Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli

Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma Kashe-kashen rayuka da fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban matsalolin muhalli na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan cutarwar muhalli. 

Yaki da ayyukan sojoji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar  amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan sojoji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci  da guba rijiya  misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun a shekarar 2101.

Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi."EarthTrends: Feature - Armed Conflict, Refugees, and the Environment". March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006.

 Tushen dokoki 

 Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi 
Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954). Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind

“Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26  sanarwar Stockholm 1972  Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta shekarar 1982 "Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya."

“Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace" Ka'ida ta 24 1992 Sanarwar Rio → sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: "Ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don magancewa, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli yayi yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa".

Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi:  gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma  ba’a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su."

 Dokar yarjejeniya 
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja.

Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon  mamayewa na Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991)."A/RES/47/37 - E - UN General Assembly Resolution 47/37 (1992)". undocs.org.

"Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su." Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992).

 A Shekarar 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli 
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance-iyakance kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar  lalacewa ko rauni ga kowace ƙungiya ← Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam.

 Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace 

 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol
 1949 Geneva Yarjejeniyar ta hudu art. 53 (4) ← Dokokin Hague art. 23(g): haramcin lalacewa ta hanyar mamaye iko sai cikakkiyar buƙatun soji
 1972 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Na Halittu
 Yarjejeniyar 1980 akan Wasu Makamai na Al'ada da ka'idoji guda 5: Protocol III (makamai masu ƙonewa) kimiyar Zane. 2 (4) (rufin daji da shuka); 2003 Protocol V (clearance of explosive remnants) ← 1997 Anti-Personnel Mines Convention (Ottawa Treaty) ; → 2008 Yarjejeniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi
 1972 Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya
 1993 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba  Ba rufe maganin herbicides ko tasiri akan flora ba.

 Aiwatar da doka 

 Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya 
Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna "ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a": ' Martens Sashe '( Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba.

Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. "A haɗe, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don kare yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar lalacewar muhalli  haramcin hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar ramuwar gayya para 31, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ Yugoslavia v UK 1999, DR Congo da Rwanda 2002.

"Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa": Hukuncin ICJ DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo) 2005.

“Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dake da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na sojojii, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula, art. 15 na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya.

“Da gangancin kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani" laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar "mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa" art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya.

A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta" ICRC Customary IHL Rule 43 (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi sun dage irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi makaman nukiliya ba. Duba kuma Dokoki 44 (saboda la'akari) da 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani).

Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai : Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da wasu daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekarata 2019, wasu ka'idoji 28 (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa - Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya - Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami - Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata  Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami.

 Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai 
Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga rebus sic stantibus (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi → 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties : Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi.

 Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war) 
Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba.

"Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka kuma, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa  para 30, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya 1996 .

 Ƙungiyoyi 
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross￼￼.  Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli."Guidelines on protection of natural environment in armed conflict". International Committee of the Red Cross. September 21, 2020.

 Manazarta 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba