Babban birni

Babban birni, ko kuma kawai babban birni, shine karamar hukuma da ke riƙe da matsayi na farko a cikin ƙasar Japan, jihar, lardin, sashen, ko wani yanki na ƙasa, yawanci a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnati. Babban birni yawanci birni ne wanda ke kunshe da ofisoshin gwamnati da wuraren taro; matsayin babban birni sau da yawa ana sanya shi ta hanyar doka ko kundin Tsarin Mulki. A wasu yankuna, gami da kasashe da yawa, rassa daban-daban na gwamnati suna cikin ƙauyuka daban-daban, wani lokacin ma'ana manyan biranen hukuma da yawa. A wasu lokuta, ana yin bambanci tsakanin babban birnin hukuma (na tsarin mulki) da wurin zama na gwamnati, wanda ke cikin wani wuri.

Kafofin yada labarai na Harshen Ingilishi galibi suna amfani da sunan babban birnin metonymically don komawa ga gwamnati da ke zaune a can. Don haka, "dangantaka ta London-Washington" ana fahimtar ta sosai don nufin Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Burtaniya da Amurka.

 Ma'anar kalmomi da kuma asalin 
Kalmar babban birni ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin  (genitive ), ma'ana 'kai', daga baya an aro shi daga Latin na zamani  ('na kai').  Kalmomin Latin  (lit. '') an riga an yi amfani da shi ta mawaki Ovid a karni na 1 BC. Ya samo asali ne daga fahimtar Turai ta gargajiya game da duniya da aka sani: Turai, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya. Maganar tana da alaƙa da ikon dindindin na birnin da farko a matsayin babban birnin Jamhuriyar da Daular, kuma daga baya a matsayin cibiyar Cocin Katolika. 

A cikin jihohin da yawa masu magana da Ingilishi, ana amfani da kalmomin gari da wurin zama na gundumar a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa. A wasu jihohi masu haɗin kai, ana iya sanin manyan biranen ƙasa a matsayin 'cibiyoyin gudanarwa'. Babban birni sau da yawa shine birni mafi girma na mazaunanta, kodayake ba koyaushe ba ne.
A tarihi, babban cibiyar tattalin arziki na jihar ko yanki sau da yawa ya zama babban ma'auni na ikon siyasa, kuma ya zama babban birni ta hanyar cin nasara ko tarayya. Misalan tarihi sune tsohuwar Babila, tsohuwar Athens, tsohuwar Roma, Abbasid Baghdad, Constantinople, Chang'an, da tsohuwar Cusco. Babban birni na zamani ba koyaushe yake ba: a cikin Yammacin Turai na zamani, gwamnati mai balaguro (mai yawo) ta zama ruwan dare.

Babban birni yana jan hankalin mutane masu motsawa ta siyasa da waɗanda ake buƙatar ƙwarewarsu don ingantaccen gudanarwa na gwamnatocin ƙasa ko na mulkin mallaka, kamar lauyoyi, masana kimiyya na siyasa, bankunan, 'yan jarida, da Masu tsara manufofin jama'a. Wasu daga cikin wadannan biranen sune ko kuma sun kasance Cibiyoyin addini,  misali Constantinople (fiye da addini daya), Roma / Vatican City (Cocin Roman Katolika), Urushalima (fiye na addini daya), Babila, Moscow (Cocin Orthodox na Rasha), Belgrade (Cocin Ortodokse na Serbia), Paris, da Beijing. A wasu ƙasashe, an canza babban birnin ne saboda dalilai na siyasa; Birnin farko na Finland, Turku, wanda ya kasance birni mafi muhimmanci a ƙasar tun daga Zamanin Tsakiya kuma ya zama babban birni a 1809, ya rasa matsayinsa a lokacin Grand Duchy na Finland a 1812, lokacin da Daular Rasha ta sanya Helsinki babban birnin Finland na yanzu.

