Leucostoma kunzei

Naman gwari mai tsire-tsire Leucostoma kunzei (tsohon Valsa kunzei ) shine wakili na cutar Leucostoma canker (wanda aka fi sani da Cytospora canker ko spruce canker ), cuta na bishiyoyin spruce da aka samu a Arewacin Hemisphere, yawanci akan Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) da Colorado . blue spruce ( Picea pungens ). Wannan cuta tana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi yawa kuma suna cutar da nau'in Picea a arewa maso gabashin Amurka, duk da haka kuma tana shafar sauran nau'ikan coniferous . Da kyar yakan kashe bishiyar da ke masaukinsa; duk da haka, cutar ba ta lalacewa ta hanyar kashe rassan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma haifar da fitar da guduro daga raunuka na shekara - shekara a kan rassan ko kututture. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981b. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytosprora canker development on Colorado blue spruce. Journal of Arboriculture 7: 113-116.  

 Asalin 
Leucostoma kunzei or “ Valsa kunzei ” (Fr.:Fr) Fr. (conidial state - Cytospora kunzei ) Waterman ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin shekara ta 1955, Waterman, A.M., 1955. The relation of Valsa kunzei to cankers on conifers. Phytopathology 45: 686-692. a matsayin mai haifar da reshe da masu tsini da ta lura akan Douglas fir. Waterman ya al'ada naman gwari daga bishiyoyin daji daga Washington, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, da Massachusetts kuma ya ba da bayanin farko na canker da naman gwari. Ta kuma lura cewa bishiyu na ƙanƙara yawanci suna faruwa a wuraren da ba su da kyau ko kuma wasu abubuwan muhalli sun raunana su.  Merrill, W.; Wenner, N. G.; Peplinski, J. D., 1993. 
New host distribution records from Pennsylvania conifers. 
Plant Disease 77: 430-443.

 Runduna masu saukin kamuwa 
Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981b. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytosprora canker development on Colorado blue spruce. Journal of Arboriculture 7: 113-116.  Merrill, W.; Wenner, N. G.; Peplinski, J. D., 1993. 
New host distribution records from Pennsylvania conifers. 
Plant Disease 77: 430-443. Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Grove, W.B., 1923. The British Species of Cytospora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Vol. No.1 (1923) 15-16 pp. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156.

 Balsam Fir Abin balsamea
 Farashin Fraser Abies fraseri
 Turai Larch Larix decidua
 Jafananci Larch Larix kampferi
 Amurka Larch Larix laricina
 Norway Spruce Picea abin
 Engelmann Spruce ne adam wata Picea engelmannii
 Farin Spruce Picea glauca
 Black Spruce Picea mariana
 Caucasian Spruce Picea Orientalis
 Colorado Blue Spruce Picea pungens
 Red Spruce Picea rubens
 Jack Pine Pinus banksiana
 Red Pine Pinus resinosa
 Gabashin Farin Pine Pinus strobus
 Bhutan Pine Pinus wallichiana
 Eldar Pine Pinus eldaric
 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga ma'ana
 Western Redcedar Thuja plicata
 Gabashin Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

 Alamun 
Alamomin wannan cuta a cikin rundunonin spruce sun haɗa da matattu da rassan da ke mutuwa da raunuka na dindindin a kan rassan da gangar jikin, waɗanda ke fitar da resins. Tsofaffin rassan (ƙananan bishiyoyi) suna ɗaukar lalacewa fiye da ƙananan. A lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani ganyen rassan da suka kamu da cutar a kan bishiyar da aka yi garkuwa da su suna yin shuɗewa kuma suna yin launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke nuni da ɗaurin gindi da ke faruwa a cikin reshe ko kuma tare da tushen tushen da wannan cuta ke haifarwa. Wadannan allura masu launin ruwan kasa za su kasance a manne a lokacin girma sannan kuma su fadi a lokacin hunturu, suna barin rassan rassan da ba su da tushe. Duk wannan tsari zai iya faruwa a kowace shekara, yana motsawa daga ƙananan rassan zuwa manyan rassan, don haka ya lalata alamar bishiyar mai masauki. Twigs da rassan da wannan cuta ta kashe na iya kasancewa a kan bishiyar da take da cuta na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk wannan lalacewar da wannan cuta ta fungal ke haifarwa ba ya farawa har sai bishiyoyin da ke cikin gida sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 10-15. Koyaya, a cikin wuraren gandun daji na shimfidar wuri ana iya kashe ƙananan rassan matasa spruce shuɗi ko fari spruce lokaci-lokaci. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947.  Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156. 

Launuka yawanci suna farawa ne daga ƙananan ƙananan rassan kuma suna girma zuwa elliptic ko wani lokaci-lokaci masu kama da lu'u-lu'u. Raunin da ya samo asali a kan rassan da ke kusa da babban tushe na iya bazuwa a cikin babban tushe. Cambium da wannan cuta ta kashe yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan ja-ja-jaja kuma yana cike da resins. Sapwood da ke ƙasa, wanda aka kashe kuma ya mamaye ta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a cika samun launi ba. Guduro mai launin amber yana fitowa sosai daga gefuna na cankers, yana gangarowa cikin haushi, ko kuma ya digo a kan ƙananan rassan ko ƙasa, sannan ya taurare ya zama farin ɓawon burodi. Launukan da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙwayar cuta yawanci suna tafiya a bayyane ba a lura da su ba a kan bishiyoyin da suka kamu da cutar na tsawon shekaru da yawa, saboda ƙwayar cuta da ke riƙe da resin. Samuwar callus a gefen canker yana da dabara ko kusan ba ya nan, yawanci guduro shine kawai alamar raunin haushi. Cankers da aka kafa akan gangar jikin zasu bayyana kamar sun nutse saboda rayayyun kyallen takarda (calus) suna fadadawa da girma a kusa da kyallen da suka ji rauni. Cikakkiyar ɗaurin gindin runduna ko manyan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa; duk da haka, wannan taron na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa har ma da shekaru masu yawa don cikawa. A cikin wasu conifers masu saukin kamuwa, alamun suna kama da na spruce sai dai fitar da guduro yawanci ba shi da fice. Game da pine, mabuɗin alamar da za a lura da shi shine cututtukan reshen da ba a san su ba wanda wannan cuta ta haifar. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156.  

 Alamu 
Alamun Leucostoma kunzei sun haɗa da fungal stromata na mataki na Cytospora wanda ke samuwa kowace shekara a cikin bawon daji da aka kashe kwanan nan kuma mafi yawa, a waje da masu ciwon daji. Pycnidial stromata suna da siffa kamar gajerun mazugi, 1-2 mm a diamita, tare da ɗakuna masu ƙyalƙyali suna haskakawa daga tsakiya kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar rami na kowa a saman. A lokacin damshin yanayi, za su samar da rawaya tendrils na conidia. Wani mutum stroma duk da haka, yana yin wannan sau ɗaya kawai. Conidia su ne unicellular, allantoid (siffar tsiran alade), da 4-6 x 0.5-1 µm girma. Perithecial stromata wanda balagagge a cikin bazara suma gajere ne da 1-2 mm a diamita. Nama na ciki kodadde rawaya ne zuwa launin ruwan toka mai launin ruwan toka tare da baƙar perithecia 5-30 a ciki. Perithecia shine 200-600 µm a diamita, kuma wuyoyinsu suna haɗuwa a saman diski-kamar stroma. Fayilolin yawanci 0.2-1.0 mm a diamita da launin toka zuwa baki a saman. Ascospores sune hyaline (marasa launi), unicellular, lanƙwasa, kuma auna 5-8 x 1-2 µm. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947.  Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Grove, W.B., 1923. The British Species of Cytospora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Vol. No.1 (1923) 15-16 pp. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156. 

 Zagayowar cuta 
An fara kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta shiga cikin raunukan kwanan nan na bishiyar mai saurin kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya haifar da waɗannan raunuka ta hanyar inji kamar kayan aiki, ta hanyar shigar kwari, ko a cikin raunuka na halitta saboda matsalolin muhalli kamar dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara. Gabaɗaya, yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana tsammanin yana faruwa a farkon bazara, kodayake bazara na kuma sabunta cututtukan da ke ɓoye daga kakar da ta gabata, da zarar yanayin muhalli yana da fa'ida ga naman gwari. Yawanci, yanayi mara kyau na muhalli kamar fari, matsanancin zafi, ko takamaiman wurin yana ƙarfafa haɓakawa da kamuwa da wannan cuta. Ana iya samun wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin haushi na waje na abin da ya zama rassan rassa masu lafiya, wanda ke nuna kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa kafin ci gaban rauni. Dukansu conidia da ascospores na wannan naman gwari suna kamuwa da cuta. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981b. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytosprora canker development on Colorado blue spruce. Journal of Arboriculture 7: 113-116.  Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156.

Ana fitar da Conidia a lokacin damina yanayi na bazara, amma kuma a duk lokacin bazara da kaka. Wadannan conidia na iya jure yanayin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa ga rayuwar wannan naman gwari, kuma conidia suna tsiro a kusan 20-33 ° C. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don haɓakar conidial da farkon girma na naman gwari yana kusa da 27 °C. Hakanan ana fitar da ascospores a cikin bazara, da kuma, farkon lokacin rani. Watsewar conidiospores da ascospores ta hanyar gudu ko watsa ruwa yana ba da shaida don haɓakawar shekara zuwa shekara da haɓaka ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka. Dukkanin nau'ikan spore sun gano a kan iska a kusancin bishiyoyi marasa lafiya, duk da haka hanyar zama iska har yanzu ba ta da tabbas. Akwai rade-radin cewa wannan tarwatsawar iska na iya kasancewa saboda sakin ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar ɗigon ruwan sama wanda ya zama 'yanci a cikin iska yayin da ɗigon ruwa ke ƙafewa. Ana samun conidia da yawa a cikin ruwa da iska, sabanin ascospores. Wadannan tururuwa masu iska, da kuma, kwari suna ba da bayani game da yaduwar wannan cuta daga bishiya zuwa bishiya. Da zarar an ɗaure reshe ko tushe na majiɓinci mai rauni, ƙwayoyin cuta za su mamaye manyan wuraren haushi da sauri fiye da wurin ɗaurin gindi. Bayan wannan, ƙwayoyin cuta za su haifar da pycnial da yawa daga baya kuma daga baya perithecial stromata. Tsawon lokaci mai yiwuwa na wannan sake zagayowar cutar shine shekara 1, saboda pycnidial stromata wanda ke samuwa a cikin shekarar farko na haɓakar rauni. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981b. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytosprora canker development on Colorado blue spruce. Journal of Arboriculture 7: 113-116.  Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156.

 Gudanar da cututtuka 
Saboda tsofaffi, bishiyoyi masu rauni sun fi dacewa da Leucostoma kunzei, mahimmin mahimmanci wajen kula da wannan cuta mai kyau shine kula da lafiyar bishiyar da karfi ta hanyar rage damuwa akan bishiyar. Zabi wuraren dasa shuki tare da ƙasa mai kyau, m, ƙasa mai kyau; guje wa ƙasa mara zurfi ko magudanar ruwa. A lokacin lokutan fari mai tsawo ko a wuraren busassun ruwa na yau da kullum yana da mahimmanci a lokacin girma kakar, da kuma, aikace-aikace na takin mai magani kowace 'yan shekaru. Ingantattun bishiyoyi da nisantar duk wani matsala ga tushen tsarin wanda zai iya haifar da rauni ko rashin ci gaban tushen duka duka suna rage yuwuwar bishiyar guda ɗaya ta kamu da cuta.   

Zaɓaɓɓen pruning na ƙananan rassan a inda zai yiwu, ba tare da lalata gaba ɗaya da kyawawan bayyanar itacen yana da kyau ba. A kan bishiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, duk rassan da ba su da lafiya da kuma kusa da su ya kamata a datse su zuwa ga reshe mai rai mafi kusa ko gangar jikin. Ya kamata a yanke rassan rauni da rauni zuwa gangar jikin bishiyar. A kan manyan gaɓoɓi ko kututtuka za a iya fitar da ɓangaren cankered. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cire duk launin ruwan kasa, matattun kyallen jikin, da kuma, 1 inci lafiyayyen haushi da itace a kowane bangare, yanke zuwa zurfin ¼ inch. Tsaftar kayan aiki da kyau yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin yaduwar wannan cuta ta bazata; Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar kashe su ta hanyar shafa su ko kuma a nutsar da su cikin maganin 70% shafa barasa. Yankewa a lokacin jika na iya haifar da yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar raunuka; don haka, a datse kawai lokacin da ganye da haushi suka bushe. Ba za a iya maido da bishiyoyin da suka daɗe da kyau ba kuma a cire su gaba ɗaya daga wurin kuma idan zai yiwu, a ƙone su don cire tushen inoculum.   

Ya zuwa yau, babu wani fungicides wanda ya iya ba da rigakafi ko kama ci gaban Leucostoma canker akan bishiyoyin spruce   

 Nau'in maye gurbin da aka ba da shawarar (iri mai ƙarfi) 
Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987.
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publishing,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 168 pp. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981a. Epidemiology of Cytospora canker caused in Colorado blue spruce by Valsa kunzei. Phytopathology 71: 941-947. Kamiri, L.K.; Laemmlen, F.F., 1981b. Effects of drought stress and wounding on Cytosprora canker development on Colorado blue spruce. Journal of Arboriculture 7: 113-116.  Merrill, W.; Wenner, N. G.; Peplinski, J. D., 1993. 
New host distribution records from Pennsylvania conifers. 
Plant Disease 77: 430-443. Lavallee, A, 1964. A larch canker caused by
Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. Canadian Journal of Botany. 42: 1495-1502. Grove, W.B., 1923. The British Species of Cytospora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Vol. No.1 (1923) 15-16 pp. Kavak, H., 2005, Cytospora kunzei on plantation-grown Pinus eldrica in Turkey. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 151-156.

 Siberian Spruce Picea omorika
 Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus Atlantika
 Nikko Fir Abin homolepis
 Leyland Cypress Cupressus leylandii
 Juniper na kasar Sin Juniperus chinensis
 Dutsen Rocky Juniper Juniperus scopulorum
 Jafananci Cedar Cryptomeria japonica

 Nassoshi 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Farashin Fungorum
 USDA ARS Fungal Database

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba