Great Depression

GreaDepression (1929  1939) ya kasance girgizar tattalin arziki da ta shafi yawancin ƙasashe a duniya. Lokaci ne na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki wanda ya bayyana bayan faduwar farashin hannayen jari a Amurka. John A. Garraty, The Great Depression (1986) Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta fara ne a cikin watan Satumba kuma ta kai ga faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari ta Wall Street a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba (Black Thursday). Shi ne mafi tsayi, zurfi, kuma mafi yaɗuwar bakin ciki na ƙarni na 20. 

Tsakanin 1929 zuwa 1932, jimillar GDP na duniya ya faɗi da kusan kashi 15%. Idan aka kwatanta, GDP na duniya ya faɗi ƙasa da 1% daga 2008 zuwa 2009 yayin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki.  Wasu tattalin arzikin sun fara farfadowa a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, mummunan tasirin Babban Mawuyacin ya kasance har zuwa farkon yakin duniya na biyu. Garraty, Great Depression (1986) ch1 An ga mummunan tasiri a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta tare da faɗuwar kuɗin shiga na mutum, farashi, kudaden haraji, da ribar riba. Kasuwancin kasa da kasa ya fadi da fiye da kashi 50%, rashin aikin yi a Amurka ya karu zuwa kashi 23% kuma a wasu kasashe ya karu da kashi 33%. 

Garuruwa a duniya sun fuskanci mummunan rauni, musamman wadanda suka dogara da masana'antu masu nauyi. An kusan dakatar da gine-gine a kasashe da dama. Al’ummar noma da yankunan karkara sun sha wahala yayin da farashin amfanin gona ya fadi da kusan kashi 60%.  Roger Lowenstein, "History Repeating," Wall Street Journal Jan 14, 2015 Archived May 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine  Fuskantar ƙarancin buƙatu da ƴan hanyoyin aiki, yankunan da suka dogara da masana'antu na farko sun fi shan wahala. Mitchell, Depression Decade
Masana tarihi na tattalin arziki yawanci suna la'akari da abin da ke haifar da Great depression a matsayin mummunan faduwar farashin hannayen jari na Amurka, wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, 1929. Duk da haka, wasu suna jayayya da wannan ƙaddamarwa, ganin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ya rage a matsayin abin da ke haifar da Bacin rai kuma fiye da haka alama ce ta tashin hankalin masu zuba jari a wani bangare saboda raguwar farashin sannu a hankali sakamakon faduwar tallace-tallace na kayan masarufi (sakamakon yawan samar da kayayyaki saboda sabbin fasahohin samar da kayayyaki, faduwar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da rashin daidaiton kudin shiga, da dai sauransu) wadanda tuni aka fara aiwatar da su a matsayin wani bangare na gradual Depression.  

 Overview 
Bayan Crash na Wall Street na 1929, inda Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones ya ragu daga 381 zuwa 198 a cikin watanni biyu, kyakkyawan fata ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. Kasuwar hannun jari ta tashi a farkon 1930, tare da Dow ya koma 294 (pre-depre ssion levels) a cikin watan Afrilu 1930, kafin a ci gaba da raguwa har tsawon shekaru, zuwa ƙarancin 41 a cikin shekarar 1932. 

Da farko, gwamnatoci da kasuwanci sun kashe fiye da rabin farkon shekarar 1930 fiye da daidai lokacin shekarar da ta gabata. A gefe guda kuma, masu amfani, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi asara mai tsanani a kasuwannin hannayen jari a shekarar da ta gabata, sun yanke kashe kuɗin da kashi 10%. Bugu da kari, tun daga tsakiyar 1930s, wani mummunan fari ya mamaye yankin noma na Amurka 

Adadin riba ya ragu zuwa ƙananan matakan ta tsakiyar 1930, amma ana sa ran raguwa da ci gaba da rashin son mutane don rance yana nufin cewa kashe kuɗin masu amfani da zuba jari ya ragu. Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7. A watan Mayu 1930, tallace-tallacen motoci ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da matakan 1928. Farashin, gabaɗaya, ya fara raguwa, kodayake albashin ya tsaya tsayin daka a cikin 1930. Sa'an nan kuma an fara karkatar da hankali a cikin shekarar 1931. Manoma sun fuskanci mummunan yanayi; raguwar farashin amfanin gona da Babban Fari ya gurgunta tunanin tattalin arzikinsu. A kololuwar sa, Great depression  ya ga kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk manyan gonaki na filayen filayen suna canza hannu duk da taimakon tarayya. 
Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Amurka shi ne abin da ya durkusar da mafi yawan sauran kasashe da farko; to, raunin cikin gida ko ƙarfi a kowace ƙasa ya sa yanayi ya yi muni ko mafi kyau. ƙasashe ɗaya ke yi don haɓaka tattalin arziƙinsu ta hanyar manufofin kariya irin su 1930 US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act da ramuwar gayya a wasu ƙasashe ya tsananta rugujewar kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa ga depression.  A shekara ta 1933, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tura kasuwancin duniya zuwa kashi daya bisa uku na matakinsa idan aka kwatanta da shekaru hudu da suka gabata.      

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