Sophocles

Sophocles / / ˈsɒfə kliːz / ;  Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.  [so.pʰo.klɛ̂ːs], Sophoklễs;  406/5 BC) Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin 'yanwasan Girka guda uku, aƙalla wasanninsu ya dara gabaɗaya. An rubuta wasanninsa na farko daga baya, ko kuma na zamani tare da na Aeschylus; kuma a baya, ko na zamani tare da, na Euripides. Sophocles ya rubuta fiye da wasanni 120, The exact number is unknown, the Suda says he wrote 123, another ancient source says 130, but no exact number "is possible", see Lloyd-Jones 2003, p. 3. amma bakwai kawai sun tsira a cikin cikakkiyar tsari: Ajax, Antigone, Mata na Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes da Oedipus a Colonus.Suda (ed. Finkel et al.): s.v.  . Kusan shekaru hamsin, Sophocles ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da aka fi yin bikin a cikin gasa mai ban sha'awa na birnin Athens wanda ya gudana a lokacin bukukuwan addini na Lenaea da Dionysia . Ya fafata a gasa talatin, ya lashe ashirin da hudu, kuma ba a taba tantance shi kasa da matsayi na biyu ba. Aeschylus ya lashe gasa goma sha uku, kuma wani lokacin Sophocles ya sha kaye shi; Euripides ya lashe hudu. 

Shahararrun bala'o'i na Sophocles sun ƙunshi Oedipus da Antigone: ana kiran su gabaɗaya da wasan kwaikwayo na Theban, kodayake kowannensu ya kasance wani ɓangare na tetralogy daban-daban (sauran membobin waɗanda yanzu sun ɓace). Sophocles ya rinjayi ci gaban wasan kwaikwayo, mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar ƙara ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na uku (wanda aka danganta da Sophocles ta Aristotle; zuwa Aeschylus ta Themistius),  don haka rage mahimmancin mawaƙa a cikin gabatar da shirin.Ya kuma haɓaka halayensa  wasan kwaikwayo na baya. Freeman, p. 247.

 Rayuwa 
Sophocles, ɗan Sophilus, ya kasance mazaunin ƙauyen deme (ƙananan al'umma) na Hippeios Colonus a Attica, wanda zai zama saitin daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo; kuma tabbas an haife shi a can,Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. Sommerstein (2007), p. xi. ƴan shekaru kafin Yaƙin Marathon a 490 BC: ainihin shekarar ba ta da tabbas, amma 497/6 yana yiwuwa. Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 7. An haife shi a cikin dangi masu arziki (mahaifinsa mai kera sulke ne), kuma yana da ilimi sosai. Nasarar fasaha ta farko ita ce a cikin 468 BC, lokacin da ya ɗauki lambar yabo ta farko a Dionysia, inda ya doke shugaban wasan kwaikwayo na Athenia, Aeschylus. Freeman, p. 246. A cewar Plutarch, nasarar ta zo ne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki: maimakon bin al'ada na al'ada na zabar alƙalai ta hanyar kuri'a, archon ya tambayi Cimon, da sauran strategoi, don yanke shawarar wanda ya ci nasara. Plutarch ya kara da cewa, bayan wannan asarar, Aeschylus ya tashi zuwa Sicily. Life of Cimon 8. Plutarch is mistaken about Aeschylus' death during this trip; he went on to produce dramas in Athens for another decade. Ko da yake Plutarch ya ce wannan shine farkon samar da Sophocles, yanzu ana tunanin cewa farkon samar da shi ya kasance a cikin 470 BC.  Triptolemus mai yiwuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da Sophocles ya gabatar a wannan bikin. 

A cikin 480 BC an zaɓi Sophocles don ya jagoranci paean (waƙar waƙar waƙa ga allah), yana murna da nasarar Girkawa akan Farisa a Yaƙin Salamis.McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes, Volume 1, "Sophocles". A farkon aikinsa, ɗan siyasar Cimon zai iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa; amma, idan ya kasance, babu wata rashin lafiya da Pericles, abokin hamayyar Cimon, ya yi, lokacin da Cimon ya rabu a cikin 461 BC.Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. A cikin 443/2, Sophocles ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Hellenotamiai, ko ma'aji na Athena, yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa kuɗin birni a lokacin hawan siyasa na Pericles.  A cikin 441 BC, bisa ga Vita Sophoclis, an zabe shi daya daga cikin janar goma, jami'an zartarwa a Athens, a matsayin ƙaramin abokin aiki na Pericles; kuma ya yi hidima a yaƙin Atheniya da Samos . Ya kamata a zabe shi zuwa wannan matsayi sakamakon samar da Antigone, Beer 2004, p. 69. amma wannan shine "mafi yuwuwa". Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 12.

A cikin 420 BC, an zaɓe shi don karɓar siffar Asclepius a cikin gidansa, lokacin da ake gabatar da al'ada zuwa Athens, kuma ya rasa wurin da ya dace (τέμενος). Lloyd-Jones 1994, p. 13. Don wannan, an ba shi ma'anar Dexion (mai karɓa) ta bayan mutuwar Atheniya. Clinton, Kevin "The Epidauria and the Arrival of Asclepius in Athens", in Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, Stockholm, 1994. Amma "wasu shakku sun danganta da wannan labarin".  An kuma zabe shi, a cikin 411 BC, daya daga cikin kwamishinonin ( probouloi ) wanda ya mayar da martani ga mummunan halakar sojojin Athenia a Sicily a lokacin yakin Peloponnesia . Lloyd-Jones 1994, pp. 12–13.
Sophocles ya mutu yana da shekaru 90 ko 91 a cikin hunturu na 406/5 BC, bayan da ya gani, a cikin rayuwarsa, duka nasarar Girka a cikin Wars Persian, da zubar da jini na yakin Peloponnesia. Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. Kamar yadda yake da shahararrun mutane a zamanin da, mutuwarsa ta ƙarfafa yawancin labaran apocryphal. Mafi shahara shine shawarar cewa ya mutu ne daga yanayin ƙoƙarin karanta dogon jimla daga Antigone ɗin sa ba tare da tsayawa ba don ɗaukar numfashi. Wani labarin kuma ya nuna cewa ya shake yayin da yake cin inabi a bikin Anthesteria a Athens. Na uku ya ce ya mutu da farin ciki bayan ya ci nasararsa ta karshe a City Dionysia. Schultz 1835, pp. 150–51. Bayan 'yan watanni, wani mawaki mai ban dariya, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Muses, ya rubuta wannan yabo: "Mai albarka ne Sophocles, wanda ya yi rayuwa mai tsawo, mutum ne mai farin ciki da basira, kuma marubucin bala'o'i masu yawa; kuma ya ƙare. rayuwarsa lafiya ba tare da ya sha wahala ba." Lucas 1964, p. 128. A cewar wasu bayanan, duk da haka, 'ya'yansa sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana shi bai cancanta ba a kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa; kuma ya karyata zarginsu a kotu ta hanyar karantawa daga sabon Oedipus a Colonus . Cicero recounts this story in his De Senectute 7.22. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Iophon, da jikan, mai suna Sophocles, sun zama mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo. Sommerstein (2002), pp. 41–42.

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Category:Sophocles