Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin yara a Iran

Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta sanya hannu kan yar jejeniyar kare Haƙƙin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CRC) a shekara ta 1991, kuma ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1994. Bayan amincewa da ita, Iran ta yi tanadi kamar haka: "Idan nassin yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya saba wa dokokin gida da ma'auni na Musulunci a kowane lokaci ko kuma a kowane hali, gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ba za ta yi aiki da shi ba." 

Ko da yake ƙasar Iran na da alaƙa da yarjejeniyar a karkashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da kasa da gwamnatocin kasashen waje sun sha suka a kai a kai kan gazawarta wajen kiyaye wajibcin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. 

 Tarihi 
Babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wanda Iran ta kasance memba a cikinta, ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara a ranar 26 ga  watan Nuwamba, shekarata 1924. A shekarata 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ayyana 'yancin yara ba tare da jefa ƙuri'a ba. 

Iran ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare Haƙƙin yara a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994.  Bugu da kari, Iran ta rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Zabi kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara sannan ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta amince da) Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Kan Shiga Yara a Rikicin Muƙamai ba.  Har yanzu Iran ba ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Yara kan Hanyar Sadarwar Zyabi ba.

A cikin shekarata 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na lokaci-lokaci na uku da na huɗu game da aiwatar da tanade-tanaden da ake kira CRC. 

 Aiwatarwa 
A ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Yara (NBCRC) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Hukumar ta NBCRC ita ce ke da alhakin sa ido, tsarawa, da dai-daita duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kuma a matakin ƙananan hukumomi ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin ƙananan hukumomi da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki na musamman guda huɗu don taimaka mata wajen cika ayyukanta: Ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Rukunin Ayyuka na Shari'a da Shari'a, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka na Horo da Bayani, da Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka na Kariya da Daidaitawa. 

Yayin da ake ɗaukar kafa ta a matsayin mataki mai kyau, ƙungiyoyin waje sun yi tambaya game da tasirin NBCRC. Musamman rashin samun ‘yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikon da yake da shi na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati a wajen ba da shawara ya taso. A halin yanzu babu wata Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran da ke da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafen daidaikun mutane da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara. 

 Matsayin yara na shari'a a Iran 
Ko da yake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta amince da CRC, Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1 doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halaccin kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa kowace doka ta dace da wasu "ma'auni na Musulunci". Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4 Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin yara ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa da ta janye ajiyarta ga yarjejeniyar,  a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ajiyayyen da bai dace da abu da manufarsa ba. Ba za a yarda da Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba." Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2 A sakamakon haka, yara suna bin hanyar da ba ta dace ba inda ake fassara "ma'auni na Musulunci" daga Hukumomin Jihohi, wato Majalisar (Majalissar), Jagoran Jagora da Majalisar Kulawa. Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18

Mai yiyuwa ne kowane yara su gabatar da ƙararraki cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a gaban kotu. Sai dai kuma hakan bai shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba kuma yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar kan bukaci gabatar da kararsu a gaban kotu ta hannun mai kula da su. Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2 Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya yi nuni da cewa: “Kare mutumin da ke karkashin kulawa da kuma wakilcinsa na shari’a a cikin dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi dukiyarsa da hakkokinsa na kudi, sun kasance ne ga waliyyi”. Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235 Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yi wuya ba yayin da mai yin ta'addanci shi ne waliyyai, yawanci uwa. Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin mahaluƙi mai haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya da sanin doka ba, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20 don haka ya Zama ba ta mutunta Babban Magana No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin sauraron yaro. 

A shekarar 2013, an kai rahoton sace yara fiye da kimanin  2,400 ga kungiyar kare hakkin yara a Iran. Kungiyar kare Haƙƙin yara da ke kula da layin ba da shawarwari ta wayar tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin 100 na yaran an fuskanci hukunci na tunani da tunani sannan kashi 45 cikin 100 na fuskantar horo na jiki. Bisa kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri mamba na kungiyar kare Haƙƙin yara ya yi, ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA cewa, kashi kusan 93% na wadanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a shekarar 2013, iyayen yaran ne kashi uku cikin dari. 'ya'yan da kansu, kuma kashi biyu na kiran waya daga ubanninsu ne.

 Yara a cikin tsarin adalci 

 Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka 
Dangane da ma'anar "yaro", dabi'un da ke cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa shine na saita iyaka tsakanin yara da balaga da shekaru goma sha takwas. Misali, kwamitin kare Haƙƙin yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance cikin ɗaurin kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 18 Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a) kuma kada su kasance da ƙwazo a cikin rikice-rikice a ƙasa da shekaru 15. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38 Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun girma. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2012, Majalisar Dokokin Iran ta sauya dokar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara ƙanana. A cikin sabuwar dokar, za a yi la'akari da shekarun 18 (shekarar rana) a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekarun girma kuma masu laifin da ke ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka ta daban.  

 Hukumcin jiki 
Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a wuraren kulawa da rana bisa ga labarin 8 (23) na Dokokin Gyara don Kafa, Gudanarwa da Rusa Duk nau'ikan Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Haka dokar ta shafi cibiyoyin gyaran yara. A gaskiya ma, bisa ga Dokokin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Kula da Gidajen Yari, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro a shekarata (2005), "Halayen zalunci, cin zarafi na waɗanda ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakan ladabtarwa da cin mutunci an haramta ta kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da gidajen yari". Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3

A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar fitar da ikirari ko samun bayanai haramun ne", Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38 wanda ya dace da yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7 Sai dai a baya-bayan nan an samu rahotannin azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga wasu matasa da suka aikata laifin, wadanda aka tilasta musu yin ikirari ta hanyar tilastawa. Daya daga cikin kararrakin na baya-bayan nan shi ne Alireza Tajiki, wanda aka kama yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya amsa laifin azabtar da shi da laifin fyade da kuma kisan wani abokinsa, laifukan da ya saba janyewa a gaban kotu.  

