Sauyin yanayi a nahiyar Africa

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Afirka suna haifar da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin Afirka, kuma suna da babban tasiri ga mutane da kusan kowane nau'in rayuwa mai lalacewa. Batutuwa sun haɗa da misali sare itatuwa, lalata ƙasa, gurɓataccen iska, sauyin yanayi da ƙarancin ruwa (sakamakon matsaloli tare da samun ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta). Kusan duk matsalolin muhalli na Afirka suna da sauyin yanayi kuma mutane ne suka jawo su.

 sare itatuwa 
Yawan sare itatuwa da raguwar da ake samu a yankunan dazuzzuka su ne manyan batutuwan muhalli na Nahiyar Afrika. Ana cigaba da saran gandun daji da jujjuyawar ƙasa don noma, matsuguni da buƙatun mutane. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na al'ummar Afirka na da bukatar itace da za su yi amfani da su a matsayin makamashi don dumama da dafa abinci. Sakamakon haka, wuraren dake dazuzzuka suna raguwa a kullum, alal misali, a yankin dazuzzukan da ba a taba gani ba. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yawan kwararowar hamada a Afirka ya ninka na duniya. 

Yawan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda shine babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka, ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kamar kashi 50% a Kamaru da kashi 80% a Laberiya. Kuma A Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, bukatun talakawa ne ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka, tare da saran itatuwa da hako ma'adinai ba tare da kulawa ba. A kasar Habasha, babban abin da ya jawo shi ne karuwar al'ummar kasar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar noma, da noman dabbobi, da kuma itacen mai. Sannan Kuma Karancin ilimi da kuma karancin sa hannun gwamnati suma suna taimakawa wajen sare itatuwa. Asarar dazuzzukan Madagaskar dai na faruwa ne a wani bangare sakamakon ‘yan kasar da ke amfani da dabarun sara da konewa bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan Faransa. A shekarar 2005, Najeriya ce tafi kowacce kasa yawan sare itatuwa a duniya, a cewar hukumar abinci da noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO.  Sace dazuzzuka a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon saren itatuwa, noman noma, da kuma tarin itacen da ake amfani da shi don samun mai. Kuma A cewar gfy, sare dazuzzuka ya shafe kusan kashi 90% na dazuzzukan Afirka. Afirka ta Yamma ce kawai kashi 22.8% na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan suka rage, kuma kashi 81% na dazuzzukan da suka tsufa a Najeriya sun bace cikin shekaru 15. Sake sare dazuzzuka kuma yana rage yiwuwar samun ruwan sama; Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa da fari saboda haka. Kashi 98% na dazuzzukan Habasha sun bace cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Sannan Kuma A cikin shekaru 43, yawan gandun daji na Kenya ya ragu daga kusan kashi 10% zuwa 1.7%. Sake sare dazuzzuka a Madagaska ya kuma haifar da kwararowar hamada, da asarar kasa, da gurbacewar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da kasa samar da albarkatun da ake bukata domin yawan al'ummarta. Kuma A cikin shekaru biyar da suka wuce, Najeriya ta yi asarar kusan rabin dazuzzukan da ta ke da su.

Gwamnatin Habasha, tare da kungiyoyi irin su Farm Africa, sun fara daukar matakan hana sare itatuwa fiye da kima .

Kasashe da dama na Afirka sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan farfado da su domin magance illar sare itatuwa. Sannan Kuma An nuna wadannan ayyuka na inganta muhalli ta hanyoyi da dama da kuma rayuwar mutanen da ke kusa da su. Misali "Tsarin gyaran gandun daji da noman dazuzzuka na iya taimakawa, alal misali, sarrafa carbon, hana ambaliya, haɓaka nau'ikan halittu, gyara gurɓataccen ƙasa, samar da wadataccen makamashi na gida ga talakawan karkara da inganta amfani da filaye da sarrafa magudanan ruwa." 

