Fasa ƙwauri ba bisa ƙa'ida ba

Yin fasa-ƙwauri shine jigilar abubuwa, bayanai ko mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kamar daga gida ko gine-gine, zuwa gidan yari, ko ƙetare iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya saɓa wa doka ko wasu ƙa'idodi.

Akwai dalilai daban-daban don yin fasa-kwaurin wasu suna safarar mutane, ƙwayoyin maye, miyagun ƙwayoyi da dai sauransu.Waɗannan sun haɗa da shiga cikin haramtaccen fatauci, kamar kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi, cinikin makamai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, karuwanci, fataucin mutane, garkuwa da mutane, cinikin dabbobin daji, satar fasaha, masu sata, shagunan sara, ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba, kin biyan haraji, shigo da kaya hanawa, samar da haramtattun kayayyaki ga fursuna, ko satar kayayyakin da ake fasa-ƙwauri.

Cin hanci da rashawa jigo ne na gama gari a cikin kowane adabi, daga wasan opera na Bizet Carmen zuwa littattafan leƙen asiri na James Bond (da kuma fina-finai na baya) Diamonds Are Forever and Goldfinger .

 Etymology 

Kalmar smuggle a Lugga fi'ili ce, an samota daga Low Jamus smuggeln ko Dutch smokkelen (=" don safarar (kaya) ba bisa ka'ida ba"), a fili a akai-akai samuwar wata kalma ma'ana "don sneak", mafi yiwuwa ya shiga cikin Turanci a lokacin 1600s-1700s. 
fasa-ƙwauri yana da dogon tarihi kuma mai cike da cece-kuce, mai yiwuwa tun daga farkon lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da ayyuka ta kowace hanya, ko duk wani yunƙuri na hana zirga-zirga da sace sacen mutane da kayayyaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

 Tarihi 
Yin fasa-kwauri yana da dogon tarihi mai cike da cece-kuce, mai yiwuwa tun daga farkon lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da ayyuka ta kowace hanya, ko kuma duk wani yunƙuri na hana zirga-zirga.  Ana danganta fasa kwaurin ne da kokarin da hukumomi ke yi na hana shigo da wasu kayayyakin haramtattun kayayyaki ko kuma wadanda ba a sanya haraji ba;  duk da haka, ana kuma yin fasa-kwauri bisa fitar da kayayyaki ba bisa ka’ida ba.  A Ingila, fasa-kwauri ya fara zama matsala da aka sani a ƙarni na 13, bayan ƙirƙirar tsarin tattara kwastan na ƙasa da Edward I ya yi a shekara ta 1275.  Yin fasa-kwauri na zamanin da ya kasance yana mai da hankali kan fitar da kayayyakin da ake biyan haraji sosai - musamman ulu da fatu.Har ila yau, 'yan kasuwa, duk da haka, wasu lokuta suna yin fasa-kwaurin wasu kayayyaki don kaucewa haramci ko takunkumi kan wasu sana'o'i.  Misali, yawanci ana hana hatsi zuwa fitarwa, sai dai idan farashin yayi ƙasa, saboda fargabar cewa fitar da hatsin zai ɗaga farashin abinci a Ingila kuma hakan zai haifar da ƙarancin abinci da/ko tashin hankalin jama'a.  Bayan asarar Gascony ga Faransawa a cikin 1453, an kuma sanya takunkumin shigo da giya a wasu lokuta a lokacin yake-yake don kokarin hana Faransawa kudaden shiga da za a iya samu daga babban abin da suke fitarwa.N. S. B. Gras, The Early English Customs System (OUP, 1918)

Yawancin nazarin fasa-kwaurin tarihi sun dogara ne akan tushe na hukuma - kamar bayanan kotu, ko wasiƙun Jami'an Kuɗi.  Wani babban malami na Jami'ar Bristol ya ce suna yin cikakken bayani ne kawai game da ayyukan waɗancan bebaye don kama su. Wannan ya sa shi da wasu, irin su Farfesa H. V. Bowen na Jami'ar Swansea yin amfani da bayanan kasuwanci don sake gina kasuwancin fasa-kwauri. Binciken Jones ya mayar da hankali kan fasa-kwauri a Bristol a tsakiyar karni na 16, yana jayayya cewa haramtacciyar fitar da kayayyaki kamar hatsi da fata suna wakiltar wani muhimmin bangare na kasuwancin birni, tare da yawancin membobin jama'a suna shiga ciki, ko ta hanyar ɓarna.  6oyayyen sufuri ko rashin siffanta kaya[8].  Haka nan kuma an nuna cewa, fasa-kwaurin hatsi da wasu manyan jama'a ke yi, da ke aiki kafada da kafada da jami'an kwastam, an kuma nuna cewa ya zama ruwan dare a Gabashin Anglia a karshen karni na 16.

A Ingila an yi safarar gashin ulu zuwa nahiyar a karni na 17, sakamakon matsin lamba na harajin fitar da kayayyaki.  A cikin 1724 Daniel Defoe ya rubuta na Lymington, Hampshire, a gabar kudu ta Ingila
Ban ga suna da wata sana’a ta waje ba, sai dai abin da muke kira fasa-kwauri da ‘yan damfara;  wanda zan iya cewa, shine kasuwancin da ke mulki na duk wannan yanki na gabar tekun Ingila, tun daga bakin Thames har zuwa Ƙarshen Land a Cornwall.

Yawan harajin da ake karba kan shayi da kuma giya da na ruhohi, da sauran kayayyaki na alfarma da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen Turai a wannan lokaci ya sanya shigar da irin wadannan kayayyaki a boye da kuma gujewa aikin ya zama wani kamfani mai matukar fa'ida ga matalauta masunta da ma'aikatan ruwa.  A wasu sassa na ƙasar kamar Romney Marsh, East Kent, Cornwall da Gabashin Cleveland, sana'ar fasa-kwauri ta kasance ga al'ummomi da yawa da suka fi ƙarfin tattalin arziki fiye da ayyukan doka kamar noma da kamun kifi.  Babban dalilin wannan babban aikin shi ne buƙatar gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin tallafin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada da yawa da Faransa da Amurka.

Kafin zamanin safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da fataucin ɗan adam, fataucin ya sami wani nau'in soyayya mai ban sha'awa, a cikin jigon Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped:

Wurare kaɗan a gabar tekun Biritaniya ba su yi iƙirarin zama maharan barasa ko masu wata ba.[11]  An yi ta fahariya da son sata har sai da ya zama kamar jarumtaka.  Ba ta da wani mugun laifi, kuma gaba dayan gabar tekun kudu na da aljihunan da ke fafatawa da juna a kan wadanda masu fasa-kwaurin su ne suka fi duhu ko kuma suka fi jajircewa.  Gidan shakatawa na Smugglers yana ɗaya daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da mashaya a bakin teku.[12]

A Arewacin Amirka, fasa-kwauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka wani martani ne ga haraji mai yawa da ka'idoji da manufofin kasuwanci na 'yan kasuwa suka sanya.  Bayan 'yancin kai na Amurka a 1783, fasa-kwauri ya taso a gefuna na Amurka a wurare kamar Passamaquoddy Bay, St. Mary's a Jojiya, Lake Champlain, da Louisiana.  A lokacin takunkumin Thomas Jefferson na 1807-1809, wadannan wurare guda sun zama wuraren farko da aka yi safarar kayayyaki daga cikin al'umma bisa saba wa doka.  Kamar Biritaniya, 'yantar da dokokin ciniki a hankali a matsayin wani ɓangare na harkar ciniki cikin 'yanci yana nufin ƙarancin fasa-kwauri.  a cikin 1907 Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya yi ƙoƙarin rage fasa-kwauri ta hanyar kafa Reservation na Roosevelt tare da iyakar Amurka-Mexico.[13][14]  A shekarun 1920 ne aka sake farfado da fasa kwauri a lokacin haramtacciyar kasar, sannan safarar miyagun kwayoyi ya zama babbar matsala bayan 1970. A cikin shekarun 1990, lokacin da aka kakaba takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan Serbia, kaso mai yawa na al'ummar kasar suna rayuwa ne daga safarar fetur da kayayyakin masarufi daga kasashe makwabta.  Jihar ba tare da izini ba ta bar wannan ya ci gaba ko kuma idan ba haka ba duk tattalin arzikin ya durkushe.

A zamanin yau, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin kasashen duniya na farko suka yi ta kokarin shawo kan kwararowar bakin haure, fasa kwaurin mutane ta kan iyakokin kasa ya zama wani aiki mai riba mai tsoka na wuce gona da iri, da kuma wani bangare mai duhu, fataucin mutane, musamman na  matan da za a iya bautar da su yawanci a matsayin karuwai.

Manazarta