Kungiyar Asiri

Ƙungiyar Asiri ƙungiya ce ko hadaka wadda ayyukanta, abubuwan da suka faru, ayyuka na ciki, ko membobinta ke ɓoye sirrinta. Al'umma na ta yin yunƙurin ɓoye wanzuwarta. Kalmar yawanci tana cire ƙungiyoyin ɓoye, kamar hukumomin leƙen asiri ko tashe- tashen hankula na yaƙi, waɗanda ke ɓoye ayyukansu da membobinsu amma suna kiyaye gaban jama'a. 

 Ma'anoni 
Ana jayayya game da ainihin cancantar yiwa ƙungiyar lakabin ƙungiyar asiri, amma ma'anar gabaɗaya sun dogara ne akan matakin da ƙungiyar ta dage akan sirri, kuma yana iya haɗawa da riƙewa da watsa ilimin sirri, ƙin kasancewa memba ko ilimin ƙungiyar, samar da alaka ta sirri tsakanin mambobin kungiyar, da yin amfani da ibadodi ko al'adu na sirri da ke karfafa 'ya'yan kungiyar .

A tarihin ɗan adam da tarihi, ƙungiyoyin asiri sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ra'ayi na Männerbund, duka-maza "warrior-band" ko "jarumin al'umma" na al'adun zamani (duba H. Schurtz, Alterklassen und Männerbünde, Berlin, 1902). ; A. Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960).

An gabatar da wani abin da ake kira "bishiyar iyali na ƙungiyoyin asiri", kodayake ba ta cika ba. Stevens (1899), p. vii.

Alan Axelrod, marubucin International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders,  ya bayyana wata ƙungiya ta sirri a matsayin ƙungiya cewa:

 keɓantacce
 yayi ikirarin mallakar sirri na musamman
 yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fifita membobinsa.

Masanin tarihi Richard B. Spence Spence, Richard B. The Real History of Secret Societies (2019), The Great Courses na Jami'ar Idaho ya ba da irin wannan ma'anar ta uku:

 Kasancewar kungiyar ba a asirce ba ne, amma wasu akida ko ayyuka suna boye ga jama'a kuma suna bukatar rantsuwar sirri da aminci don koyo.
 Ƙungiyar ta yi alƙawarin matsayi mafi girma ko ilimi ga membobin.
 Kasancewar ƙungiyar ta wata hanya tana takurawa, kamar ta launin fata, jima'i, addini, ko gayyata kawai.

Spence kuma ya ba da shawarar wani yanki na "Elite Secret Societies" (wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masu samun kuɗi ko kuma masu tasiri a cikin al'umma), kuma ya lura cewa ƙungiyoyin asiri suna da yawa idan ba duniya ba game da bangaranci, fadace-fadace da kuma da'awar asalin tsofaffi fiye da yadda za a iya dogara da su a rubuce. . Ma'anar Spence ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin da ake tunanin al'ada a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri ( Freemasons da Rosicrucians ) da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba a kayyade su a al'ada ba kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin laifuka ( Mafia ), kungiyoyin addini ( Order of Assassins da Thelema ) da ƙungiyoyin siyasa ( Bolsheviks da Black Dragon ). Al'umma ).

David V. Barrett, marubucin Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: Daga Tsohon ilimin sirri zuwa na Zamani da Clandestine, ya yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don bayyana abin da ya cancanci ƙungiyar asiri. Ya siffanta ta da cewa duk wata kungiya ce da ta mallaki wadannan siffofi:

 Ya na da "a tsanaki  da ci gaban koyarwa".
 Koyarwar tana "samuwa ga mutane da aka zaɓa kawai".
 Koyarwa tana kaiwa ga "boyayyun (da 'na musamman') gaskiya".
 Gaskiya suna kawo "fa'idodin sirri fiye da abin da ake iya kaiwa har ma da fahimtar wanda ba a sani ba."

Barrett ya ci gaba da cewa "wani wata sifa da aka saba da ita ga mafi yawansu ita ce ayyukan al'adu wadanda ba 'yan kungiyar ba ne ba a ba su izinin kiyaye su ba, ko ma sanin wanzuwarsu." Ma'anar Barrett zai kawar da ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ake kira ƙungiyoyin asiri; Koyarwar da aka yi maki yawanci ba ta cikin ƴan uwan kwaleji na Amurka, Carbonari, ko Ƙarni na 19 Ban San Komai ba .

Masanin tarihi Jasper Ridley yayi jayayya cewa Freemasonry shine, "Ƙungiyar asiri mafi ƙarfi a duniya." 

Ƙungiyar " Opus Dei " ( Latin Latin don "Aikin Allah") an kwatanta shi a matsayin "tsarin al'umma"    na Cocin Katolika . Masu suka irin su Jesuit Wladimir Ledóchowski wani lokaci suna nufin Opus Dei a matsayin Katolika (ko Kirista ko "farar fata") na Freemasonry .      Sauran masu sukar suna yiwa Opus Dei lakabin "Mafia Mai Tsarki"  ko "Santa Mafia"  kamar yadda ƙungiyar ke da alaƙa da ayyuka daban-daban da ake tambaya ciki har da tsananin " kwakwalwa " na membobinta don cin gajiyar ƙarfin aiki  da kuma kai tsaye. shigar da membobin cikin manyan laifuka kamar fataucin jarirai  a Spain a karkashin mulkin kama- karya Francisco Franco .

 Sarauta 

 Siyasa 
Domin wasu kungiyoyin asiri suna da manufar siyasa, sun sabawa doka a kasashe da dama. Italiya ( Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya, Sashe na 2, Articles 13-28 ) da Poland,  alal misali, sun haramta jam'iyyun siyasa na asiri da kungiyoyin siyasa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su.

 Kwalejoji da jami'o'i 
Yawancin kungiyoyin dalibai da aka kafa a cibiyoyin jami'o'i a Amurka an dauki su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri. Wataƙila ɗayan shahararrun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sirri shine Kwanyar Kai da Kasusuwa a Jami'ar Yale .  Tasirin ƙungiyoyin sirri na karatun digiri na biyu a kwalejoji kamar Harvard College, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar Emory, Jami'ar Chicago,  Jami'ar Virginia, Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'ar New York,  da Kwalejin Wellesley sun kasance. an yarda da shi a bainar jama'a, idan ba a san su ba kuma ba tare da bin doka ba, tun daga karni na 19.  

Jami'o'in Biritaniya, suma, suna da dogon tarihi na ƙungiyoyin sirri ko ƙungiyoyin sirri, irin su The Pitt Club a Jami'ar Cambridge,   Bullingdon Club a Jami'ar Oxford,  da 16' Club a St David's Kwalejin .  Wata ƙungiyar asiri ta Biritaniya ita ce Cambridge Apostles waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin maƙala da al'umma ta muhawara a cikin 1820. Ba duk Jami'o'in Biritaniya ba ne ke karɓar ƙungiyoyin Asiri ba. the night climbers of Cambridge da climbers ofOxford suna buƙatar duka masu tunani  da ƙwaƙwalwa.

A Faransa, Vandermonde ita ce ƙungiyar asiri ta Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers . 

Fitattun misalai a Kanada sun haɗa da Episkopon a Kwalejin Trinity na Jami'ar Toronto, da Society of Thoth a Jami'ar British Columbia .

An hana ƙungiyoyin sirri a cikin ƴan kwalejoji. Cibiyar Soja ta Virginia tana da ka'idoji waɗanda babu wani ɗan takara da zai iya shiga ƙungiyar asiri,  kuma an dakatar da ƙungiyoyin asiri a Kwalejin Oberlin daga 1847  zuwa yanzu,  kuma a Jami'ar Princeton tun farkon karni na 20. .

Confraternities a Najeriya ƙungiyoyin asiri ne kamar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a cikin manyan makarantu. Ba a dai san takamaiman adadin mutanen da suka mutu na ayyukan haɗin gwiwa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin a cikin 2002 shine cewa an kashe mutane 250 a cikin kashe-kashen da ke da alaka da kungiyoyin asiri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, "NIGERIA: Focus on the menace of student cults", IRIN, 1 August 2002 yayin da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Exam Ethics Project ta kiyasta cewa an kashe ɗalibai da malamai 115 tsakanin 1993 da 2003. "Cults of violence", The Economist, 31 July 2008

Ana tsammanin  kungiyar Mandatory Monday Association is thought tayi aiki daga cikin jami'o'in Australiya iri-iri ciki har da Kwalejin Sojan Tsaro ta Australiya . Ƙungiyar tana da surori da yawa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kawai a ranar Litinin don tattauna kasuwanci da aiwatar da ayyukan al'ada. 

Ƙungiyoyin sirri guda ɗaya da aka soke sannan kuma aka halatta ita ce ta The Philomaths, a zamanin yau wata ƙungiya ce ta halal ta ilimi da aka kafa akan tsauraran zaɓi na membobinta.

 Yanar Gizo-gizo 
Yayin da ake hasashen wanzuwar su tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyoyin sirri na yanar Gizo sun fara sanin jama'a a cikin 2012 lokacin da ƙungiyar asirin da aka fi sani da Cicada 3301 ta fara daukar ma'aikata daga jama'a ta hanyar wasanin gwada ilimi na tushen yanar Gizo   Burin al'umma ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma an yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a cikin cryptography .  

 A wurare 

 Asiya 

 China

 Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)
 Red Spear Society
 Tiandihui, 
 Society of the Heaven and the Earth (Tong organization)


 Yellow Sand Society
 White lotus

 Philippines 
• La Liga Filipina

• KKK

 Japan

 Black Dragon Society
 Double Leaf society
 Gen'yosha
 Green Dragon (oda)
 Kenkokukai
 Sakurakai

 Singapore

 Afirka 

 Najeriya

 Abakuá
 Ekpe
 Nze na Ozo
 Ogboni

 Afirka ta Kudu

 Afrikaner Broederbond

 Afirka ta Yamma

 Crocodile Society
 Leopard Society
 Poro, a secret men's society
 Sande society, the female counterpart to the Poro society
 Simo (society





 Zimbabwe

 Nyau

 Turai 

 Jamus

 Illuminati
 Oder of newTemplars
 Ordo Templi Orientis

 Ireland

 Irish Republican Brotherhood
 The Defenders

 Italiya

 propaganda due

 Serbia

 Balack hand

 Ƙasar Ingila

 Bullingdon Club
 Hermetic Order na Golden Dawn
 club16'
 5 Titin Hertford

 Pan-Turai

 Freemasonry
 Rosicrucianism

 Amirka ta Arewa 

 Collegiate secret societies in North America

 Amurka

 Bohemian club

 International Debutante Ball
 Knights of the Golden Circle
 Order of the Star Spangled Banner
 Skull and Bones



 Kudancin Amurka 

 Brazil

 Shindo Renmei

 Adawa 
Yawancin Cocin Kirista sun hana membobinsu shiga ƙungiyoyin asiri. Misali, sakin layi na 41 na Dokokin Gabaɗaya da ke ƙunshe cikin Ladabi na Haɗin Methodist Allegheny Wesleyan yana koyarwa:

 Ci gaba da karatu 
 Harwood, W. S. "Secret Societies in America," The North American Review, Vol. 164, No. 486, May 1897.
 Jeffers, H. Paul. Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society. (Citadel Press, 2005).
 Jeffers, H. Paul. The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society (2006) excerpt
 Stephen Klimczuk, Gerald Warner (2009). Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies, New York: Sterling Publishing Company.

 Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: ɗan gajeren tarihi - Takardun Freemasons, Jesuits, Illuminati, Carbonari, Burschenschaften da sauran kungiyoyi
 Stevens, The cyclopædia of fraternities (2nd ed. ) . Binciken kwanan wata game da batun.
 Ƙungiyoyin Asirin a Ostiraliya da Ingilishi Freemasonry

 Manazarta
Rukuni:Kungiyar asiri