Yanayin tashin duniya

Hadarin bala'i na duniya, ko yanayin tashin kiyama: wani hasashe ne na gaba wanda zai iya lalata jin dadin dan adam, a ma'aunin duniya,  har ma da hadari ko lalata wayewar zamani. Lamarin da zai iya haifar da bacewar dan adam ko dindindin kuma ya tauye Hakkin dan adam an san shi da "hadari mai wanzuwa." 

A cikin shekaru ashirin (20) da suka gabata, an kafa kungiyoyin ilimi da kungiyoyin sa-kai da dama don gudanar da bincike kan bala'in duniya da hadurran da ke wanzuwa, da tsara matakan da za a iya ragewa da ko dai bayar da shawarwari ko aiwatar da wadannan matakan.https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-52774716.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536859648280&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-52774716   

 Ma'ana da rarrabawa 

 Kayyade hadarin bala'i na duniya 
Kalmar kasadar bala'i ta duniya "ba ta da ma'ana mai kaifi", kuma gaba daya tana nufin (sakakke) ga hadarin da zai iya haifar da "mummunan lahani ga jin dadin dan adam a ma'aunin duniya". 

Dan Adam ya sha fama da manyan masifu a baya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa to amma sun kasance na gida ne kawai-misali a hasashe Baƙar fata na iya haifar da mutuwar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Turai,  10% na yawan mutanen duniya a lokacin.  Wasu sun kasance na duniya, amma ba su yi tsanani ba-misali cutar mura ta shekarar 1918 ta kashe kimanin kashi 3-6% na al'ummar duniya.  Yawancin hatsarin bala'i na duniya ba zai yi tsanani ba har ya kashe yawancin rayuwa a duniya, amma ko da mutum ya yi, yanayin muhalli da dan adam za su murmure daga karshe (ya bambanta da hadarin da ke wanzuwa).

Haka zalika, a cikin Bala'i: Hadari da Amsa, Richard Posner ya yi nazari kuma ya hadu da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haifar da "rushewa ko rugujewa" a duniya, maimakon ma'auni "na gida ko yanki". Posner yana ba da haske game da abubuwan da suka dace da kulawa ta musamman kan dalilai masu tsada saboda suna iya yin hadari kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga rayuwar dan adam gaba ɗayan ta. 

 Kayyadaddun hadarin wanzuwa 
An bayyana hatsarori masu wanzuwa a matsayin "hadarin da ke yin barazana ga halakar damar dan adam na dogon lokaci."  Samun hadarin wanzuwa (wani bala'i mai wanzuwa  ) zai iya haifar da bacewar dan adam kai tsaye ko kuma ba zai sake dawowa ba a cikin yanayin kaskantaccen yanayi.  Hadarin da ke akwai wani yanki ne na hadarin bala'i na duniya, inda lalacewar ba kawai ta duniya ba ce har ma ta ƙare da dindindin, tana hana murmurewa kuma ta haka ta shafi duka na yanzu da duk tsararraki masu zuwa. 

 Haɗari da ba na lalacewa ba 
Duk da yake bacewa ita ce hanya mafi bayyane ta yadda za a iya lalata ƙarfin ɗan adam na dogon lokaci, akwai wasu, ciki har da rugujewar da ba za a iya murmurewa ba da kuma dystopia wanda ba a iya murmurewa .  Bala'i mai tsanani da ya isa ya haifar da rugujewar wayewar ɗan adam ta dindindin, ba za ta iya jurewa ba, zai zama bala'i mai wanzuwa, koda kuwa ya gagara ƙarewa.  Hakazalika, idan dan Adam ya fada karkashin tsarin mulkin kama-karya, kuma ba a samu damar farfadowa ba to irin wannan dystopia shima zai zama bala'i mai wanzuwa.  Bryan Caplan ya rubuta cewa "watakila dawwamar mulkin kama-karya zai kasance mafi muni fiye da bacewa".  (Littafin George Orwell na sha tara tamanin da hudu ya ba da shawara  misali) to Amman a Wani labari na dystopian yana raba mahimman siffofi na barna da rugujewar wayewar da ba za a iya murmurewa ba-kafin bala'i, dan adam ya fuskanci dimbin abubuwan da za a zaba daga; bayan bala'i, bil'adama yana kulle har abada a cikin mummunan yanayi. 

 Tushen hadari masu yuwuwa 
Hatsari mai yuwuwar bala'i na duniya sun hada da hadarin dan adam, wanda mutane suka haifar (fasahar, mulki, sauyin yanayi), da hadarin da ba dan adam ko na halitta ba.  Hadarin fasaha sun haɗa da Kirkirar hankali na wucin gadi mai lalacewa, fasahar kere -kere ko nanotechnology . Rashin isasshen ko rashin dai-daituwa na mulkin duniya yana haifar da hadari a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa, kamar yakin duniya, ciki har da kisan kare dangi, ta'addanci ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara, ta'addanci ta yanar gizo yana lalata muhimman ababen more rayuwa kamar grid na lantarki  ko gazawar sarrafa annoba ta yanayi. Matsaloli da kasada a fannin gudanar da tsarin mulkin duniya sun hada da dumamar yanayi, gurbacewar muhalli, gami da gushewar jinsin halittu, yunwa sakamakon rashin daidaiton albarkatu, yawan jama'a, gazawar amfanin gona da noma mai dorewa .

Misalai na wadanda ba anthropogenic kasada ne wani asteroid tasiri taron, a supervolcanic fashewa, a m gamma-ray fashe, a geomagnetic guguwa lalata lantarki kayan aiki, na halitta dogon lokacin da sauyin yanayi, makiya extraterrestrial rayuwa, ko da tsinkaya Sun canza zuwa cikin ja giant tauraro ya mamaye dukkan Duniya.

 Kalubalen dabara 
Bincike game da yanayi da rage hadarin bala'o'i na duniya da hadarin wanzuwa yana karkashin kalubale na musamman kuma, sakamakon haka, ba a cikin sauki a karkashin ka'idodin kimiyya na yau da kullun.  Misali, ba abu mai yuwuwa ko da'a ba ne a yi nazarin wadannan hadarin ta hanyar gwaji. Carl Sagan ya bayyana hakan game da yakin nukiliya: "Fahimtar sakamakon dogon lokaci na yakin nukiliya ba shine matsala ba don tabbatar da gwaji".  Bugu da kari, yawancin hadari masu haɗari suna canzawa da sauri yayin da fasaha ta ci gaba da kuma yanayin baya, kamar yanayin yanayin kasa, sannan canzawa. Wani kalubale shine matsalar gaba daya na yin hasashen makomar gaba cikin dogon lokaci, musamman ga hadarin dan adam wanda ya dogara da sarkakkiyar tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar dan adam.  Bugu da kari ga sananne kuma hatsarori masu ma'ana, abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba na bakar fata na swan na iya faruwa, suna gabatar da Karin matsala ta hanyoyin.  

 Rashin tarihin tarihi 
Dan Adam bai taba fuskantar wani bala'i na wanzuwa ba kuma idan mutum ya faru, to lallai zai zama wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Saboda haka, hatsarori masu wanzuwa suna haifar da kalubale na musamman ga tsinkaya, har ma fiye da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na dogon lokaci, saboda tasirin zabi na lura.  Sabanin mafi yawan al’amuran da suka faru a baya, gazawar wani cikakkar batawar abin da ya faru a baya ba hujja ba ce da ke nuna yiwuwarsu a nan gaba, domin duk duniyar da ta fuskanci irin wannan waki’ar ba ta da masu kallo, don haka ba tare da la’akari da yawansu ba, ba wata wayewa da ta lura da ita. kasadar wanzuwa a cikin tarihin sa.  Ana iya guje wa wadannan batutuwan dan adam a wani bangare ta hanyar kallon shaidar da ba ta da irin wadannan tasirin zabi, kamar tasirin tasirin asteroid akan wata, ko kimanta tasirin sabon fasaha kai tsaye. 

