1200 BP).  Radiocarbon Dating na gawayi, collagen ɗan adam, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kayan aikin yumbu sun nuna cewa Luxmanda ya mamaye tsakanin shekaru 3,200 zuwa 2,900 da suka wuce.  Ceramics (na Narosura nau'in), lithics, aiki kashi, hauren giwa, da jimina kwai taro ban da dabbobi da kasusuwan mutane an dawo dasu daga wurin Luxmanda.  Mutanen Luxmanda ƙwararrun makiyaya ne, waɗanda suka dogara da shanu, tumaki, awaki, da jakuna don rayuwa.  Ba a san dangantakarsu da harshe ba, amma wasu masana ilimin harshe na tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa mutanen SPN suna jin harsunan Kushitic. Pastoral Neolithic ya biyo bayan Zamanin Karfe na Pastoral da Fadada Bantu . 

 Binciken DNA na zamani 
Binciken haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar kwarangwal na kwarangwal mace mai shekaru 3,100 da aka tono a Luxmanda ya gano cewa mutumin ya ɗauki kusan 38± 1% na zuriyarta mai alaƙa da al'adun Pre-Pottery Neolithic na Levant, .  Sabbin bayanan kwayoyin halitta daga Luxmanda sun nuna cewa wannan dangantakar na iya yiwuwa saboda ko dai ƙaura zuwa Afirka na zuriyar manoman tukwane daga Levant, ko zuriya ta gama gari daga al'ummar kakannin Afirka waɗanda ba na Afirka ba da suka zauna a Afirka ko Gabas,ta Tsakiya shekaru dubu da dama da suka gabata. Duk mazan da aka gwada don Y chromosomal DNA sun taru tare da E1b1b subclades, tare da samari biyu ambivalent A1b subclades saboda rashin isasshen collagen. 

Bangaren Afirka na zuriyar Luxmanda ya dace da kasancewarsa mafi kusanci da yawan mafarauta da ke zaune a Habasha ca. 4,500 BP (a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a biyu, tare da adadin zuriyarsu na 62.2-62.8% don ɓangaren mafarauta da 37.2-37.8% don ɓangaren Pre-Pottery Neolithic,B ) ko kuma daga yawan jama'a da ke da alaƙa da Dinka ( a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a uku, tare da ƙimar zuriyar zuriyar 39% ± 1% zuriyar Levantine).  Bugu da ƙari, nazarin haplogroup ya nuna cewa samfurin Luxmanda ya ƙunshi haplogroup L2a1 (mtDNA). A baya masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen zuwan kakannin yammacin Eurasian a gabashin Afirka, wanda yanzu ya mamaye yankin, zuwa kusan 3000 BP a matsakaici. Sabbin bayanan kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa masu yin Savanna Pastoral Neolithic ne ke da alhakin yada tsoffin zuriyar da ke da alaƙa da Levant a cikin yankin lacustrine, inda suka kafa sabbin ƙauyuka. Al'ummar Luxmanda su ma sun gabatar da kiwo zuwa kudancin Afirka, tun lokacin da aka gano wani makiyayi mai shekaru 1,200 daga Western Cape yana da alaƙa da samfurin Luxmanda. Skoglund; et al. 

 Nassoshi 

Category: Tanzaniya
Category:Luxmanda