Magudanar muhalli

Magudanar muhalli, suna bayyana adadi, lokaci, da ingancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata dan dorewar ruwa mai kyau da tsabta da muhallin halittu da rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin. A cikin mahallin Indiya kogin da ake buƙata don buƙatun al'adu da na ruhaniya yana ɗaukar mahimmanci. http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/exec_summary_mail_1_28.pdf Ta hanyar aiwatar da kwararar muhalli, masu kula da ruwa suna ƙoƙari don cimma tsarin gudana, ko tsari, wanda ke ba da amfanin ɗan adam da kiyaye mahimman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don tallafawa yanayin yanayin kogin lafiya. Magudanar muhalli ba lallai ba ne ace ya buƙaci maido da dabi'un dabi'un da za su iya faruwa ba tare da ci gaban ɗan adam ba, amfani, da karkatar da su amma, a maimakon haka, an yi niyya ne don samar da fa'ida mai fa'ida da fa'ida daga koguna fiye da kulawa da aka mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. makamashi, nishaɗi, ko sarrafa ambaliya.

Koguna sassa ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗa da filayen ambaliya da magudanan ruwa. Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tsarin suna ba da babban fa'idodi. Duk da haka, ana ƙara samun canjin kogunan duniya ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa, da magudanan ruwa. Fiye da rabin manyan koguna na duniya ne aka datse su, Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., and Revenga, C. 2005. Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems. Science 308:405-408. adadi da ke ci gaba da karuwa. Kusan madatsun ruwa kimanin 1,000 ne ake shirin ginawa ko kuma ana gina su a Kudancin Amurka, kuma ana shirin gina sabbin madatsun ruwa guda 50 a kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin kadai.  Dams da sauran gine-ginen kogin suna canza yanayin kwararowar ruwa kuma saboda haka suna shafar ingancin ruwa, zafin jiki, motsin ruwa da jibgewa, kifaye da namun daji, da kuma rayuwar mutanen da suka dogara da ingantaccen yanayin kogin. Postel, S., and Richter, B. 2003. Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Magudanar muhalli na neman kula da waɗannan ayyukan kogin yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da fa'idodin gargajiya na waje.

 Juyin Halittu na kwararar muhalli da kuma ganewa 
Tun daga farkon karni na 20 zuwa  shekarata 1960, kula da ruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fi mayar da hankali kan kara yawan kariyar ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan ayyukan ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi hanyoyin da za a gyara ayyukan dam don kula da wasu nau'in kifin. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tantance mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don adana nau'in ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai, kamar kifi, a cikin kogi. Wasu daga cikin Matsalolin muhalli sun samo asali ne daga wannan ra'ayi na "mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa" da kuma, daga baya, "gudanar ruwa", wanda ya jaddada buƙatar kiyaye ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A cikin shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa tsarin halittu da zamantakewar da koguna ke tallafawa suna da wahala sosai don a taƙaice su da ƙaramin buƙatun ruwa guda ɗaya. Bunn, S. E., and Arthington, A. H. 2002. Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environmental Management 30:492-507.  Tun daga shekarun 1990s, maidowa da kuma kula da matsugunan muhalli masu fa'ida sun sami ƙarin tallafi, kamar yadda ƙarfin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi ke da ikon ayyana waɗannan kwararar ruwa don kiyaye cikakkiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan kogi, matakai da ayyuka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, aiwatarwa ya samo asali ne daga sake aikin madatsar ruwa  zuwa haɗin kai ga duk wani nau'i na kula da ruwa, Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G. J. J., and Scanlon, J., eds. 2003. Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK . ciki har da ruwa na kasa da ruwa da kuma dawowa, da kuma amfani da ƙasa da kuma kula da ruwa na guguwa. Ilimin kimiyya don tallafawa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwararar muhalli na yanki da gudanarwa shima ya ci gaba. Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Poff, N. L., and Naiman, R. J. 2006. The challenge of providing environmental flow rules to sustain river ecosystems. Ecological Applications 16(4):1311-1318.

A wani bincike na duniya na kwararru kan ruwa da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 don auna hasashen kwararar muhalli, kashi 88% na 272 da suka amsa sun amince da cewa manufar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga dorewar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma biyan bukatun mutane na dogon lokaci. Moore, M. 2004. Perceptions and interpretations of environmental flows and implications for future water resource management: A survey study. Masters Thesis, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Sweden. A cikin shekarata 2007, sama da ma'aikata 750 daga ƙasashe sama da 50 ne suka amince da sanarwar Brisbane akan kwararar muhalli.  Sanarwar ta sanar da yin alkawarin yin aiki tare don kare da dawo da koguna da tafkunan duniya. A shekara ta 2010, manyan ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da manufofin kwararar muhalli, kodayake aiwatar da su ya kasance ƙalubale. Le Quesne, T., Kendy, E., and Weston, D. 2010. The Implementation Challenge: Taking stock of government policies to protect and restore environmental flows.  WWF and The Nature Conservancy.

 Misalai 
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da ake yi a halin yanzu don maido da kwararar mahalli shine Tsarin Ruwa mai Dorewa, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Nature Conservancy (TNC) da US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), wanda shi ne babban manajan ruwa a Amurka. Tun daga shekarata 2002, TNC da USACE suna aiki don ayyana da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli ta hanyar canza ayyukan madatsun ruwa na USACE a cikin koguna 8 a cikin jihohi 12. Sake aikin madatsar ruwa don sakin matsugunan muhalli, tare da dawo da ambaliya, a wasu lokutan ya kara yawan ruwan da ake samu don samar da wutar lantarki tare da rage hadarin ambaliya.

Kogin Bill Williams na Arizona, wanda ke gudana daga kogin Alamo Dam, ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan da aka nuna a cikin Aikin koguna masu dorewa. Bayan tattaunawa game da gyara ayyukan madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekarun 1990, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida sun fara aiki tare da TNC da USACE a cikin shekarata 2005 bisa bincike don gano takamaiman dabaru don inganta lafiyar muhalli da nau'ikan halittu na rafin rafi daga madatsar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun tattara mafi kyawun bayanan da ake samu kuma sun yi aiki tare don ayyana kwararar muhalli don kogin Bill Williams . U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. Defining Ecosystem Flow Requirements for the Bill Williams River, Arizona. Open-File Report 2006-1314. Edited by Shafroth, P.B. and V.B. Beauchamp. Duk da yake ba za a iya aiwatar da duk abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar kwararar muhalli nan da nan ba, USACE ta canza ayyukanta na Dam na Alamo don haɗa ƙarin ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ci gaba da sa ido yana ɗaukar sakamakon sakamakon muhalli kamar sake sabunta gandun daji na willow-cottonwood, murkushe tamarisk masu cin zarafi da waɗanda ba na asali ba, maido da ƙarin yawan halittu na madatsun ruwa na beaver da wuraren zama masu alaƙa, canje-canje a cikin yawan kwari na ruwa, da haɓaka ruwan ƙasa . yi caji . Manya Daga cikin Injiniyoyin USACE na ci gaba da tuntubar masana kimiyya akai-akai kuma suna amfani da sakamakon sa ido don kara inganta ayyukan dam. Shafroth, P., Wilcox, A., Lytle, D., Hickey, J., Andersen, D., Beauchamp, V., Hautzinger, A., McMullen, L., and Warner, A. 2010. Ecosystem effects of environmental flows: modeling and experimental floods in a dryland river. Freshwater Biology 55: 68-85.

Wani shari'ar da masu ruwa da tsaki suka samar da shawarwarin kwararar muhalli shine aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Honduras ' Patuca III . Kogin Patuca, kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Amurka ta tsakiya, ya tallafawa yawan kifin, da ciyar da amfanin gona, kuma ya ba da damar kewayawa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali da yawa, gami da Indiyawan Tawahka, Pech, da Miskito, na ɗaruruwan shekaru. Don kare lafiyar muhalli na mafi girma dajin dajin da ba a daɗe ba a arewacin Amazon da mazaunanta, TNC da Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE, hukumar da ke da alhakin aikin) sun amince da yin nazari da ƙayyade kwararar ruwa masu mahimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar ɗan adam da na halitta. al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Saboda karancin bayanai da ake da su, an samar da sabbin dabaru don kimanta bukatu masu kwarara bisa gogewa da lura da mutanen yankin da suka dogara da wannan kusan tsaftataccen ruwan kogin. Esselman, P. C., and Opperman, J. J. 2010. Overcoming information limitations for the prescription of an environmental flow regime for a Central American river. Ecology and Society 15(1):6 (online).

 Hanyoyi, kayan aiki, da samfura 
Fiye da hanyoyi guda 200 ana amfani da su a duk duniya don tsara magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da koguna masu lafiya. Koyaya, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma cikakke, suna lissafin yanayin yanayi da bambancin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake buƙata don tallafawa duk sabis na tsarin halittu waɗanda koguna masu lafiya suke bayarwa. Tharme, R. E. 2003. A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications 19:397-441. Irin waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa da DRIFT (Amsa na ƙasa don Canjin Canjin Ruwa), King, J., Brown, C., and Sabet, H. 2003. A scenario-based holistic approach to environmental flow assessments for rivers. River Research and Applications 19(5-6):619-639. BBM (Tsarin Tsarin Ginin Ginin), King, J., and Louw, D. 1998. Instream flow assessments for regulated rivers in South Africa using the Building Block Methodology. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 1:109-124. da "Tsarin Savannah" Richter, B. D., Warner, A. T., Meyer, J. L., and Lutz, K. 2006. A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations. River Research and Applications 22:297-318. don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, da ELOHA (Iyakokin Muhalli na Canjin Hydrologic) don tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na yanki. Poff, N. L., Richter, B. D., Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Naiman, R. J., Kendy, E., Acreman, M., Apse, C., Bledsoe, B. P., Freeman, M. C., Henriksen, J., Jacobson, R. B., Kennen, J. G., Merritt, D. M., O'Keeffe, J. H., Olden, J. D., Rogers, K., Tharme, R. E., and Warner, A. 2010. The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards. Freshwater Biology 55:147-170. Hanyar "mafi kyau", ko mafi kusantar, hanyoyin, don yanayin da aka ba da shi ya dogara da adadin albarkatun da bayanai da ake samuwa, batutuwa mafi mahimmanci, da matakin tabbacin da ake bukata. Don sauƙaƙe takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ƙira da kayan aikin kwamfuta da yawa sun ƙirƙira ta ƙungiyoyi kamar USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center  Archived   don kama buƙatun kwarara da aka ayyana a cikin saitin bita (misali, HEC-RPT  ) ko don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli (misali, HEC-ResSim , HEC-RAS , da HEC-EFM  ). Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙira ƙirar 2D daga ƙirar tashin hankali na 3D dangane da Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy zuwa mafi dacewa da ƙira babban sikelin muhalli. Cao, M. and Roberts, A. J. 2012. Modelling 3D turbulent floods based upon the Smagorinski large eddy closure. Proceedings of the 18th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference Published by the Australasian Fluid Mechanics Society. Wannan samfurin ya dogara ne akan jinkirin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na rikice-rikice na Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy maimakon ace matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara.

Sauran hanyoyin tantance kwararar muhalli da aka gwada da kuma gwadawa sun haɗa da DRIFT (King et al. A shekarata 2003), kuma wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi a rikicin Kishenganga HPP tsakanin Pakistan da Indiya a Kotun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Duniya.

 A Indiya 
A Indiya, bukatuwar kwararar muhalli ta samo asali daga daruruwan manyan madatsun ruwa da ake shiryawa a cikin kogin Himalayan don samar da wutar lantarki. Rikicin madatsun ruwa da aka tsara a fadin Lohit, Kogin Dibang a cikin kogin Brahmaputra, kogin Alaknanda da kogin Bhagirathi a cikin Ganga basin da Teesta a Sikkim alal misali, za su ƙare a cikin kogunan da ke gudana ta hanyar ramuka da hannun jari na alkalami maimakon kogin. tashoshi. Akwai wasu shawarwarin da hukumomi daban-daban suka bayar (Kotu, Kotuna, Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka (Indiya) ) game da sakin hanyoyin lantarki daga madatsun ruwa. Koyaya, waɗannan shawarwarin ba su taɓa samun goyan baya daga maƙasudai masu ƙarfi ba game da dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar wasu sakin e-flow. 

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Ruwan da ke shigowa
 Rashin ruwa

 Manazarta 

Category:Muhalli
Category:Yanayi
Category:Indiyawa
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba