Sare itatuwa a Australia

Filaye a Ostiraliya an bayyana kawar da ciyayi da sare itatuwa a Ostiraliya.   Filaye ya haɗa da kawar da ciyayi da wuraren zama, gami da zubar da gandun daji na asali, dazuzzuka, savannah, gandun daji da ciyayi na asali da magudanar ruwa na yanayi don maye gurbin noma, birane da sauran amfanin ƙasa.

Filayen ƙasa muhimman batu ne na muhalli a Ostiraliya . Gwamnatocin Jihohi ne suka sanya dokar hana fasa filayen.  Wannan manufar ta bai wa Ostiraliya damar yin biyayya ga alƙawarin da ta yi na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto .

 Dalilai 
Abubuwan da ke haifar da share ƙasa gabaɗaya an yarda da su. Sannan Kuma Waɗannan su ne faɗaɗa aikin gona, faɗaɗa abubuwan more rayuwa, hakar itace da haɓaka birane. 

 Noma 
Babban abin da ke motsa ƙasa a Ostiraliya shine samar da noma, musamman dabbobi.  Inda amfanin ƙasa da ruwan sama suka ba da izini, share ƙasa yana ba da damar haɓaka aikin noma da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa. Kuma Ana ganin share fage a matsayin ci gaba, kuma akwai ra'ayi gabaɗaya cewa an barnatar da ƙasa sai dai idan an bunƙasa shi.

A tarihi, Ƙungiyoyin Commonwealth da gwamnatocin Jihohi sun goyi bayan share fage a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na ingantaccen kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Daban-daban na ci gaba na cibiyoyi don aikin noma sun haɓaka ribar tattalin arziƙin daga share fage, tare da ba da filaye masu arha tare da jarin kamfani a cikin nau'ikan lamuni ko rangwamen haraji. Sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun haɗa da Tsarin Matsakaicin Ƙasar Sabis na War, lamunin banki mara ƙarancin ruwa da shirye-shiryen tallafin kuɗi kamar taimakon agajin fari.

Yawancin filayen da aka share a Ostiraliya an haɓaka su don noman shanu, tumaki da alkama. 46.3% na Ostiraliya ana amfani da su don kiwo na shanu a kan ƙananan hamada tare da ciyayi na halitta. Wannan kasa ta bushe sosai kuma ba ta da haihuwa don amfanin noma (ban da wasu kiwo na kangaroo). Wasu daga cikin wannan ƙasar kiwo an kawar da su daga "sharar da itace". 15% na Ostiraliya a halin yanzu ana amfani da su don duk sauran ayyukan noma da gandun daji akan mafi yawan wuraren da aka share. Kuma A New South Wales, yawancin dazuzzukan da suka rage an share su, saboda yawan amfanin ƙasa. Har ila yau, ci gaban birane shine sanadin wasu filaye, kodayake ba babban direba ba. A cikin Babban Birnin Ostiraliya alal misali, ci gaban birane da yawa ya faru akan filayen noma da aka share a baya.

A Tasmania, aikin noma ne ke tura filaye saboda sare dazuzzuka na asali ya ƙi yankin da yake sake bayyanawa. 

 Gobarar daji a Ostiraliya 
Gobarar daji a Ostiraliya na faruwa akai-akai a cikin watanni masu zafi na shekara.

 Tasiri 
Filayen ƙasa yana lalata shuke-shuke da muhallin gida sannan kuma yana kawar da abinci da wuraren zama waɗanda sauran nau'ikan na asali suka dogara da su. Sharewa yana ba da damar ciyawa da dabbobi masu cin zarafi don yadawa, yana rinjayar hayakin iskar gas kuma zai iya haifar da lalata ƙasa, irin su yashwa da salinity, wanda hakan zai iya rinjayar ingancin ruwa.

