Lexeme

A lexeme ( /l ɛ k s Na m / (  / ) ) raka'a ce ta ma'anan lexical wacce ke ƙarƙashin jerin kalmomin da ke da alaƙa ta hanyar juzu'i . Yana da ainihin ma'anar sa,The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. Ed. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 118. . rukunin bincike na ilimin halittar jiki a cikin ilimin harshe wanda ya yi daidai da saitin sifofin da tushen kalma ɗaya ya ɗauka. Misali, a cikin Ingilishi, da gudu su ne nau'ikan lexeme iri ɗaya, waɗanda za a iya wakilta su da RUN.  

Siffa ɗaya, lemma (ko sigar ambato), an zaɓi ta al'ada azaman sigar canonical na lexeme. A Lemma ne form amfani da kamus matsayin shigarwa ta headword . Sauran nau'o'in lexeme galibi ana jera su daga baya a cikin shigarwar idan ba a saba dasu ba ko kuma ba a saba da su ba.

 Bayani 
Tunanin lexeme shine tsakiya ga ilimin halittar jiki, tushen ma'anar wasu ra'ayoyi a wannan filin. Alal misali, bambanci tsakanin inflection da derivation za a iya bayyana cikin sharuddan lexemes:

 Dokokin juye-juye sun danganta lexeme zuwa nau'ikan sa.
 Dokokin ƙerawa sun danganta lexeme zuwa wani lexeme.

Lexeme yana cikin wani nau'in syntactic na musamman, yana da takamaiman ma'ana ( darajar tauraro ) kuma, a cikin harsunan da ake juyar da su, yana da madaidaicin juzu'i . Wato, lexeme a cikin harsuna da yawa zai kasance da nau'i daban-daban. Alal misali, lexeme RUN yana da wani ba mutum na uku mufuradi form runs, a halin yanzu ba-uku-mufradi form gudu (wanda ma aiki ne a matsayin mai da participle kuma ba iyaka form), a baya form gudu, kuma wani ba participle Gudun . (Ba ya haɗa da mai gudu, masu gudu, masu gudu da sauransu. ) Ana amfani da sifofin lexeme ta hanyar ƙa'idodin nahawu . A cikin hali na Turanci fi'ilai kamar RUN, da suka hada da subject- fi'ili yarjejeniya da fili siga dokoki, wanda ƙayyade da wani nau'i na aikatau da cewa za a iya amfani da wani ba jumla .

A da yawa m theories na harshe, lexemes da subcategorization Frames zuwa lissafi ga lamba kuma iri complements. Suna faruwa a cikin jumloli da sauran sifofin syntactic .

 Rushewa 
Lexemes na harshe galibi suna ƙunshi ƙananan raka'a tare da ma'anar mutum ɗaya da ake kira morphemes, bisa ga tushen morpheme + morphemes ɗin da aka samo asali + suffix (ba lallai ba ne a cikin wannan tsari), inda:

 Tushen morpheme shine farkon ƙamus na kalma, wanda ke ɗauke da mafi mahimmancin abubuwan abun ciki na ma'anar kuma ba za a iya rage shi zuwa ƙarami ba.
 Kwayoyin halittar morpheme suna ɗauke da bayanan da aka samu kawai.
 A kari na baya baki aka hada da duk inflectional morphemes, kuma daukawa kawai inflectional bayanai.

Tushen morpheme + da aka samo asali galibi ana kiransa kara . Za'a iya amfani da karan ruɓewar + desinence sannan ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin juzu'i.

 Duba kuma 

 Ƙarshe (ilimin harshe)
 Juyawa
 Kalma mai ma'ana vs. nahawu kalma
 Alamar (ilimin harshe)
 Kalamai masu yawa
 Marasa morpheme
 Tushen (ilimin harshe)
 Kara
 Syntagma (ilimin harshe)
 Iyalin Magana

 Bayanan kula 


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