Tang He

Tang He ( Chinese ; dubu daya da dari uku da ashirin da shida zuwa dubu data da Dari uku da casa'in da Bihar 1326 - 1395), sunan ladabi Dingchen, babban hali ne a cikin tawayen da ya ƙare daular Yuan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan janar na daular Ming . Ya fito daga ƙauye ɗaya da Zhu Yuanzhang kuma ya shiga cikin Guo Zixing ta Red Turban Rebellion, ƙungiyar millenarian da ke da alaƙa da White Lotus Society, a lokacin tashin ta na asali, a cikin Maris 1352.   An yi wa Tang girma da sauri cikin matsayi yayin da sojojin Guo ke ƙaruwa. Bayan da ya ci birnin Jiqing ( birnin Nanjing na yanzu ) da birnin Zhenjiang, wanda ke karkashin umurnin Zhu Yuanzhang, an kara masa girma zuwa Yuan Shuai (kwamandan reshe), kuma bayan ya ci Changzhou a watan Afrilu dubu daya da dari uku da hamsin da bakwai 1357, an sanya Tang a matsayin kwamanda a can. mukamin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban hukumar harkokin soji.   A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari uku da sittin da bakwai 1367, an kuma tura shi kudu don kayar da sojojin Fang Guozhen da Chen Youding, sannan ya yi kamfen a Shanxi, Gansu, da Ningxia karkashin umurnin Xu Da . An ba shi taken Duke Xingguo.  Tang Ya mutu a watan Agustan  dubu daya da Dari uku da casa'in da biyar1

1395, ɗaya daga cikin fewan janar janar na daular Ming waɗanda suka mutu na halitta.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Tang cikin dangin manoma marasa galihu a ƙauyen Zhongli, wanda ke cikin Fengyang na yanzu, Lardin Anhui . Shi da Zhu Yuangzhang sun kasance abokai tun suna kanana, kuma daga baya Tang ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan kusanci kuma babban janar na Zhu.   Tang ya nuna burinsa da basirarsa a matsayin mayaƙin soja tun yana ƙanana. Zai so ya zama abokin haɗin gwiwa na jagora, kuma ya fi son yin hawan hawa da arching tun yana ƙarami. Bayan girma, Tang ya zama mutum mai nutsuwa, mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfin zuciya, kuma mai magana mai kyau wanda zai iya zama fitaccen soja. 

 Aikin soja 

 Farkon aiki 
A shekara ta dubu daya da dari uku da hamsin da biyu 1352, saboda bala'in da ya faru da mulkin da bai dace ba na daular Yuan, wata ƙungiyar tawaye mai suna Red Turbans ta tashi. Ya nuna farkon ƙarshen mulkin Mongol a kan China.  Tang ya shiga cikin tawaye tare da wasu samari masu son zuciya, kuma ya gayyaci Zhu Yuanzhang, wanda ya zama babban masani a Haikalin Huangjue, zuwa ga Red Turbans.  Zhu ya karbi wannan gayyatar; bayan haka, ba da daɗewa ba aka ba shi matsayi sama da Tang saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. A farkon shekara ta dubu daya da Dari uku da Hamsin da hudu 1354, Zhu Yuangzhang, sannan mai tsaron Guo, ya zaɓi Tang ya zama ɗaya daga cikin maza ashirin da huɗu da za su zama tushen umarnin kansa.

Bayan da Zhu ya kwace Chuzhou a watan Afrilu, ya sami mukamin kwamandan bataliya.  Tang ya yi aiki karkashin Zhu a mamayar Dahongshan a shekara ta 1353, kuma sun ci Chuzhou da Hezhou tare. Tang shi kaɗai ne ya goyi bayan Zhu sosai lokacin da sauran janar a Hezhou suka yi adawa da ikon Zhu a 1355. 

Daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar, Tang tare da sauran janar -janar sun ci Lishui da Jurong karkashin umurnin Zhu. A cikin guguwar Taiping, a kan Cheng Yexian, kibiya ta ji rauni a kafar hagu. Ko da yake ya ji rauni sosai, Tang ya ci gaba da yaƙin kuma a ƙarshe ya kama Cheng da rai.  A shekara ta 1356, yana hidima a ƙarƙashin Xu Da, Tang ya shiga cikin cin nasarar Jiqing ( Nanjing na yanzu ), wanda ya zama tushen aikin Zhu kuma babban birnin daular Ming. Ba da daɗewa ba, Tang da Xu Da sun ci Zhenjiang da Changzhou . Bayan wadannan nasarori, an kara Tang zuwa Yuan Shuai (kwamandan reshe), kuma an sanya shi a Changzhou tare da mukamin mataimakin mataimaki babban shumiyuan (Hukumar Harkokin Soja).  

 Tsaro na Changzhou 
Changzhou ya kasance mafi mahimmanci na birane da yawa da Zhu Yuanzhang ke sarrafawa, wanda ya zama layin kariya ga masarautar Zhang Shicheng, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Wu kuma abokin gaban Zhu.  Tang Shi da babban rundunarsa sun kare garin kuma suyi aiki azaman ajiyar wayar hannu don taimakawa wasu biranen lokacin da aka yi musu barazana. Zhang ya aika da 'yan leken asiri cikin hanzari don samun bayanai, amma duk sun gaza, saboda dogaro da umarnin Tang. Zhang ya kuma mamaye birnin sau da yawa, yayin da Tang ya ci nasara daya kai hari a watan Fabrairun 1358, kuma a watan Mayun 1359, Tang ya kama maza sama da dubu daya da jiragen ruwa arba'in ta hanyar kwanton bauna.   Tang bai shiga yakin da aka yi da Chen Yuliang ba, saboda an umarce shi da ya kai hare -haren wuce gona da iri kan yankunan Zhang Shicheng. A watan Fabrairun 1363, an kara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin manajan sakatariya; sannan, a cikin Afrilu 1364, ya zama babban mai gudanarwa. 

 Yaƙi da Zhang Shicheng 
A ƙarshe, babban rundunar Zhu ta koma Nanjing bayan ta ci Chen, kuma an ba sojojin Tang izinin zuwa wasu yankuna. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ba Tang lakabin babban sakataren hagu saboda ya kayar da sojojin Zhang kwata-kwata a cikin mamayar Wuxi, kuma an ba shi matsayin "Pin Zhang Zhen Shi" (babban mukami) bayan cin nasara kan sojojin ruwan Zhang a yankin Dutsen Huangyang.  Daga baya a watan Disamba na 1364, Tang ya sauƙaƙe Changxing daga harin Zhang Shixin (ɗan'uwan Zhang Shicheng), kuma ya kama sojoji dubu takwas da rai a cikin yaƙin da aka gwabza.  A watan Oktoban shekarar 1365, Tang ya shiga yakin karshe da Zhang Shicheng karkashin umurnin Xu Da . Nan da nan Tang ya lalata sojojin ruwan Zhang a tafkin Tai da Wujiang, ya koma babban sojojin da suka kewaye Suzhou .  A cikin fada a Chang Men (wani ɓangare na Suzhou), Tang ya sake samun rauni. Ya dawo Nanjing don yin gwagwarmaya, amma ya dawo ba da daɗewa ba don mamayar Suzhou a watan Oktoba, 1367. Zhu ya ba Tang lada mai girma bayan yaƙin, kuma an ba shi matsayin babban malami ga magajin gado a watan Fabrairu na shekara mai zuwa.  

 Cin nasarar Fujian 
A shekarar 1365, Zhu ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Wu.  Bayan rugujewar babban maƙiyinsu na ƙarshe, Zhang, an sanya Tang a matsayin mai kula da balaguron kudanci tare da Wu Zhen a matsayin mataimakinsa, kuma an umarce shi da ya jagoranci tsoffin garuruwan Jiangzhou, Jiangxing, da Jiangyin don murƙushe Fang Guozhen.  Tang ya ci Yuyao, Shangyu, da Qinyuan cikin nasara a karshen watan Nuwamba, amma Fang ya tsere kan teku, tare da asarar raka'a kadan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya umarci Liao Yuanzhong ya tallafa wa Tang da jiragensa. Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta bi rundunar sojojin ruwan Fang. A ƙarshen Disamba, Fang ya ba da jiragen ruwa ɗari huɗu da maza dubu ashirin da huɗu.  A daidai lokacin da Xu Da ya ci arewacin kasar Sin, sojojin Zhu sun mamaye yankin Fujian daga cikin teku daga yamma. A cikin goyon baya, Tang He da Liao Yuanzhong sun tashi zuwa Fuzhou a watan Janairu. Tang ya mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa bayan gajeriyar mamayar, kuma wannan ya jagoranci biranen da ke gabar teku, da suka hada da Xinhua, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, su mika wuya jim kadan.  Daga nan sojojin masu balaguro suka matsa kusa da kogin, inda suka cafke babban mayaƙin goyon bayan Yuan Chen Yuting da rai.  Wannan ya kammala kamfen ɗin a Fujian, kuma zai zama babban nasarar soja na Tang. A watan Maris 1366, Tang ya koma Ningbo don jigilar hatsi ta teku zuwa arewa tare da tsohon ma'aikacin Fang Guozhen, kuma ya sanya Liao a matsayin kwamandan rundunar. 

 Nasarar Arewa da Yammacin China 
Tang ya raka sarki zuwa Kaifeng a watan Agustan 1368. A can, an ba shi aikin cinye biranen arewacin Henan da kudancin Shanxi . Bayan kammala aikinsa, Tang ya shiga babban rundunar Zhu a karkashin Xu Da, kuma tare suka shiga Shanxi a shekara ta 1369.  Yaƙin ya ƙare a watan Satumba, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, an kira Tang He da Xu Da zuwa Nanjing don karɓar lada daga sarki. Koyaya, saboda Tang ya ɓata wa sarki rai sau ɗaya a Changzhou bayan ya sha giya, ya sami lada kaɗan fiye da shugabannin. 

Bayan 'yan makonni kadan, Tang ya zama mataimakin Xu Da don mamayar arewa, kuma ya kasance cikin babban nasara akan Köke Temür (wanda kuma ake kira Wang Baobao) a Gansu; daga baya Tang ya ware daga babban sojojin kuma ya tura arewa.  Ya ci yankin Xingxia da Ordos, inda ya dauki dubun dubatan dabbobi. Sojojinsa sun kasance a saman ƙafar Kogin Yellow har zuwa ƙarshen shekara, lokacin da aka kira Tang da wasu janar -janar zuwa Nanjing don yin biki da karɓar sarautu masu daraja daga sarkin.  A wannan karon, an baiwa Tang taken Marquis na Zhongshan, tare da albashin shekara na 1500 Shi. An ba shi matsayi na bakwai a cikin manyan Ming kuma na farko a cikin marquis na wannan ranar.  A watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1371, an tura rundunoni biyu, kasa daya da na ruwa guda daya zuwa Sichuan don cin jihar Xia. An sanya Tang a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin ruwa, tare da Liao Yuanzhong da Zhou Dexing a matsayin mataimakansa. Burinsa shi ne ya wuce rafin zuwa Chongqing .   Koyaya, Tang bai sami hanyar wuce ramukan ba lokacin da sojojin ƙasa da Fu Youde ke ba da umarni ke ci gaba da tafiya, kuma Tang ya rasa imani bayan yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa. Daga ƙarshe, Liao Yuanzhong, wanda duk aikin sa ya kasance kan ruwa, ya sami hanyar da zai bi ta jirgin ruwan sa, kuma duk sojojin ruwan sun sami damar ci gaba da ruwa.   Chongqing ya fadi a farkon watan Agusta, yayin da Chengdu kuma ya mika kansa a cikin wannan watan. Lokacin da Tang ya koma wurin sarki a watan Nuwamba, sarki ya yanke hukunci ladar wannan kamfen na Liao Yuanzhong da Fu Youde, saboda rashin isasshen aikin Tang. 

 Tsaro daga Mongols 
A shekara ta 1372, Tang ya umarci daya daga cikin rundunonin yaki da 'yan kabilar Mongoliya a arewa, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, a tsaunin Duantou, ya sha kashi sosai.   Bayan watanni biyu kawai, Köke Temür ya ci babban sojojin Xu Da. Bayan wannan, sarkin ya yanke shawarar saita matsayin tsaro a arewa. Tang da kansa ba a hukunta shi ba saboda wannan asara, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa, an naɗa shi shugaban rundunar soji a iyakar arewa.

