Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Portugal

Gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukar Portugal a matsayin mai nasara wajen kiyaye 'yancin ɗan adam da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasa.  Portugal ta tabbatar da aniyarta wajen ingantawa da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.  Ministan shari'a na kasashen har zuwa watan Satumba na shekara ta 2018, Francisca Van Dunem, ya ce Portugal tana da "kyakkyawan tarihin" game da 'yancin ɗan adam amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da cin zarafi. 

Portugal kasa memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai don haka 'yan kasarta suna samun kariya ta Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Hakki .  Baya ga kasancewarta memba na Tarayyar Turai, Portugal ma memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya . 


 Tarihi 
A ranar 25 ga Afrilun 1974 wani juyin mulkin soji ya kawo karshen mulkin Estado Novo wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin farkisanci a kasar Portugal kuma shi ne mafarin sabuwar dimokradiyya bayan shekaru 48 na mulkin kama-karya da kuma yakin mulkin mallaka na shekaru 13.  Wannan ya haifar da dimokuradiyya na majalisa da sabon tsarin mulki na 1976 na Jamhuriyar Fotigal wanda ya ba wa 'yan kasarta hakki na asali.  An kayyade muhimman haƙƙoƙin ƴan ƙasa a cikin Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. 

Kafin Portugal ta riga ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun zama memba a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1955.  Ko da yake memba tun 1955 ba sai bayan sun dawo mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1974 Portugal ta zama memba mai ƙwazo a Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wadda ta ƙarfafa kariya da haɓaka duk yancin ɗan adam a ko'ina a duniya.  A cikin 1979 Portugal ta kafa tsarin kula da lafiyarta wanda ya ba da damar samun kulawar lafiya kyauta ga duk 'yan ƙasarta.  Wannan ya tabbatar da sashe na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya wadda ta ce “Kowa yana da ‘yancin samun yanayin rayuwa mai dacewa da lafiyar kansa da na iyalinsa, gami da abinci, sutura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da zamantakewar zamantakewa. ayyuka, da kuma yancin samun tsaro idan aka yi la’akari da rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, takaba, tsufa ko sauran rashin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ya fi karfinsa”. 

Ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1986 Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a hukumance bayan da ta nemi shiga ranar 28 ga Maris, 1977.  A cikin Tarayyar Turai suna da Yarjejeniya ta Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam wanda Portugal ta rattaba hannu kuma ta amince da haka don haka ta yi alƙawarin doka don kiyaye wasu ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a. 

 Hakkokin yara 
A cikin 1990 Portugal ta zama mai sa hannu kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara .  Bayan haka sun kuma rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da ka'idojin zaɓi ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan shigar yara a cikin rikicin makamai, kan sayar da yara, karuwanci da batsa na yara a 2003.  A cikin 2013 sun sanya hannu kuma sun amince da ka'idar zaɓin ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara kan hanyar sadarwa. 

 Talauci 
Sa hannu da tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da ka'idojin zaɓi ya haifar da haɓakar albarkatun da aka ware don inganta haƙƙin yara a Portugal.  Ko da yake an sami gyare-gyare, har yanzu akwai manyan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin yara. Ɗaya daga cikin biyar na yara, kashi 20%, yana rayuwa ƙasa da talauci kuma Portugal na ɗaya daga cikin kasashe takwas na gaba da talauci mafi girma a tsakanin yara. 

 Cin zarafin jima'i 
Portugal ta zama sabuwar hanya ga cibiyoyin sadarwar masu aikata laifuka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara don safarar yara zuwa yankin Schengen don yin lalata da su 7 Sábado (2017), “Tráfico de crianças africanas passa por Portugal”, accessed on 3 June 2019 Binciken ECPAT na duniya a cikin 2016 ya gano cewa Portugal ta zama wurin tafiye-tafiye mafi shahara ga masu laifin jima'i .  Dokokin Portuguese da ke wurin don yaƙar wannan batu sun zo ƙarƙashin Mataki na 160-2 na Kundin Laifukan Laifuka kuma sun faɗi hukuncin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru uku zuwa goma don laifin fataucin yara don manufar cin zarafi ciki har da lalata.  Ko da yake ana aiwatar da wadannan matakan, an gabatar da daftarin doka kan samar da dabarun kasa da za su kare yara daga lalata da cin zarafin yara ga majalisar amma ba a amince da su ba.

 Hakkin LGBT 
Har zuwa 1982 liwadi laifi ne.  A shekarar 1982 ne aka yi gyare-gyaren da ya haramta yin luwadi da madigo tsakanin mutanen da suka haura shekaru sha shida a asirce.  Al'ummar LGBT a Portugal sun amfana lokacin da Portugal ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1986.  Wannan ya amfanar da al'umma ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƴancin da aka samu a wasu ƙasashen da ke cikin EU. Bayan yanke hukuncin luwadi da madigo an sami bullar kungiyoyin LGBT da kungiyoyin kare hakkin luwadi a cikin 1990s a Portugal.  Tun 1982 Portugal ta ci gaba da sauri a cikin ci gaban doka don karewa da kiyaye haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. A cikin 2001 ne suka amince da ƙungiyoyin farar hula na ma'auratan.  Sannan a shekara ta 2004 sun gabatar da haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wanda a bayyane ya hana nuna bambanci da wani ya danganta da yanayin jima'i kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya da suka sanya wannan a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu.  A shekarar 2010 kuma sun halasta auren jinsi daya a matsayin kasa ta tara a duniya da ta yi hakan a lokacin.  Bayan shekaru shida kuma sun halasta daukar yara ta hanyar masu jinsi daya. 

Dangi da sauran ƙasashen duniya an amince da Portugal a matsayin ci gaba tare da haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. Kwanan nan, a cikin Afrilu 2018 majalisar dokokin Portugal ta amince da wata doka da ta ba wa mutanen Transgender damar samun fifikon jinsi da gwamnati ta amince da su ba tare da an gano su a matsayin masu tabin hankali ba.  Kasar Portugal tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai shida da suka amince da hakan. Da wannan kudiri sun kuma haramta tiyatar da ba dole ba ga jarirai masu jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da raɗaɗi na tsawon rayuwa, matsalolin lafiya da asarar jin daɗin jima'i. 

ILGA Portugal wacce cibiyar haɗin kan al'umma ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT a cikin Portugal ta ba da kyautar bakan gizo ga kwalejin 'yan sanda na shari'a saboda shirinta na horarwa da ke mai da hankali kan nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen LGBT. 

 Haƙƙoƙin mata 

 Tarihi 
Kafin kifar da gwamnatin kama -karya a shekarar 1974, an tauye mata takunkumin karya doka kuma ba su da wata alaka da kungiyoyin mata na duniya don haka ba su da karfin kungiya.  Tare da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1976 mata sun sami daidaito na doka kamar na maza.  Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata (wanda aka sake masa suna Hukumar Daidaito da Haƙƙin Mata a 1991) tana da rawar inganta matsayin mata a Portugal da kuma kare haƙƙinsu, an kafa wannan a cikin shekara ta 1977.  Sannan bayan shekaru ashirin Majalisar Ministoci ta haɗa ra'ayin jinsi a kowane mataki na siyasa kuma tun daga lokacin aka fitar da tsare-tsare da dama na ƙasa don daidaito. 

 Fihirisar Daidaiton Jinsi 
A cikin Ma'auni Daidaiton Jinsi 2017 wanda ke amfani da ma'auni daga 1, cikakken rashin daidaituwa, zuwa 100, cikakkiyar daidaito, Portugal ta sami maki 56 wanda shine maki 10 ƙasa da matsakaicin Tarayyar Turai.  Wannan yana nuna cewa Portugal tana ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ci gabanta tare da yancin mata. Kodayake makinsa ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaici amma ya nuna sama da matsakaicin ci gaba daga shekara t 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2015 yana ƙaruwa da maki 6.1. 

 Tsarin ayyuka na ƙasa 
Portugal tana da tsarin aikin ƙasa (NAP) wanda ya shafi cin zarafi na cikin gida da jima'i kuma an yi niyya don yaƙar cikin gida da cin zarafin jinsi (2014-2017).  Kazalika wannan kasar ta Portugal ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke cikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan rigakafin da yaki da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata.  Rikicin cikin gida yana kan gaba a manufofin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin Portugal tare da dabaru da yawa don yaƙar lamarin.

 Dokokin zubar da ciki 
A baya zuwa Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 dokar zubar da ciki ta kasance mai tsauri kuma an ba da izini ne kawai idan mummunan rauni ko mutuwa za a yi wa matar.  A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 an gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama wadda ta amince da kashi 59% na amincewa da zubar da ciki.  Wannan ya ba mata damar dakatar da ciki har zuwa mako na goma na ciki.  Tun bayan wannan canjin doka gaba ɗaya ya rage mace-mace da yawan zubar da ciki. 

 Haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira 
A halin yanzu Portugal tana aiki da Dokar Mafaka 27/2008 wacce ita ce doka da aka yi la'akari da ita daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya da na Tarayyar Turai.  A hade tare da wannan Portugal jam'iyyar jiha ce ga Yarjejeniyar 1954 da ta shafi Matsayin Mutane marasa Jiha da Yarjejeniyar 1961 kan Rage Rashin Jiha .  Hakanan ta yarda kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a shekara ta 1960.  Takardar Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 1951 wadda Portugal ta amince da ita ta tsara haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da kuma wajibcin doka na jihohi don kare su saboda haka 'yan gudun hijira a Portugal suna samun kariya da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.  Kwanan nan a cikin shekara ta 2018 Firayim Ministan Portugal Antonio Costa ya ba da sanarwa, "Muna buƙatar ƙarin shige da fice kuma ba za mu yarda da duk wani maganganun kyama ba".  Wannan na nuni da bukatar Portugal na kwanan nan na neman 'yan gudun hijira don taimakawa wajen dakile raguwar yawan al'ummarta.  Kasar Portugal wani bangare ne na shirin sa kai wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fara a watan Janairun 2018 wanda ke da nufin sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira mutum 50,000 cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. 

Ko da yake ƙasar Portugal ta bayyana halin maraba da ‘yan gudun hijira Hukumar Kula da ‘Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta bayyana damuwarta game da ingancin yanayin karbar baki a Portugal.  A cikin shekara ta 2012 UNHCR ta ga cunkoson jama'a a wurin liyafar da ake da su da kuma matsalolin da ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dakatar da sabis na Tsaron Jama'a. 

 Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu 

 Yanayin gidaje ga mutanen asalin Afirka da Romawa 
A cikin Mataki na ashirin da biyar na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta nuna mahimmancin haƙƙin rayuwa ciki har da gida wannan batu ne ga mutanen Afirka da kuma Romawa a cikin Portugal.  A cikin shekara ta 1978 Portugal ta kuma amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu wanda a cikin Mataki na 11 ya bayyana 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa.  Kazalika amincewa da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin biyu a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Portugal, Mataki na 65, sun yarda da fahimtar gaba ɗaya kan mahimmancin gidaje.  A cikin shekara ta 2016 Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta gudanar da Wakilin Musamman kan isassun gidaje a Lisbon da Porto .  A cikin wannan rahoto ya lura cewa akwai ƙarancin gidaje na zamantakewa ko shirye-shiryen ƙarin haya wanda ke haifar da galibin Romawa ko mutanen Afirka zama a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun.  Waɗannan matsugunan na yau da kullun ba sa samar da ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa kuma galibi ba su da wutar lantarki kuma ana saita su a cikin datti.  Rahoton ya amince da cewa akwai tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a kasar Portugal amma ya bayyana cewa Romawa da al'ummar Afirka ba su da isassun hanyoyin samar da gidaje don haka akwai bukatar a magance wannan batu. 

 Azaba da sauran mugun nufi 
A ranar 9 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 1989 Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko cin mutunci ko azabtarwa amma akwai damuwa daga Amnesty International game da zarge-zargen azabtarwa da cin zarafi yayin da take tsare a Portugal.  A cikin shekara ta 2016 kwamitin Turai na rigakafin azabtarwa a lokacin ziyararsa na lokaci-lokaci a Portugal ya kuma nuna damuwa game da musgunawa da aka yi a lokacin da 'yan sanda ke tsare da su daga wasu zarge-zarge masu inganci.  Wannan cin zalin da ake zargin ya shafi fursunonin ‘yan asalin Afirka ne da kuma ‘yan kasashen waje da suka hada da harbin jiki da kai da mari da naushi da kuma duka da sanduna.  Kwamitin rigakafin azabtarwa ya bukaci gwamnatin Portugal da ta magance wannan batu da kuma cunkoson da ake yi a gidajen yarin da ke haifar da munanan yanayin rayuwa.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ma a watan Mayun shekara ta 2018 ta aike da mambobin kwamitinta na rigakafin azabtarwa da su je su duba gidajen yari a Portugal domin tabbatar da ko fursunonin na da wata kariya daga gallazawa da musgunawa.  Wannan ya faru ne saboda Portugal ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Against azabtarwa wanda ke sanya su ƙarƙashin wajibcin ba da damar Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa don gudanar da bincike ba tare da tsangwama da sanarwa ba zuwa wuraren da aka hana 'yan ƙasa 'yancinsu .  Hukumar SPT bayan ziyarar ta bukaci gwamnatin kasar Portugal da ta kafa wani tsarin rigakafi na ƙasa wanda wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta.  Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar cewa su nemi hanyoyin da za su bi wajen tsare su tare da sanya karin kayan aikin mutane da na kudi don gyarawa. 

 Manazarta 

Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Category:Haƙƙoƙi
Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Category:Dokoki
Category:Dokar Najeriya
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba