Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus (/koʊˈpɜːr nɪkəs,_ku-/;    Polish;  Middle Low German, German; 19 Fabrairu 1473 - 24 May 1543) wani masanin ilimin kimiyya ne na Renaissance, mai aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, astronomer, da canon Katolika, wanda ya tsara model of the universe  wanda ya sanya the sun rather than earth  a tsakiyarta. Bisa ga dukkan alamu, Copernicus ya kirkiro samfurinsa ba tare da Aristachus na Samos ba, tsohon masanin falaki na Girka wanda ya tsara irin wannan samfurin kimanin ƙarni goma sha takwas a baya. Linton 2004, pp. 39, 119.   [lower-alpha 5]

Publication na  samfurin Copernicus a cikin littafinsa  (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1543, wani babban lamari ne a tarihin kimiyya, wanda ya haifar da  Copernican Revolution da kuma ba da gudummawa ta farko ga Revolution na  kimiyya. 

An haifi Copernicus kuma ya mutu a Royal Prussia, yanki da ke cikin Masarautar Poland tun 1466. Polyglot da polymath, ya sami digiri na uku a cikin dokokin canon kuma ƙwararren masani ne, masanin sararin samaniya, likita, ƙwararren masani, mai fassara, gwamna, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma masanin tattalin arziki. Daga 1497 ya kasance babi na Cathedral na Warmian. A shekara ta 1517 ya samo ƙa’idar kuɗi—wani mahimmin ra’ayi a fannin tattalin arziki—kuma a shekara ta 1519 ya tsara ƙa’idar tattalin arziki wadda daga baya aka kira dokar Gresham. 

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Nicolaus Copernicus a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 1473 a birnin Toruń (Thorn), a lardin Royal Prussia, a cikin Crown na Masarautar Poland.  
Mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne daga Kraków kuma mahaifiyarsa ɗiyar wani hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwa ne na Toruń.  Nicolaus shine auta a cikin yara huɗu. Ɗan uwansa Andreas (Andrew) ya zama Canon Augustinian a Frombork (Frauenburg).  'Yar'uwarsa Barbara, mai suna bayan mahaifiyarta, ta zama zuriyar Benedictine kuma, a cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, mai kula da gidan zuhudu a Chełmno (Kulm); ta rasu bayan shekara ta 1517.  'Yar'uwarsa Katharina ta auri ɗan kasuwan kuma ɗan majalisar birnin Toruń Barthel Gertner kuma ta bar 'ya'ya biyar, waɗanda Copernicus ya kula da su har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.  Copernicus bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba a san ya haifi ’ya’ya ba, amma daga akalla 1531 zuwa 1539 dangantakarsa da Anna Schilling, wata ma’aikaciyar gida ce, abin kunya ne daga wasu bishop biyu na Warmia wadanda suka bukace shi tsawon shekaru da ya yanke dangantaka. tare da "farka". 

 Father's family 
Ana iya gano dangin mahaifin Copernicus zuwa ƙauye a Silesia tsakanin Nysa (Neiße) da Prudnik ( Neustadt). An rubuta sunan ƙauyen daban-daban Kopernik,  Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, da kuma yau Koperniki.  A cikin ƙarni na 14, membobin iyali sun fara ƙaura zuwa wasu biranen Silesiya dabam dabam, zuwa babban birnin Poland, Kraków (1367), da Toruń (1400).  Uban, Mikołaj Dattijo, mai yiwuwa ɗan Jan, ya fito ne daga layin Kraków. 

An kira sunan Nicolaus bayan mahaifinsa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin bayanan a karon farko a matsayin dan kasuwa mai kyau wanda ya yi ciniki da tagulla, yana sayar da shi mafi yawa a Danzig (Gdańsk).   Ya ƙaura daga Kraków zuwa Toruń wajen 1458.  Toruń, dake kan kogin Vistula, a wancan lokacin ya shiga cikin yakin shekaru goma sha uku, wanda Masarautar Poland da Prussian Confederation, kawancen biranen Prussian, gentry da limaman coci, sun yi yaƙi da Dokar Teutonic a kan ikon yankin. A cikin wannan yakin, biranen Hanseatic kamar Danzig da Toruń, garin Nicolaus Copernicus, ya zaɓi ya goyi bayan Sarkin Poland, Casimir IV Jagiellon, wanda ya yi alkawarin girmama manyan biranen 'yancin kai na al'ada, wanda Dokar Teutonic ta kalubalanci. Mahaifin Nicolaus ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa na lokacin kuma ya goyi bayan Poland da biranen da suka saba wa Dokar Teutonic.  A cikin 1454 ya shiga tsakani a tattaunawar tsakanin Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki na Poland da kuma biranen Prussian don biyan lamunin yaƙi.  A cikin Aminci na Biyu na Thorn (1466), Dokar Teutonic ta ba da izini ga duk abin da ake zargi ga lardin yammacinta, wanda a matsayin Royal Prussia ya kasance yanki na Crown na Masarautar Poland har zuwa Farko (1772) da na biyu (1793) sassan Poland.
Mahaifin Copernicus ya auri Barbara Watzenrode, mahaifiyar masanin sararin samaniya, tsakanin 1461 zuwa 1464.  Ya rasu kimanin shekara ta 1483. 

 Mother's family 
Mahaifiyar Nicolaus, Barbara Watzenrode, 'yar wani mai arziki Toruń patrician ne kuma dan majalisar birni, Lucas Watzenrode dattijo (mace 1462), da Katarzyna (gwauruwa na Jan Peckau), da aka ambata a wasu kafofin kamar Katarzyna Rüdiger gente Modlibóg (mace 1476).  Modlibógs fitattun dangin Poland ne waɗanda suka shahara a tarihin Poland tun 1271.  Iyalin Watzenrode, kamar dangin Kopernik, sun fito daga Silesia daga kusa da Świdnica (Schweidnitz), kuma bayan 1360 sun zauna a Toruń. Ba da daɗewa ba suka zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi kuma mafi tasiri iyalan patrician.  Ta hanyar dangantakar dangi mai yawa ta Watzenrodes ta aure, Copernicus yana da alaƙa da iyalai masu arziki na Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig) da Elbląg (Elbing), da kuma manyan dangin Poland masu daraja na Prussia: Czapskis, Działyńskis, Konopackis da Konopackis.  Lucas da Katherine suna da 'ya'ya uku: Lucas Watzenrode ƙaramin (1447-1512), wanda zai zama Bishop na Warmia da majibincin Copernicus; Barbara, mahaifiyar masanin taurari (ta rasu bayan 1495); da Christina (wanda ya rasu kafin 1502), wanda a cikin 1459 ya auri dan kasuwa na Toruń kuma magajin gari, Tiedeman von Allen. 
Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, hamshakin dan kasuwa kuma a cikin 1439–62 shugaban kotun shari'a, ya yanke shawarar abokin hamayyar Teutonic Knights.  A cikin 1453 shi ne wakili daga Toruń a taron Grudziądz (Graudenz) wanda ya shirya tayar da su.  A lokacin yakin shekaru goma sha uku da ya biyo baya, ya kasance mai goyon bayan yakin basasa na biranen Prussian tare da tallafin kudi mai yawa (kawai wani ɓangare na wanda ya sake yin iƙirarin), tare da ayyukan siyasa a Toruń da Danzig, da kuma ta hanyar yaki da kansa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a Łasin. Lessen) da Malbork (Marienburg).  Ya rasu a shekara ta 1462.         

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