Romanticism

Romanticism (wanda kuma akafi sani da motsi na Romantic ko zamanin Romantic) wani motsi ne na fasaha, adabi, kiɗa, da hankali wanda ya samo asali a Turai zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma a mafi yawan yankunan ya kasance a mafi girma a cikin kimanin lokaci daga shekarar 1800 zuwa 1800. 1850. Romanticism da  halaye da girmamawa a kan motsin zuciyarmu da kuma individualism, boye wallafe-wallafe, manufa na yanayi, zato na kimiyya da masana'antu, da kuma daukaka na baya tare da karfi da fifiko ga na tsakiyar zamanai maimakon na gargajiya.  Ta kasance wani ɓangare na martani ga juyin juya halin masana'antu,  ka'idodin zamantakewa da siyasa na zamanin wayewa, da fahimtar ilimin kimiyya na yanayi.  An haɗa shi da ƙarfi a cikin zane-zane na gani, kiɗa, da adabi, amma yana da babban tasiri akan tarihin tarihi, David Levin, History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman (1967) ilimi, Gerald Lee Gutek, A history of the Western educational experience (1987) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi dara, kimiyyar zamantakewa, da kimiyyar halitta. Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2005 149(3): 304–15 Tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci kuma mai rikitarwa akan siyasa, tare da masu tunani na soyayya suna tasiri ra'ayin mazan jiya, sassaucin ra'ayi, tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kishin kasa. 
Yunkurin ya jaddada matsananciyar motsin rai a matsayin ingantacciyar tushen gogewar ado, yana mai da hankali kan irin wannan motsin rai kamar tsoro, firgita, razana da tsoro musamman waɗanda suka ƙware wajen fuskantar sabbin nau'ikan kyawawan halaye na ɗaukaka da kyawun yanayi.   Ta ɗaukaka fasahar jama'a da tsohuwar al'ada zuwa wani abu mai daraja, amma kuma spontaneity azaman halayen kyawawa (kamar yadda a cikin kida mara kyau). Ya bambanta da rationalism da classicism na Haskaka, Romanticism ya farfado da medievalism  da kuma abubuwan fasaha da labarun da aka gane a matsayin ainihin na tsakiyar zamanai a cikin ƙoƙari na guje wa karuwar yawan jama'a, farkon biranen birni, da masana'antu.

Duk da cewa yunkurin ya samo asali ne a cikin kungiyar Sturm und Drang ta Jamus, wacce ta fi son hankali da kuma tausayawa ga ra'ayin fahimtar wayewar kai,  al'amura da akidun juyin juya halin Faransa su ma sun kasance abubuwan da ke kusa tun da yawancin Romantics na farko sun kasance masu juyin juya hali na al'adu da kuma al'adu. masu tausayawa juyin juya hali.  Romanticism ya ba da daraja mai girma ga nasarorin "jarumta" daidaikun mutane da masu fasaha, waɗanda misalan su, ya kiyaye, zai haɓaka ingancin al'umma. Har ila yau, ya inganta tunanin mutum ɗaya a matsayin muhimmiyar iko da aka ba da izinin 'yanci daga ra'ayi na gargajiya a cikin fasaha. Akwai wata hanya mai ƙarfi ga tarihi da rashin tabbas na halitta, Zeitgeist, a cikin wakilcin ra'ayoyinsa. A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 19, an ba da Realism a matsayin iyakacin duniya sabanin Romanticism. "'A remarkable thing,' continued Bazarov, 'these funny old Romantics! They work up their nervous system into a state of agitation, then, of course, their equilibrium is upset.'" (Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons, chap. 4 [1862]) Ragewar Romanticism a wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da matakai da yawa, ciki har da canje-canjen zamantakewa da siyasa. 

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