Kungiyar Tostan

Tostan (ma'ana "nasara" a cikin Wolof ) rajista ce ta Amurka mai lamba 501 (c) (3) ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai hedikwata a Dakar, Senegal . Manufar kungiyar ita ce "karfafawa al'ummomi cigaba da cimma burinsu na nan gaba da kuma ƙarfafa gungun manyan ƙungiyoyi da ke haifar da martaba ga kowa" a ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma da dama, da suka hada da Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gambiya, Mali, da Mauritaniya .  

Tostan ta dauki cikakkiyar hanya, harɗaɗɗiyar hanya ta ci gaba ta hanyar sauƙaƙa shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam, shirye-shiryen ilimi ba na yau da kullun ba, galibi Shirin al'umma (C.E.P), wanda ke nufin tallafawa da ƙarfafa mahalarta da al'ummomi don jagorancin ci gaban su.  kungiyarr tana ɗaukar sama da mutane 500 aiki kuma tana aiki don haɓakawa da haɓaka haɗin kan al'umma a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi karatu da rubutu, kiwon lafiya da tsafta, jin daɗin yara, haƙƙin ɗan adam da dimokiradiyya, ɗorewar muhalli, da ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi. 

Koda yake kuma an san Tostan da nasarar da ta samu wajen hanzarta yin watsi da al'adun gargajiya masu cutarwa, musamman yankan mata da auren yara, a duk faɗin Afirka, kungiyar ta kuma sami nasarori masu kyau a fannonin tasirin mulki, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi, da mahalli, cigab ƙasar, haka kuma a cikin lamuran da suka shafi kare yara, ƙarfafawa mata da ‘yan mata, da bunkasa kananan yara. A shekara ta 2007, Tostan ta sami lambar yabo ta Conrad N. Hilton ta Jin kai, kyauta mafi girma a duniya, saboda "gagarumar gudummawar da ta bayar wajen rage radadin wahalar dan adam." Tostan - Hilton Humanitarian Prize. hiltonfoundation.org (2018-01-01). Retrieved on 2019-01-15.

 Tarihi 
An kafa Tostan ne a cikin shekarata 1991 daga Molly Melching, wani malamin Ba'amurke kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin dan Adam, tare da babban burin samar da cikakken ilimin bai daya ga al'ummomin karkara a Senegal.  Dogaro kan ra'ayoyi daga al'ummomin yankin, Melching da ƙungiyar kwararrun masanan al'adu na Senegal sun ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai suna Community Empowerment Programme (CEP),  Wanda ya Samar da tsarin karatu wanda ke jan hankalin al'ummomi ta hanyar aiki da yarensu da kuma amfani da cakuda na zamani da na gargajiya na Afirka. hanyoyin koyo, kamar tattaunawa, wasan kwaikwayo, da rawa.  An fara shirin ne a cikin yankin Senegal 44, ya faɗaɗa zuwa 350 a shekarar 1994. 

Kafin shekara ta 1997, CEP ta ƙunshi kayayyaki guda shida, waɗanda suka haɗa da dabarun magance matsaloli, kiwon lafiya da tsafta, rigakafin mace-macen yara, gudanar da harkokin kuɗi, jagoranci da kuzarin ƙungiyoyi, da kuma nazarin yiwuwar aiwatar da ayyukan samar da kuɗi.  A shekarar 1997, Tostan ta kara wani tsari na bakwai kan haƙƙin dan adam da lafiyar mata wanda ya hada da bayanai game da illolin da ke tattare da yankewar al'aura mata (FGC). Bayan sun bi wannan tsarin, matan Malicounda Bambara, wani ƙauye da ke yammacin Senegal, sun yanke shawara baki daya su yi watsi da al'adar FGC, suka fara wani yunkuri wanda tun farko ya sa kusan al'ummomin Afirka 9,000 yin watsi da al'adar. 

Don ƙarin bayani game da aikin Tostan akan FGC da sauran lamuran rarrabawa, latsa nan .

Tostan ta yi aiki ne kawai a Senegal har zuwa shekarata 1997, lokacin da ya fara aiwatar da CEP a cikin al'ummomin Burkina Faso a cikin haɗin gwiwa na shekaru shida tare da NGO Mwangaza Action, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da al'ummomin Burkinabe 23 da ke bayyana aniyar su ta barin FGC har abada.  A cikin 2002, Tostan ta faɗaɗa abubuwan da take bayarwa a karo na farko, ta aiwatar da wani yunƙuri da ake kira Prison Project a wani gidan yarin Senegal a Thiès, gari na uku mafi girma a Senegal kuma can ne hedikwatar Tostan. Aikin Gidan Yarin ya kunshi wani sabon fasali na CEP wanda ke da nufin samarwa wadanda ake tsare da su abubuwan da zasu taimaka musu wajen bunkasa dabarun samun kudin shiga, ta Kuma rinka taimakawa mabukata ta haka kuma zai rage yawan sake dawowa. 

A cikin shekarun 2000s, yayin da bukatar shirye-shiryenta suka karu, Tostan ta ci gaba da fadada, yana bude ofisoshin kasa a Guinea (2003), Gambiya (2006), Mauritania (2007), Guinea-Bissau (2008), da Mali (2009), a ƙari ga ofisoshin da aka rufe yanzu a cikin Somaliya, Sudan, da Djibouti.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Tostan ta ƙaddamar da manyan kamfen guda biyu, waɗanda aka fi sani da Canjin Zamani a cikin Shekaru 3 (GC3Y) da akaddamar da akarfafawa, a ƙoƙarin inganta ƙarfin mata da' yan mata da yin watsi da al'adun gargajiya masu cutarwa. Afirka ta Yamma. A yayin Canjin Zamani a cikin Shekaru 3, wanda ya fara daga shekarar 2013. zuwa 2016, Tostan ya aiwatar da CEP a cikin al'ummomin 150 a duk faɗin Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, da Mauritania, wanda ya kai sama da mutane 9,000 kai tsaye kuma ya jagoranci sama da al'ummomi 350 barin FGC, auren yara, da sauran vin hakkin  masu cutarwa, baya ga yin alƙawarin tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam.  Daga baya Tostan ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Haɓaka Brearfafawa a cikin shekarar 2017, sannan kuma kai tsaye ta isa ga al'ummomi 150 na tsawon shekaru uku a Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali da Gambiya. 

Tun daga shekarar 2014, Tostan ta kasance cikin kawance da Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates don inganta tsarin sa ido da kimantawa, kuma kungiyar a yanzu tana amfani da tsarin sakamako wanda aka kirkira cikin hadin gwiwa da gidauniyar da ke daukar matakan tasiri a muhimman bangarori biyar: kiwon lafiya, shugabanci, karfafa tattalin arziki, muhalli, da ilimi. A cikin shekarar 2015, saboda sha'awar da aka nuna a cikin tsarin jagorancin al'umma, Tostan ya buɗe Cibiyar Horar da Tostan (TTC) a cikin Thies ga mahalarta na waje. A TTC, tana ba da horo na kwanaki 10 kan tsarinta na ci gaban jagorancin al'umma a cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci ga masu gwagwarmayar al'umma, membobin kungiyoyi na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya da gwamnatoci, da wakilai daga manyan da kananan makarantun kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai. 

A cikin shekarar  2017, Melching ya sauya daga matsayin Shugaba zuwa Babban Darakta na Tostan, kuma Elena Bonometti ne ya yi nasarar zama Shugaba.  A karkashin jagorancin ta, kungiyar na neman samar da ingantattun sikeli masu kyau don shirye-shiryen ta da karawa juna sani karawa juna sani, ginawa kan tsarin kungiyar ta don tallafawa irin wannan matakin zuwa ci gaba, ci gaba da inganta ma'aunin sakamako, da kuma bincika karin damar bincike ta hanyar bunkasa kawance a matakin kasa da na duniya. 

 Yi aiki akan lamuran rarrabawa 
alt=photograph|thumb|300x300px| Molly Melching a 2007 kan bikin cika shekaru 10 da barin FGM da Malicounda Bambara, Senegal
Kodayake shirin na Tostan cikakke ne, ya samu karbuwa sosai wajen samun nasarar watsar da aurar da yara mata da yanke musu al'aura (FGC), al'adar da ta wanzu shekaru aru aru a mafi yawan sassan Afirka. A cewar UNICEF, FGC "al'adar karfafa kai ne" ko kuma al'adar zamantakewar da iyalai ke ganin dole ne su bi don kauce wa wariyar da al'ummarsu.  Gabaɗaya, ana yin cewa FGC akan anan mata tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa biyar, kodayake samari ma suna yin wannan aikin. Nau'in yankan mata na Biyu (duba rabe-raben FGC ) shine nau'in FGC da aka fi sani a Afirka ta Yamma, yankin da Tostan yake gudanar da mafi yawan aikinsa, kodayake ana yin Type I FGC. Nau'in III FGC, wanda aka sani wani lokaci kamar infibulation, shine mafi tsananin nau'i kuma yana da wuya a Afirka ta Yamma. 

A cikin shekarar 1997, Tostan ta fara bayar da bayanai game da illolin da ke tattare da yankewar al'aurar mata a cikin CEP a cikin wani tsari da ya shafi 'yancin ɗan adam da lafiyar mata. Da farko Tostan ta yi jinkirin tayar da batun yankewar al'aurar mata a cikin shirye-shiryenta, tana mai yarda da cewa yana da matukar damuwa da daukar nauyi a kan aikinta,  amman daga karshe ya sa kungiyar ta hada da bayanai game da aikin. 

Wannan sabon bayanin, tare da sabon fahimtar ainihin 'yancinsu na ɗan adam, ya sa matan Malicounda Bambara, wani ƙauye a yammacin Senegal, yanke shawara tare don yin watsi da al'adar. Sun bayyana a bainar jama'a a gaban 'yan Senegal da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya a watan Yunin shekarar 1997, cewa ba za su sake yanke' ya'yansu kungiyoyi da ke kewaye, suna jin haushi cewa ba a tuntube su ba kuma ba su da tabbas game da dalilan da matan ke da shi na yin watsi da aikin, sun mai da martani da ƙiyayya. Wani limami daga kauyen Keur Simbara da ke kusa, Demba Diawara, ya bayyana wa Melching da ma’aikatan Tostan cewa irin wannan canjin zamani da ake samu da zamtakewa. A wuraren da ake aiwatar da FGC, ya zama ruwan dare ga yarinya ta auri wani dangi da ke zaune a ƙauyen da ke kusa. Saboda rashin yanke yarinya yana yin tasiri ga rayuwar aurenta, al'umar da suka yi watsi da FGC da kansu ba tare da yarjejeniyar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su ba yadda ya kamata ta lalata burin 'ya'yanta mata na aure. A sakamakon haka, kawo karshen wannan dabi'a ta dorewa na bukatar yaduwar yarjejeniya tsakanin al'ummomin da 'ya'yansu sukayi aura. 

Bayan koyon kansa game da haɗarin aikin, Diawara ya yanke shawarar tafiya daga gari zuwa al'umma a cikin yankin Thiès na Senegal, inda Malicounda Bambara da Keur Simbara suke, don wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin FGC. A watan Fabrairun 1998, saboda babban kokarinsa, kauyuka 13 da ke makwabtaka sun bayyana kudurinsu na shiga alkawarin Malicounda Bambara.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, hanyar Tostan ta sami nasarar karfafa kusan al'ummomi 9,000 a Afirka don yin watsi da yankewar al'aurar mata da auren yara da tilas, wani mummunan aiki ne wanda ake danganta FGC da shi. Tun daga wannan lokacin gwamnatin ta Senegal ta dauki samfurin FGC na Tostan kuma tana ci gaba da amfani da shi a aikinta na kawo karshen FGC a kasar.  Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2019, 5,423 al'ummomin da ke yin addini a baya sun watsar da duk nau'ikan FGC a Senegal kuma da yawa sun yi hakan a duk Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka. Wasu Masu kimantawa na waje sun lura cewa alƙawarin da aka ɗauka galibin membobi ne ke girmama alƙawarin da suka yi, kodayake wasu juriya ga watsi da su har yanzu suna cikin al'ummomin da suka bayyana ƙarshen al'adar. 

 Gabatarwa & Ka'idar Canji 
Tostan ta ce tsarinta yana bin falsafar sanannen masanin Senegal Cheikh Anta Diop, wanda ya jaddada cewa tsarin ci gaban ya zama na ilmantarwa ga duk wanda ke cikin aikin, ma'aikatan NGO da membobin al'umma baki daya, kuma ya kamata a gudanar da shi ta hanyar da yana yin cikakken amfani da ilimin da hadisai da ake da su.  Don haka Tostan ke aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta ta hanyar da ke kokarin girmamawa da kuma ginawa kan mahallin gida, tana mai imani da cewa irin wannan hanyar tana baiwa mahalarta damar fadada fahimtarsu cikin sauki da kuma samar da karin haske game da ayyukansu da imaninsu. Ana gudanar da dukkan zaman na Tostan cikin yarukan gida, kuma masu gudanarwa sau da yawa sun fito daga ƙabila ɗaya da yankin da suke wa hidima.  Zuwa yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen Tostan a cikin yaruka 22 daban daban, da suka hada da Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Soninké, Mandinka, Diola, Sousou, Malinké, Pulaar, Kissi, Guerze, Creole, Bambara, Hassaniya, Serehule, Bamanankan, Somali, Afar, da Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Larabci.

Don ƙirƙirar sarari inda mahalarta ke samun kwanciyar hankali da amintar da bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da yardar kaina, hanyar Tostan tana ƙarfafa demokraɗiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam: a lokacin CEP, alal misali, membobin al'umma suna koyan waɗannan ra'ayoyin ta hanyar ra'ayoyin da suka riga suka kasance a cikin al'umma kuma bayyane a cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.  A wannan yanayin, tana ɗaukar mataki sosai, Tostan ya dauki matakin rashin yanke hukunci lokacin da yake gabatar da batutuwa masu mahimmanci, yana baiwa membobin al'umma damar yin tunani da ma'ana kan abin da suka yi imani da shi kuma ba tare da bin diddigin kai ba saboda tsoron zargi daga waje.

 Ka'idar Canji 
Tunanin canjin canjin ya ta'allaka ne akan aikin Gerry Mackie, mai bincike a Jami'ar California, San Diego wanda yayi zato a cikin wani sharhi na shekarar. 1996 American Sociological Review cewa yanke al'aura mace, kamar al'adar daure kafa a China, zata kare da sauri da zarar mutane sun fara kawo karshen wannan aiki gaba daya domin kiyaye ikon mace na yin aure a tsakanin kabilunsu. Tostan, tare da shawara da shigarwar Mackie, tun daga wannan lokacin suka kirkiro wannan ra'ayin zuwa mahanga mai sauyi wacce take nuna cewa za'a iya watsar da FGC ne kawai idan mutane da kuma manyan hanyoyin sadarwar suna da hannu a tsarin yanke shawara, a matsayin mutum daya ko kuma wata al'umma ita kaɗai, an ba su haɗin kansu zuwa wasu rukunoni da cibiyoyin sadarwa da yawa domin basu mahimmancin, bai isa ya kawo ƙarshen aikin ba ko da kuwa ƙarfin imanin da ya kamata a yi watsi da shi. 

 Shirin Karfafa Al'umma (CEP) 
Shirin Tallafawa Al'umma shine matattarar shirye-shiryen Tostan. Tsarin karatu ne na shekaru uku, ba tsari ba bisa ka'ida akan haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ke ba mahalarta, manya da matasa girma, da tushe mai ƙarfi na ilimi da ƙwarewa wanda zai inganta rayuwarsu tare da samar da ingantattun hanyoyin magance matsalolin al'umma. Tsarin karatun yana farawa da koyon haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar da ta dace da yanayin gida, bayan haka dalibai ko mahalarta zasu bada fahimtar su akan abinda suka koya. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hanyar tattaunawa da gina yarjejeniya tsakanin mambobi na dukkan kungiyoyi: maza da mata, dattijai da matasa, mambobi na azuzuwan zamantakewa daban-daban, kabilu, kabilu, da addini. Ilimin da aka samu a cikin zaman shirin sannan yana taimakawa al'umma don cimma waɗannan burin a cikin tsari mai tsari. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan abin da ya rasa ko yanke hukunci mai ƙima, Tostan ya buƙaci mahalarta suyi tunani game da kayan aikin da ke akwai da kuma yadda za'a gina su. CEP ta ci gaba da komawa zuwa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk tsawon lokacin shirin. 

Shirin ya kasu kashi biyu: Kobi (ma'ana "a nome kasa" a cikin Mandinka ), wanda ya kunshi jigogi kan dimokiradiyya, 'yancin dan adam, dabarun warware matsaloli, kiwon lafiya da tsafta, sai kuma Aawde (ma'ana "dasa shi iri "a cikin Pulaar ), wanda ke ƙunshe da darajoji kan ilimin yare na cikin gida, ƙarancin ci gaban kamfanoni, da lissafi na asali.  Hanyoyin koyarwar sun kunshi darussan mu'amala, kamar karamar kungiya, aikin harka, da ayyukan bincike-bincike. Wadannan hanyoyin sun samo asali ne daga fasahohin baka na zamani da na gargajiya na Afirka, wadanda suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo, tatsuniya, rawa, zane-zane, waka, muhawara, da kuma raba kwarewar mutum.

Tostan ya yi imanin cewa sauye-sauyen gama gari da mazauna ƙauyuka suka yi dole ne su kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A karshen wannan, Tostan yana taimakawa kafa Kwamitocin Gudanar da Al'umma (CMCs) waɗanda ke aiwatar da ƙoƙarin ci gaban da membobin al'umma suka gabatar bayan ƙarshen shirin. CMCs sun ƙunshi membobi 17 waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokiraɗiyya, aƙalla tara daga cikinsu mata ne, kuma duk suna karɓar horo daga Tostan kan yadda za su iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata a cikin matsayinsu da kuma kan hanyoyin yanke shawara na shiga tsakani na iya takawa a cikin aikinsu. 

Tostan yana amfani da bayanan da ta samu daga mahalarta da shugabannin yankin, na addini da na addini, don sabuntawa da kuma sake nazarin shirye-shiryenta a kai a kai, ta hanyar rungumar wata hanyar da ke jaddada daidaitawa da daidaitawa bisa bukatun masu koyo, yanayin zamantakewar al'adu na yankin, da abubuwan ƙirar tsara shirye-shirye, wanda zai ba ƙungiyar damar faɗaɗa cikin sauƙi cikin sabbin ƙasashe da al'adun al'adu.  Tostan yana kuma darajar binciken waje kuma yana tallafawa masu nazarin waje don aiwatar da kimarsu. 

 Canje-canje ga CEP 
Bayan lokaci, sababbin kayayyaki a hankali suna cikin haɗin CEP. Tun daga shekarar 2009, shirin Jokko Initiative, wanda ke koyar da mahalarta yadda ake amfani da wayar hannu don aika sakonni, a matsayin hanyar sadarwa da kuma hanyar yin amfani da dabarun karatunsu na karatu da rubutu da aka samu kwanan nan, an shiga cikin CEP a duk al'ummomin da ke dauke da isasshen kwayar halitta ɗaukar hoto. Tostan ya yi la’akari da amfani da wayoyin hannu da kuma aika sakon SMS a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta hanzarta kawo sauyi mai amfani ga zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar hada kan al'ummomi, da kara muryoyin mata, matasa, da kungiyoyin da ke gefe, da samar da wani dandali na musayar ra'ayi. 

Ididdigar waje da ta gabata game da Tostan sun sami misalai inda membobin al'umma ba su iya yin cikakken amfani da bayanan da suka samu yayin shirye-shiryen Tostan saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da kayayyakin more rayuwa.  A cikin kokarin magance wannan gazawar, Tostan tana ba da Tallafin Ci gaban Al'umma tsakanin $ 300 zuwa 1,000 ga CMCs da daidaikun mutane a lokacin da bayan CEP, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su ne don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban al'umma ko don fara ba da gudummawar ƙaramar microcredit. Wadannan kudaden na iya baiwa mutane, musamman mata, damar gabatar da ayyukansu na samar da kudin shiga, tare da taimaka musu don tallafawa iyalansu da kuma ba da gudummawa ga al'ummominsu, baya ga basu damar yin amfani da ilimin da kwarewar da suka samu akan hanyar CEP. CMC ɗin suna sarrafawa kuma suna rarraba su, waɗanda ke yanke shawarar ƙimar riba da tsawon rancen da za su bayar. 

Tsarin Kare Yara, wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 2010, ya ba da horo na musamman ga Kwamitocin Gudanar da Al'umma kan yadda za su magance matsalolin da suka shafi rayuwar yara. Yana nufin gina yarjejeniya game da haƙƙoƙin yara yayin da ake gina lokaci ɗaya wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗabi'u, halaye, da ƙa'idodin shari'a da suka shafi yara. 

A cikin 2013, wani sabon aikin da ake kira Ndimaagu ( Kalmar Pulaar don 'mutunci'), an gwada ta a cikin al'ummomin 55 a Tambacounda, wani gari a kudu maso gabashin Senegal.  Aikin ya haɗu da ƙarin azuzuwan jinsi a cikin CEP, yana ba da horo kan rigakafin tashin hankali ga ƙananan hukumomi, shugabannin gargajiya da shugabannin addinai, da gina haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kwamitocin Gudanar da Communityungiyoyin, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin gwamnati, shugabannin al'umma, da masu ba da sabis da ke amsa jinsi -daga tashin hankali a Senegal.

A shekarar 2017, Tostan ta fitar da wani sabon tsari wanda ake kira da Bridging the Gap, wanda ke da nufin bunkasa dankon zumunci tsakanin al'ummomin yankin da sabbin tsare-tsaren kananan hukumomi a Senegal. Tare da tallafin UNICEF, Tostan ya jagoranci horarwa a cikin harsunan gida ga jami’an kananan hukumomi kan hakkokin bil’adama da nauyi, cin hanci da rashawa, shugabanci na gari, da kasafin kudi na kananan hukumomi, yayin da ya kara da horon horo ga Kwamitocin Gudanar da Jama’a kan yadda za a hada kai da karamar hukumar. don tabbatar da an amsa bukatun al'umma a cikin kasafin kuɗin gida.

 Sauran Shirye-shirye 
Tostan tana ba da ƙarin shirye-shirye da yawa ga al'ummomin da suka kammala CEP cikin nasara. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna nufin taimaka wa al'ummomi su riƙe ilimin da suka samu a cikin CEP kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yanayin da za a iya amfani da ilimin don cikakken amfani da shi. An ƙaddamar da Shirin Lafiya da Tsaro (P&S) a watan Afrilu na 2012 kuma yana neman kafa alaƙa tsakanin manufofin jagorancin al'umma na inganta zaman lafiya da masu tsara manufofin yanki, don ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a kowane mataki. Wannan tsarin yana fadada ainihin shirin na CEP don haɗawa da nazarin rikice-rikice da rigakafin, sasantawa da dabarun sadarwa, da rawar da mata ke takawa cikin zaman lafiya da tsaro. Tun daga lokacin aka aiwatar da shi a Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, da Guinea. 

Moduleaddamar da Paa'idodin Iyaye (RPP), wanda ke da nufin taimaka wa iyaye da sauran al'umma don haɓaka haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwar yara don inganta yara don makaranta, an fara aiwatar da shi a cikin al'ummomi 232 a Senegal a 2013. Modulea'idodin yana ƙoƙari ya shawo kan wasu ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda aka nuna don hana ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar jarirai. Yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma a ƙauyuka da birane sun yi imanin cewa dole ne a kiyaye jarirai daga mugayen ruhohi, kuma, don kare su, wasu iyaye suna guje wa kallon jariran da ke haifa a ido da yin magana kai tsaye da su kai tsaye, ayyukan da ci gaban da aka samu a kwanan nan game da ƙwaƙwalwa sun nuna cewa suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ikon tunani a cikin yara ƙanana. A kan tsarin Module na RPP, "masu gudanarwa suna raba ... dabarun da ke inganta hulɗa tsakanin iyaye da ƙananan yaransu kuma duk suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ga ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da yin magana da kananan yaransu ta amfani da kalmomi masu dimbin yawa da rikitarwa, yiwa yayansu tambayoyi da kuma taimaka musu wajen amsawa, kwaikwayon yaransu cikin wasa, yi musu labarai, da kuma bayyana musu abubuwa dalla-dalla.  Masu binciken daga Jami'ar Stanford ne suka tantance Module ta RPP a shekarar 2016, wanda ya nuna, a tsakanin sauran sakamakon, cewa yaran da masu kula da su suka bi ta RPP Module sun kara yawan maganganun su da 32% fiye da takwarorin su na saitunan sarrafawa, kuma shi an kuma gano cewa yara a cikin al'ummomin RPP sun sami ci gaba sosai a cikin matakan harshe da kalmomin nuna kalmomi fiye da yara a cikin al'ummomin da ba RPP ba. 

Ta hanyar Solar Power Project, tare da hadin gwiwar Kwalejin Barefoot da ke Indiya, Tostan ta bai wa matan Afirka mazauna karkara da suka kammala CEP damar horaswa a matsayin injiniyoyin wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana. Bayan bita na tsawon watanni shida a Kwalejin Barefoot, matan sun dawo gida tare da dabarun da za su ba su damar kawo mulki ga al'ummominsu da samun kudin shiga ga kansu da kuma Kwamitin Gudanar da Al'ummarsu. Daga 2009 zuwa 2016, mahalarta Tostan 25 sun halarci aji a Kwalejin Barefoot, ciki har da mata 13 daga Senegal, biyar daga Guinea-Bissau, 5 daga Djibouti, da 2 daga Gambiya. 

 Shirye-shiryen CEP da aka gyara 
Tostan yana ba da nau'ikan CEP da aka gyara guda biyu. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen an san su da Tsarin Gidajen Kurkuku da kuma Emparfafawa Matasa, waɗannan shirye-shiryen an tsara su ne ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda a kullun ba za su sami damar shiga CEP ba amma kuma har yanzu suna iya cin gajiyar tsarin karatun. An fara aikin Gidan Yarin ne a 1999, kuma yana da nufin taimaka wa wadanda ake tsare da su su sake komawa cikin al'ummominsu, wanda suke aiwatarwa ta hanyar gina iliminsu na kare hakkin dan adam da kuma samar musu da dabaru masu amfani don fara aiyukan samar da kudin shiga. Har ila yau, Tostan na taimaka wa sasantawar dangi don taimakawa wajen hada tsoffin wadanda ake tsare da su cikin garuruwansu bayan an sake su. Shirin Tallafawa Matasa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin birane, inda ake daidaita tsarin karatun na CEP don ya zama mafi dacewa ga matasa masu tafiya cikin tsarin ilimi da neman aikin yi, yana taimaka musu haɓaka ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cin nasara.

 Abokan hulɗa, kyaututtuka da girmamawa 
Wadanda suka ba da gudummawar Tostan sun hada da Gidauniyar Greenbaum, Hukumar Hadin Kan Ci Gaban Kasashen Sweden (SIDA), UNICEF, UNFPA, USAID, Wallace Global Fund, da William da Flora Hewlett Foundation, da sauransu. 

A watan Agusta na 2007, Tostan ta karɓi kyautar UNESCO King Sejong Ilimi da Ilimi .  A watan Satumbar 2007, an ba Tostan lambar yabo ta Jin kai ta Conrad N. Hilton saboda "gudummawar da ta bayar na rage radadin wahalar dan adam."  A cikin 2010, Skungiyar Skoll ta amince da Tostan da wanda ya kirkiro ta Molly Melching tare da kyautar Skoll don Kasuwancin Zamani.  Tostan ta sami 'Award in Action' daga Gidauniyar Cécilia Attias ta Mata a shekarar 2012, inda ta fahimci ayyukansu na inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya da kula da mata masu juna biyu a matakin al'umma.  A cikin 2013, an girmama Molly Melching da lambar yabo ta 'Mata masu Tasiri' a taron mata na shekara-shekara karo na 4 a Taron Duniya. A cikin 2002 Melching ta karɓi Sargent Shriver Bambancin Kyautar Jin Kai daga Peaceungiyar Associationungiyar Peace Peace Corps don aikinta da Tostan; an bayar da ita ne ga masu ba da agaji na Peace Corps da suka dawo wadanda ke ci gaba da bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga abubuwan jin kai a cikin gida ko kasashen waje ko kuma masu kirkirar zamantakewar al'umma wadanda ayyukansu za su kawo gagarumin canji na dogon lokaci. 

 Duba kuma 

 Kaciyar mata
 Molly Tsara

 Bayani 


 Hanyoyin haɗin waje 

 Shafin Farko na Tostan
 Cibiyar Horar da Tostan
 Bayanin Kwarewa na UNICEF: Dabara Hadaddiyar Zamani ta watsar da FGM / C a Zamani daya
 Cibiyar Binciken Innocenti ta UNICEF Inji kan FGM / C (2005)
 2007 Conrad N. Hilton Wanda Ya Lashe Kyautar Jin Kai: Tostan
 UNESCO King Sejong Ilmin Karatu
Category:Pages with unreviewed translations