Crystal

Ƙaƙƙarfan crystal ko crystalline abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda abubuwan da ke tattare da su (irin su atom, molecules, ko ions) an jera su a cikin wani tsari mai ƙayyadaddun  kristal, suna samar da lattice na crystal wanda ke shimfidawa ta kowane bangare.Stephen Lower. "Chem1 online textbook—States of matter". Retrieved 2016-09-19.Ashcroft and Mermin (1976). Solid State Physics. Bugu da ƙari, lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya na macroscopic yawanci ana iya gane su ta siffar geometrical, wanda ya ƙunshi fuskoki masu lebur tare da ƙayyadaddun halayen halayen. Nazarin kimiyya na lu'ulu'u da samuwar crystal an san shi da crystallography. Tsarin samuwar crystal ta hanyoyin haɓakar kristal ana kiransa crystallization ko ƙarfafawa.

Kalmar crystal ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar κρύσταλλος (krustallos), ma'ana duka "kankara" da "rock crystal", κρύσταλλος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library daga κρύος (kruos), "sanyi mai sanyi, sanyi".κρύος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library"crys·tal". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved 2023-06-17.

Misalai na manyan lu'ulu'u sun haɗa da dusar ƙanƙara, lu'u-lu'u, da gishirin tebur. Yawancin daskararrun inorganic ba lu'ulu'u ba ne amma polycrystals, watau yawancin lu'ulu'u masu kama da juna waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin ƙarfi ɗaya. Polycrystals sun haɗa da yawancin karafa, duwatsu, yumbu, da kankara. Kashi na uku na daskararru shine daskararrun amorphous, inda kwayoyin zarra ba su da wani tsari na lokaci-lokaci ko yaya. Misalai na daskararru sun haɗa da gilashi, kakin zuma, da robobi da yawa.

Duk da sunan, kristal gubar, gilashin kristal, da samfuran da ke da alaƙa ba lu'ulu'u bane, amma nau'ikan gilashin, watau amorphous daskararru.

Ana amfani da lu'ulu'u, ko daskararru, sau da yawa a cikin ayyukan pseudoscientific kamar kristal therapy, kuma, tare da duwatsu masu daraja, wani lokaci ana danganta su da sihiri a cikin gaskatawar Wiccan da ƙungiyoyin addini masu alaƙa.Patti Wigington (31 August 2016). "Using Crystals and Gemstones in Magic". About.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016."The Magic of Crystals and Gemstones". WitchesLore. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

 Yanayin da ake samunshi 
Duwatsu

Ta girma da nauyi, mafi girman adadin lu'ulu'u a cikin duniya wani ɓangare ne na ƙaƙƙarfan benensa. Lu'ulu'u da ake samu a cikin duwatsu yawanci suna da girman girman daga ɗan ƙaramin milimita zuwa santimita da yawa a faɗin, kodayake ana samun manyan lu'ulu'u na musamman lokaci-lokaci. Tun daga 1999, kristal mafi girma da aka sani a duniya shine crystal na beryl daga Malakialina, Madagascar, 18 m (59 ft) tsayi da 3.5 m (11 ft) a diamita, kuma yana yin awo 380,000 kg (840,000 lb).G. Cressey and I. F. Mercer, (1999) Crystals, London, Natural History Museum, page 58

Wasu lu'ulu'u an yi su ta hanyar magmatic da metamorphic matakai, suna ba da asali ga babban ɗimbin dutsen crystalline.

Kankara

Kankara mai tushen ruwa a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙarar teku, da glaciers sune tsarin crystalline/polycrystal na gama gari a duniya da sauran taurari.Yoshinori Furukawa, "Ice"; Matti Leppäranta, "Sea Ice"; D.P. Dobhal, "Glacier"; and other articles in Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh, and Umesh K. Haritashya, eds., Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers (Dordrecht, NE: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011). ISBN 904812641X, 9789048126415 Dusar ƙanƙara guda ɗaya ce kristal ko tarin lu'ulu'u, Libbrecht, Kenneth; Wing, Rachel (2015-09-01). The Snowflake: Winter's Frozen Artistry. Voyageur Press. ISBN 9781627887335. yayin da ice cube polycrystal ne.Hjorth-Hansen, E. (2017-10-19). Snow Engineering 2000: Recent Advances and Developments. Routledge. ISBN 9781351416238. Lu'ulu'u na kankara na iya fitowa daga sanyaya ruwan ruwa a ƙasan wurin daskarewa, kamar su kankara ko daskararren tafkin. Frost, dusar ƙanƙara, ko ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara da aka rataye a cikin iska (hazo kankara) galibi suna girma daga mafi ƙarancin iskar gas na tururin ruwa da iska, lokacin da zafin iska ya faɗi ƙasa da raɓarsa, ba tare da wucewa ta yanayin ruwa ba. Wani abin da ba a saba gani ba na ruwa shi ne cewa yana faɗaɗawa maimakon yin kwangila idan ya yi crystallizeNucleation of Water: From Fundamental Science to Atmospheric and Additional Applications by Ari Laaksonen, Jussi Malila -- Elsevier 2022 Page 239--240.

 Quasicrystal 
Quasicrystal ya ƙunshi tsararrun zarra waɗanda aka yi oda amma ba na lokaci-lokaci ba. Suna da halaye da yawa tare da lu'ulu'u na yau da kullun, kamar nuna wani tsari mai tsauri a cikin rarrabuwar x-ray, da kuma ikon samar da sifofi tare da santsi, fuskoki masu lebur.

Quasicrystals sun fi shahara saboda iyawarsu ta nuna siffa mai ninki biyar, wanda ba zai yuwu ga kristal na lokaci-lokaci na yau da kullun ba (duba ka'idar ƙuntataccen crystallographic).

Ƙungiyar Crystallography ta Duniya ta sake fasalin kalmar "crystal" don haɗawa da lu'ulu'u na yau da kullum da kuma quasicrystals ("kowane mai ƙarfi yana da ainihin zane mai ban sha'awa"International Union of Crystallography (1992). "Report of the Executive Committee for 1991". Acta Crystallogr. A. 48 (6): 922–946. Bibcode:1992AcCrA..48..922.. doi:10.1107/S0108767392008328. PMC 1826680).

Quasicrystals, wanda aka fara ganowa a cikin 1982, ba su da yawa a aikace. Kimanin daskararru 100 ne kawai aka san suna samar da quasicrystals, idan aka kwatanta da kusan lu'ulu'u 400,000 na lokaci-lokaci da aka sani a 2004.Steurer W. (2004). "Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals". Z. Kristallogr. 219 (7–2004): 391–446. Bibcode:2004ZK....219..391S. doi:10.1524/zkri.219.7.391.35643. An ba Dan Shechtman lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2011 don gano nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta."The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-12-29.

Manazarta

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