Bamberg

Bamberg (/ˈbæmbɜːrɡ/, Amurka kuma/ˈbɑːmbɛərk/, Jamusanci: [ˈbambɛʁk] (saurara)) birni ne, da ke cikin Upper Franconia, Jamus, akan kogin Regnitz kusa da haɗuwarsa da kogin Main. Garin ya samo asali ne tun karni na 9, lokacin da aka samo sunansa daga gidan Babenberch na kusa. Da aka ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun garuruwan Jamus, tsohon garinsa ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun shekarar 1993, tare da Bamberg gida ne ga katangar tsohon birni mafi girma a Turai.

Daga karni na 10 zuwa gaba, Bamberg ya zama babbar hanyar haɗi tare da al'ummomin Slav, musamman na Poland da Pomerania. Ta samu babban ci gaba tun daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, wanda a lokacin ya kasance tsakiyar Daular Rum a takaice. An kuma binne sarki Henry II a tsohon garin, tare da matarsa ​​Kunigunde. Gine-ginen garin daga wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a Arewacin Jamus da Hungary. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. An haɓaka wannan haɓakar ta hanyar samun babban yanki na ƙididdigar Meran a cikin 1248 da 1260 ta wurin gani, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar rabon fifs ɗin da aka kashe.

Bamberg ya rasa ƴancin kai a cikin shekarar 1802, bayan da aka mayar da ƙasar coci, ya zama wani yanki na Bavaria a  shekarar 1803. An fara haɗa garin da tsarin layin dogo na Jamus a shekarar 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg).

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bamberg ya kasance muhimmin tushe ga Bavaria, Jamusanci, sannan sojojin Amurka da aka jibge a Barrack Warner, wanda kawai ya rufe a cikin shekarar 2014.

 Tarihi 

link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dankaerts-Historis-9331.tif|thumb|Karni na 17 3D-taswirar Bamberg. Matthias Merian a Danckerts, Historis, 1632.
A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan Roman na ƙaura da zama na Jamus, yankin daga baya ya haɗa da Diocese na Bamberg galibi Slavs ne suka zauna. Garin, wanda aka fara ambata a cikin 902, ya girma ta gidan sarauta Babenberch wanda ya ba da suna ga dangin Babenberg. A kan bacewar su, ya wuce gidan Saxon. Sufaye na Benedictine Fulda Abbey ya zama Kirista musamman yankin, kuma ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon ruhaniya na Diocese na Würzburg.

A cikin shekarar 1007, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II ya mai da Bamberg gadon iyali, wurin zama na diocese daban. Manufar Sarkin a cikin wannan shi ne don mayar da Diocese na Würzburg rashin ƙarfi a girman da kuma ba da Kiristanci mai karfi a gundumomin Franconia, gabashin Bamberg. A shekara ta 1008, bayan doguwar tattaunawa da limaman cocin Würzburg da Eichstätt, wadanda za su raba wasu sassan majami'unsu, an bayyana iyakokin sabuwar diocese, kuma Paparoma John XVIII ya ba da tabbacin Paparoma a cikin wannan shekarar. Henry II ya ba da umarnin gina sabon babban coci, wanda aka keɓe ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, 1012. Cocin ya wadata da kyaututtuka daga Paparoma, kuma Henry ya keɓe shi don girmama shi. A cikin shekarar 1017 Henry kuma ya kafa Michaelsberg Abbey a kan Michaelsberg ("Mount St. Michael"), kusa da Bamberg, gidan gidan Benedictine don horar da malamai. Sarkin da matarsa ​​Kunigunde sun ba wa sabuwar diocese manyan abubuwa na wucin gadi, kuma ta sami gata da yawa waɗanda daga cikinsu suka haɓaka ikon bishop na duniya. Paparoma Benedict na VIII ya ziyarci Bamberg a cikin shekarar 1020 don ganawa da Henry II don tattaunawa game da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Yayin da yake nan ya sanya diocese bisa dogaro kai tsaye ga Mai Tsarki. Shi ma da kansa ya tsarkake wasu majami'un Bamberg. Na ɗan lokaci Bamberg ya kasance cibiyar daular Roma mai tsarki. An binne Henry da Kunigunde a babban cocin.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_BAMBERGA.png|left|thumb|Itace daga Bamberg daga Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberger_Dom_BW_6.JPG|thumb|Bamberg Cathedral
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg-Schlenkerla1-Asio.JPG|thumb|Schlenkerla, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren sayar da giya da gidajen abinci na Bamberg.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg-AlteHofhaltung2-Asio.JPG|thumb|Tsohon Fadar ()
Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. A cikin shekarar 1248 da 1260 gani ɗin ya sami babban yanki na kadarorin Counts na Meran, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar keɓancewar fif ɗin da aka kashe. Tsohon Bishopric na Bamberg ya ƙunshi wani yanki mara karye daga Schlüsselfeld a arewa maso gabas zuwa dajin Franconian, kuma yana da ƙarin kadarori a Duchies na Carinthia da Salzburg, a cikin Nordgau (Upper Palatinate na yanzu), a Thuringia, da kuma na Danube. Ta wurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga gyare-gyaren, yankin wannan gani an rage kusan rabin gwargwado. Tun 1279 an san rigar makamai na birnin Bamberg a cikin hanyar hatimi.

Gwajin mayu na ƙarni na 17 ya yi da’awar kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya da aka kashe a Bamberg, wanda ya kai kololuwa tsakanin shekarar 1626 da shekarar 1631, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Yarima-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. Shahararren Drudenhaus ( kurkukun mayya), wanda aka gina a shekarar 1627, ba ya nan a yau; duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na wasu lokuta, kamar na Johannes Junius, sun kasance.

A cikin shekarar 1647, an kafa Jami'ar Bamberg azaman Academia Bambergensis.

Bambrzy (Posen Bambergers) 'yan sandan Jamus ne waɗanda suka fito daga mazauna yankin Bamberg waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Poznań a cikin shekaru 1719-1753.

A cikin shekarar 1759, an sayar da dukiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen diocese a Ostiriya zuwa waccan jihar. Lokacin da aka wayi gari da masu zaman kansu na coci (1802) diocese ta rufe 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 207,000. Don haka Bamberg ya rasa 'yancin kai a 1802, ya zama wani ɓangare na Bavaria a shekarar 1803.

An fara haɗa Bamberg zuwa tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Jamus a cikin shekarar 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg).

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1926 Bamberg ya zama wurin taron Bamberg, wanda Adolf Hitler ya kira a yunƙurinsa na haɓaka haɗin kai da kuma murkushe adawa a cikin jam'iyyar Nazi ta matasa a lokacin. An zaɓi Bamberg don wurin da yake a Upper Franconia, kusa da gidajen membobin ƙungiyar Nazi ta arewa masu adawa amma har yanzu a cikin Bavaria.

A cikin shekarar 1973, garin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1,000 da kafuwar sa.

 Yawan jama'a na tarihi 
ShekaraYawan jama'a181817,000188531,521190545,308
Manyan ƙungiyoyin mazauna ƙasashen wajeDan kasaYawan jama'a (2013)Turkiyya1,076Italiya359Girka232Portugal119Spain115

 Labarin ƙasa 
Bamberg yana cikin Franconia, mai tazarar kilomita 63 (39 mi) arewa da Nuremberg ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da 101 km (63 mi) gabashin Würzburg, kuma ta jirgin ƙasa. Yana kan kogin Regnitz, kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kafin ya kwarara cikin Babban kogin.

Yanayin yanayinsa yana da siffa ta hanyar Regnitz da kuma tsaunin Steigerwald, wani yanki na tsaunukan Jamus. Daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, an raba garin zuwa farkon filin Regnitz, sannan ɗayan manyan tsibirai da yawa da yawa waɗanda makamai biyu na Regnitz (Inselstadt) suka kirkira, kuma a ƙarshe ɓangaren garin kan tsaunuka, “Tudun Gari” (Bergstadt).

 Duwatsu bakwai na Bamberg 
Bamberg ya shimfida sama da tsaunuka bakwai, kowanne coci ya yi rawani. Wannan ya haifar da Bamberg ana kiransa "Romawa Franconiya" - ko da yake wasan barkwanci tsakanin jagororin yawon shakatawa na Bamberg shine a koma Rome a maimakon "Bamberg Italiyanci". Tuddan sune Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill da Abtsberg.

 Yanayin 
Yanayi a wannan yanki yana da ɗan bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa, kuma ana samun isasshen ruwan sama duk shekara. Tsarin yanayin Köppen na wannan yanayin shine "Cfb" (Yanayin Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic weather), tare da wani tasiri na nahiyar kamar yadda aka nuna ta matsakaicin yanayin sanyi na dare da ke ƙasa da sifili.

 Tattalin Arziki 
A cikin shekarar 2013 (bayanan da aka samu) GDP na kowane mazaunin ya kasance €56,723. Wannan ya sanya gunduma ta 10 daga cikin gundumomi 96 (na karkara da birane) a cikin Bavaria (matsakaicin gabaɗaya: €39,691).

 Abubuwan jan hankali 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberger_Reiter_BW_2.JPG|thumb|Dokin Bamberg, alamar gida.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg-StMichael1-Asio.JPG|thumb|Michaelsberg Abbey
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg_BW_2013-06-19_17-17-19.JPG|thumb|zauren garin (Rathaus), Bayanin 
Garin Bamberg an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin shekarar 1993 saboda tsarinsa na da da kuma kyawawan gine-ginensa na tarihi. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana yin aikin lambu a birane a Bamberg. Gundumar Masu Lambun Kasuwa tare da Birni a kan tuddai da Gundumar Tsibiri wani muhimmin yanki ne na Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin shekarar 2005, Municipality ya kafa naúrar don daidaita aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya a Bamberg. A cikin shekarar 2019, an buɗe baƙo da cibiyar fassara don Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.

Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan gani sune:

 Cathedral na Bamberg (1237), tare da kaburburan Emperor Henry II da Paparoma Clement II.
 Alte Hofhaltung, wurin zama na bishops a ƙarni na 16 da 17
 Neue Residenz, mazaunin bishop bayan karni na 17
 Laburare na Jihar Bamberg a cikin Sabon Gidan zama
 Tsohon zauren gari (1386), wanda aka gina a tsakiyar kogin Regnitz, gada biyu ke samun damar shiga
 Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice"), wani yanki ne na gidajen masunta daga karni na 19 tare da wani bankin kogin Regnitz.
 Michaelsberg Abbey, wanda aka gina a karni na 12 akan ɗayan Bamberg's "Bakwai Hills"
 Altenburg, castle, tsohon wurin zama na bishops

Cathedral

Bamberg Cathedral marigayi ginin Romanesque ne mai hasumiya hudu. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1004 da Sarkin sarakuna Henry II, ya ƙare a 1012 kuma ya tsarkake shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1012. Daga baya an lalata shi da wuta a cikin 1081. Sabon Cathedral, wanda Saint Otto na Bamberg ya gina, an keɓe shi a cikin 1111 kuma a cikin karni na 13. ya karɓi sigar ta na ƙarshen-Romanesque na yanzu.

link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AltenburgEingang.jpg|left|thumb|Bamberg Altenburg

 Ilimi 
Jami'ar Bamberg, mai suna Otto-Friedrich University, tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin kimiyyar zamantakewa, nazarin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, kuma dalibai fiye da 13,000 ke halarta. Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Bamberg tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin lafiyar jama'a. Bamberg kuma gida ne ga makarantun sakandare guda takwas (dakunan motsa jiki):

 Clavius-Gymnasium
 Dientzenhofer-Gymnasium
 Eichendorff-Gymnasium
 E.T.A. Hoffmann-Gymnasium
 Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium
 Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium
 Maria-Ward-Gymnasium
 Theresianum

Haka kuma akwai sauran cibiyoyi masu yawa na firamare, sakandare, fasaha, sana'a da manyan makarantu.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamberg-Liebherr-crane-4295172.jpg|thumb|Cranes a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Bamberg

 Fitattun mutane 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Alexandre_Berthier.png|thumb|201x201px|Louis-Alexandre Berthier 1808

 A-K 

 Annette von Aretin (1920 – 2006), mai shelar talabijin ta farko na Bayerischer Rundfunk.
 Carl Adam Bader, (1789 a Bamberg; † 1870 a Berlin), tenor
 Lisa Badum
 Dorothee Bär (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), Memba na Majalisar (CSU), Sakataren Jiha na Ministan Sufuri da Kayayyakin Dijital na Tarayya.
 Wilhelm Batz, (1916-1988), Luftwaffe, ace
 Louis-Alexandre Berthier, (1753-1815), Shugaban Ma'aikatan Napoleon Bonaparte
 Joachim Camerarius (1500-1574), ɗan adam, polymath da mawaƙi
 Claudia Ciesla, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987), 'yar wasan Poland-Jamus
 Paparoma Clement II, (ya mutu 1047), bishop na Bamberg daga 1040 zuwa 1046
 Christopher Clavius, (1538-1612), masanin lissafi, astronomer da Jesuit.
 Conrad III na Jamus, (1093-1152), Sarkin Jamus
 Cunigunde na Luxembourg, (c. 975–1040), uwargidan sarki, mai mulkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki kuma matar Henry II.
 Stefan Dassler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), marubucin da ba na almara ba
 Günther Denzler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), tsohon shugaban gundumar Bamberg (CSU)
 Karlheinz Deschner (1924-2014), marubuci kuma mai sukar addini da coci
 Gottfried Diener (1907-1987), masanin ilimin kimiyya da bincike na Goethe
 Ignaz Dollinger (1770-1841), likita
 Ignaz von Dollinger (1799-1890), muhimmin masanin tauhidin Katolika da tarihin coci
 Curt Echtermeyer, wanda kuma aka sani da Curt Bruckner (1896-1971), mai zane.
 Erich Ebermayer (1900-1970), marubuci
 Hans Ehard (1887-1980), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa
 Günter Faltin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), malamin jami'a
 Heinrich Finck (1444-1527), madugu kuma mawaki
 Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa (CSU),
 Karl von Gareis (1844-1923), lauya kuma marubuci, memba na Reichstag
 Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), mawaki kuma marubuci
 Thomas Gottschalk (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai gudanarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
 Lukas Görtler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
 Hans Grassmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci
 Joseph Heller (1798-1849), mai tarawa, a yau Helleriana a cikin Laburaren Jihar Bamberg
 Karl Höller (1907-1987), mawaki
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (1770-1831), masanin falsafar Jamus.
 Henry II, (973-1024), Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki
 E.T.A. Hoffmann, (1776-1822), marubucin Jamusanci kuma marubuci
 Joachim Jung (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai fasaha
 Harry Koch (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
 Lorenz Krapp (1882-1947), lauya, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa (BVP, CSU)
 Dieter Kunzelmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar hagu
 Paul Lautensack (1478-1558), mai zane kuma organist

 L-Z 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marschalk_von_Ostheim.jpg|thumb|154x154px|Emil Marschalk von Ostheim 1903

 Paul Maar, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), marubucin Jamus kuma marubuci
 Emil Marschalk von Ostheim (1841-1903), masanin tarihi kuma mai tarawa.
 Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria, a zahiri Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria (1808-1888), mai tallata kiɗan jama'ar Bavaria a ƙarni na 19.
 Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), mai zanen jirgin sama na Jamus, Flugzeugbau Messerschmitt GmbH
 Wolf-Dieter Montag (1924-2018), likitan Jamus, ƙwararren likitancin wasanni, likitan ceton dutse, da mai kula da wasanni na duniya.
 Christina Morhaubt, wanda aka samu da laifin maita kuma an yanke mata hukumcin kisa ta hanyar ƙonewa a 1627 a lokacin gwajin mayya na Bamberg.
 Martin Münz (1785-1848), masanin ilimin halitta kuma farfesa
 Ida Noddack-Tacke, (1896-1978), masanin ilmin sunadarai da physicist; ta gano kashi 75, rhenium
 Christopher Park (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan pian
 Fiona Parker (1991), wacce ta samu lambar azurfa ta Olympic
 Bernd Redmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mawaki kuma masanin kiɗa
 Mike Rose, (1932-2006), mai zane, saiti kuma marubuci
 Gerd Schaller (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), shugaba
 Rainer Schaller (an haife shi 1969), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa McFit Fitness GmbH.
 Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (1907-1944), wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin Jamus Adolf Hitler a cikin makirci na Yuli 20.
 Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), tsohon Janar na Bundeswehr.
 Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), tsohon ɗan majalisar Bavaria na Turai.
 Ritter Josef von Schmitt (1838-1907), Bajamushe mai martaba, Shugaban Kotu na Masarautar Bavaria, mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Luitpold na Bavaria, dan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Bamberg.
 Gottfried von Schmitt (1827-1908), ɗan Jamus mai daraja, memba na Kotun Koli kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Bavaria.
 Josef Schmitt (1875-1944), ɗan Jamus mai daraja kuma ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa.
 Gottfried Schmitt (1865-1919), ɗan siyasan Jamus
 Josh Shipp, (1986-yanzu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Brose Baskets Bamberg
 Tom Schütz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
 Sven Schultze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
 Karsten Tadda (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando
 Karl Borromäus Thumann (1820-1874), masanin tauhidin Jamus
 Oscar Wassermann (1869-1934), ma'aikacin banki na Jamus
 Andrew Wooten (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
 Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel, (1779-1819), marubuci kuma mai zane Fränkischer Merku.

 Hotuna 

 Manazarta