 Lalacewar ƙasa 
Yazawar ruwan sama da koguna da iska da kuma yawan amfani da kasa wajen noma da rashin amfani da taki ya sa kasa ta zama mara haihuwa, misali a filayen kogin Nilu da kogin Orange . Kuma Babban abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin samar da takin zamani da ake amfani da shi, tunda ƙasar Afirka ba ta da tushen sinadarai masu gina jiki. Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a kuma ya ba da gudummawa lokacin da mutane ke buƙatar noman noma, a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga, amma ba a dauki matakan kare ƙasa ba,  saboda ƙarancin kuɗi.  Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu suna haifar da matsin lamba a kan sauran abubuwan muhalli, kamar gandun daji, kuma ba su da dorewa.  Hakanan akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin ingancin ƙasa. Sannan Yawancin ƙasa suna da duwatsu ko yumbu daga ayyukan volcanic. Sauran dalilan sun hada da zaizayar kasa, kwararowar hamada, da sare itatuwa. Wani abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin kula da sharar da ba ta dace ba, rashin kayan aiki da dabarun da za a bi don zubar da shara a cikin ƙasa, kuma don haka yana haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta hanyar sarrafa irin wannan leaching.

Lalacewar ƙasan Afirka yana haifar da raguwar samar da abinci, da lalata tasirin muhalli, da raguwar ingancin rayuwa gabaɗaya a Afirka.  Wannan batu zai ragu idan takin zamani da sauran kayan amfanin gona sun fi araha kuma don haka ana amfani da su sosai.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar da wani bincike na duniya kan lalata kasa da dan Adam ya haifar da shi (GLASOD) don ci gaba da binciken musabbabi da yanayin kasa. Kuma Ana samun damar samun bayanan da aka tattara cikin 'yanci, kuma ana fatan za a wayar da kan 'yan siyasa a yankunan da ake fuskantar barazana. 

 Gurbacewar iska 
Iskar da ke cikin Afirka tana ƙazanta sosai saboda dalilai da yawa da aka ambata a ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Hanyar noma ta farko da ke faruwa a mafi yawan yankuna a Afirka tabbas abu ne mai haddasawa. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi kiyasin cewa hekta miliyan 11.3 na kasa na asarar duk shekara sakamakon noma, kiwo, kone-kone da kuma cin itacen mai. Lanly, J.P. (1982) Tropical Forest Resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an778e/an778e00.pdf Ana amfani da konewar itace da gawayi don dafa abinci  kuma wannan yana haifar da sakin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, wanda shine gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanayi.  Haka kuma, saboda rashin wadataccen wutar lantarki, yawancin gidaje sai sun dogara da man fetur da dizal a cikin janareta don ci gaba da gudanar da wutar lantarki. World Health Organization (2013). Regional burden of disease due to indoor air pollution. Retrieved from  Gurbacewar iska a Afirka na zuwa kan gaba kuma bai kamata a yi watsi da su ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu matakan mercury sun yi tsanani saboda konewar kwal da hakar gwal. Mercury yana tsotse daga iska zuwa cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙasar tana ba da damar amfanin gona su sha mercury, wanda ɗan adam ke sha. Dabbobi suna cin ciyawar da ta sha mercury kuma mutane na iya shiga cikin waɗannan dabbobin. Kifi yana shakar mercury daga cikin ruwa, haka nan mutane su kan sha kifin su sha ruwan da ya sha mercury. Sannan kuma Wannan yana ƙara matakan mercury a cikin mutane. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiya.  

Ana sa ran cewa, Afirka za ta iya wakiltar rabin gurbacewar da ake fitarwa a duniya nan da shekarar 2030, in ji Cathy Lousse darektan bincike na sautin yanayi na CNRS, tare da sauran masu bincike. Rahoton ya ce, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na fama da gurbacewar yanayi cikin sauri, kuma wanda ya samo asali daga dalilai da dama, kamar kona itace don dafa abinci, bude konewar sharar gida, zirga-zirga, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da sinadarai, kurar sahara da ke dauke da ita. iska ta ratsa yankin Sahel, duk da wannan ya karfafa da karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma zama birane. 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton bukatar shiga tsakani lokacin da aka rasa fiye da kashi World Health Organization (2013). Mental Health – DALYs/YLDs definition. Retrieved from  bisa uku na jimlar shekarun da aka daidaita na nakasa sakamakon kamuwa da gurbatar iska a cikin gida a Afirka. World Health Organization (2013). Regional burden of disease due to indoor air pollution. Retrieved from  Ana buƙatar man fetur don kunna fitulu da dare. Sannan Kuma Man da ake konawa yana haifar da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a sararin samaniya. Saboda karuwar birane a Afirka, mutane suna ƙara kona mai tare da amfani da motoci masu yawa don sufuri. Haɓaka hayaƙin ababen hawa da haɓakar haɓaka masana'antu na nufin ingancin iskar birane a nahiyar na ƙara ta'azzara. Haka kuma lamarin yana faruwa a manyan biranen Najeriya da dama inda manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ingancin iskar sun hada da hayakin motoci da hayakin masana'antu da kona shara. Kuma Bambance-bambancen yanayi na yanayi kuma yana kasancewa tare da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska da ke faruwa a lokacin rani (Nuwamba zuwa Maris a arewa, Mayu zuwa Satumba a kudu). 

A kasashe da dama, har yanzu amfani da ledar man fetur na yaduwa sosai, kuma babu yadda za a iya sarrafa hayakin motoci. Gurbacewar iska a cikin gida ta yadu, galibi daga kona gawayi a kicin don girki.  Abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga gidajen mai da nitrogen da hydrocarbon da ake fitarwa daga filayen jirgin sama suna haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Carbon dioxide sauran iskar gas a cikin iska yana haifar da karuwar mutanen da ke da al'amuran numfashi. 

Akwai alakar gama gari tsakanin gurbacewar iska da yawan jama'a. Sannan Afirka ta bambanta tsakanin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a da yankunan da ba su da yawa. A yankunan da babu ci gaban masana'antu kaɗan da mutane kaɗan, ingancin iska yana da girma. Kuma Akasin haka, a yankuna masu yawan jama'a da masu masana'antu ingancin iska ba ya da yawa. Magance gurbacewar iska a manyan birane galibi shine babban fifiko, duk da cewa nahiyar gaba daya tana samar da gurbatacciyar iska bisa ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da muhalli iri-iri. Wadannan gurbacewar yanayi barazana ce ga al'ummar Afirka da muhallin da suke kokarin dorewa. Hillstrom & Hillstrom The Worlds environments. a continental overview of environmental issues 2003 pp. 207–208

A cikin shekarata 2019, gurɓataccen iska ya kashe mutane miliyan 1.1 a duk faɗin Afirka, in ji wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Lafiyar Duniya na Lancet a cikin Oktoba shekarar 2021.  Fiye da yara miliyan 350 na Afirka suna rayuwa a gidajen da ke amfani da makamashi mai ƙarfi, galibi itace da gawayi, don dafa abinci da dumama. Fitowar da ake samu daga wadannan tsattsauran mai sune manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska a cikin gida. 

 Canjin yanayi 

 Rashin ruwa 

 Lalacewar filastik 
Kamar sauran kasashen duniya masu tasowa, sannan gurbacewar robobi na haifar da matsaloli kamar gurbacewar hanyoyin ruwa, datse hanyoyin sarrafa ruwan sama, da karuwar cututtuka sakamakon sauro da kwarin da ke zaune a cikin robobi.  Rashin sarrafa robobi duka haɗin gwiwa ne na samar da arha daga kowane nau'in masana'anta, misali ta hanyar samar da ruwa da ake buƙata ta hanyar ruwan kwalba da buhunan ruwa, da rashin kula da sharar bayan amfani. 

Wasu wurare a Afirka kuma sun kasance ana samun zubar da sharar robobi daga Arewacin Duniya.  Wasu gwamnatoci suna mayar da martani, sannan kuma nahiyar na kan gaba a sauran kasashen duniya a haramcin robobi wanda ya rage izinin amfani da kuma kera robobin amfani guda daya kamar buhunan robobi da kayayyakin abinci. 

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Muhalli na Afirka (Bulletin)
 Africover (aikin UN)
 Saukewa: AFR100

 Manazarta 

 Hillstrom, Kevin, da Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Yanayin Duniya. wani bayyani na nahiyar game da batutuwan muhalli. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC-CLIO, 2003.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Fleshman, Michael " Ceto dazuzzuka na Afirka, 'huhun duniya' " Janairu 2008 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba