Gudanar da Sharar gida a India

Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya yana karkashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Sauyin yanayi na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shwk2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta kasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko.

Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.  

Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030.   

 Kirkirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki 

Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga kungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da habakar tattalin arziki suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda kasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban.

Duk da cigaba a yankunan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke bukatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya  duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka.

 E-sharar gida a Indiya 
Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5. kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. 

Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziki da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020.  

 Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida 
An kaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da:

 Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, karfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. 
 An umurci kananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga.  
 Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. 
 An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 
 Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar wutar lantarki. 

 Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya 
Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. 

Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20.

 Shirye-shiryen tushen birni 
A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin.

Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), Swach Co-op Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009).  Babban Kotun Karnataka ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar.  Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, Mumbai, yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). 
Jiha Garin Sunan Kaddamarwar  Hukumar aiwatarwa Ladakh (UT) Leh Tsangda Project Sashen Raya Karkara  Chhattisgarh Durg - Municipal Corporation  Chhattisgarh Ambikapur - Municipal Corporation  Karnataka Mysuru - Kamfanin City  Maharashtra Nawi Mumbai - Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation  Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam - Municipal Corporation  Karnataka Bengaluru - Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike  Madhya Pradesh Indore - Indore Municipal Corporation  Maharashtra Pune - Pune Municipal Corporation  Karnataka Bengaluru Bettahalasur Project HANYA  Tamil Nadu Madurai T Kallupatti Garin panchayat  West Bengal Kolkata Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata  

 Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). 
MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya.  Aikace-aikacen, Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada, yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi. 

 Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu 
Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida,   duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin.  Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano.  Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP.  Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP;  fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP.  Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba.  Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara.

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Muhalli na Indiya

 Manazarta 

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