Phalaris

Phalaris (Girkanci: Φάλαρις) ya kasance wani azzalumin sarki ne kasar Girka (ƙasa) daga kusan shekara 570 zuwa 554 BC.  Wanda a duk lokacin dawani cikin mutanan sa yayi mishi laifi zai sa a sakashi a cikin wata kalan tukunya da akayi me kamar Dabba sai a kunna wuta a karkashin tukunyar har sai mutum ya mutu.
 Tarihi 
Phalaris yayi suna don rashin tausayin sa da ya wuce kima. Daga cikin ta’asar da ake zarginsa da shi akwai cin naman mutane: an ce ya ci jarirai wadanda ake shayarwaTatian. "Address to the Greeks". New Advent. ch. 34. Retrieved 11 August 2023..

Wani furci na rashin tausayinsa shi ne cewa ya umurci wani mai sassaƙa, Mai suna Perilaus da ya yi masa bijimin tagulla. Bijimin yana iya ɗaukar mutum. Shi wannan bijimin an yi amfani da shi azamani njin kisa. Ana sanya wanda aka yankewa hukuncin kisa a ciki, sannan a rufe bijimin kuma a kunna wuta a ƙasa. An yi wannan sassaken ta yadda, yayin da wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin suka gamu da mummunar mutuwa a cikin tanderun da ke cin wuta, sai aka ce kukan nasu ya yi kama da kukan bijimi.

An ba wa Palaris alhakin gina haikalin Zeus Atabyrius a cikin kagara kuma ya yi amfani da matsayinsa ya mai da kansa wurin zama.Aristotle, Politics, v. 10 A karkashin mulkinsa, Agrigentum ya yi kama da ya sami wadata mai yawa. Ya ba birnin ruwa, ya ƙawata shi da kyawawan gine-gine, ya ƙarfafa shi da garu. A gabar tekun arewacin tsibirin, mutanen Himera sun zaɓe shi janar da cikakken iko, duk da gargaɗin da mawaƙi Stesichorus ya yi.Aristotle, Rhetoric, ii. 20 A cewar Suda ya yi nasarar mayar da kansa shugaban tsibirin gaba daya.

A ƙarshe an yi masa juyin mulki a wani babban bore wanda Telemachus, kakan Theron na Acragas (azzalumi c. 488-472 BC), ya jagoranta, kuma ya ƙone sa a cikin bijimin sa na tagulla. Pindar, wanda ya rayu kasa da karni guda bayan haka, ya danganta wannan kayan aikin azabtarwa da sunan azzalumi,Pindar, Pythian 1  yayin da Lucian ya ambace shi a cikin tattaunawa guda biyu na satirical, "Phalaris A" da "Phalaris B", ya rubuta game da azzalumi.

Tabbas akwai wani bijimin tagulla a Agrigentum wanda Carthaginians suka tafi dashi zuwa Carthage. An ce Scipio Africanus ne ya ɗauki wannan kuma ya mayar da shi zuwa Agrigentum kusan 200 BC. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa Scipio Aemilianus ne ya mayar da wannan bijimin da sauran ayyukan fasaha da aka sace zuwa ainihin biranen Sicilian, bayan da ya halakar da Carthage kusan 146 BC, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin na uku na Punic.

 Gyaran adabi 
Duk da zaluncin da ake zarginsa da shi, Phalaris ya samu a zamanin na da wani shaharar adabi a matsayin wanda ake zaton mawallafin mawallafi ne.A digitised 1706 translation of the Epistles at archive.org. Retrieved 14 March 2024. A cikin 1699, Richard Bentley ya buga wani Tasiri mai tasiri akan Wasikun Phalaris, wanda a cikinsa ya tabbatar da cewa ba a rarraba wasiƙun kuma an rubuta su a zahiri a cikin karni na 2 AD."Epistles of Phalaris". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 18 March 2024.  Epistles of Phalaris', archive.org. Retrieved 14 March 2024.. 

Manazarta