Sa-ido akan Helsinki

Helsinki Watch wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce Robert L. Bernstein ya kafa (ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2019 yana da shekaru 96 a duniya saboda gazawar numfashi    ) a cikin 1978, an tsara shi don saka idanu kan tsohon Tarayyar Soviet ta bi yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta 1975.  Fadada girmanta da girmanta, Helsinki Watch ta fara amfani da labaran kafafen yada labarai don rubuta bayanan take hakkin dan adam da gwamnatocin cin zarafi suka aikata.  Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, ta samar da wasu kwamitocin sa ido da yawa waɗanda aka keɓe don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu sassan duniya. A cikin shekarata 1988, Helsinki Watch da kwamitocin sahiban abokanta suka haɗu suka kafa Human Rights Watch  

 Tarihi 

 Farawa 
Bayan yarjejeniyar kasashen duniya da ta kafa yarjejeniyar Helsinki a shekarar 1975, an kafa Helsinki Watch don tabbatar da kasashen Gabashin Bloc da ke fama da mummunan yakin basasa sun bi abubuwan da aka kafa tun farko a yarjejeniyar Helsinki . Whiteclay, C. I. (2004). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:9780195071986 Wannan shi ne sakamakon fitowar buƙatun a madadin ƙungiyoyin da ke Mosko, Prague, da Warsaw waɗanda aka ɗora wa alhakin sa ido kan Tarayyar Soviet da yankuna na Gabashin Turai don tabbatar da bin su wajen sauƙaƙa alƙawurran kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban da aka yi a cikin Yarjejeniyar, Langley, W. (1999). Encyclopedia of human rights issues since 1945. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. dayawa daga cikinsu hukumomin Soviet sun kame su a farkon shekarar 1977.  Oneaya daga cikin mahimman manufofin Helsinki Watch shi ne mai matsayin kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari don 'yantar da masu sa ido da jami'an Soviet suka kama,  amma mafi girman nasarorin da aka cimma an tsara shi ne game da inganta civilancin jama'a da siyasa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da yankuna na Gabas Turai.  Helsinki Watch ta kirkiro hanyar gano ayyukan rashawa na gwamnatoci ta hanyar amincewa da halayyar rashin da'a da wasu hukumomin gwamnati ke aiwatarwa ta hanyar watsa labarai ta hanyar watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar masu tsara manufofin kasa da kasa. 

 Miƙa mulki ga Human Rights Watch 
Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen da aka gina tsakanin Amurka da Soviet Union, An kirkiro Amurkan Watch a cikin shekarata 1981 don guje wa sukar munafunci. Iriye, A., Goedde, P., & Hitchcock, W. I. (2012). The human rights revolution: An international history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amintattun Amurkawa sun tashi tsaye don lura da amincewa da cin zarafin da hukumomin gwamnati ke yi a Amurka ta Tsakiya,  kuma musamman ya soki gwamnatoci irin su Amurka saboda sa hannunsu wajen samar da makamai da tallafi ga gwamnatocin masu hatsari da ke cikin Amurka.  Kafa wasu kungiyoyi masu kama da haka ya karu cikin hanzari ta hanyar rarraba su a matsayin "Kwamitocin Kulawa" tare da kirkirar Asiya ta Asiya (1985), Africa Watch (1986), da Gabas ta Tsakiya (1989). A cikin shekarar 1988, waɗannan kwamitocin a hukumance sun karɓi babban taken The Human Rights Watch. 

 Kudade 
Kafa Helsinki Watch ya samu damar ne ta hanyar tallafin $ 400,000 wanda Gidauniyar Ford ta bayar . 

 Lokaci Marchetti, R. (2017). Partnerships in international policy-making: Civil society and public institutions in European and global affairs. London: Palgrave Macmillan 

 1978 - Kirkirar Helsinki Watch
 1981 - Kirkirar Kulawar Amurkawa
 1985 - Kirkirar Asiya
 1988 - Kirkirar Afirka Watch
 1988 - Kirkirar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam
 1989 - Kirkirar Gabas ta Tsakiya

 Inganci 
Bayan kafuwar ta, Helsinki Watch nan take ta zama babbar ƙungiya tare da bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a duniya. Thomas, D. C. (2011). The Helsinki effect: International norms, human rights, and the demise of communism. Princeton (N.J.: Princeton University Press. Da farko dai, Helsinki Watch kai tsaye zata yi kira ga shuwagabannin kwaminisanci ta hanyar kirkirar koke-koke da "sanya suna da kunya" a bainar jama'a gwamnatocin cin mutunci. Lokacin da wannan hanyar ta zama ba ta da wani tasiri, sai suka hanzarta kammala karatunsu don amfani da tasirin siyasa daga mahimman 'yan siyasa na Yammacin Turai da na Turai don ci gaba da ayyukansu na tasiri kan manufofin gwamnati kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. Fahlenbrach, K. (2012). The establishment responds: Power, politics, and protest since 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kamar yadda agogon Helsinki ya ci gaba ya ci gaba da haɓaka sunansa na samar da ingantaccen bayani game da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Gabashin Turai da Tarayyar Soviet . An ce agogon Helsinki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara hakkin dan Adam a cikin shekarun 1980. 

 Suka 
Helsinki Watch ta jawo wasu zarge-zargen nuna son kai a lokacin farko. An soki shi saboda taƙaita ikon sa zuwa take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyar Soviet ta yi yayin yin watsi da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke faruwa a wasu sassan duniya.  Da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa dabarun neman taimakon Turawa don la'antar Tarayyar Soviet ya nuna wannan. An soki shi musamman saboda munafunci a cikin rahotonta, kamar yadda a farkon kwanakinsa ba a kula da gane cin zarafin da ke faruwa a cikin Amurka . Dangane da irin wannan suka, wadanda suka kafa Helsinki Watch sun kirkiro wani sabon bangare da ake kira Amurkan Watch .  Daga nan ne kungiyar ta fadada cikin hanzari, ta kafa Watches don mamaye sauran sassan duniya. A cikin shekarar 1988, dukkanin bangarorin Helsinki Watch daban an hade su zuwa bangare daya da ake kira Human Rights Watch . Bob, C. (2011). The International Struggle for New Human Rights. (Rights, Action, and Social Responsibility.

 Manyan littattafai Falgiano, L., & LeMaire, K. (1991). Review: Helsinki Watch publications. Johns Hopkins University Press, 14(4), 640-645. 
An buga su a cikin shekarata 1991, manyan wallafe-wallafen The Helsinki Watch sun haɗa da:

 Rushe Ethancin Kabilanci: Tsananta wa Gypsies a Romania : Agogon Helsinki ya gudanar da wata hira dangane da hare-hare goma sha ɗaya a kan mutanen Gypsy. Agogon Helsinki ya soke nuna wariyar ta hanyar ba da mafita ga abubuwan da aka bayar.
 Glasnost a cikin Hutu: 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin USSR: bayyani game da shari'a, zamantakewar jama'a da cibiyoyin gwamnati da hanyoyin da suka haifar da matsaloli don ci gaban haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Tarayyar Soviet . Littafin ya bayyana yunkurin tsohon shugaban tarayyar Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev na sake kafa doka da oda a cikin Kungiyar.
 'Yancin Dan Adam a Arewacin Ireland: Wannan littafin ya ba da rahoton matsalolin da ke tattare da Matsaloli a cikin Arewacin Ireland kuma yana taimaka wa masu karatu fahimtar fannonin shari'a na faɗa tsakanin ɓangarori.
 Tun Juyin Juya Hali: 'Yancin Dan Adam a Romania : Wannan littafin yana nuna yunƙurin sabuwar al'adun siyasa bayan juyin juya halin a cikin 1989 . Rahoton ya guji nuna son kai ta hanyar cire shawarwari kan yadda za a magance matsalolin ci gaba a Romania.

 Manazarta 

category:Tarihi
category:Farawa
category:Kudade
category:Sulka