A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Tang ya sa ido kan horar da sojoji, kafuwar yankunan soji, da gyaran bangon Beiping da Zhangde.  A ƙarshen 1374, an sake kiran Tang zuwa Nanjing na ɗan lokaci, amma a watan Fabrairu 1375, ya koma mazaunin sojojin a Shanxi. Mutuwar Köke Temür a cikin wannan shekarar ta rage matsin lamba na yankin arewa na ɗan lokaci, amma ba da daɗewa ba Boyan Temür ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin jagoran Mongols kuma ya mamaye Shanxi. Tun farkon 1376, Tang, tare da Fu Youde da wasu janar -janar da yawa, sun zauna a Shanxi kuma sun yi tsayayya da mamayewa daga Mongoliya kusan shekaru biyu, har Boyan Temür ya bar yankin.  

 Ƙarshen aikin 
A watan Fabrairun 1378, Tang He ya zama Duke na Xinguo.  A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, Tang ya jagoranci horar da sojoji a yankin arewa maso yamma. A farkon shekarar 1381, Tang, a matsayin mataimakin Xu Da, ya samu babban nasara a yakin da ake yi da 'yan kabilar Mongoliya, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a sabuwar yankin da aka mamaye shekaru masu zuwa. Sannan a shekara ta 1383, an aika da Tang don ya jagoranci sojoji a Yong Ning, Sichuan, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya duba sojoji da yankunan da sojoji ke mallaka a Fujian da Zhejiang domin inganta tsaro kan 'yan fashin teku na Japan (Wokou).  

A shekara ta 1385, sarki ya aiko da dansa na shida, sarkin Chu, Zhu Zhen, don murkushe tawaye a Guizhou da aka sani da tawayen kabilar Wumian.   An aika Tang a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga yariman, da kuma a matsayin ainihin kwamanda. Bayan yakin neman zabe, Tang ya kama 'yan tawaye dubu arba'in kuma ya kwantar da lardin a cikin' yan watanni.  Bayan ya dawo babban birnin kasar a watan Fabrairu, 1386, Tang ya nemi izinin sarkin don yin ritaya. Ko da yake roƙonsa ya burge shi, Zhu Yuan Zhang ya yi tunanin Tang har yanzu yana da ƙarfi kuma ya ba shi aiki mafi sauƙi don kula da tsaron teku a Zhejiang. A watan Yuli na shekarar 1388, Tang ya sake gabatar da wata bukata, wadda aka amince da ita. Sarki ya sallame shi da lada mai yawa.  

 Shekaru na baya da kimantawa 
A ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1390, Tang ya rasa muryarsa bayan ya kamu da bugun jini, kuma bayan haka kawai ya fito bainar jama'a.  Yanayin lafiyarsa ya tsananta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga ƙarshe, Tang He ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1395 yana ɗan shekara sittin da tara.  Tang an ba shi mukamin sarautar Dongwa, kuma an ba shi suna Duke Xinguo. Kodayake ya harzuka sarki sau ɗaya kuma ana iya yanke masa hukunci a matsayin babban kwamanda, Tang ya riƙe ni'imar Zhu Yuanzhang har ƙarshe.   Amincewar da ya samu daga sarkin ya dogara ne akan kyakkyawar abokantaka tun yana ƙanana, da goyon bayan da yake bayarwa a lokacin da aka ƙalubalanci Zhu. Wannan amana ta ci gaba bayan 1380, saboda Tang yana shirye ya ba da umurninsa a lokacin da Zhu ke jan ragamar mulkin soja.   Tang misali ne na wani baƙauye wanda ya hau mulki da shahara a farkon daular Ming. 

 Iyali 
Tang Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyar. Mafi tsufa, Tang Li, daga baya ya kai matsayin mataimakiyar kwamishina, amma an soke sarkin.  A shekara ta 1492, sarki Zhu Youtang ya nada zuriyar Tang a cikin zuriya ta shida, Tang Shaozong, a matsayin babban mai gadin rigar kayan ado a Nanjing.  Nasabarsa ta sami taken gado na marquis na Lingbi, da albashin shekara -shekara na 1000 Shi wanda aka gada har zuwa ƙarshen daular Ming. Tang Har ila yau, yana da 'ya'ya mata biyar, babba ta zama ƙwarƙwarar ɗanta na goma na Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Tan, kuma' yar uwarta ta maye gurbin ta a watan Agusta 1387 bayan rasuwar ta.  

Manazarta

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