Muhalli a Mongolia

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Akwai Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da yawa a Mongoliya waɗanda ke cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.https://constructive-voices.com/ha/mongolia-biodiversity-da-gina-muhalli/ Wadannan matsalolin sun taso a wani bangare saboda dalilai na halitta, amma suna karuwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adamhttps://oceanfdn.org/ha/yanayin-yanayin-bakin-teku-shine-layin-farko-na-kariya-daga-guguwa//. Daya daga cikin wadannan batutuwa shi ne sauyin yanayi wanda zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar hamada da bala'o'i da gurbacewar kasa . Wani kuma shi ne sare dazuzzuka, wanda ke ci gaba da yaduwa saboda rashin kulawar mutane, kwari, cututtuka, da gobara. Ƙasar Mongolian tana ƙara zama ƙazama ta hanyar kwararowar hamada, tsarin da ke ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin amfani da ƙasa . Sannan Kuma Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ɓacewa kuma suna cikin haɗarin bacewa. Haka kuma, musamman a cibiyoyin jama'a, Mongolians suna magance gurɓacewar iska da ruwa da masana'antu ke haifarwa.

 Canjin yanayi 
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Sauyin yanayi ya yi barazana ga hanyoyin rayuwa ga makiyayan gargajiya na gargajiya, saboda abin da ke haifar da rugujewar duds, wanda aka fi sani da yanayin yanayi ko bala'o'i . Guguwar hunturu, lokacin fari, da matsanancin zafi sun zama ruwan dare.  Jagoranci har zuwa Shekarata 2000, akwai kusan 20 matsananci aukuwa a kowace shekara, amma tun shekarar 2000, wannan adadin ya ninka zuwa 40 aukuwa a kowace shekara. Tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2010 Mongoliya ta fuskanci munanan al'amura 153, waɗanda galibinsu ƙaƙƙarfan iska ne, guguwa, da ambaliya daga gudu.https://constructive-voices.com/ha/category/mongolia-gina-muhalli/

Tun daga Shekarata 1940, matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara mai hikima a Mongoliya ya karu da aƙalla 1.8 °C. Ana ɗaukar wannan canjin yanayin zafi yana da alhakin haɓakar ƙazamar ƙasar ciyawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, raguwar samar da kwayoyin halitta. Kuma Ana sa ran hamadar Gobi zata ratsa arewa da misalin karfe 6-7 km / shekara, wanda ake sa ran zai kara iyakance wuraren kiwo . 

Wani sakamakon waɗannan sauye-sauyen yanayi ana sa ran zai zama hazo da ke faruwa a cikin fashe mai yawa kuma ƙasa ba za ta iya cinyewa ba. Sannan Kuma  Hakanan yanayin zafi mai tasowa zai narke manyan glaciers, lalata permafrost, kuma zai haifar da ƙarin haɓaka daga tsire-tsire. 

 sare itatuwa 
Mongoliya na da karancin albarkatun dazuzzuka, kuma saboda tsananin yanayinta, cigaban dazuzzukan nata ya ragu. Duk da haka, dazuzzuka suna taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin ruwa, hana lalata ƙasa, adana permafrost, da sarrafa iskar gas da sauran hayaki masu cutarwa. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙayyadaddun albarkatun gandun daji suna raguwa saboda sare itace, gobara, kwari, da cututtuka.

A shekara ta 2000, fiye da hekta miliyan 1.2 na ƙasar dazuzzuka ne kwari suka mamaye. Sakamakon yaduwar kwari, sama da hekta 300,000 na gandun daji sun kasa yin girma. 

Gobara ta ga karuwa akai-akai saboda rashin kulawar mutanen da suka shiga dajin (kamar ta hanyar harbin sansani da Kuma suka tsere, ayyukan soja, injinan noma),  yana kara tabarbarewar gandun daji.  A shekara ta 2008, gobarar daji 178 ta faru, wanda ya shafi hekta 927,990 na steppe kuma ya yi asarar biliyan 17.6 a tugrik.

An kuma yanke bishiyun don amfani da su azaman mai, wanda ya kai mita 1.3 na itace a duk shekara. Sannan Bugu da ƙari, ƙarancin fasahar katako na masana'antar katako da rashin inganci ya haifar da kashi 60% na katakon da ake amfani da su don riba. 

Sakamakon duk waɗannan abubuwan shine cewa daga shekarata 1980-2000, 10% na gandun daji a Mongolia ya ɓace. Wannan saran gandun daji ya haifar da raguwar matakan ruwan karkashin kasa, da ambaliyar ruwa, da kwararowar hamada. 

Doka guda uku na tsakiya wajen magance wannan batu sune "Dokar dazuzzuka," "Dokar Kare Dazuzzuka da Gobarar Steppe," da "Dokar Kula da Kudaden Girbin katako da itace." Tare, waɗannan dokokin sun tabbatar da cewa kashi 70 ko fiye na kuɗin da aka samu daga girbin katako dole ne a yi amfani da su don kare gandun daji da maidowa. Waɗannan dokokin an ƙara su da wasu ƙa'idodi da kudurori na kare gandun daji.  Duk da wannan, kamar na shekarar 2004, yawan dazuzzuka ya rataye a ƙasa da 15%. 

Mongoliya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana nufin maki 9.36/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 6 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. 

 Hamada 
An ayyana hamada a matsayin tsarin ƙasa mai albarka ta zama hamada, kuma ana siffanta shi da asarar murfin ciyayi, ƙaruwar yankin yashi, da bushewa daga wuraren dausayi.  Akalla kashi 90% na wuraren kiwo na Mongoliya sun fuskanci kwararowar hamada.  Tsakanin shekarar 1996 da 2009 har zuwa kashi uku na koguna sun bushe ko kuma yanayin fari ya shafe su.  An gano cewa kwararowar hamada ta fi yawa (kimanin kashi 87 cikin dari na al'amuran dan Adam ne ke haifar da su maimakon abubuwan halitta). Waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam sun haɗa da wuce gona da iri na dabbobi, zaizayar ƙasan gona, konewa, da sauyin yanayi . 

A Mongolia, sama da kashi 70% na wuraren kiwo yanzu sun lalace, kuma yawan ci gaban ciyayi ya ragu da kashi 5.  Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2010 yankin dajin ya ragu da kadada 383,600. 

Gwamnatin Mongolian ta kirkiro wani kwamiti na kasa don Yaki da Hamada da Cibiyar Kasa don Yakar Hamada. Kuma A tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2001, gwamnati ta kashe dala miliyan 24.6 kan ayyukan yaki da hamada har guda 14 a Mongoliya. 

 Asarar halittu masu rai 
Mongoliya tana goyan bayan ɗimbin halittu na halitta, saboda keɓantacce kuma galibin yanayin muhallinta. Yana da wasu daga cikin yawan jinsunan da suka gabata na ƙarshen duniya, kuma yana da nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda kawai za'a iya samu a ciki. Sannna kuma Duk da haka, ɗimbin halittun Mongoliya na fuskantar barazana saboda karuwar yawan jama'arta da kuma buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa . Wadannan matsi suna haifar da ayyuka kamar noma, hakar ma'adinai, da kuma farauta a wuraren da ba a samu matsala a baya ba. 

Ana farauta da girbe namun daji ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da yin amfani da nama da kayayyakin dabbobi kai tsaye, da sayar da wadannan dabbobin. Kuma Akwai babban girbi na gazelles da kifi don amfanin kasuwanci. Wani abin al’ajabi kuma shi ne girbin dabbobin da ba kasafai ba kuma masu kima daga mafarautan kasashen waje wadanda ke da lasisi na musamman. 

Gwamnatin Mongoliya ta dauki matakai don magance matsalar asarar halittu . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, akwai yankuna 11 masu kariya a Mongoliya. Gwamnati ta kuma zartar da dokar Mongolian kan Kariyar Muhalli a shekarata (1995) wacce ta hada da horar da muhalli, biyan diyya ga lalacewar muhalli, karfafa tattalin arziki don kare muhalli, da sa hannun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin kariya. Sauran manyan dokoki sun haɗa da Dokar Mongolian akan Farauta (1995) wadda ta tsara kariya da amfani da dabbobin farauta yadda ya kamata, Dokar Mongolian akan Tsire-tsire (1995) wadda ta tsara kariya da maido da tsire-tsire, da Dokar Ruwa (1995), wanda yana kare ajiyar ruwa da inganci. 

 Gurbacewa 

 Gurbacewar iska 

 Gurbacewar iska ta cikin gida 
Gurbacewar iska a cikin gida matsala ce a Mongoliya, saboda kona kwal da biomass a matsayin mai a cikin gidaje, da rashin samun iska mai kyau.  Saboda tsananin sanyi na Mongoliya (wanda ke da matsakaicin yanayin zafi daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris) da kuma yawan sanyin dare,  Mongoliya na buƙatar makamashi mai yawa don dumama baya ga makamashin da ake buƙata don dafa abinci. Kuma A cikin gers (gidajen Mongoliya na gargajiya), gawayi shine mafi yawan amfani da man fetur, da kuma kona gawayi da sauran kwayoyin halitta (kamar itace, ragowar amfanin gona da dai sauransu) a cikin murhu mai sauƙi yana haifar da iska a cikin wuraren zama yana da matakan girma. na carbon monoxide da particulate kwayoyin halitta . 

 Gurbacewar iska ta birni 
Gurbacewar iska matsala ce a biranen Mongoliya, musamman a Ulaanbaatar, birni mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Mongoliya.  Gurbacewar yanayi a Ulaanbaatar ta fito ne daga hayakin motoci, da Kuma wutar lantarki, gers, da sauran ayyukan masana'antu . 

