Black Death

Black Death (wacce aka sani da annoba, yawan mace-mace ko annoba)  annoba ce da ke faruwa a Yammacin Eurasia dake Arewacin Afirka daga shekara ta  1346 zuwa shekara ta1353. Ita ce annoba mafi muni da aka rubuta a tarihin ɗan adam, wanda ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 75–200 million,  ta yi ƙamari a Turai daga 1347 zuwa 1351.   Annobar bubonic ce ke haifar da ƙwayar cuta ta Yersinia pestis da ƙuma ke yaɗuwa, amma a lokacin Black death ƙila kuma ta ɗauki nau'i na biyu, wanda ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar hulɗar mutum-da-mutum ta hanyar iska da ke haifar da cututtukan septicaemic ko cututtukan huhu.  

Baƙar mutuwa ita ce farkon annoba ta biyu.  Annobar ta haifar da rudani na addini, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, tare da tasiri mai zurfi a cikin tarihin Turai.

An yi sabani game da asalin Black death.  Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya yi nuni da juyin halittar Yersinia pestis a tsaunin Tian Shan da ke kan iyakar Kyrgyzstan da China shekaru 2,600 da suka wuce. Ba a san ainihin asalin yankin Black death da barkewarta ba yayin da wasu ke nuni zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya, China, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai.   An ba da rahoton cewa an fara gabatar da cutar zuwa Turai a lokacin da sojojin Golden Horde na Jani Beg suka kewaye tashar kasuwancin Genoese na Kaffa a cikin Crimea a cikin shekarar 1347. Daga Crimea, ana iya ɗauka da ƙulle-ƙulle da ke zaune a kan black rats waɗanda ke tafiya a kan jiragen ruwa na Genoese, suna bazuwa ta cikin Basin Bahar Rum kuma suka isa Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Asiya, da sauran Turai ta hanyar Constantinople, Sicily, da Italiyanci Peninsula.  Akwai shaida cewa da zarar ta zo bakin teku, black death ta fi yaɗuwa ga mutum-da-mutum a matsayin annoba ta huhu, don haka ke bayyana saurin yaduwar cutar a cikin ƙasa, wanda ta yi sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani idan na farko vector shine rat fleas da ke haifar da annoba ta bubonic.   A cikin shekarar 2022, an gano cewa an sami karuwar mace-mace a cikin abin da ke a yau Kyrgyzstan daga Black death a ƙarshen 1330s; idan aka haɗa su da shaidar kwayoyin halitta, wannan yana nuna cewa ba za a iya yaɗuwar farko ba saboda mamayar Mongol a ƙarni na 14, kamar yadda aka yi hasashe a baya.  

Black death ita ce babbar bala'i ta biyu da ta taɓa Turai a lokacin Late middle ages a matsayin Babban Bala'i na Black death ta kasance babban bala'i na biyu na bala'i na halitta na biyu da ta afku a Turai a lokacin Tsakiyar  da Turai (wacce ta fara zama Great famine 1315-1317 ) kuma an kiyasta cewa ta kashe kashi 30 zuwa kashi 60 cikin 100 na yawan jama'ar Turai. kashi daya bisa uku na al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya.    Wataƙila annobar ta rage yawan mutanen duniya daga  350-375 a cikin karni na 14.  Akwai kara barkewarta a late middle ages  da, tare da wasu abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa (the crisis of  late middle ages), Mafi yawan kudin Turai bai sake dawo da matakin ta ba a cikin 1300 har zuwa 1500.   annobar ta sake aukuwa a duniya har zuwa farkon karni na 19.

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