Haɗuwa da ikon siyasa da tattalin arziki ko al'adu ba na duniya ba ne. Manyan birane na gargajiya na iya rufe su ta hanyar tattalin arziki ta hanyar abokan hamayyar lardin kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da Nanjing ta Shanghai, Quebec City ta Montreal, da kuma manyan biranen jihohin Amurka da yawa. raguwa daular ko al'ada na iya nufin lalacewar babban birninta, kamar yadda ya faru a Babila  da Cahokia. An yi amfani da "Majalisar Siyasa" a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā don ƙara alaƙa tsakanin mai mulki da batutuwa.

Kodayake yawancin manyan biranen tsarin mulki ko doka sun ayyana su, yawancin manyan biranen da suka daɗe ba su da irin wannan nadi na doka, ciki har da Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, da Wellington.   An amince da su a matsayin babban birni a matsayin babban al'amari na babban taro, kuma saboda gaba ɗaya ko kusan dukkanin cibiyoyin siyasar ƙasar, kamar ma'aikatun gwamnati, kotun koli, majalisa, ofisoshin jakadanci, da sauransu, suna cikin ko kusa da su.

 Manyan birane na zamani 
Yawancin Landan biranen zamani suna kusa da tsakiyar ƙasar, don haka suna da sauƙin isa ga jama'arta kuma suna da kariya mafi kyau daga yiwuwar mamayewa. Wurin kuma na iya dogara ne akan sulhu tsakanin birane biyu ko fiye ko wasu rarrabuwar siyasa, dalilai na tarihi, ko isasshen ƙasa ana buƙatar don gina sabon Birnin da aka tsara don babban birnin. Yawancin manyan biranen ƙasa sune birni mafi girma a cikin ƙasashensu. Misalan zamani sune Berlin, Alkahira, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Moscow, Paris, Roma, Jakarta, Metro Manila, Seoul, da Tokyo. 

Gundumomi a cikin United Kingdom suna da gundumomi masu tarihi, waɗanda galibi ba su zama mafi girma a cikin gundumar ba kuma galibi ba cibiyoyin gudanarwa ba ne, saboda yawancin lardunan tarihi a yanzu sun kasance kawai biki, kuma iyakokin gudanarwa sun bambanta.  Adadin sabbin manyan biranen duniya ya karu sosai tun zamanin Renaissance, musamman tare da kafuwar kasashe masu zaman kansu tun daga karni na sha takwas.

A Kanada, akwai babban birnin tarayya, yayin da larduna goma da yankuna uku kowannensu yana da manyan biranen. Jihohin irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Mexico, Brazil (ciki har da sanannun biranen Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo, manyan biranen jihohin su), da Ostiraliya kuma kowannensu yana da manyan biranen. Misali, manyan biranen jihohi shida na Ostiraliya sune Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, da Sydney. A Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kalmar "birane masu girma" a kai a kai don komawa ga waɗannan manyan biranen jihohi shida tare da babban birnin tarayya Canberra, da Darwin, babban birnin Yankin Arewa. Abu Dhabi ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Abu Dhabi da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa gaba ɗaya.

A cikin jihohi masu haɗin kai waɗanda suka ƙunshi kasashe masu yawa, Ƙasar Ingila da Masarautar Denmark, kowannensu zai sami babban birni. Ba kamar a cikin tarayyar ba, yawanci babu babban birnin ƙasa daban, amma babban birnin wata ƙasa ɗaya zai zama babban birnin jihar gaba ɗaya, kamar Landan, wanda shine babban birnin Ingila da Ingila. Hakazalika, kowane ɗayan al'ummomin Spain da yankuna na Italiya suna da babban birni, kamar Seville da Naples, yayin da Madrid ita ce babban birnin Community of Madrid da na Masarautar Spain gaba ɗaya kuma Roma ita ce babban birni na Italiya da yankin Lazio.

A Tarayyar Jamus, kowace jahohinta (ko Länder, jam'i na Land) tana da babban birninta, kamar Dresden, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, da Munich, kamar yadda dukkan jamhuriyar Tarayyar Rasha ke yi.  Manyan biranen Jamus da Rasha (Stadtstaat na Berlin da birnin Moscow na tarayya) su ma jihohi ne na ƙasashen biyu a nasu bangaren.  Kowace daga cikin jihohin Ostiriya da kanton Switzerland suma suna da nasu manyan biranen.  Vienna, babban birnin ƙasar Ostiriya, ita ma ɗaya ce daga cikin jahohi, yayin da Bern shine babban birnin Switzerland da na Canton na Bern.

 Babban biranen da aka tsara 
Ƙungiyoyin da ke mulki wani lokacin suna tsarawa, tsarawa da gina sabbin manyan biranen don zama wurin zama na gwamnati na siyasa ko na yanki. Babban biranen da aka tsara da gangan sun hada da:

Wadannan biranen sun gamsu da ɗaya ko duka biyun waɗannan ka'idoji:

 Birnin da aka tsara da gangan wanda aka gina shi ne don zama wurin zama na gwamnati, wanda ya maye gurbin babban birni wanda ke cikin cibiyar jama'a. Akwai dalilai daban-daban na wannan, gami da yawan jama'a a wannan babban birni, da kuma sha'awar sanya babban birnin a wuri tare da yanayi mafi kyau (yawanci wanda ba shi da zafi).
 Garin da aka zaba a matsayin sulhu tsakanin birane biyu ko fiye (ko wasu bangarorin siyasa), babu wani daga cikinsu da ke son ba wa ɗayan damar zama babban birni. Yawancin lokaci, sabon babban birnin yana da kusan daidaituwa tsakanin cibiyoyin jama'a masu fafatawa.

 Wuraren da aka yi alkawari 
Wasu misalai na halin da ake ciki na biyu (wuraren da aka daidaita) sune:

 Canberra, Australia, wanda aka zaba a matsayin wuri mai sulhu tsakanin Melbourne da Sydney.
 Washington, DC, Amurka, an kafa ta ne a matsayin sulhu tsakanin Jihohin Arewa da jihohin Kudancin da ke da aikin gona don raba ikon ƙasa. Yarjejeniyar ta 1790, ta haifar da wucewar Dokar Mazaunin, wanda ya amince da kirkirar babban birnin ƙasa a kan Kogin Potomac a ƙasar da aka ba da ita daga Maryland da Virginia.
 Frankfort, Kentucky, tsakiyar tsakanin Louisville da Lexington.
 Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada, tare da iyaka tsakanin tsoffin yankuna biyu waɗanda suka zama ainihin asalin Kanada kafin Confederation - da farko Upper Canada mai magana da Ingilishi da kuma Faransanci Lower Canada. A yau, wannan iyakar ta raba manyan larduna biyu na zamani goma na Kanada, Ontario da Quebec.
 Tallahassee, Florida, wanda aka zaba a matsayin tsakiyar tsakanin Pensacola da St. Augustine, Florida - sannan manyan birane biyu a Florida.
 Wellington ya zama babban birnin New Zealand a 1865. Yana kwance a kudancin Tsibirin Arewa New Zealand, ƙarami daga cikin manyan tsibirai biyu na New Zealand (wanda daga baya ya zama tsibirin da ya fi yawan jama'a)  nan da nan a fadin Cook Strait daga Tsibirin Kudancin. Babban birnin da ya gabata, Auckland, yana da nisa a arewacin tsibirin Arewa; matakin ya biyo bayan dogon gardama don wuri na tsakiya don majalisa.
 Managua, Nicaragua, wanda aka Zaki don kwantar da hankalin abokan hamayyar a León da Granada, waɗanda kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya bi da bi
 An zaɓi Jefferson City, Missouri a matsayin babban birnin jihar a 1821, shekara bayan an shigar da Missouri cikin Tarayyar, saboda matsayinta na tsakiya a cikin jihar. Yana kusan rabin tsakanin manyan biranen Missouri guda biyu, Kansas City a yamma da St. Louis a gabas, kodayake Kansas City ba a kafa ta ba har zuwa 1850.

