Uthmaniyya

Uthmaniyya (Larabci: عثمانیه, romanized: ʿUt̲h̲māniyya) sun kasance masu ra'ayin siyasa da akida da dama dangane da halifa na uku, Uthman (r. 644-656), wanda ya samo asali ne tun bayan kashe shi a shekara ta 656. Uthmaniyya na farko ya rike shi. Halifa halal ne kuma kisansa zalunci ne, alhali magajinsa, Ali da yake da hannu a cikin wannan aiki, shi ne halifa shege wanda ya kwace mulki ba tare da tuntuba ba. Duk da cewa ba dukkansu ba ne magoya bayan Umayyawa, amma sun ruguza halifancin Ali ta hanyar tawaye da dama. A karni na 8, ra'ayin masu goyon bayan Usman ya kara karfi a tsakanin malaman addini, wadanda suka dauki Abubakar da Umar da Uthman kawai a matsayin halifofi halal, amma sun hana yin tawaye ga hukuma, inda suka fifita zaman lafiya da hadin kai a kan halifofi na kwarai. Ahlus-Sunnah sun shagaltu da su a karni na 9, lokacin da aka san Usman da Ali a matsayin halifofi shiryayyu. Ko da yake Umayyah Uthmaniyya mai tsananin ƙarfi sun dage na ɗan lokaci, sun kusan bace bayan karni na 10  Watt 1973, p. 75..

Shi'at Uthman
An yi amfani da lafazin Uthmani ga kungiyoyi daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban,[1] duk da cewa abin da ya saba wa dukkan Uthmaniyya shi ne nacewa Usman ya kasance halastaccen shugaba har zuwa sa’arsa ta karshe kuma ‘yan tawaye sun kashe shi bisa zalunci. Uthmaniyya ta siyasa, ko shi’a Uthman (jam’iyyar Uthman) kamar yadda ake kiran su sun tabbatar da cewa magajin Usman Ali (r. 656-661) shege ne halifa, domin yana da hannu wajen kashe Usman kuma ya yi. ba shura (shawara ba) ta zabe shi, don haka sai an zabi sabon halifa Melchert, Christopher (2020). "The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth". In al-Sarhan, Saud (ed.). Political Quietism in Islam: Sunnī and Shīʿī Practice and Thought. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 63–79. ISBN 978-1-8386-0765-4..

Lokacin da aka zabi Ali halifa, mafi yawan kuraishawa (rukunin dangin Makka da Annabi Muhammad yake cikin su) sun yi tir da zaben Ali. Duk da cewa mafi rinjayen Ansar (magoya bayan Muhammad din Madina) sun goyi bayan Ali, wasu da dama daga cikinsu akwai Nu'uman bn Bashir, da Hassan bn Thabit, da Ka'b bn Malik, da Zaid bn Thabit, da Maslama bn Mukhallad. mai suna Uthmani, kuma bai yi masa mubaya’a ba. A shekara ta 656, matar Muhammadu Aisha da sahabbansa Talha da al-Zubayr sun jagoranci dakarun da ke goyon bayan Usman a yakin Rakumi a wani yunkurin juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba na kifar da Ali da hukunta wadanda suka kashe Usman. Daga baya dan Umayya Uthman dan Umayya Mu'awiya [2] ne ya dauki wannan lamarin, wanda bayan rashin yanke hukunci da Ali (657) ya zama halifa a lokacin da daya daga cikin tsoffin magoya bayansa (Khawarijawa) masu tawaye ya kashe shi a shekara ta 661. Ba duk Uthmaniyya na farko ba ne magoya bayan Mu'awiya ba. Da yawa sun yarda cewa halifa ya kasance daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu na farko wadanda ba Hashimiya ba, yayin da Mu'awiya ya kasance marigayi tuba. Amma duk da haka wadannan sun yarda da mulkinsa saboda hadin kan musulmi[3]. Da wafatin Mu’awiya a shekara ta 680, kuma aka fara yakin basasa na biyu, kawancen ya ci gaba da wargajewa a lokacin da Abd Allah bn Zubayr ya la’anci dan Mu’awiya kuma magajinsa Yazid, kuma ya yi kira da a yi shura. A karshe ya yi wa kansa daular halifanci a lokacin da Yazidu ya rasu a shekara ta 683. Daga nan ne Uthmaniyya ta rabu zuwa jam’iyyu masu goyon bayan Banu Umayyawa da Zubairu, wadanda na farko ke wakiltar mafi rinjaye. Sauran fitattun Uthmaniyya na siyasa sun hada da mutane irin su Busr bn Abi Artat da Mu'awiya bn Hudayj.Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960.

Manazarta