Don fahimtar yanayin rugujewar wayewar duniya da ba a taba samun irinta ba, (wani nau'in hadarin wanzuwa), yana iya zama darasi don nazarin rugujewar wayewar gida daban-daban wadanda suka faru a tsawon tarihin dan adam.  Misali,  a wayewa irin su Daular Romawa sun Kare a cikin asarar tsarin mulki na tsakiya da kuma babban hasarar wayewar ababen more rayuwa da fasahar ci gaba. Duk da haka, wadannan misalan sun nuna cewa al'ummomi suna da wuyar jure wa bala'i; alal misali, Turai ta Tsakiya ta tsira daga Mutuwar Bakar fata ba tare da fuskantar wani abu mai kama da rugujewar wayewa ba duk da asarar kashi kusan 25 zuwa 50 na al'ummarta. 

 Karfafawa da hadin kai 
Akwai dalilai na tattalin arziki wadanda zasu iya bayyana dalilin da yasa kananan kokari ke shiga cikin raguwar hadari. Amfanin jama'a ne na duniya, don haka ya kamata mu sa ran kasuwanni ba su wadatar da shi. Ko da babbar al'umma ta saka hannun jari a matakan rage hadarin, wannan al'ummar za ta ci moriyar kadan ne kawai na ribar yin hakan. Bugu da kari kuma, raguwar haɗarin wanzuwa shine amfanin jama'a tsakanin al'umma na duniya, tun da yawancin fa'idodin rage haɗarin haɗari za su ci moriyar al'ummomin da ke gaba, sannan kuma ko da yake wadannan mutanen nan gaba za su kasance a shirye su biya kudade masu yawa don rage hadarin da ke wanzuwa, babu wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita. don irin wannan ciniki akwai. 

 Rashin hankali 
Yawancin son rai na fahimi na iya yin tasiri ga hukuncin mutane game da mahimmancin hadarin da ke wanzuwa, gami da karancin rashin hankali, ragi na hyperbolic, kasancewar heuristic, faɗuwar hadin gwiwa, tasirin heuristic, da tasirin karfin gwiwa . 

Rashin hankali yana rinjayar yadda muyagun mutane suke daukar bacewar dan adam a matsayin. Alal misali, lokacin da mutane suka motsa su ba da gudummawar kudi ga abubuwan da suka dace, adadin da suke son bayarwa ba ya karuwa daidai da girman batun: mutane suna da niyyar hana mutuwar tsuntsaye a kalla 200,000 ko 2,000. Desvousges, W.H., Johnson, F.R., Dunford, R.W., Boyle, K.J., Hudson, S.P., and Wilson, N. 1993, Measuring natural resource damages with contingent valuation: tests of validity and reliability. In Hausman, J.A. (ed), Contingent Valuation:A Critical Assessment, pp. 91–159 (Amsterdam: North Holland). Hakazalika, mutane sukan fi damuwa da barazana ga daidaikun mutane fiye da manyan kungiyoyi. 

Eliezer Yudkowsky ya yi la'akari da cewa yawan sakaci yana taka rawa a fahimtar jama'a game da hadurran da ke wanzuwa:  Yudkowsky, Eliezer. "Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks". Global catastrophic risks 1 (2008): 86. p.114Lambobin da suka fi girma, kamar mutuwar mutane Har miliyan 500, musamman ma daban-daban yanayin yanayi kamar bacewar dukkanin nau'in ɗan adam, da alama suna haifar da wani salon tunani daban. . . Mutanen da ba za su taba yin mafarkin cutar da yaro ba suna jin hadarin wanzuwa, kuma suna cewa, "To, watakila nau'in dan adam bai cancanci tsira da gaske ba".Duk hasashe da aka yi a baya na halakar dan adam sun tabbatar da karya ne. Ga wasu, wannan yana sa gargadin nan gaba ya zama kasa da aminci. Nick Bostrom ya bayar da hujjar cewa rashin halakar dan adam a baya, shaida ce mai rauni da ke nuna cewa ba za a sami halakar dan adam a nan gaba ba, saboda son rai da sauran tasirin dan adam. 

Masanin ilimin a zamantakewa EO Wilson ya bayar da hujjar cewa: "Dalilin wannan hazo mai ban mamaki, masana juyin halitta sunyi jayayya, shine cewa yana da fa'ida a zahiri a cikin duka amma yan shekaru na karshe na shekaru miliyan biyu na wanzuwar halittar Homo. . . An sanya kimar kudi a kan kulawa ta kusa ga nan gaba da habakawa da wuri, da kadan. An manta da bala'o'i na girman da ke faruwa sau daya kawai a cikin 'yan karni ko kuma a canza su zuwa tatsuniya." Is Humanity Suicidal? The New York Times Magazine May 30, 1993)

 Shawarar ragewa 

 Multi-Layer tsaro 
Tsaro cikin zurfin tsari tsari ne mai fa'ida don rarraba matakan rage haɗarin zuwa matakan tsaro guda uku (3): 

 Rigakafin : Rage yuwuwar bala'in da ke faruwa tun farko. Misali: Matakan hana barkewar sabbin cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa.
 Martani : Hana kai girman bala'i zuwa matakin duniya. Misali: Matakan hana barkewar karamin makaman nukiliya zuwa Yakin nukiliyar gaba daya.
 Juriya : Kara karfin dan adam (akan halaka) lokacin da aka fuskanci bala'o'i na duniya. Misali: Matakan habaka amincin abinci a lokacin hunturu na nukiliya.

Bacewar dan adam yana yiwuwa idan duk abubuwan tsaro guda uku (3) sun yi rauni, wato, "ta hanyar hadari da ba za mu iya yin rigakafi ba, da wuya mu sami nasarar amsawa, kuma da wuya mu yi tsayin daka." 

Halin hadarin da ba a taba gani ba yana haifar da kalubale na musamman wajen tsara matakan rage haɗarin tunda dan adam ba zai iya koyo daga tarihin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba. 

 Tallafawa 
Wasu masu binciken suna jayayya cewa duka bincike da sauran yunkurin da suka shafi hadarin wanzuwar ba su da kudi. Nick Bostrom ya bayyana cewa an yi Karin bincike akan Star Trek, hawan dusar kankara, ko kwararrun dung fiye da hadarin da ke wanzuwa. An soki kwatancen Bostrom a matsayin "masu girma". Tun daga shekarata 2020, kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Makamai ta Halittu tana da kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara na dalar Amurka 1.4 miliyan. 

 Gudanar da muhalli 
An ba da shawarar sarrafa sararin samaniya da mutunta iyakokin duniya azaman hanyoyin hana bala'o'in muhalli. A cikin iyakokin wadannan hanyoyin, fannin geoengineering ya kunshi manyan injiniyoyi da gangan da sarrafa yanayin duniyar duniya don yaƙar ko magance sauye-sauyen dan adam a cikin sinadarai na yanayi. Wasu kasashe sun mai da ecocide laifi.

 Mallakar sararin samaniya 
Mallakar sararin samaniya wani zabi ne da aka tsara don inganta kima na tsira daga yanayin bacewa.  Magani na wannan iyakar na iya bukatar injiniyan megascale .

Masanin ilimin fannin taurari Stephen Hawking ya ba da shawarar mamaye sauran duniyoyin da ke cikin tsarin hasken rana da zarar fasaha ta ci gaba sosai, don inganta damar tsira daga abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya kamar yakin nukiliya na duniya.  

Billionaire Elon Musk ya rubuta cewa dole ne bil'adama ya zama nau'in halittu masu yawa don guje wa bacewa. Elon Musk thinks life on earth will go extinct, and is putting most of his fortune toward colonizing Mars Musk yana amfani da kamfaninsa na SpaceX don haɓaka fasahar da yake fatan za a yi amfani da shi a cikin mulkin mallaka na Mars .

 Tsarin tsira 
Wasu malamai suna ba da shawarar kafa daya ko fiye da kauyuka masu dogaro da kai, nesa, na dindindin wadanda aka kirkira musamman don tsira daga bala'i na duniya.   Masanin tattalin arziki Robin Hanson ya bayar da hujjar cewa matsugunin matsugunin da bai kai mutane a kalla 100 na dindindin ba zai inganta yiwuwar rayuwar bil'adama a lokacin bala'o'i da dama a duniya.  Hanson, Robin. "Catastrophe, social collapse, and human extinction". Global catastrophic risks 1 (2008): 357.

An ba da shawarar adana abinci a duniya, amma farashin kudi zai yi yawa. Bugu da kari, zai iya haifar da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki . 

Wasu masu tsira sun tanadi koma bayan rayuwa tare da kayan abinci na shekaru da yawa.

An binne Vault Global Seed Vault mai  a cikin wani dutse a tsibirin Arctic . An tsara shi don daukar Kashi 2.5 iri biliyan daga kasashe sama da 100 a matsayin riga-kafi don adana amfanin gonakin duniya. Dutsen da ke kewaye shine  (kamar na 2015) amma ana ajiye rumbun a  ta firji da ake samun wutar lantarki daga cikin gida.  

Fiye da hasashe, idan al'umma ta ci gaba da aiki kuma idan biosphere ya kasance wurin zama, ana iya biyan bukatun kalori ga yawan dan adam a halin yanzu a cikin ra'ayi na tsawon lokacin rashi na hasken rana, idan aka ba da isasshen shiri na gaba. Abubuwan da aka zayyana sun hada da girma namomin kaza akan mataccen shukar biomass da ya bar bayan bala'i, canza cellulose zuwa sukari, ko ciyar da iskar gas zuwa kwayoyin methane-narkewa.  

 Hatsarin bala'i na duniya da mulkin duniya 
Rashin isasshen mulkin duniya yana haifar da hadari a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa, amma hanyoyin gudanarwa suna tasowa a hankali fiye da canjin fasaha da zamantakewa. Akwai damuwa daga gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma sauran jama'a game da rashin tsarin gudanar da mulki yadda ya kamata don tinkarar kasada, yin shawarwari da yanke hukunci tsakanin muradu daban-daban da masu cin karo da juna. An Kara jadada wannan ta hanyar fahimtar hadin kai na hadarin tsarin duniya.  Idan babu ko tsammanin gudanar da mulkin duniya, gwamnatocin kasa za su iya yin aiki daya don Karin fahimta, ragewa da kuma shirya bala'o'in dake a duniya. 

 Shirye-shiryen gaggawa na yanayi 
A cikin shekarata 2018, kungiyar ta Rome ta yi kira da a kara daukar matakai kan sauyin yanayi tare da buga shirinta na gaggawa na yanayi, wanda ke ba da shawarar matakan aiki goma don iyakance matsakaicin karuwar zafin duniya zuwa digiri 1.5 a ma'aunin celcius.  Bugu da ari, a cikin shekarata 2019, Kulob din ya buga Karin cikakken Tsarin Gaggawa na Planetary. 

Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa haduwa tare da abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum da ke fitowa yayin yin la'akari da raunin jinsunan dan adam a cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi yana ba da damar wadannan abubuwan su kasance masu dacewa. Lokacin da haɗin gwiwa tare da sarrafa abubuwan da ke tattare da motsin rai yana da tallafi, wannan na iya haifar da habaka cikin juriya, sassaucin ra'ayi, juriyar abubuwan da ke da alaka, da hadin gwiwar al'umma. 

 Motsa Duniya 
A cikin yan shekaru biliyan, Rana za ta fadada cikin ja-jajayen giant, tana hadiye duniya. Ana iya guje wa hakan ta hanyar matsar da duniya nesa da Rana, tare da kiyaye yanayin zafi da tsayi. Ana iya cimma hakan ta hanyar tweaking tawayoyin taurari masu tauraro da taurarin taurari don su wuce kusa da duniya ta yadda za su kara kuzari ga kewayar duniya. Tun da faɗaɗa Rana yana jinkirin, kusan irin wannan haduwar kowace shekara 6,000 zata isa.

 Masu shakka da adawa 
Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Steven Pinker ya kira hadarin wanzuwa "nau'in mara amfani" wanda zai iya janye hankali daga barazanar gaske kamar canjin yanayi da yakin nukiliya.

Akalla wata kungiya ta satirical tana da'awar cewa bayyanannen manufarta ita ce ta gaggauta halakar dan adam da karshen duniya: Cibiyar Nazarin Eschatology. 

 Kungiyoyi 
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (est. Shekarar 1945) yana daya daga cikin tsoffin kungiyoyin hadari na duniya, wadanda aka kafa bayan jama'a sun firgita da yuwuwar Yakin atomic bayan WWII. Yana nazarin haɗarin da ke da alaka da Yakin nukiliya da makamashi kuma yana kula da agogon Doomsday da aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1947. Cibiyar Foresight (est. 1986) yayi nazarin hadarin nanotechnology da fa'idodinsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin kungiyoyin farko don yin nazarin sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na fasahar da ba ta da lahani ta tafi haywire a duniya. K. Eric Drexler ne ya kafa shi wanda ya buga " Grey goo ".  

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, dimbin masana kimiyya da masana falsafa da masu fasaha na fasaha sun kirkiri kungiyoyin da suka sadaukar da kansu don nazarin haɗarin duniya a ciki da waje na ilimi. 

Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ne (NGOs) sun hada da Cibiyar Binciken Lissafi na Injin (est. Shekarar 2000), wanda ke da niyyar rage hadarin da aka haifar ta hanyar wucin gadi da Jed  da Jed Mccaleb da Jed McCAl .  Kaddamarwar Barazana ta Nukiliya (est. 2001) tana neman rage barazanar duniya daga barazanar nukiliya, nazarin halittu da kuma sinadarai, da kuma lalata lalacewa bayan wani lamari.  Yana kiyaye ma'aunin tsaro na kayan nukiliya.  Gidauniyar Lifeboat (est. 2009) ta ba da kudin bincike don hana bala'in fasaha.  Yawancin kudaden bincike suna tallafawa ayyukan a jami'o'i.  Cibiyar Hadarin Bala'i ta Duniya (est. 2011) tankar tunani ce don hadarin bala'i. Kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da 'yan kasuwa na muhalli ne ke ba da kudin. Gidauniyar Kalubale Duniya (est. 2012), wanda ke a Stockholm da kuma kafa ta Laszlo Szombatfalvy, ta fitar da rahoton shekara-shekara game da yanayin kasada na duniya.   Cibiyar Rayuwa ta Future of Life (est. 2014) tana aiki don rage matsananciyar hadari, manyan haɗari daga fasaha masu canzawa, da kuma jagorancin ci gaba da amfani da waɗannan fasahohin don amfana da dukan rayuwa, ta hanyar bayar da kyauta, shawarwarin manufofi a Amurka, Turai Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma wayar da kan ilimi.  Elon Musk, Vitalik Buterin da Jaan Tallinn wasu manyan masu ba da gudummawa ne.  Cibiyar da ke kan Rikicin Tsawon Lokaci (est. Shekarar 2016), wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Nazarin Gidauniyar, wata kungiya ce ta Biritaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan rage hadarin wahalar astronomical ( s-hadarin ) daga fasahohin da ke tasowa. 

Kungiyoyin tushen jami'a sun hada da Future of Humanity Institute (est. 2005) wanda ke yin bincike game da tambayoyin makomar bil'adama na dogon lokaci, musamman haɗari na wanzuwa.  Nick Bostrom ne ya kafa ta kuma tana da tushe a Jami'ar Oxford.  Cibiyar Nazarin Hadarin Kasancewa (est. Shekarata 2012) kungiya ce ta Jami'ar Cambridge wacce ke nazarin manyan hadarin fasaha guda hudu: hankali na wucin gadi, fasahar kere-kere, dumamar duniya da yaki. Dukkansu hatsari ne na mutum, kamar yadda Huw Price ya bayyana wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na AFP, "Da alama hasashe mai ma'ana cewa wani lokaci a cikin wannan ko karni mai zuwa za a kubuta daga matsalolin ilmin halitta". Ya kara da cewa idan wannan ya faru "ba mu zama mafi wayo a kusa ba," kuma za mu yi kasadar kasancewa cikin jin kai na "injunan da ba na mugunta ba, amma injunan da ba su hada da mu ba."  Stephen Hawking ya kasance mai ba da shawara. Kungiyar Millennium Alliance for Humanity da Biosphere kungiya ce ta Jami'ar Stanford wacce ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi bala'in duniya ta hanyar hada membobin masana kimiyya a cikin dan adam.   Paul Ehrlich ne ya kafa shi, sannan kuma da sauransu. Jami'ar Stanford kuma tana da Cibiyar Tsaro da Hadin kai ta Kasa da Kasa da ke mai da hankali kan hadin gwiwar siyasa don rage hadarin bala'i a duniya.  An kafa Cibiyar Tsaro da Fasaha ta Farko a cikin Janairun shekarata 2019 a Makarantar Sabis na Harkokin Waje na Georgetown ta Walsh kuma za ta mayar da hankali kan bincike na manufofin fasaha na fasaha masu tasowa tare da farko da aka ba da hankali ga basirar wucin gadi. Sun sami tallafin dala miliyan 55 daga Good Ventures kamar yadda Open Philanthropy ya ba da shawara. 

Sauran kungiyoyin tantance hadarin sun samo asali ne a cikin kungiyoyin gwamnati. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta hada da wani bangare da ake kira Global Alert and Response (GAR) mai sa ido da kuma mayar da martani ga rikicin annoba a duniya.  GAR yana taimaka wa kasashe membobi tare da horo da haɗin kai game da annoba. Hukumar Raya Kasashen Duniya ta Amurka (USAID) tana da shirinta na Barazana da Cutar Kwayar cuta wanda ke da nufin yin rigakafi da kuma dauke cututtukan da suka samo asali daga tushensu Ko Kuma farkon su.  Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore yana da sashin da ake kira Global Security Principal Directorate wanda ke yin bincike a madadin gwamnati batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar halittu da kuma yaki da ta'addanci. 

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Manazarta 

 Ci gaba da karatu 

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 Hanyoyin hadi na waje 


 "Wace hanya za a bi" daga The Guardian . Masana kimiyya goma sun ambaci manyan haɗari ga Duniya kuma suna tantance yiwuwar da zasu faru. Afrilu 14, 2005.
 Rahoton Shekara-shekara kan Hadarin Duniya na Gidauniyar Kalubalen Duniya
 Cibiyar Kan Hatsarin Dogon Lokaci
 Manufar Hadarin Bala'i na Duniya 
 Dan Adam a ƙarƙashin barazana daga cikakkiyar guguwar rikice-rikice - nazari . The Guardian . Fabrairu 6, 2020.
 Stephen Petranek: 10 ways the world could end  
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