Canje-canje a cikin mulkin siyasa na al'umma wani lokacin yakan haifar da sanya sabon babban birnin. Akmola (wanda aka sake masa suna Astana a 1998) ya zama babban birnin Kazakhstan a 1997, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991. An kafa Naypyidaw a cikin Burma kamar yadda tsohon babban birnin, Rangoon, ya cika da mutane.

 Shirye-shiryen birni na musamman 
Wasu 'yan kasashe suna da manyan birane da yawa, kuma akwai jihohi da yawa waɗanda ba su da babban birni. Wasu suna da birni a matsayin babban birni amma tare da yawancin hukumomin gwamnati a wasu wurare.

Har ila yau, akwai wani gari mai fatalwa wanda a halin yanzu shine babban birnin yankin: Montserrat" id="mwAbw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth a Montserrat .

Akwai kasashe da yawa inda, saboda dalilai daban-daban, babban birnin hukuma da wurin zama na gwamnati sun rabu:

 Benin: Porto-Novo ita ce babban birnin hukuma, amma Cotonou ita ce wurin zama na gwamnati.
 Bolivia: Sucre ita ce babban birnin Tsarin Mulki, kuma babbar kotun Shukari'a tana cikin Sucre, tana mai da ita babban birnin shari'a. , majalisa ta kasa da Kotun zabe ta kasa suna cikin La Paz, suna mai da shi wurin zama na gwamnati.
 Ivory Coast: An sanya Yamoussoukro a matsayin babban birnin kasa a 1983, amma yawancin ofisoshin gwamnati da ofisoshin jakadanci har yanzu suna cikin Abidjan.
 Netherlands: Amsterdam ita ce babban birnin kasa na tsarin mulki duk da cewa Gwamnatin Holland, majalisa dokoki, babbar kotun, Majalisar Jiha, da fadar aiki ta Sarki duk suna cikin The Hague, kamar yadda duk ofisoshin jakadancin suke.  (Don ƙarin bayani duba: Babban birnin Netherlands.) 

Wasu misalai na tarihi na irin wannan shirye-shiryen, inda babban birnin da aka amince da shi ba wurin zama na gwamnati ba ne:

 Masarautar Ingila: Babban birnin gargajiya shine Birnin London, yayin da Westminster, a waje da iyakokin Birnin London. Dukansu biyu a yau suna cikin ɓangaren birane na Babban London.
 Masarautar Faransa: Babban birnin gargajiya shine Paris, kodayake daga 1682 zuwa 1789 wurin zama na gwamnati ya kasance a Fadar Versailles, wanda ke cikin karkara kudu maso yammacin Paris.

 Manyan birane masu rikitarwa 

 Cyprus da Arewacin Cyprus: Nicosia, "babban birni na ƙarshe da aka raba",  an raba shi kashi biyu ta Yankin Buffer na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cyprus (Green Line). Dukkanin Jamhuriyar Cyprus,  wanda ke da iko na kudanci, da kuma Jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta Arewacin Cyprus,  wanda ke da ikon Arewacin Nicosia, suna da'awar duk birnin a matsayin babban birninsu.
 Isra'ila da Falasdinu: Dukansu Gwamnatin Isra'ila  da Hukumar Falasdinu  suna da'awar Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin su. Urushalima tana aiki a matsayin babban birnin Isra'ila, tare da gidan shugaban kasa, ofisoshin gwamnati, kotun koli da majalisa (Knesset) da ke can, yayin da Hukumar Falasdinawa ba ta da iko na de facto ko de jure a kan kowane Urushalima. Kasashe da yawa, ban da Amurka, wanda ya amince da Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin Isra'ila,  suna ɗaukar matsayin cewa matsayin karshe na Urushalima ba a daidaita shi ba har sai Tattaunawa nan gaba. Yawancin ƙasashe suna kula da ayyukan diflomasiyyarsu zuwa Isra'ila a Tel Aviv, yayin da ayyukan difloma zuwa Falasdinu suna cikin wurare daban-daban kamar Ramallah, Gaza City, Alkahira da Damascus.

 Babban birni a matsayin alama 
Tare da tasowa na al'umma ta zamani, babban birnin ya zama alama ce jihar da gwamnati, kuma an cika shi da ma'anar siyasa. Ba kamar manyan biranen zamani ba, waɗanda aka ayyana a duk inda sarki ya gudanar da kotun sa, zabin, sake komawa, kafa, ko kama babban birni na zamani abu ne na alama. Misali:

 An rushe Athens kuma kusan ba a zaune ba babban birnin sabuwar Girka mai zaman kanta a 1834, shekaru hudu bayan kasar ta sami 'yancin kanta, tare da ra'ayin soyayya na farfado da ɗaukakar Girka ta dā. Hakazalika, bayan Yaƙin Cold da sake hadewar Jamus, Berlin ta sake zama babban birnin Jamus. Sauran manyan biranen da aka dawo da su sun hada da Moscow bayan Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba .
 Canjin alama na babban birni zuwa wuri na ƙasa ko na ƙididdigar jama'a na iya zama ko dai saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki ko dabarun (wani lokacin ana kiransa babban birni na gaba ko babban birni). Peter the Great ya motsa gwamnatinsa daga Moscow zuwa Saint Petersburg don ba Daular Rasha jagorar Turai. Birnin Nafplion mai mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki ya zama babban birnin Girka na farko, lokacin da Athens ba ta da mahimmanci. Sarkin sarakuna na Ming sun ƙaura babban birninsu zuwa Beijing daga tsakiyar Nanjing don taimakawa wajen kula da iyakar tare da Mongols. A lokacin tawaye na 1857, 'Yan tawayen Indiya sun dauki Delhi a matsayin babban birninsu, kuma an ayyana Bahadur Shah Zafar a matsayin sarki, amma Birtaniya mai mulki yana da babban birnansu a Calcutta. A shekara ta 1877, Birtaniya ta gudanar da 'Durbar' a Delhi, inda ta ayyana Sarauniya Victoria a matsayin 'Empress of India'. Delhi a ƙarshe ta zama babban birnin mulkin mallaka bayan da aka yi wa Sarki-Sarkin sarakuna George V a 1911, ta ci gaba a matsayin babban birnin Indiya mai zaman kanta daga 1947. Sauran misalai sun hada da Abuja, Astana, Brasília, Helsinki, Islamabad, Naypyidaw, da Yamoussoukro .
 Zaɓin ko kafa babban birni "mai tsaka-tsaki", wanda ba a dame shi da asalin yanki ko siyasa ba, ana nufin wakiltar hadin kan sabuwar jiha lokacin da Ankara, Bern, Brasília, Canberra, Madrid, Ottawa da Washington suka zama manyan biranen. Wani lokaci, an zaɓi wurin sabon babban birni don kawo ƙarshen ainihin ko yiwuwar rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kamar a cikin yanayin Brasília, Canberra, Ottawa, Washington, Wellington da Managua.
 Birnin New Delhi da aka gina a Burtaniya ya wakilci hutu da ci gaba tare da baya, wurin Delhi shine inda aka gina manyan biranen mulkin mallaka da yawa (Indraprastha, Dhillika, da Shahjahanabad) amma ainihin babban birnin shine sabon garin da aka gina ta Burtaniya wanda Edwin Lutyens ya tsara.
 Wellington, a gefen kudu maso yammacin Tsibirin Arewa New Zealand, ya maye gurbin birnin Auckland da ke arewacin don sanya babban birnin kasar kusa da Tsibirin Kudancin kuma saboda haka ya kwantar da mazaunanta, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da tausayi ga rabuwa.
 A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, an kashe albarkatu masu yawa don kare Washington, DC, wanda ke kan iyaka da Tarayyar Amurka (tare da Commonwealth na Virginia), daga harin Tarayyar duk da cewa karamin gwamnatin tarayya za a iya sauƙaƙewa a wasu wurare. Hakazalika, Confederacy ta kashe manyan albarkatu wajen kare babban birnin Confederate daga hari da Tarayyar ta kai, a cikin wurin da aka fallasa na Richmond, Virginia, kusan mil 100 (160  kudu da Washington, DC.
 Babban birane biyu na kasa suna nufin wata jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Sunan Tallinn, babban birnin Estonia, ana zaton an samo shi ne daga Taani Linna, asalin yana nufin "Danish Castle" kuma yanzu "Danish Town" a cikin Estonian, mai suna bayan Toompea Castle, wanda Denmark ta sarrafa a cikin 1219-1227, 1238-1332 da kuma a cikin 1340-1346.  Spain" id="mwA7o" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Port of Spain">Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Spain, babban birnin Trinidad da Tobago, an sanya masa suna a cikin Mutanen Espanya ta mazauna farko daga Spain a karni na 16. Dubi Jerin sunayen babban birnin ƙasa don ƙarin bayani.

 Babban birni a cikin dabarun soja 
Babban birni yawanci amma ba koyaushe ba ne babban manufa a cikin yaƙi, kamar yadda kama shi yawanci yana tabbatar da kama yawancin gwamnatin abokan gaba, nasara ga sojojin da ke kai farmaki, ko kuma aƙalla rashin jin daɗi ga sojojin da aka ci nasara.

A tsohuwar kasar Sin, inda gwamnatoci ke da manyan tsare-tsare na gwamnati ba tare da sassauci a matakin lardi ba, cikin sauki za a iya kifar da daular tare da faduwar babban birninta.  A cikin masarautu uku, Shu da Wu sun fadi lokacin da manyan biranen Chengdu da Jianye suka fadi.  Daular Ming ta mayar da babban birninta daga Nanjing zuwa Beijing, inda za su iya sarrafa manyan hafsoshin soja da sojojin da ke tsaron kan iyakokin Mongols da Manchus yadda ya kamata.  An lalata Ming ne lokacin da Li Zicheng ya hau kan karagar mulki, kuma wannan tsari ya sake maimaita kansa a tarihin kasar Sin, har zuwa faduwar daular gargajiya ta Confucius a karni na 20.  Bayan rugujewar daular Qing, ba da mulkin mallaka, da inganta harkokin sufuri da fasahohin sadarwa, sun baiwa 'yan kasar Sin da 'yan kwaminisanci na kasar Sin damar sake tsugunar da babban birnin kasar cikin hanzari, da kiyaye tsarin shugabancinsu a lokacin babban rikicin mamayar kasar Japan.

Babban birnin kasa ba su da mahimmanci a matsayin manufofin soja a sauran sassan duniya, ciki har da yammacin duniya, saboda yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma zuwa ga hukumomi na gida, tsarin dabarun aiwatar da tsarin da ya shahara musamman bayan bunkasuwar feudalism kuma an sake tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bunkasa dimokiradiyya da falsafar jari-hujja.  A shekara ta 1204, bayan da 'yan Salibiyya na Latin suka kwace babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople, sojojin Rumawa sun sake haduwa a larduna da dama;  Manyan larduna sun yi nasarar sake mamaye babban birnin bayan shekaru 60 tare da kiyaye daular har tsawon shekaru 200 bayan haka.  Sojojin Birtaniya sun kori wasu manyan biranen Amurka akai-akai a lokacin yakin juyin juya hali da yakin 1812, amma har yanzu sojojin Amurka suna iya ci gaba da yaki daga yankunan karkara, inda suke samun goyon baya daga kananan hukumomi da kuma fararen hula masu zaman kansu na al'ada.  Keɓancewar waɗannan abubuwan gama gari sun haɗa da manyan ƙasashe kamar Faransa, waɗanda manyan ofisoshinsu za su iya daidaita albarkatu masu nisa yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ba wa jihar fa'ida mai ƙarfi fiye da abokan hamayyar da ba su dace ba, amma suna fuskantar lalacewa kwata-kwata idan an karɓi babban birnin.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba