Garin Dutse

Garin Dutse na Zanzibar (Larabci: مدينة زنجبار الحجرية), kuma aka sani da Mji Mkongwe (Swahili don "tsohon garin"), tsohon yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, babban birnin Zanzibar, a Tanzaniya. Sabon yanki na birnin ana kiransa da Ng'ambo, Swahili don 'daya   bangaren'. Garin Dutse yana yammacin bakin tekun Unguja, babban tsibiri na tsibiri na Zanzibar. Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Zanzibar, kuma cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji da kuma cinikin bayi a karni na 19, ta ci gaba da rike mahimmancinta a matsayin babban birnin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka hade juna don kafa Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya, Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, tare da Garin Dutse a matsayin kujerar karamar hukuma.

Garin Dutse birni ne mai fitattun tarihi da fasaha a Gabashin Afirka. Gine-ginensa, wanda akasari tun daga karni na 19, yana nuna tasiri iri-iri da ke tattare da al'adun Swahili, yana ba da cakuda musamman na abubuwan Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa da Turai. A saboda wannan dalili, an sanya garin a matsayin cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya a cikin 2000.

Saboda gadonsa, Dutsen Town kuma babban abin jan hankali ne a Tanzaniya, kuma babban ɓangaren tattalin arzikinta ya dogara da ayyukan da suka shafi yawon buɗe ido.

 Bayanin 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_stone_town_pano.jpg|thumb|Panorama na Garin Dutsen
Zuciyar Garin Dutse galibi ta ƙunshi ɗimbin ƴan ƴaƴan lunguna da gidaje, shaguna, kasuwanni da masallatai. Tunda yawancin tituna sun fi kunkuntar motoci, garin ya cika makil da kekuna da babura. Gaban tekun yana da fiɗaɗaɗɗen tituna kuma mafi girma, mafi yawan gine-gine da aka sanya akai-akai.

Gine-ginen Garin Dutse yana da fasali daban-daban, sakamakon haduwar al'adun Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, Turai da Afirka. Sunan "Garin Dutse" ya fito ne daga ko'ina da amfani da dutsen murjani a matsayin babban kayan gini; wannan dutse yana ba wa garin siffa, launin dumi ja. Gine-gine na gargajiya suna da baraza, dogon benci na dutse tare da bangon waje; Ana amfani da wannan azaman tafarki mai tsayi idan ruwan sama mai yawa ya sa tituna ba su da amfani, ko kuma a matsayin benci don zama, hutawa, zamantakewa.Stone Town  at Overland Africa Wani mahimmin fasalin mafi yawan gine-gine shi ne manyan veranda da aka keɓe ta hanyar zane-zane na katako. Filayen da aka fi sani da gidajen Zanzibari su ne ƙofofin katako da aka ƙawata, tare da sassaƙaƙƙun sassaka da kayan kwalliya, wani lokaci tare da manyan sandunan tagulla na al'adar Indiyawa. Ana iya bambanta manyan kofofi iri biyu: na salon Indiya sun yi zagaye sama da sama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin salon Larabawan Omani suna da rectangular. Sau da yawa sassaƙaƙe na Musulunci ne a cikin abubuwan ciki (misali, da yawa sun ƙunshi ayoyin Kur'ani), amma ana amfani da wasu alamomi lokaci-lokaci, misali, furannin magarya na Indiya a matsayin alamar wadata.Independent Travel Guide to Zanzibar

Garin Dutse yana da manyan gine-gine na tarihi, da dama daga cikinsu ana samun su a bakin teku; waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoffin fadojin sarakuna, garu, majami'u, masallatai, da sauran gine-ginen hukumomi.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cine_Afrique_-_Art_Deco_Cinema_-_Kiponda_District_-_Stone_Town_-_Zanzibar_-_Tanzania_(8830689498).jpg|thumb|Cikakken bayanin Art Deco na Cine Afrique a Garin Dutsen
Yayin da aka haɗa garin Dutse a cikin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2000, wannan nadi ba ya ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga kayan tarihi na garin. Duk da kafa Hukumar Kula da Lafiya, kusan kashi 80% na gine-gine 1,709 na Garin Dutse suna cikin tabarbarewar yanayi. Da yake dutsen murjani yana da sanyi sosai, ana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don yawancin waɗannan gine-gine. Wasu manyan ayyukan gyarawa (musamman a bakin teku) an yi su a cikin 'yan lokutan nan ta Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC).

 Tarihi 

 Medieval Zanzibar 
Rubutun Greco-Roman tsakanin ƙarni na 1 da na 3, Periplus na Tekun Erythraean, ya ambaci tsibirin Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς), wanda tabbas Unguja ne. Zanzibar, kamar bakin tekun da ke kusa, masu magana da Bantu sun zauna a farkon karni na farko. Abubuwan da aka gano na kayan tarihi a Fukuchani, da ke arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Zanzibar, ya nuna mazauna yankin noma da kamun kifi tun daga karni na 6 AZ a ƙarshe. Yawan adadin dabobin da aka samu yana nuna gine-ginen katako, kuma an sami ƙwanƙolin harsashi, masu niƙa, da kuma baƙin ƙarfe a wurin. Akwai shaida don iyakance haɗin gwiwa a cikin kasuwanci mai nisa: an sami ɗan ƙaramin tukwane da aka shigo da shi, ƙasa da 1% na jimillar tukwane da aka samo, galibi daga Gulf kuma kwanan wata zuwa karni na 5 zuwa 8. Kamanceceniya da rukunan zamani kamar Mkokotoni da Dar es Salaam na nuni da gamayyar gungun al'ummomin da suka bunkasa zuwa cibiyar farko ta al'adun tekun teku. Garuruwan da ke gabar teku, ciki har da na Zanzibar, da alama sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tekun Indiya a farkon wannan lokaci. Kasuwanci ya ƙaru cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci da yawa tun daga tsakiyar karni na 8 kuma a ƙarshen karni na 10 Zanzibar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar kasuwancin Swahili.Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.

Shangani, asalin garin kamun kifi wanda ya haɓaka zuwa Garinn Dutse, ƙaramin yanki ne, wanda ba shi da mahimmancin rukunin Swahili wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 11. Manyan garuruwa a Unguja Ukuu, Kizimkazi, da Tumbatu sune ikon tsibirin daga karni na 8 zuwa na 16. Turawan Portugal sun gina coci a Shangani a farkon karni na 16, kuma Sarauniyar Unguja ta arewa ta gina wani gida a can a tsakiyar karni na 17. Lokacin da Zanzibaris da Pembans suka kori Portuguese a karni na 17, masu kishin gida sun gayyaci Sultan na Oman ya yi amfani da ikon siyasa don musanya kariya daga ramuwar gayya ta Portuguese. An gina wani ɓangare na cocin Portuguese a cikin sansanin Omani, wanda ke da sojoji kusan hamsin. Sarkin ya kuma nada wani hakimin karamar hukuma, amma har yanzu ikon siyasa na hannun Mwinyi Mkuu, a wannan lokacin Sarauniya Fatima.Charles River Editors. "Zanzibar: The History of the International Trade Center off the Coast of Africa." (Charles River Editors, 2016)

Abubuwan da aka tona a tsibirin Pemba na kusa, amma musamman a Shanga a cikin tsibiran Lamu, sun ba da kyakkyawan hoto na ci gaban gine-gine. An gina gidaje da katako (c. 1050) kuma daga baya a cikin laka tare da bangon murjani (c. 1150). An ci gaba da sake gina gidajen tare da ƙarin kayan dindindin. Ya zuwa karni na 13, an gina gidaje da dutse, kuma an hade su da laka, kuma karni na 14 ya ga yadda ake amfani da lemun tsami wajen hada dutse. Masu arziki ne kawai za su gina gidaje na dutse da lemun tsami, ƙarfin kayan da ke ba da damar yin rufin rufi, yayin da yawancin jama'a ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu hawa guda ɗaya mai kama da na karni na 11 da 12. A cewar Tom Middleton da Mark Horton, tsarin gine-gine na waɗannan gidaje na dutse ba su da wani abu na Larabawa ko Farisa, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ci gaban gine-gine na gida. Yayin da aka sake gina yawancin gine-ginen Garin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin Omani, wuraren da ke kusa da su sun bayyana ci gaban Swahili, da Zanzibari, gine kafin karni na 15.Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 119.

 Mulkin Omani 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sansibar,_Sultanspalast.jpg|thumb|Hoton garin dutse yana nuna tsohon kagara da fada daga shekara ta 1871 zuwa shekara ta 1875.
Garin Dutse yana tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta kuma Turawa na farko da suka taka ƙafa a tsibirin Zanzibar su ne Portuguese. Turawan Portugal sun mallaki tsibirin sama da ƙarni 2 kuma suka fara gina ginin Dutsen Dutse na farko, Tsohon Kagara. Sai dai kuma a karshen karni na 17 ne masarautar Oman ta mamaye tsibirin tare da kammala katanga don hana kai hare-hare a nan gaba. Wataƙila an fara gina gidajen dutse na farko a cikin Dutsen Town a cikin 1830s, a hankali ya maye gurbin wani ƙauyen kamun kifi da ke kusa da Tsohon Kagara. A lokacin ne masarautar Oman ke iko da tsibiran Zanzibar, Mombasa da gabar tekun Swahili.

A cikin 1840, Sultan Said bin Sultan ya motsa kujerarsa daga Muscat, Oman, zuwa Garin Dutse, wanda hakan ya shiga zamanin ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin sabon babban birnin Oman da Zanzibar. Da Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya, dukiyar Sarkin Musulmi ta fadi. Tattalin arzikin Muscat ya tabarbare kuma yawancin Omani sun yi hijira zuwa Zanzibar. Haɓaka yawan al'ummar Larabawa a tsibirin ya sauƙaƙe ƙarin haɓaka kuma ƙarin gine-gine sun fara bunƙasa a cikin garin. Bugu da ƙari, an gina manyan gine-ginen sarauta kamar Gidan Al'ajabi da Fadar Sarkin Musulmi. A shekara ta 1861, sakamakon yakin da aka yi tsakanin gidan sarautar Omani, Zanzibar da Oman sun rabu, inda Zanzibar ta zama sarki mai cin gashin kanta karkashin Sultan Majid bin Said.

A cikin ƙarni na 19 Dutse Town ya bunƙasa azaman cibiyar kasuwanci. Ya shahara musamman ga cinikin kayan yaji (mafi yawan cloves) da bayi. Kusan tsakiyar karni, sultan yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Birtaniya; David Livingstone, alal misali, an san ya zauna a Dutsen Town a 1866 yayin da yake shirya balaguron ƙarshe zuwa cikin Gabashin Afirka. A daidai wannan lokacin, al'ummomin baƙi da yawa daga Oman, Farisa da Indiya sun kafa a sakamakon tsananin kasuwancin garin. Sarkin Zanzibar ya karfafa bakin haure 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje wadanda suka yi arziki sosai kuma suka zauna a cikin birnin wadanda suka kawo bambancin gine-ginen birnin.

 Ikon Mulkin Mallaka 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AngloZanzibarWar.jpg|thumb|Sakamakon harin bam din da sojojin ruwan Burtaniya suka yi na yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896
A cikin shekarun da suka wuce na karni, Sarakunan Zanzibar sannu a hankali sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu a yankin Gabashin Afirka zuwa Daular Jamus da Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, tare da yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar kanta ta zama kariyar Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1896, ba zato ba tsammani daga Zanzibari Omanis suka yi wa mulkin Birtaniya ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin yaki mafi guntu a tarihi: Sarkin Musulmi ya mika wuya bayan minti 45 na harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi a garin Dutse da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi.

A lokacin kariyar Birtaniyya, Sarkin Musulmi ya ci gaba da rike wasu madafun iko kuma Dutsen Dutse ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci don cinikin yau da kullun. Duk da cewa a baya garin yana da karamin titin jirgin kasa Turawan Ingila sun yi titin jirgin kasa daga Garin zuwa kauyen Bububu. Burtaniya ba ta ba da tallafin manyan abubuwan ci gaba a garin ba kuma sun ba wa sarkin damar gudanar da al'amuran tsibiran daga garin dutse. Birtaniyya ta ba Mombasa da Dar es Salaam gata a matsayin tashoshin kasuwancinsu a Gabashin Afirka.

 Juyin juya halin Zanzibar 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People's_Bank_of_Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|Tsohon gidan ya koma Bankin Jama'a na Zanzibar bayan juyin juya hali
A shekara ta 1964, garin Dutse shi ne gidan wasan kwaikwayo na juyin juya halin Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da kawar da sarkin da kuma haifar da gwamnatin gurguzu karkashin jagorancin Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe tare da ‘yan gudun hijira musamman Larabawa da Indiyawa suka tsere daga tsibirin sakamakon juyin juya hali. Larabawa da Indiyawa sun bar duk abin da suke da shi kuma ASP ya yi sauri ya mamaye tsofaffin gidaje tare da mayar da su gine-ginen jama'a. A cikin 1964, lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka haɗu suka kafa Tanzaniya, Stone Town ya ci gaba da zama babban birni da kujerar gwamnati ga Zanzibar, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na sabuwar ƙasa.

 Labarin ƙasa 

Garin Dutse yana kusa da tsakiyar gabar tekun Unguja ta yamma, akan wani ɗan ƙaramin tudu da ke shiga tashar Zanzibar. Babban matsuguni mafi kusa a gabar Tekun Tanzaniya, kusa da Dutsen Dutse, shine Bagamoyo (zuwa kudu maso yamma). Garin Dutse wani yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, wanda kuma ya hada da 'Sabon Garin' na Ng'ambo ("Sauran Gefen"), wanda galibi ya mamaye cikin Unguja zuwa kudu maso gabas. Layin raba tsakanin Garin Dutse da Ng'ambo shine titin Creek.

 Alkaluma 

 Alamomin ƙasa 

 Gine-gine da wuraren tarihi 

link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_al_Ajaib,_2010.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi, yanzu yana karbar bakuncin gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Fort_of_Zanzibar.jpg|right|thumb|Tsohon kagara kamar yadda aka gani daga Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forodhani_park_food_stand.jpg|right|thumb|Ana sayar da abinci na Zanzibari a lambunan Forodhani

 Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi (ko "Palace of Wonders", wanda kuma aka sani da "Beit-al-Ajaib"), wanda ke kan titin Mizingani kusa da gabar tekun Dutsen Town, kuma tabbas shine mafi sanannun wuraren tarihi na Dutsen Town. An gina ta a shekara ta 1883 kuma an mayar da ita bayan yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896. A da gidan Sarkin Musulmi, ta zama wurin zama na jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi bayan juyin juya hali. Wannan dai shi ne gini na farko a Zanzibar da ya samu wutar lantarki, haka kuma shi ne gini na farko a gabashin Afirka da ya samu na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Tun 2000, an sadaukar da cikinsa ga gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili da Zanzibar. A watan Disambar 2020, yayin gyaran ginin, wani babban yanki na ginin ya ruguje a wani babban hatsari.
 Tsohon Kagara ("Ngome Kongwe" a cikin Swahili), kusa da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi, wani babban kagara ne na dutse wanda Omani ya gina a karni na 17. Wanda kuma aka fi sani da sansanin Omani da sarakunan farko suka gina shi don kare birnin daga mamayewar Turawa. Yana da siffar murabba'i mai nisa kuma tsakar gida yanzu cibiyar al'adu ce mai shaguna, wuraren bita, da ƙaramin fage inda ake gudanar da raye-rayen da nunin kiɗan kullun. Hakanan ana amfani da wurin katanga don bikin fina-finai na Zanzibar na kasa da kasa.
 Wani hamshakin attajiri dan kasar Indiya ne ya gina Tsohuwar Dispensary (ko "Ithnashiri Dispensary") daga 1887 zuwa 1894, don yin hidima a matsayin asibitin sadaka ga matalauta amma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman rarrabawa. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun gine-gine na Garin Dutse, tare da manyan baranda na katako da aka sassaka, tagogin gilashi, da kayan ado na stucco na zamani. Bayan fadowa cikin rugujewa a shekarun 1970 da 1980, AKTC ta gyara ginin daidai gwargwado.
 Fadar Gidan tarihi (wanda kuma aka sani da "Sultan's Palace", "Beit el-Sahel" a cikin Larabawa) wani tsohon fadar sarki ne, a bakin teku, zuwa arewacin gidan abubuwan al'ajabi. An gina shi ne a karshen karni na 19, kuma a yanzu yana dauke da wani gidan tarihi game da rayuwar yau da kullum na gidan sarautar Zanzibari, ciki har da kayayyakin Sayyida Salme, wata tsohuwar gimbiya Zanzibar da ta yi gudun hijira tare da mijinta zuwa Turai.
 Edward Steere, bishop na uku na Zanzibar ya gina Anglican Cathedral na Cocin Christ, akan titin Mkunazini a ƙarshen karni na 19. An gina babban cocin ne a wani babban yanki a tsakiyar garin Dutse wanda a baya ya karbi bakuncin babbar kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar; An zaɓi wurin da gangan don bikin ƙarshen bauta, kuma bagaden yana a daidai wurin da babban wurin bulala na kasuwa ya kasance. Wani abin tunawa ga bayi, da kuma gidan tarihi na tarihin bauta, banda cocin.
 An gina cocin Roman Katolika na St. Joseph da ’yan mishan na Faransa suka gina a tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1897. An gina majami’ar ne bisa na Cathedral na Marseille, fuskarta, mai manyan tudu biyu, tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wuraren tarihi. Garin Dutse kuma ana iya gani daga nesa lokacin tafiya cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Cocin yana aiki har yanzu a yau kuma yana gudanar da taro na yau da kullun a ranar Lahadi.
 thumbLambunan Forodhani wani karamin wurin shakatawa ne a cikin babban tekun tafiya na Garin Dutse, daidai gaban Tsohon Kagara da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi. Kungiyar Aga Khan Trust for Culture ta mayar da gonar kwanan nan kan dala miliyan 3. Kowace yamma bayan faduwar rana, lambuna suna karbar bakuncin shahararriyar kasuwa mai son yawon bude ido da ke sayar da gasasshen abincin teku da sauran girke-girke na Zanzibari wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da mazauna gida.

 Sufuri 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_Stone_Town03.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Zanzibari "mabasi" yana jiran fasinjoji a tashar Bus
Titunan Garin Dutse suna da kunkuntar sosai kuma kusan isa ko'ina a cikin garin dole ne a yi da ƙafa. Ƙananan tituna suna ba da inuwa kuma kusan komai yana samuwa daga cikin garin. Sai dai kuma, a kan tituna masu fadi a tarihi, ana amfani da kekuna na baya-bayan nan don safarar mutane da kayayyaki. Ana iya samun garin daga Zanzibar da sauran yankin ta hanyoyin shiga uku.

Babban nau'in jigilar jama'a a Zanzibar shine tasi mai raba daladala; kuma babban tashar yana kusa da Kasuwar Darajani. Daladalas ya haɗa Garin Dutse zuwa wurare da dama na tsibiri, kamar Bububu (ƙauyen da ke arewa da Dutsen Dutse), filin jirgin sama, filin wasa na Amaan, Jangombe, da Magomeni.Transportation on the island of Unguja Don dogon tafiye-tafiye, akwai "mabasi" (Swahili don "bas", "basi") guda ɗaya, waɗanda manyan motoci ne da aka daidaita don jigilar fasinja. Babban tashar "mabasi" kuma yana kusa da Kasuwar da kuma hanyar sadarwar "mabasi" a fadin tsibirin kuma ita ce hanya mafi arha ta hanyar tafiya mai nisa.

Babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Zanzibar yana tsakiyar Garin Dutse kuma jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun daga Dar es Salaam da Pemba suna haɗa garin zuwa babban yankin. Garin kuma yana kusa da babban filin jirgin saman tsibirin. Filin jirgin saman Zanzibar mai nisan kilomita 9 (mil 5.6) kudu da Dutsen Town yana da jirage zuwa babban yankin Tanzaniya (musamman Arusha da Dar es Salaam) da kuma sauran manyan filayen jiragen saman Afirka kamar Nairobi, Mombasa, da Johannesburg.

 Yinayi 
Garin Dutse tare da dukan tsibiran Zanzibar suna fuskantar irin wannan yanayi a duk shekara. Tsibirin na da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara a duk shekara tare da mafi zafi watanni shine Fabrairu da Maris sannan watanni masu sanyi su ne Yuli da Agusta. A mafi yawancin watanni na shekara ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa tare da dogon lokacin damina mai tsayi daga Maris-Mayu da gajeriyar lokacin damina daga Nuwamba-Disamba. Ƙananan lokacin rani yana faruwa tsakanin Disamba-Fabrairu da Mayu-Agusta kuma saboda haka shine lokacin yawon buɗe ido saboda yawon shakatawa na bakin teku a tsibirin.

 Sanannen mazauna 

 Freddie Mercury (Farrokh Bulsara), jagoran mawaƙin Burtaniya Sarauniya, an haife shi a Garin Dutse.
 Ali Muhsin al-Barwani, ministan harkokin wajen Zanzibar mai cin gashin kansa na farko
 Bi Kidude, mawaki
 David Livingstone, mai binciken Scotland, mishan kuma ɗan mulkin mallaka
 Tippu Tip, mai cinikin bayi

 Hotuna 

 Manazarta