Daga shekarar 1995-2002, adadin motoci a Ulaanbaatar ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu. Kusan kashi 80% na motocin da ke cikin birni ba sa cika ka'idojin hayaki ko ingancin mai. Wannan yana haifar da motoci suna ƙara ton 70 na gurɓataccen iska a duk shekara.  Babban haɓakar motoci a cikin birni ya yi daidai da karuwar matakan nitrogen dioxide. 

A lokacin sanyi, ana samun karuwar amfani da makamashi don dalilai na dumama, kuma sakamakon haka ya karu da gurɓataccen iska. Sannna kuma A lokacin lokacin sanyi, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarkin diesel guda uku a Ulaanbaatar suna fitar da gurbatacciyar iska mai murabba'in mita miliyan 4.5. Hakanan akwai masana'antar wutar lantarki da yawa a Ulaanbatar . Sama da tukunyar jirgi 250 suna ƙone tan 400,000 na kwal kowace shekara, kuma gers da gidaje masu dumama hannu suna ƙone fiye da mita 200,000 na itacen mai kowace shekara.  Abubuwan da aka dakatar, (wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura da gurɓataccen yanayi) an nuna cewa suna girma a cikin watannin hunturu. Matsakaicin matsakaici na yau da kullun a cikin iska zai iya bambanta daga sau biyu zuwa uku sama da ma'aunin duniya. An nuna ƙayyadaddun abubuwan tattarawa suna da alaƙa da mutuwa da wuri.  A cikin lokutan sanyi, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi na carbon monoxide ya ninka adadin da aka halatta sau 2-4 kuma an ba da rahoton cewa cututtukan numfashi (kamar tarin fuka da sauran cututtukan huhu) sun fi girma a lokacin hunturu ma. 

 Gurbacewar ruwa 
Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Mongoliya tana da alaƙa da al'amuran gurɓataccen ruwa. Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991, gwamnatin Mongoliya ta ƙaddamar da manufofin da suka ba masana'antar hakar ma'adinai damar yin aiki da ƙa'idodi kaɗan, don manufar haɓakar tattalin arziki. Walsh-Pickering David , Center for International and Defense Policy, The Rivers Movements in Mongolia Sabuwar Dokar Ma'adinai ta 1997 , wacce aka kafa bayan da haƙƙin tsakiya na Democratic Union ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarata 1996, ta yi aiki don 'yantar da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar raunana hani don samun lasisin hakar ma'adinai da ba da izinin mallakar ƙasashen waje na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai.  Daga baya, hakar ma'adinai, musamman ma'adinin zinare wanda ke da kashi 60% na masana'antu, ya sami ci gaba sosai. Daga 1991-2001 samar da zinariya ya karu sau 17.  Duk da haka, wannan ci gaban ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa . Ma'adinan ma'adinai na cyanide, sulfuric acid, da sauran guba  galibi ana samun su a cikin magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa.  Rashin ingantaccen amfani da ruwa mai yawa don hako zinari ya haifar da ƙara gurɓata yanayi da bushewar rafuka. Kuma An gano hakar ma'adinai a matsayin musabbabin gurbatar koguna da koguna 28.  Bugu da ƙari, jihar tana da tsarin sa ido kan rukunin yanar gizo mai rauni. 

A matsayin koma baya ga illar hakar ma'adinai akan ingancin ruwa, kungiyar Ongi River Movement ta kafa a shekarata 2001. Manufarta ita ce ta kare kogin Ongi da hana kara lalacewa.  Kungiyar ta shiga cikin ayyukan tuntuba tare da samun nasarar dakatar da lasisin hakar ma'adinai 36 cikin 37 da aka bayar a bakin kogin Ongi. A shekarar 2006 kungiyar ta Ongi River Movement ta shiga tare da sauran kogin a cikin 2006 don kafa kungiyar kare gida da ruwa. HWPC ta wargaje a shekara ta 2008 saboda rashin jituwar cikin gida, amma kungiyar ta kafa tarihi na yadda masu fafutuka na cikin gida za su iya haifar da sauyi na kasa a Mongoliya. Sannan Daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka taso bayan HWPC ita ce hadaddiyar kungiyar koguna da tafkunan Mongolian. Wannan kungiya ta taka rawar gani wajen samun nasarar zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakar ma'adanai a bakin koguna. 

Haka kuma ana iya danganta gurɓacewar ruwa da zubar da sharar mutum da masana'antu da ba a kula da su ba. A duk shekara sama da mitoci cubic miliyan 120 na sharar da ake zubarwa ba tare da magani ba. 

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Injin konewa na ciki na hydrogen
 Tashar wutar lantarki ta Biomass
 Tsaftace fasahar kwal da kama carbon
 BioDME : ƙarancin gurɓataccen mai don injinan diesel
 Fitar da bututun hayaki da masu fashewa : na iya rage fitar da PM

 Manazarta 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba