FESTAC 77

Festac '77, wanda kuma aka sani da bikin baƙar fata da na Afirka na fasaha da al'adu na duniya na biyu (na farko shi ne a Dakar, shekarar 1966 ), wani babban bikin kasa da kasa ne da aka gudanar a Lagos, Nigeria, daga 15 ga Janairu 1977 zuwa 12 Fabrairu 1977.  Taron na tsawon wata guda ya yi bikin al'adun Afirka tare da baje kolin wa duniya kaɗe-kaɗen Afirka, zane-zane, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye da addini. Kimanin mahalarta taron 16,000, masu wakiltar kasashen Afirka 56 da kuma kasashen Afirka na Afirka sun yi rawar gani a wajen taron.   Mawakan da suka taka rawa a bikin sun hada da Stevie Wonder daga Amurka, Gilberto Gil daga Brazil, Bembeya Jazz National daga Guinea, Mighty Sparrow daga Trinidad and Tobago, Les Ballets Africains, Afirka ta Kudu Miriam Makeba, da Franco Luambo Makiadi. A lokacin da aka gudanar da shi, shi ne taro mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka da aka taba yi. 

Alamar bikin wani kwafi ne da Erhabor Emokpae na masarar hauren giwa na Benin ya yi.  Batun gudanar da bikin ya kai ga kafa majalisar fasaha da al'adu ta Najeriya, Festac Village da National Theatre, Iganmu, Legas.  An gudanar da akasarin taron a manyan wurare guda hudu: gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, filin wasa na kasa, Surulere, dakin taro na birnin Legas da dandalin Tafawa Balewa. Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.

 Shiri 

 Fage 
Za a iya samun wahayi don taron FESTAC zuwa ci gaban ra'ayoyi akan Négritude da Pan-Africanism. A cikin  Shekarar 1940s, Aimé Césaire da Léopold Sédar Senghor, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Pan-Africanism na WEB Du Bois da ra'ayin Alain Locke na New Negro, sun fara wata jarida da gidan bugawa a Paris mai suna Présence Africaine Shekar; duka Césaire da Senghor suma mambobi ne na al'adun Société africaine de al'adu .ShekaSheka. Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", Black Scholar, Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33. Presence Africaine da Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka sun kasance masu gudanar da majalisu biyu, ɗaya a cikin shekarar 1956 da ɗayan a 1959. An gudanar da taron ne da nufin bunkasa al'adu da wayewar bakaken fata.  Taron farko shi ne taron marubutan baƙar fata a birnin Paris kuma na biyu taron marubutan baƙar fata ne a birnin RomeShe. .SheShek Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da marubutan al'adun Afirka da na Afro kamar Alioune Diop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Léopold Senghor, da Jacques Rabemananjara, Richard Wright, Césaire, George Lamming, Horace Mann Bond, Jacques Alexis, John Davis, William Font Jean Price Mars, James Baldwin, Chester Himes, Mercer Cook da Frantz Fanon.  Mambobin bangarorin biyu sun tsunduma cikin tattaunawa kan ra'ayoyi game da farfado da al'adun Afirka da taron bikin fasaha.

A cikin shekarar  1966, tare da jagoranci da Senghor ya ba da tallafi daga waje, musamman Faransa,  da UNESCO, an gudanar da bikin Baƙar fata na Farko a Dakar, Senegal, 1-24 Afrilu 1966. "1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966", UNESDOC. A karshen biki na farko, an gayyaci Najeriya da ta gudanar da biki na biyu a shekarar 1970, ta yadda za a ci gaba da samun hadin kan bakaken fata ta hanyar bukukuwan al'adu. Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", Black Scholar, Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33. Ƙasar mai masaukin baki za ta ɗauki nauyin samar da ababen more rayuwa da kayan aiki don samun nasarar shirya bikin. Duk da haka, yakin basasa da sauye-sauye na gwamnati ya sa aka dage bikin zuwa 1977.

An fara shirye-shiryen buki na biyu a birnin Lagos na Najeriya a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1972, lokacin da kwamitin bikin kasa da kasa ya hadu a karon farko, inda suka yanke shawarar cewa za a gudanar da bikin a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974. An canza sunan bikin daga "Bikin fasaha da al'adu na baƙar fata na duniya" zuwa "Bikin fasaha da al'adu na duniya na biyu da na Afirka" don dacewa da haƙiƙanin haɗin kai na Afirka.  An ƙara canza kwanan wata zuwa Nuwamba 1975. Masu shirya taron sun raba kasashe zuwa shiyyoyi 16, kowane shiyya yana da kwamitin da ya kunshi wakilan al'ummomin kasashen Afirka; shugaban kowace shiyya zai zama memba na kwamitin bikin kasa da kasa. Kwamitin ya kasance a matsayin bangaren gudanarwa na bikin.  Sha'awar inganta bikin Dakar ne ya sa Najeriya ta yi niyyar samar da wani shiri mai cike da almubazzaranci da sabbin kudin man fetur da aka samu. Wani sabon tsarin mulki ya maye gurbin gwamnatin Gowon kuma aka canza ranar bikin zuwa 1977.

Don samar da tallatawa ga bikin, kwamitin na kasa da kasa ya shawarci yankunan da su karfafa bukukuwan farko.  An yi wasu kananan bukukuwa, irin su Carifesta da Guyana ta shirya, bikin Commonwealth a London, nunin zane-zane da fasaha na kasar Ghana da kuma Nafest na Najeriya. Kwamitin bikin ya kuma zabi a matsayin alamar bikin wani kwafin da Erhabor Emokpae na Benin na Benin na karni na 15  (Maskin da kansa ya kasance na karshe da Ovonramwen, Sarkin Benin da aka tsige a 1897 a hannun karamin jami'in kula da gabar tekun Niger., Ralph Moor ).

 Kayayyakin aiki 
An gina rukunin gidaje da aka fi sani da Festac Village a matsayin masaukin mahalarta kusan 17,000. Duk da haka, dogon burin ƙauyen a ƙarƙashin Shirin Gidajen Tarayya shine don rage wasu matsalolin gidaje a Legas.  An ba da shawarar gina gidan a cikin shekaru biyu, tare da fiye da 40 'yan kwangila suna aiki a wurare daban-daban na aikin. Gabaɗaya an gina rukunin gidaje 5,088 kafin bikin kuma za a kammala ƙarin 5,687 a ƙarshen 1977. A yayin wannan biki, rukunin gidaje ya kasance wurin da ake yin atisaye da mu’amala da mahalarta taron yayin da ’yan wasa daban-daban suke ta maimaita ayyukansu da rana da dare.

Domin daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayo da laccoci, an gina wani babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, don zama cibiyar fasaha da al'adun Afirka ta dindindin. Tsarin wasan kwaikwayo ya dogara ne akan Fadar Al'adu da Wasanni a Varna, Bulgaria. Sabon rukunin yana da dakunan baje koli guda biyu, dakin wasan kwaikwayo da dakin taro mai daukar mutane 5,000, dakin taro mai kujeru 1,600 da kuma gidajen sinima guda biyu.  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya karbi bakuncin raye-raye, kiɗa, nune-nunen fasaha, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasan kwaikwayo.

 Makasudin Bikin 

 Don tabbatar da farfaɗowa, farfaɗowa, yaduwa da haɓaka al'adun Baƙar fata da Afirka da baƙar fata da dabi'un al'adun Afirka da wayewa;
 Don gabatar da al'adun baƙar fata da na Afirka a cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girman tunaninsa;
 Don kawo haske daban-daban gudunmawar baƙar fata da al'ummomin Afirka ga raƙuman tunani da fasaha na duniya;
 Don inganta baƙar fata da masu fasaha na Afirka, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta da sauƙaƙe yarda da su a duniya da samun damar shiga duniya;
 Don haɓaka ingantacciyar fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa;
 Don sauƙaƙe dawowar asali na lokaci-lokaci a Afirka ta hanyar masu fasaha, marubuta da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda aka tumɓuke zuwa wasu nahiyoyi.  Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", Black Scholar, Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33.

 Bikin 
An gudanar da bikin bude bikin ne a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1977 a cikin babban filin wasa na kasa, Surulere, Legas. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a bikin shi ne faretin mahalarta taron da suka wakilci kasashe 48 da suka yi tattaki a baya da manyan baki da jami’an diflomasiyya da kuma shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka halarci faretin sun sanya riguna masu ban sha'awa, wasu mazaje a kan tudu mai kafa 14, sannan kuma 'yan rawan Najeriya sun rika sanya masu wuta a kawunansu.  Don nuna alamar 'yanci da haɗin kan al'ummar Baƙar fata an saki tattabarai 1,000; Iris Kay, "Festac 77", African Arts, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1977, pp. 50–51. limamin shango shima ya kunna kwanon biki wuta.

An fara gudanar da bukukuwan ne da misalin karfe tara na safe har zuwa tsakar dare. Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.

 Colloquium 
Taron ya kasance a tsakiyar bikin, Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117. kuma ana gudanar da shi kowace rana a cikin makonni biyu na farkon ayyukan. Marubuta, masu fasaha da masana kusan 700 ne suka halarci darussan. Taken lakcocin ya yi iyaka ne da rashin ‘yancin tunani da kuma tawayar da kasashen duniya ta uku ke fuskanta wadanda a wasu lokuta sukan koma ga ‘ yan mulkin mallaka don neman kwarewa a yayin da suke kokarin kafa hoton amincewa da ‘yancin kai ga kansu da ma sauran kasashen duniya. Manufar da aka ayyana taron shine don neman amsoshin tambayoyin yadda za a farfaɗo da inganta baƙar fata da masu fasaha na Afirka da kuma yadda za a sauƙaƙe karɓuwa na duniya Iris Kay, "Festac 77", African Arts, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1977, pp. 50–51. da samun dama ga kantuna.

Daga cikin masu magana a taron akwai Clarival do Prado Valladares, Lazarus Ekwueme, Babs Fafunwa da Eileen Southern.Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.

 Bikin Durbar da Regatta 
Kwamitin bikin ya sayi motocin alfarma guda 2,003 (dubu biyu da uku) masu kujeru 45 da motocin bas masu kujeru 91 (casa’in da daya) 26 bisa dalilai na dabaru. Wani dalili shi ne bikin Durbar da aka gudanar a Kaduna, birni mai nisan sama da kilomita 700 daga Legas. Taron ya gudana daga 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 8 ga Fabrairu 1977.  Asalinsu, durbar a Nijeriya an gudanar da liyafar karrama sarakuna; Tun daga 1911, an gudanar da durbar hudu a Najeriya kafin 1977. Duk da haka, Festac durbar wata fage ce da ta samu sarakuna da ke hawa tare da tawagarsu na dawakai da rakuma da masu nishadi a matsayin alamar hadin kai. Durbar ta kasance baje kolin mahayan dawakai da masu nishadantarwa kamar mawaka da kakaki, kakaki, tambari da ganguna, daga cikin tawagar akwai Fulani, Bori da Bida. Bikin na Festac durbar ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al’adun Hausawa, Songhay da Kanembu irin su Hawan Dawaki, wanda aka fi sani da hawan dawaki, da kuma wani biki na sojoji na Bornu mai suna Tewur, taron da sojojin dawakai suka gudanar kafin wani gagarumin yakin neman zabe.  Wani abin tarihi da aka gabatar shi ne taron shekara-shekara da sarakunan Fulani suka yi a daidai lokacin da halifofin Sakkwato a Kaura Namoda suka yi domin tattaro runduna zuwa balaguro a kan jihohin da ke gaba da juna.

Jirgin regatta wani taron ne da aka gudanar a nesa da wuraren taron jama'a amma ba kamar na durbar ba, an yi regatta a Legas. Regatta taron ne na kwanaki uku da aka yi a Queen's Drive foreshore a Ikoyi, Legas. Mahalarta taron sun fito ne daga Najeriya musamman jihohin Edo, Cross River, Imo, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo da kuma jihar Legas. Kowane jirgin ruwa yana da taron mawaƙa, acrobats ko masquerades da raye-raye. Fiye da jiragen ruwa 200 ne suka halarci taron.

 Kayayyakin gani da wasan kwaikwayo 
Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da na gani kamar fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo, kade-kade da raye-raye, galibi ana yin su ne da maraice da maraice a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, duk da haka, an yi wasu wasannin kwaikwayo da kade-kade a dandalin Tafawa Balewa, inda aka saba shirya wasan kwaikwayo na zamani da na kade-kade. da rana kuma ana yin wasannin kwaikwayo da kade-kade na gargajiya da yamma.  A cikin jimlar kusan wasan kwaikwayo 50, kide-kide da raye-raye 150, fina-finai 80, nune-nunen zane-zane 40 da kuma wasannin wake-wake da raye-raye 200. A jajibirin bikin rantsar da marigayi Sory Kandia Kouyaté, kwararre Mande Griot, ya yiwa shugabannin kasa da na gwamnati rawar murya da rawar kora, abin tunawa. Saitunan sun yi kama da kotunan daular Afirka ta Tsakiya da na sarauta.

Sauran mawakan da suka yi waka sun hada da Osibisa, Les Amazones, Bembeya Jazz da Les Ballets Africains daga Guinea; Franco Luambo daga Congo; Miriam Makeba, Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana daga Afirka ta Kudu; Mahara Karfe daga Guyana, da Bazara mai ƙarfi daga Grenada;; Gilberto Gil daga Brazil, da masu fasaha na Amurka ciki har da Donald Byrd, Randy Weston, Stevie Wonder da Sun Ra. "The History of the World Festival of Black Arts & Culture / FESTAC", Afropop, 20 January 2011.  

Baya ga yawan kide-kide, an gudanar da taron waka a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1977 karkashin jagorancin mawaki Akin Euba. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da Mwesa Isaiah Mapoma, Kwabena Nketia da Mosunmola Omibiyi. Sauran wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da mawaka, mawaka, malaman makarantun gwamnati da daliban da suka kammala karatun kida. Sama da sa'o'i biyu, mahalarta taron sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi juna tare da nazarin hanyoyin inganta ayyukan waka a tsakanin 'yan Afirka, a nahiyar da kuma kasashen waje.

Ƙungiyar raye-rayen 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aboriginal Islander Dance,  da kuma Eleo Pomare Dance Company daga Birnin New York. 

An gudanar da nune-nunen zane-zane da dama a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Najeriya da kuma kewayen dandalin Tafawa Balewa. A dandalin, an bai wa kowace kasa da ta wakilci wurin bikin, rumfar da za ta baje kolin zane-zane, kayan kade-kade, zane-zane, litattafai da kayayyakin fasaha. Wasu fitattun nune-nunen da suka gudana sun hada da Afirka da Asalin Dan Adam, wanda aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, da kuma Ekpo Eyo 's 2000 Years of Nigerian Art, wanda ya hada da Nok terracottas, Benin court art, Igbo Ukwu, Ife da Tsoede bronzes. da kayan fasaha. Wani baje kolin Najeriya na zamani wanda ya nuna ayyuka daga Bruce Onobrakpeya, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo, Uche Okeke da Kolade Oshinowo suma sun kasance cikin taron. An kuma gudanar da wani baje kolin fasahohin gine-gine na Afirka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, nunin ya hada da zane-zane, zane-zane, da kuma samfura da ke nuna jigogi daban-daban na gine-gine kamar gine-ginen banco, tsarin dunkulewa da filin Berber na Matmata.

 Bayansa da gado 
Bayan kammala wannan biki cikin nasara, Najeriya, mai masaukin baki, ta ajiye kayayyakin tarihi na kasashe da al'ummomi 59. Wannan ya sa aka kafa Cibiyar Baƙar fata da Baƙar fata da Wayewa ta Afirka (CBAAC), ƙungiyar tarayya da ke da ofisoshi a Marina, Legas da FCT, Abuja. A halin yanzu ana adana abubuwan tarihi na bikin a wani gidan kayan tarihi da ke Cibiyar.

Mai daukar hoto Marilyn Nance, mai daukar hoto Marilyn Nance, mai daukar hoto ce ta mallaki kuma tana kula da tarihin shigar da tawagar Amurka. 'Yar takarar karshe sau biyu don lambar yabo ta W. Eugene Smith a cikin Hotunan Dan Adam, tabbas Nance ta fi shahara da cikakkun takardunta na FESTAC 77, Bikin Duniya na Biyu na Fasaha da Al'adun Baƙar fata da na Afirka da aka gudanar a Legas, Najeriya.

Wani nune-nunen da Theaster Gates da Romi Crawford Romi Crawford , graycenter.uchicago.edu. suka shirya ya ƙunshi hotuna masu tarin yawa, waɗanda ba a taɓa ganin wasu a bainar jama'a ba, daga mai ɗaukar hoto na Chicago Karega Kofi Moyo. "K. Kofi Moyo exhibits 'Scenes of Resistance' from Chicago's past that mirror the present", chicacotribune.com. Nunin, K. Kofi Moyo da FESTAC '77: Kunna Taskar Baƙar fata, "K. Kofi Moyo and FESTAC ’77: The Activation of a Black Archive", loganexhibitions.uchicago.edu. yana kan kallo a Cibiyar Logan ta Jami'ar Chicago 's Logan for Arts gallery Fabrairu 12 - Maris 21, 2021. Nunin ya girma daga binciken da aka gudanar a lokacin Richard da Mary L. Grey Center Richard and Mary L. Gray Center website. Mellon Fellowship ta Gates da Crawford.

 Duba kuma 

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