Saran gandun daji a Borneo

An yi saran gandun daji a Borneo bisa ma'aunin masana'antu tun a shekarun alif 1960. Borneo, tsibiri na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka raba tsakanin ƙasashen Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei, ya taɓa rufe dazuzzuka dawurare masu zafi da na wurare na muhalli.
A cikin shekarun ta alif1980 zuwa 1990, dazuzzukan na Borneo sun yi daidai da irin wani yanayi wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a tarihin dan Adam, an kone su, an yi amfani da su da kuma share su, sannan aka maye gurbinsu da noma. An c gaba da saran gandun daji tun cikin shekarun 2000 a hankali, tare da fadada gonakin dabino. Rabin sayan katako na wurare masu zafi na duniya na shekara-shekara daga Borneo ne. Manoman dabino suna cigaba da mamaye ragowar dajin na farko. Yawancin share gandun daji haramun ne.

Asusun namun daji na duniya ya raba Borneo zuwa yankuna daban-daban ciki har da dazuzzukan dajin Borneo lowland wanda ya mamaye mafi yawan tsibirin, yana da fadin , dazuzzukan fadama na Borneo, dazuzzukan Heath na Kerangas ko Sundaland, dazuzzukan fadama na kudu maso yammacin Borneo, da kuma Mangroves na Sunda Shelf . Dazuzzukan tsaunin Borneo yana kwance a tsakiyar tsaunukan tsibirin, sama da  girma. Waɗannan yankuna suna wakiltar mazaunin ga yawancin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari ; alal misali, orangutans, giwaye da ƙananan cututtuka irin su civet na Hose . Orangutan na Bornean ya kasance nau'in nau'in da ke cikin haɗari tun daga shekarata 2016.

Kazalika mahimmancin Borneo wajen kiyaye rayayyun halittu da kuma matsayin iskar carbon, sannan dazuzzukan suna da ma'ana ga tsaron ruwa da ikon abinci ga al'ummomin yankunan ƴan asalin. 

 Malesiya Borneo 
Jihohin Malaysia na Sarawak da Sabah ( Malaysia Gabas ), a arewa, sun mamaye kusan kashi 26% na tsibirin. Yankin dazuzzukan a nan ya ragu da sauri saboda yawan saren katako na masana'antar plywood ta Malaysia. Masu binciken gandun daji guda biyu Sabah Forestry Department. Forest.sabah.gov.my. Retrieved on 22 January 2012. na Cibiyar Bincike na Sepilok, Sandakan, Sabah a farkon shekarata 1980s sun gano bishiyoyi masu girma guda hudu da sauri da kuma ci gaba a kan tarin iri da kuma kula da Acacia mangium da Gmelina arborea, an dasa bishiyoyi masu saurin girma na wurare masu zafi a kan babban yanki.kuma  yankunan da aka yi amfani da su a baya da kuma sare dazuzzuka musamman a arewacin tsibirin Borneo.

’Yan asalin ƙasar Malesiya sun sami tasiri ta hanyar yin katako ba tare da izininsu na kyauta, kafin da kuma sanar da su ba a cikin dazuzzukan kakanninsu . Sun yi amfani da zanga-zangar lumana   da shawarwarin kafofin watsa labarun  don wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙinsu na daji, tare da samun nasara. Sannan kuma Tambayoyi game da yadda kuma me yasa aka ba da lasisin shiga ba tare da yardar al'umma ba har yanzu ba a magance su ba. 

An kuma lalata dajin sosai daga gobarar dajin na shekarata 1997 zuwa 1998, wanda mazauna wurin suka fara share dazuzzukan don amfanin gona da kuma dawwamar da dazuzzuka na musamman a lokacin El Niño . A lokacin babbar gobara, ana iya ganin wurare masu zafi a kan hotunan tauraron dan adam kuma hazo ya shafi kasashen da ke kewaye da Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia da Singapore . A cikin Fabrairu shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Malaysia ta sanar da Sarawak Corridor na Renewable Energy shirin  don girbi budurwoyi yankunan arewacin Borneo. Ana sa ran za a ci gaba da saran bishiyoyi da lalata halittun da suka hada da noman noma, da hukumar kula da itatuwa, madatsun ruwa, da sauran ma'adanai da albarkatu.

 Indonesiya Borneo 
Kimanin kashi 73% na tsibirin yanki ne na Indonesiya; sunan Indonesiya na tsibirin, Kalimantan, Kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi don nufin yankin da Indonesiya ke sarrafawa.

Don yaƙar yawan jama'a a Java, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta fara ƙaura mai yawa ( transmigrasi ) na manoma matalauta da manoma marasa ƙasa zuwa Borneo a cikin shekarata 1970s da 1980s, don yin noma a wuraren da aka yi amfani da su, duk da cewa ba a sami nasara ba yayin da aka kawar da haifuwar ƙasar tare da shi. Bishiyun da abin da ya rage ana wanke su a cikin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi.

An fara aikin Mega Shinkafa shekarata a 1996 a sassan kudancin Kalimantan. Manufar ita ce a mayar da hekta miliyan daya na "marasa amfanin gona" da kuma dajin fadamar da ba ta da yawan jama'a zuwa dajin shinkafa a wani yunƙuri na rage ƙarancin abinci a Indonesiya. Gwamnati ta ba da babban jari wajen gina magudanan ruwa da kawar da bishiyoyi. Aikin bai yi nasara ba, sannan kuma daga karshe an yi watsi da shi bayan ya yi barna mai yawa ga muhalli.

Peat yaci daji na yamma a Kudancin Kalibantan wani sabon halin halitta ne wanda yake gida ga mutane da yawa na musamman kamar na Orangutans, har ma da rage-bushe da bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci. Kuma Dajin fadamar peat yanayi ne guda biyu, tare da itatuwan wurare masu zafi daban-daban suna tsaye akan 10 zuwa 12. m Layer na peat - wani juzu'in ruɓe da kayan shuka mai cike da ruwa - wanda hakanan ya rufe ƙasa maras haihuwa. Peat shine babban kantin sayar da carbon. Idan aka rushe kuma aka kone shi yana taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar CO <sub id="mwdA">2</sub>, ana la'akari da tushen dumamar yanayi . Sabangau Forest. orangutantrop.com
Tashoshin ruwa, da tituna da layin dogo da aka gina don gandun daji na doka, sun buɗe yankin zuwa gandun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin yankin MRP, murfin gandun daji ya ragu daga 64.8% a cikin shekarata 1991 zuwa 45.7% a cikin shekarata 2000, kuma an ci gaba da sharewa tun daga lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa a yanzu an kawar da kusan dukkanin itatuwan da ake iya sayar da su daga yankunan da jam'iyyar MRP ta rufe.

Ya bayyana cewa tashoshi sun kwashe dazuzzukan peat maimakon ban ruwa. Inda dazuzzukan suka yi ta ambaliya har zuwa zurfin mita 2 a lokacin damina, a yanzu samansu ya bushe a kowane lokaci na shekara. Shiyasa Don haka gwamnati ta yi watsi da MRP, amma bushewar peat yana da rauni ga gobarar da ke ci gaba da tashi a kan gwargwado. Boehm, H-D.V. and Siegert, F. Ecological Impact of the One Million Hectare Rice Project in Cantral Kalimantan, Indonesia, Using Remote Sensing and GIS. (PDF) . Retrieved on 22 January 2012.

Bayan magudanar ruwa, gobara ta mamaye yankin, inda ta lalata sauran gandun daji da namun daji tare da sabbin noma, tare da cika iskar da ke sama da Borneo da bayanta da hayaki mai yawa da hazo tare da sakin CO 2 mai yawan gaske a sararin samaniya. Barnar ta yi mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar mutanen yankin. Ya haifar da manyan matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa da hayaki a tsakanin mutane rabin miliyan, Kuma waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin numfashi. 

Lalacewar gandun daji na haifar da gurɓacewar sulfuric acid na koguna. A cikin lokutan damina, magudanan ruwa suna fitar da ruwan acidic tare da babban rabo na pyritic sulfate cikin koguna har zuwa 150. km sama daga bakin kogin. Wannan yana iya zama abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga raguwar kama kifi. 

Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Burtaniya da Indonesiya na masana'antar katako a Indonesia gaba daya a cikin 1998 ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 40% na kayan aikin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma wanda darajarsa ta haura dala miliyan 365. Indonesia-UK Tropical Forestry Management Programme (1999) Illegal Logging in Indonesia. ITFMP Report No. EC/99/03 Ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan, kwatanta girbi na doka da sanannen amfani na cikin gida tare da fitar da kaya zuwa ketare, ya nuna cewa kashi 88% na saren itace a ƙasar haramun ne ta wata hanya.  Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace daga Indonesia ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Environmental Investigation Agency and Telepak (2004) Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood.

 Shiga 
Sake sare dazuzzuka a Borneo a tarihi ya yi kasa saboda kasa marar haihuwa, yanayi mara kyau, da kuma kamuwa da cututtuka. An fara sare itatuwa da gaske a tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Sashen gandun daji ya karu a shekarun 1970 yayin da Malaysia ta lalata dazuzzukanta, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Indonesiya Suharto ya raba manyan gandun daji domin kulla alakar siyasa da hafsoshin sojojin kasar. Don haka, yin katako ya fadada sosai a cikin shekarun 1980, tare da hanyoyin sare-tsare da ke ba da damar shiga filaye masu nisa ga mazauna da masu ci gaba. 

Shiga Borneo a cikin shekarata 1980s da 1990s na daga cikin mafi girman da duniya ta taɓa gani, inda ake girbe itacen kubik 60 – 240 a kowace kadada fiye da mita 23 a kowace hekta a cikin Amazon . Misali a Kalimantan, kusan kashi 80% na }asashen da ke cikin }asa, sun je wurin baje kolin katako, gami da kusan duk dazuzzukan mangrove. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, ya bayyana a fili cewa Indonesiya da Malesiya na fuskantar matsalar tabarbarewar katako saboda yawan sare itatuwa. Bukatar masana'antar katako ta yi nisa da samar da katako a cikin Malaysia da Indonesia. 

 Gobara 
Yawancin gobara a Borneo an saita su ne don dalilai na share fage. Yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya a tarihi ta zargi kananan masu noma da laifin gobara, asusun namun daji na duniya ya lura cewa taswirar tauraron dan adam ya bayyana cewa ci gaban kasuwanci don jujjuya filaye mai girma - musamman ma gonakin dabino - shi ne mafi girman sanadin bala'in shekarata 1997- 1998 gobara. A yau ana ci gaba da samun gobara a duk shekara don share filaye a yankunan noma da dazuzzukan da suka lalace. Lokacin da yanayi ya bushe, waɗannan gobara na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa ƙasar dazuzzuka da ke kusa kuma ta ƙone ba tare da kulawa ba. Ana ci gaba da samun yawaitar tashin gobara da tabarbarewar harkokin siyasa a yankin. Kasashen dake makwabtaka da kasar musamman Malaysia da Singapore na zargin Indonesia da kasa shawo kan gobarar. Bi da bi, ƙasar Indonesia na zargin kamfanonin Malaysia da fara da yawa daga cikin gobarar don aikin share filaye. 

Akwai bukatar a samar da dawwamammen kula da albarkatun dazuzzukan, Kuma musamman a fannin sare itatuwa. To Amma domin hakan ya tabbata, akwai bukatar a gane cewa kariya da kiyaye gandun daji ba su ke hannun Indonesia da/ko Malaysia kadai ba. Ba daidai ba ne a ɗauka cewa ƴan ƙasashen da ke fama da lamuni masu yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sauran dazuzzukan ruwan sama ya kamata su ɗauki alhakin samar da wannan abin dogaro ga al'umma da hannu ɗaya. Todaro, M. P., & Smith S. C. (2009). The Environment and Development. In Todaro, M. P., & Smith S. C. (10th Ed) Economic Development (pp. 483–529). Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Wani yunƙuri ne na duniya don kare gandun daji wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen magance matsalolin ci gaban Indonesiya da Malaysia dangane da dajin Borneo.

 Dake dazuzzuka 
Kwanan nan wani aikin sake dazuzzuka a Gabashin Kalimantan ya ba da rahoton wasu nasarori. Gidauniyar Tsira ta Borneo Orangutan (BOS), wanda Dr Willie Smits ya kafa, ta sayi kusan hekta 2,000 na barnatar dazuzzuka a Gabashin Kalimantan da ta sha fama da saren katako, fari da gobara mai tsanani kuma an rufe ta da ciyawa alang-alang ( Imperata cylindrica ). . Sannna kuma Manufar ita ce a maido da dazuzzukan da kuma samar da mafaka ga 'yan Orangutan da aka gyara yayin da a lokaci guda samar da hanyar samun kudin shiga ga mutanen yankin. An ba wa aikin suna Samboja Lestari, wanda a zahiri ke fassara a matsayin "ma'auni na har abada na Samboja".  Gyaran gandun daji da gyare-gyare shine jigon aikin, tare da dasa ɗaruruwan nau'ikan 'yan asali. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2006 an shuka nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban sama da 740. 

A cikin dajin na Lamandau, gidauniyar Orangutan ta dasa itatuwa sama da 60,000 a matsayin wani bangare na Shirin Maido da Daji.  An dasa wadannan tsire-tsire ne domin sake dazuka da sake farfado da wuraren da gobara ta lalata.

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 mongabay.com - Kalimantan a Mararraba: Dipterocarp Forests da makomar Indonesiya Borneo
 WWF – Namun daji na Borneo na fuskantar barazana ta haramtacciyar fatauci da sare dazuka
 "Lokacin Gaskiya na Borneo"  National Geographic
 Maganar TED.com TED: "Willie Smits ya dawo da dajin ruwan sama" 
 Mongabay: Borneo
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