Ƴancin yin ƙorafe-ƙorafe na Amurka

A Amurka an lissafta ' yancin yin koke a cikin Gyaran Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka, wanda musamman ya haramtawa Majalisa dage "yancin jama'a a cikin lumana na hallara, da kuma shigar da kara ga Gwamnati don gyara koke-koke".

Ko da yake sau da yawa ba a manta da su ba don neman wasu shahararrun ƴancin yanci, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su ba tare da izini ba,  yawancin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ana aiwatar da su a kan gwamnati kawai ta hanyar amfani da wannan ainihin haƙƙin.  

A cewar Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, tun lokacin da aka rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki, haƙƙin neman koke ya faɗaɗa. Ba a taƙaice kawai ga buƙatun "gyara korafe-korafe" a kowace ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi ba, amma yana fahimtar buƙatun na yin aiki da gwamnati na ikonta don ci gaban sha'awa da wadata ga masu kora da kuma ra'ayoyinsu a kan. Kuma al'amuran siyasa masu rikitarwa. Haƙƙin ya shafi “kusantar ƴan ƙasa ko ƙungiyoyin su ga hukumomin gudanarwa (waɗanda duka halittu ne na majalisa, da kuma hannun zartarwa) da kuma kotuna, sashe na uku na Gwamnati. Lallai ‘yancin yin koke ya shafi dukkan sassan gwamnati. Haƙƙin shiga kotuna haƙiƙa wani ɓangare ne na ‘yancin kai ƙara”.

 Tushen tarihi 
A cikin <i id="mwIw">Sharhin</i> Blackstone, Amurkawa a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun karanta cewa "haƙƙin neman koke GA sarki, ko kuma ko dai majalisar dokoki, don magance ƙorafe-ƙorafen" ya kasance "haƙƙin da ya shafi kowane mutum". 

A cikin shekarata 1776, Bayanin Independence ya ambaci gazawar Sarki George don magance ƙorafe-ƙorafen da aka jera a cikin koke-koke na mulkin mallaka, kamar Bukatun Reshen Zaitun na shekarata 1775, a matsayin hujjar ayyana 'yancin kai:A kowane mataki na waɗannan Zaluncin Mun Koka don gyarawa cikin mafi ƙasƙanci: Koke-kokenmu da aka maimaita an amsa su ne kawai ta maimaita rauni. Basarake, wanda halinsa ke da alamar kowane irin aiki da zai iya ayyana Azzalumi, bai dace ya zama shugaban mutane masu 'yanci ba. A tarihi, ana iya gano haƙƙin a baya  zuwa takaddun Ingilishi kamar Magna Carta, wanda, ta hanyar karɓuwa daga masarauta, ya tabbatar da haƙƙin a fakaice. 14 Dokar Edw III 1 Babi na 5 (1340)  ya sanya koke a kan ƙa'idar doka. Sannan kumaYa bukaci a samar da wata Hukuma a kowace Majalissar da za ta “ji karar da aka kai musu, korafe-korafen duk waɗanda za su yi korafin irin wannan jinkiri ko korafin da aka yi musu”.

Sa'an nan kuma daga baya, Mataki na ashirin da 5 Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa "Haƙƙin waɗanda ake zargi da kai ƙarar Sarki ne kuma duk alkawurra da ƙararrakin da ake yi na irin wannan ƙarar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne." .  . "Maganin korafe-korafe", da aka samu a cikin sashe na gabatar da gyare-gyare na farko na ƙasar Amurka yana samuwa a cikin Mataki na 13 na Dokar Haƙƙi na 1689 "Kuma don Gyara dukkan Korafe-korafe da inganta ƙarfafawa da kiyaye Dokokin da ya kamata a gudanar da su. akai-akai." wanda ke nuni da cewa ‘yancin gabatar da kara yana hade da ‘yancin gyara koke-koke a majalisar. Ana samun irin wannan magana a cikin Ƙoƙarin Haƙƙin Scotland.

Yarima William na Orange (Sarki na gaba William III) ya bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Dalili na korafe-korafen da zai haifar da Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1688.  Game da 'yancin yin koke ya yi tsokaci game da gwaji na Bishops Bakwai  inda Ubangijin Ruhaniya ciki har da Arch Bishop na Canterbury suka sadaukar da Hasumiyar kuma suka yi ƙoƙari don Seditious Libel don ƙin bin umarnin karanta sanarwar Indulgence. alkalai sun yi musu shari'a kuma suka wanke su. An gano cewa ba za a iya hukunta Bishops da laifin Seditious Libel ba saboda suna yin haƙƙin neman koke da ke ƙunshe a wancan lokacin a cikin Dokar Ta'addanci ta 1661.  Wannan halin da ake ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da Art.1 Bill of Rights (1688) inda irin wannan dakatar da dokoki ba tare da izinin majalisar ba, ba tare da la'akari da "lalacewar hujja" an gane shi ba bisa doka ba "Cewa ikon da aka yi na dakatar da dokoki ko zartar da dokoki. ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ba tare da amincewar Majalisa ba haramun ne."