The following table shows the native vegetation inventory assessment of native vegetation by type prior to European settlement and as at 2001-2004. (Given in units of square kilometres)
Nau'in ciyayi Gabaɗayan mazauni 2005 duka Kashi ya ɓace Daji da gandun daji 4,101,868 3,184,260 22% Shrublands 1,470,614 1,411,539 4% Heath 9,256 8,071 13% Ƙasar ciyawa 1,996,688 1,958,671 2% Jimlar ciyayi na asali 7,578,204 6,562,541 13%

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Kamar yadda murfin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga yanayin ƙasa, sharewar ƙasa yana haifar da matsi mai mahimmanci akan yanayin ƙasa. Kuma Cire ciyayi kuma yana barin ƙasa babu komai kuma yana da rauni ga zaizayar ƙasa. Kwanciyar ƙasa yana da mahimmanci don gujewa lalata ƙasa .

 Zaizayar kasa 
Lalacewar ƙasa yana da matukar mahimmancin matsin lamba akan yanayin ƙasa saboda yana lalata ciyayi da wuraren zama da kuma hana ciyayi da sauran halittun da ke zaune a cikin ciyayi daga sake dawowa, don haka yana haifar da madauki na "mara kyau". Sannan kuma Tsire-tsire na ƙasa shine tushen samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga ƙasa. Idan an cire ciyayi, akwai ƙarancin kwayoyin halitta da ke samuwa don wargajewa da cika abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa. Fitar da ƙasa ga zaizayar ƙasa yana haifar da ƙara raguwar abubuwan gina jiki . yankunan dazuzzukan ya kuma shafi ingancin ruwan da ke kewayen Babban Barrier Reef 

 Salinity 
Wani sakamakon sharer ƙasa shine salinity dryland . Dryland salinity shine motsin gishiri zuwa saman ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Kuma A Ostiraliya, akwai gishiri mai yawa da aka adana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yawancin ciyayi na Australiya sun dace da ƙarancin yanayin ruwan sama, kuma suna amfani da tsarin tushe mai zurfi don cin gajiyar kowane ruwa da ke ƙasa. Wadannan suna taimakawa wajen adana gishiri a cikin ƙasa, ta hanyar rage yawan ruwan ƙasa don kada gishiri ya tura sama. Kuma Koyaya, tare da share ƙasa, raguwar adadin ruwan da tushen bishiyun ya tashi a baya yana nufin teburin ruwan ya tashi zuwa saman, yana narkar da gishiri a cikin tsari. Salinity yana rage yawan amfanin shuka kuma yana shafar lafiyar koguna da magudanan ruwa. Salinity kuma yana shafar rayuwar tituna da sauran ababen more rayuwa, wanda ke shafar tattalin arziki da sufuri.

 Halittar halittu 
Rushewar nau'ikan 108 (2 dabbobi masu shayarwa 2, tsuntsu 2 da nau'in tsiro 97) an danganta shi da sharewa. ƙasa ya kasance mai nuna matsi na kawar da ciyayi, lafiya da juriyar ciyayi da suka rage suma sun dogara ne akan girman guntuwar da nisan su da juna. Kuma Hakanan gaskiya ne ga nau'ikan da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan gutsuttsuran mazauni . Karami kuma mafi keɓance ragowar, mafi girman barazanar daga matsi na waje yayin da iyakokinsu (ko gefuna) suka fi fuskantar tashin hankali. Hakanan matsi yana ƙaruwa tare da nisa tsakanin gutsuttsura.

 Canjin yanayi 
Filayen filaye shine babban tushen hayakin iskar gas na Ostiraliya, yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 12 cikin ɗari ga jimillar hayaƙin Australia a shekarata 1998. Cire ciyayi yana lalata microclimate ta hanyar cire inuwa da rage zafi . Hakanan Kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi a duniya ta hanyar rage ƙarfin ciyayi don ɗaukar carbon dioxide . Har ila yau, share fage na iya zama alhakin rage yawan ruwan sama da kuma yuwuwar kwararowar hamada da kuma zaizayar kasa.

 Yanke gandun daji da matsanancin yanayi 
Ƙungiya ta bincika tasirin yanayi da fari ta hanyar nazarin ruwan sama na yau da kullun da yanayin zafi daga Mark 3 GCM.

Wannan aikin, irinsa na farko, ya nuna karuwa a yawan kwanakin bushewa (<1mm ruwan sama) da kwanakin zafi (mafi yawan zafin jiki> 35). °C), raguwar yawan ruwan sama na yau da kullun da kuma yawan ruwan sama a ranakun damina, da kuma ƙaruwar lokacin fari a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka gyara. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun kasance masu mahimmanci a ƙididdiga na tsawon shekaru a duk faɗin gabashin Ostiraliya kuma musamman ma an bayyana su a lokacin al'amuran El Niño masu ƙarfi.

Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa LCC ya kara tsananta yanayin yanayin yanayi da matsanancin yanayi a kudu maso yamma da gabashin Ostiraliya, shiyasa don haka ya haifar da fari mai dorewa kuma mafi tsanani.

 Martani 
Tun daga shekarun 1980, yawan share fage ya ragu saboda canza halaye da kuma fahimtar illolin sharewar. Gwamnonin Queensland da New South Wales sun aiwatar da dokar hana share filaye a cikin shekarata 1990s da farkon shekarar 2000s.  Ostiraliya ta kasance kan gaba wajen saran gandun daji, kasa daya tilo da ta ci gaba da yin hakan. 

Dukansu Queensland da New South Wales suna lura da share ƙasa a kowace shekara ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam a ƙarƙashin Nazarin Landcover da Bishiyoyi na Jiha. 

 Dokokin sharewa 
Yanzu ana sarrafa sharewa ta hanyar doka a Yammacin Ostiraliya, Kudancin Ostiraliya, Victoria, New South Wales, da zuwa ƙaramin digiri a Queensland . Hanyoyin sarrafa filaye sun sha bamban sosai tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen, kuma duk da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da illar lalacewar filaye, manoma gabaɗaya sun yi adawa da matakan da za a ɗauka.

 Dokokin tarayya 
Ana sarrafa share ƙasa a kaikaice ta hanyar dokar tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kariyar Halittu ta 1999 (Cth), wacce kuma za ta iya amfani da ita idan akwai nau'ikan da ke da kariya ta tarayya (tsiri ko dabba) ko al'ummomin muhallin da ke cikin haɗari a ƙasar da ake tambaya. .

 Gudanar da wuta 
Ya danganta da kusanci zuwa babban haɗari ga wuraren kashe gobarar daji a kowace jiha, ana iya amfani da dokar 10/30 ko dokar 10/50.   Wannan yana ba da damar yanke bishiyu a cikin mita 10 na gidaje ko share ƙasa a cikin mita 30 ko 50 na gida. Sannan Kuma Wannan yana rage mai don wuta kusa da gidaje wanda ya tabbatar da tasiri tun lokacin aiwatarwa. 

 New South Wales 
Tsare-tsare ciyayi a cikin NSW ana tsara shi ta Dokar Sabis na Ƙasa ta shekarar 2013  (NSW) da kuma ta hanyar karewa kan mazaunin nau'ikan barazanar da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar Kare Diversity 2016  (NSW). Hakanan ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar sarrafa haɓakawa da Kayan Tsarin Muhalli (EPI) ƙarƙashin dokar tsara amfani da ƙasa, wato Dokar Tsare Tsare da Muhalli 1979 (NSW). Dokar tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokar Kare Halittu ta shekarar 1999  (Cth) na iya kuma amfani da ita idan akwai nau'ikan da ke cikin barazanar tsaro ta tarayya (tsiri ko dabba) ko al'ummomin muhallin da ke cikin haɗari a ƙasar da ake tambaya. An keɓance nau'ikan da aka keɓe a cikin Dokar Biosecurity 2015  kuma masu mallakar kadarorin za su iya share su a kowane lokaci.

A cewar gwamnatin jihar jihar ta yi asarar kadada 54,000 na ciyayi na itace a shekarar 2019. 

 Queensland 
Share ciyayi na asali a cikin Queensland ana tsara shi ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Tsirrai ta shekarata 1999  da Dokar Gudanar da Tsirrai (Regrowth Clearing Moratorium) Dokar a shekarata 2009 .  Dokar EPBC ta Tarayya kuma na iya aiki (duba sama)

Matsakaicin farashin a Queensland ya ragu daga kololuwa a cikin shekarata 1990s, bayan nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe daga ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa da al'ummomi a duk faɗin Queensland. 

 Kudancin Ostiraliya 
Tsare-tsare ciyayi na asali a cikin SA ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar Dokar Tsirrai ta shekarar 1991 (SA). Dokar EPBC ta Tarayya kuma na iya aiki (duba sama).

 Kananan hukumomi 
A cikin birane ko birane, cire bishiyu ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar dokokin majalisa da aka tsara a cikin abin da ake kira odar kiyaye itace (TPO). Wannan tsarin dokokin ya fi dacewa don nuna ƙayyadaddun manufofin tsare gandun daji na birni na majalisa. Sannan Kuma Manufofin gama gari sun haɗa da samar da ingantattun halittu masu koshin lafiya, haɓaka ɗimbin halittu da rage tasirin tsibiri mai zafi ta hanyar riƙe bishiyoyi da shirye-shiryen dashen bishiya. TPO's yawanci zai haɗa da muhimmiyar rajistar bishiyar wacce ke lissafin mutum ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyin bishiyar da aka kare da wuraren da ba za a iya cire su a kowane yanayi ba. TPO's kuma sun zo tare da keɓancewa waɗanda ke ba masu mallakar kadar damar cire bishiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kuma Keɓancewa na iya haɗawa da matsakaicin tsayi da yaduwar bishiyoyi waɗanda ke buƙatar izinin majalisa don cirewa da jerin nau'in keɓancewar nau'ikan waɗanda za'a iya cirewa ba tare da la'akari da tsayi da yadawa ba. 

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Manazarta 

 Bayanan kula 

 Gidauniyar kiyayewa ta Australiya 2007,  An duba 26 Oktoba 2007.
 Ofishin Greenhouse na Ostiraliya 2000, Sharer ƙasa: Tarihin zamantakewa, Commonwealth of Ostiraliya, Canberra. An shiga  29 Oktoba 2007.
 Benson, JS 1991, Tasirin shekaru 200 na matsugunin Turai akan ciyayi da flora na New South Wales, Cunninghamia, 2:343-370.
 Cogger, H, Ford, H, Johnson, C, Holman, J da Butler, D 2003, Tasirin Sharar Kasa akan Dabbobin Australiya a Queensland, Gidauniyar Dabbobin Dabbobin Duniya Australia, Sydney
 Ƙungiyar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Commonwealth (CSIRO) 2007, Ƙasa da Ruwa, https://www.clw.csiro.au/issues/salinity/faq.html  Archived   Laraba 29 Oktoba 2007.
 Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa, Jihar Rahoton Muhalli,  duba 26 Oktoba 2007.
 Sashen Muhalli da Gado na 2005, Tsarin Ba da Bayanin Tsirrai na Ƙasa (NVIS) Mataki na 1, Siffar 3.0 Manyan Ƙungiyoyin ciyayi,  
 Diamond, Jared, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 (  ). Duba babi na 13 mai take « "Ma'adinai" Ostiraliya » (shafi na 378-416).
 Giles, D 2007, Damuwar share ƙasa na Jiha, a cikin The Courier-Mail, 28 Oktoba 2007.
 Binciken Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ruwa na Ƙasa, Tsire-tsire na yanzu 1998 a cikin Binciken Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ruwa na 2001, Commonwealth of Ostiraliya,  duba 29 Oktoba 2007.
 Thackway, R & Cresswell, ID (eds.) 1995, Tsarin Yanki na Biogeographic na wucin gadi don Ostiraliya: Tsari don saita fifiko a cikin Tsarin Haɗin kai na Tsarin Reserve na ƙasa, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Australiya, Canberra.
 Ofishin Kididdiga na Australiya, www.abs.gov.au, an duba 26 Oktoba 2007.