R

R, ko r , shine harafi na goma sha takwas na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na asali na ISO . Its sunan Turanci # ne <i id="mwGg">ar</i> (pronounced /ɑːr / )  jam'i ARS, "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit ko a Ireland ko /ɔːr / . 

 Tarihi 
Egyptian hieroglyph  tp (D1)Phoenician  ReshArchaic Greek/Old Italic  RhoRoman square capital  R15th century Florentine inscriptional capitalblackletter (Fraktur)German kurrentmodern cursive (D'Nealian 1978)D140x40px 40x40px40x40px40x40px

 Tsofaffi 
Harafin asalin Semitic na iya yin wahayi daga wani hieroglyph na Masar don tp, "kai". An yi amfani da shi don  ta Semites saboda a cikin yaren su, kalmar "kai" rêš (shima sunan harafin) Ya bunƙasa zuwa Girkanci ' Ρ '  ( rhô ) da Latin R.

The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as 25x25px) but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. 
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter.
The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p  and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish. 
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.

 Tsinuwa I 
Ƙananan minuscule (ƙaramin harafi) ( r ) ya haɓaka ta hanyoyi da yawa akan fom ɗin babban birnin. Tare da rubuce -rubucen minuscule na Latin gabaɗaya, ya ci gaba daga ƙarshe daga laƙabin Romawa ta hanyar rubutun banbanci na Late Antiquity zuwa ƙaramin Carolingian  na ƙarni  9.

A rubutun hannu, ya zama gama gari ba a rufe kasan madauki ba amma a ci gaba da shiga kafa, yana adana ƙarin bugun alkalami. Ƙunƙarar madaidaiciya-ƙafar ƙafa ta gajarta cikin madaidaicin arc da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin Carolingian kuma har zuwa yau.

An yi amfani da ƙaramin kiraigraphic minuscule r, wanda aka fi sani da r rotunda (ꝛ) a jere ko, lanƙwasa siffar r don ɗaukar nauyin o (kamar a cikin oꝛ sabanin ko )  Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bambancin inda r ya bi wasu ƙananan haruffa tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya zuwa dama (kamar b, h, p ) da kuma rubuta geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ ) Amfann da r rotunda galibi an daura shi ne da nau'ikan baƙaƙen haruffa, kuma glyph ɗin ya faɗi rashin amfani tare da haruffan haruffa a cikin mahallin Ingilishi galibi zuwa ƙarni na 18.

Rubutun insular ya yi amfani da ƙaramin abu wanda ke riƙe da bugun ƙasa biyu, amma wanda bai rufe madauki ba ("Insular r ", ꞃ)  wannan bambance-bambancen yana rayuwa a cikin nau'in Gaelic da aka shahara a Ireland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 (amma yanzu galibi an iyakance shi don dalilai na ado)

 Suna 
Sunan harafin a Latin ya kasance  (  )  bin tsarin wasu haruffan da ke wakiltar ci gaba, kamar F, L, M, N da S. An adana wannan sunan a Faransanci da sauran yaruka da yawa. A cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, sunan harafin ya canza daga  zuwa , bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wasu kalmomi da yawa kamar gona (kwatanta ferme na Faransa) da tauraro (kwatanta Stern na Jamus)

A cikin Hiberno-Turanci ana kiran harafin  ko , ɗan kama da doki, tama, orr .   

Wani lokaci ana kiran harafin R  (a zahiri 'harafin canine', galibi ana fassara shi cikin Ingilishi azaman wasiƙar kare ). Wannan kalmar Latin tana magana akan Latin R wanda aka ƙaddara don yin sauti kamar ƙaramin kare, salon magana da ake kira  ('muryar kare') Kyakkyawan misali na R wanda aka ƙera yana cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya don kare, perro . 

A cikin Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare, nas ɗin Juliet ne ya yi irin wannan bayanin a Dokar 2, yanayin 4, lokacin da ta kira harafin R "sunan kare". Hakanan ana samun bayanin a cikin Nahawun Ingilishi na Ben Jonson . 

 Furuci da amfani 

+Pronunciations of RrLanguages in italics do not use the roman alphabet; the table refers to romanizationsLanguageDialect(s)Pronunciation (IPA)EnvironmentNotesAlbanianrr represents a trilled /r/ArabicMost dialectsNorth Mesopotamian, Judeo-IraqiEgyptianCatalanWord-initiallyUsuallyDanishArchaicDutchMost dialectsBrabantish, LimburgishEnglishNon-rhoticBefore vowelssilentAfter vowelsRhoticBefore vowelsʵAfter vowelsFaroeseFrenchGalicianGermanStandardBefore vowelsAfter vowelsGutnishHaitianHebrewArchaicHopiIrishAfter i; before e, iItalianJapaneseStandardLeoneseMandarinStandardManxsilentMāoriNorwegianMost dialectsWestern and Southern dialectsTromsøPortugueseIn certain environmentsIn certain environmentsScottish GaelicUsuallyAfter i;  before e, iSicilianSpanishSome dialectsAfter a vowelMost dialectsWord-initiallyAll dialectsUsuallyPuerto RicanWord-initiallySwedishMost dialectsSouthern dialectsTurkishVenetianMost dialectsVeniceVietnameseNorthern dialectMost dialects, , , 

 Turanci 
Harafin ⟩ ne na takwas ya fi na kowa wasika a Turanci da huɗu-fi na kowa baƙi (bayan ⟩ ⟩ kuma ⟩ 

Harafin ⟩ ake amfani da su samar da kawo karshen "-re", wanda aka yi amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar cibiyar a wasu irin English kuskure, kamar British Turanci . Ingilishi na Kanada shima yana amfani da ƙarshen "-re", sabanin Ingilishi na Amurka, inda galibi ana maye gurbin ƙarshen ta "-er" ( tsakiya ) Wannan baya shafar furtawa.

 Wasu harsuna 
⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
Alveolar trill  Saurara wasu yarukan Ingilishi na Ingilishi ko cikin magana mai ƙarfi, daidaitaccen Yaren mutanen Holland, Finnish, Galician, Jamusanci a wasu yaruka, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesiyan, Italiyanci, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mafi yawa a arewa maso yamma, Polish, Fotigal tsarin gargajiya), Romanian, Rasha, Scots, Slovak, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh ; ma Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ Kusan Alveolar  Saurara Turanci (yawancin iri), Yaren mutanen Holland a cikin wasu yarukan Dutch (a cikin takamaiman matsayi na kalmomi), Faroese, Sicilian Murfin Alveolar / Alveolar famfo  Saurara Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Bagalike, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Harshen Maori Sautin muryar retroflex  Saurara Yaren mutanen Norway kusa da Tromsø ; Mutanen Espanya da ake amfani da su a matsayin allophone na / r / a cikin wasu lafazin Kudancin Amurka; An yi amfani da Hopi kafin wasali, kamar a cikin raana, "toad", daga ranar Rana ta Spain; Harshen Hanyu Pinyin na Ingantaccen Sinanci . Kimanin Retroflex  Saurara wasu yarukan Ingilishi (a Amurka, Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, da Dublin ), Gutnish Kwallan Retroflex  Saurara Yaren mutanen Norway lokacin da <d> ke bi, wani lokacin cikin Ingilishi na Scottish Tashin mahaifa  Saurara Matsayin matakin Jamusanci; wasu yarukan Yaren mutanen Holland (a cikin Brabant da Limburg, da wasu yarukan birni a Netherlands), Yaren mutanen Sweden a Kudancin Sweden, Yaren mutanen Norway a ɓangarorin yamma da kudanci, Venetian kawai a yankin Venice. Muryar muryar uvular  Saurara Arewa Mesopotamian Larabci, Judeo-Iraqi Larabci, Jamus, Danish, Faransa, misali Turai Portuguese ⟩ misali Brazilian Portuguese ⟩ Puerto Rican Spanish ⟩ da 'r-' a yammacinta, Norwegian a yammacin da kuma kudancin .
Wasu harsuna iya amfani da harafin ⟩ a cikin harafi (ko Latin transliterations makircinsu) su wakilci rhotic baƙaƙe daban-daban daga alveolar trill. A Haiti Creole, shi wakiltar wani sauti haka rauni da cewa shi ne sau da yawa da aka rubuta interchangeably da ⟩ misali 'Kweyol' don 'Kreyol'.

Brazil Portuguese yana da babban yawan allophones na /ʁ / kamar [ χ ] [ h ] [ ɦ ] [ x ] [ ɣ ] [ ɹ ] da [ r ] da karshen uku wadanda za a iya amfani kawai a wasu riƙa [ ɣ ] da [ r ] kamar yadda ⟩ [ ɹ ] a syllable coda, kamar yadda wani allophone na /ɾ / bisa ga Turai Portuguese kullum da kuma /ʁ / bisa ga Brazilian Portuguese na kullum)  Yawanci aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin yare ɗaya, kamar Rio de Janeiro ' [ ʁ ], [ χ ], [ ɦ ] kuma, ga speakersan masu magana, [ ɣ ] .

 Sauran tsarin 
Haruffan Sautin na Ƙasa yana amfani da saɓani da yawa na harafin don wakiltar baƙaƙe daban -daban; ⟩ wakiltar alveolar trill .

 Haruffa masu alaƙa 

 Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin 

 R tare da diacritics : Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř Ř ř Ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ ṛ ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ ɽ ̃ R̃ r̃ ᵲ  ꭨ  ᵳ  ᶉ 
 International karin lafazi Alphabet -specific alamomin alaka R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
 Tsofaffin alamomin da ba a saba da su ba a cikin Harafin Sauti na Duniya: ɿ ɿ
 Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da R:  

 Bambance -bambancen Calligraphic a cikin haruffan Latin 

 Ꝛ : R rotunda
 Ꞃ : "Insular" R ( nau'in Gaelic )

 Kakannin kakanni da lingsan uwan juna a wasu haruffa 

 Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Resh, wanda haruffa masu zuwa ke fitowa daga ciki
 Ρ : Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
 Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
 Ƙari : Harafin Runic Raido
 Р : Harafin Cyrillic Er
 Ƙari : Harafin Gothic Reda

 Ragewa, alamomi da alamomi 

 : Alama don " amsa " a cikin liturgy
 Ƙari : Likitan likita Rx
 Ƙari : Ruble alama
 Ƙari : Alamar alamar kasuwanci mai rijista

 Physics 
Sanarwa Yawa Naúra R juriya na lantarki ohm (Ω) Tensor Ricci marar raka'a annuri gas akai joule per mole -kelvin (J/(mol · K)) r radius vector (matsayi) mita (m) r radius na juyawa ko tazara tsakanin abubuwa biyu kamar talakawa a cikin dokar Newton na ɗaukar nauyi mita (m)

 Kimiyya 

 A cikin dabarun sunadarai, ana amfani da su don nuna wani mai maye, wanda kuma aka sani da "rukunin R". Misali, "Na (KO) 
 A cikin sunan IUPAC da aka fi so don sunadarai ana amfani da su don nuna takamaiman enantiomer . Misali (R) -2- (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid" yana daya daga cikin enantiomers na mecoprop .

 Encoding 

 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

 Sauran wakilci 

 Duba kuma 

 Gutural R

 Nassoshi 


 Hanyoyin waje 




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