 Amfani na farko 
Babban motsa jiki na farko  da kare haƙƙin koke a cikin ƙasar Amurka shi ne bayar da shawarar kawo ƙarshen bauta ta hanyar aika Majalisar da koke fiye da dubu kan batun, wanda wasu 'yan ƙasa 130,000 suka sa hannu.  Tun daga shekara ta 1836, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da jerin ka'idoji na gag wanda kai tsaye ya gabatar da duk irin wadannan koke-koke na yaki da bautar ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma suka haramta tattaunawarsu.  Majalisar dattawa ta dauki irin wannan mataki. Kuma Tsohon shugaban kasa John Quincy Adams da sauran Wakilai daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar soke waɗannan dokoki a cikin 1844 bisa ga cewa ya saba wa yancin Tsarin Mulki (a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ) don "koken gwamnati don magance koke- koke ". 

 Iyakar 
Yayin da haramcin tauye haƙƙin neman koke a asali ana magana ne kawai ga majalisar tarayya ( Majalisar dokoki ) da kotuna, koyarwar haɗakarwa daga baya ta faɗaɗa kare haƙƙin da yake da shi a halin yanzu, kuma a kan dukkan kotunan jihohi da tarayya da majalisun dokoki da zartarwa. rassan jaha  da gwamnatocin tarayya. Haƙƙin shigar da ƙara ya haɗa da a ƙarƙashin inuwarta haƙƙin doka na gurfanar da gwamnati,  da haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi da yuwuwar ƙungiyoyi don shigar da gwamnati.

Wasu masu shigar da kara sun ce ‘yancin kai karar gwamnati ya hada da wata buƙata da gwamnati ta saurara ko kuma ta mayar da martani ga jama’a. Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka ta ƙi wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekarata 1984:Babu wani abu a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ko kuma a cikin dokar shari'ar wannan Kotun da ke fassara cewa 'yancin yin magana, tarayya, da koke ya buƙaci masu tsara manufofin gwamnati su saurara ko mayar da martani ga hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kan al'amuran jama'a. Duba kuma Smith v. Ma'aikatan Babban Titin Jihar Arkansas, inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin la'akari da korafe-korafen ma'aikata lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shigar da su, sannan maimakon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Babban Titin ta Jiha, bai keta gyare-gyaren farko ga Amurka ba. Tsarin Mulki. 441 U.S. 463 (1979).

Kotun Ƙoli ta fi fassara Faɗin Ƙoƙarin a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maganar Magana ta Kyauta na Gyaran Farko, amma a cikin yanke shawara na shekarata 2010 a Borough na Duryea v. Guarnieri (2010) ya yarda cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyun:

 Ƙuntatawa 
Dokar South Dakota ta hana masu laifin yin lalata da su yada koke, suna da hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da tarar dala 2,000. 

Bayar da koke na wani fursuna a Ofishin Gidan Yari na Tarayya (BOP) haramun ne a ƙarƙashin 28 CFR 541.3,  Duamutef v. O'Keefe, 98 F.3d 22  (2d Cir. 1996) kuma ana azabtar da shi ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku .

Kalmar “Koke” kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waɗannan ka’idoji guda biyu ta taƙaita ne ga waɗannan korafe-korafen da ke gudana a ɓangaren zartarwa ko na majalisu na gwamnati, kuma ba ta haɗa da takaddun da aka shigar a gaban kotu ba, waɗanda kuma ake kira da “koke”, kamar koke-koke na coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, haramci, da certiorari, da sauransu. Kuma A yayin da aka fi kiran wadannan a matsayin "koke" nau'i ne na karan-tsaye ga gwamnati wanda zai iya sa kotuna ta fitar da wata takarda ta umurci gwamnati ta yi aiki, ko kuma ta daina aiki, ta hanyar da aka kayyade. Blacks law dictionary, See definitions for coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, etc.

‘Yancin ma’aikatan gwamnati na magance korafe-korafe da ma’aikatansu kan al’amuran da suka shafi aiki za a iya takaita shi ga tsarin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin kotun koli. Sannan A cikin Pickering v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne kotu ta daidaita 'yancin ma'aikaci na yin magana a kan sha'awar gwamnati na kasancewa mai inganci da tasiri a ayyukan jama'a da take yi. Daga baya Kotun Koli - Connick v. Myers, Garcetti v. Ceballos, da Gundumar Duryea v. Guarnieri - ya kafa cewa dole ne ma'aikatan gwamnati su nuna cewa sun yi magana a matsayinsu na ɗan ƙasa a kan abin da ya shafi jama'a lokacin da suke tuhumar ma'aikacin su a ƙarƙashin Magana na Farko ko Ƙa'idar Ƙorafi.

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