Yin bulala a matsayin hukumcin laifi, al'ada ce da har yanzu ake amfani da ita a cikin tsarin shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. A cewar dokar da ta bayyana shekarun da suka kai ga aikata laifuka, ‘yan mata da suka haura tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar, ana yanke musu hukunci tare da hukunta su kamar yadda kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Iran ya tanada, wanda kuma ya shafi hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan da suka shafi jima’i, tuhumar karya, shan barasa, da shan barasa, da kuma shan barasa. ya haifar da rauni. Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4 Don haka, ‘yan mata da suka haura shekara tara da kuma maza sama da shekara goma sha biyar ana iya yi musu bulala. Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26 Duk da haka, idan an gane cewa masu laifin "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ba ko haramcinsa ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da ci gaban kwakwalwarsu", ba za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifin ko kuma a tuhume shi da shi. tarar. Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91 Koyaya, don yin la'akari da Mataki na kusan 91 kuma a yi aiki da shi, ana buƙatar waɗanda suka yi laifin da kansu su yi iƙirarin samun damar sake yin shari'ar da labarin ya ba da izini. Wadanda suka aikata laifin kasa da goma sha takwas 18 da iyalansu galibi ba su san da hakan ba kuma ba za su iya ba lauyan da zai sanar da su hakkokinsu ba, kaɗan ne daga cikinsu ke neman a sake shari’ar. Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53

 Hukuncin jiki a cikin gida 
A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta ƙasar Iran, "Yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya ga iyayensa kuma ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsa ba" Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177 kuma idan aka yi rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokokin Iran sun ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida matukar dai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance. waliyin yaron. A cewar dokar farar hula ta Iran, "Iyaye na da hakkin hukunta 'ya'yansu amma kada su yi amfani da wannan hakkin ta hanyar hukunta 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakokin gyara". Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179 Bayan haka kuma, dokar hukunta laifuka ta Musulunci ta bayyana cewa: Duk “Ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara kanana da mahaukata suke aikatawa domin azabtar da su ko kare su matukar dai an aiwatar da irin wadannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al’ada da kuma iyakokin addini don azabtarwa da kariya”. Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)

 Kisa kan yara masu laifi 
A halin yanzu ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran kuma adadin hukuncin kisa ya karu da kashi 300 daga shekarata 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2015. Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6 Ita ma Iran tana rike da kambun tarihi na ƙasa da ƙasa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan ƙananan yara. Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22 Yawan kisa na kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya ragu a cikin shekarata 2015. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar shekarata 2016, masu laifi 160 sun kasance a kan "layin kisa" (suna jiran a kashe su) a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. 

A shekarar 2016, kwamitin kare hakkin yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara da kuma mutanen da suka aikata wani laifi a lokacin da suke kasa da shekaru 18. A ranar 18 ga Oktoban shekarar 2017, kwararrun masana kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya iri-iri sun jaddada cewa "Iran na ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan yara kanana" UN rights experts urge Iran to halt imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar Kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara a Iran. Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran ta gaggauta soke hukuncin kisa kan kananan yara ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tare da aiwatar da wani tsari na sassauta duk wani hukuncin kisa da aka yanke kan kananan yara, daidai da ka'idojin shari'a na yara." UN rights experts urge Iran to halt imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar An bayar da rahoton cewa Iran ta zartar da hukuncin kisa kan akalla yara kanana hudu daga watan Janairu zuwa Oktoban shekarata 2017, kuma an san akalla wasu 86 da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa a lokacin, ko da yake adadin na iya karuwa. 

Dalilan da aka yanke wa masu laifin kisa musamman kisan kai da fyade amma “kiyayya ga Allah” ( moharebeh ), sata da laifuffukan da ke da alaka da miyagun kwayoyi sun kasance cikin dalilan yanke hukuncin kisa ga kananan yara. Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30 Wani hali na baya-bayan nan dangane da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shi ne na tsare wadanda suka aikata laifin har sai sun cika shekara goma sha takwas sannan a kashe su kawai a lokacin. Sai dai kuma babu wani wajibci na shari'a da ya kamata a dage aiwatar da hukuncin har sai wanda ya aikata laifin ya kai shekara sha takwas. Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31 Sabon fasalin Kundin Laifukan Musulunci na shekarar 2013 ya hada da cewa matasa daga tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas wadanda suka aikata laifukan da aka yankewa hukuncin ta'azir The list of crimes that fall into ta'zir category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code za a kebe su daga kisa. A maimakon haka za a ci gaba da tsare su na wasu lokuta daban-daban, ko kuma tarar ƙima daban-daban, ya danganta da girman laifukan. Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89 Amma, idan aka kasafta laifin da aka aikata a karkashin hudud da qisas, wadanda suka aikata kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana daukarsu a matsayin halaltacce. Ko da a cikin hudud da qisa, lokacin da masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba ana tunanin ba su gane girman laifin ba, ana iya amfani da sashe na 91 na kundin hukunta laifuka na Iran kuma mai laifin yana iya zama keɓe daga hukuncin kisa.

Rataye shi ne mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran kuma ana aiwatar da shi a gidajen yari ko kuma a bainar jama'a a kan Wasu filaye.

An iyakance aikin jifa a cikin sigar dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran shekarata (2013). Koyaya, sabon juzu'in Kundin Laifukan ya ci gaba da amfani da jifa a matsayin hukunci mai tsanani.  Mataki na ashirin da 225 ya bayyana cewa " hukuncin haddi na zina da mace da namiji da suka cika sharuddan ihsan za a yi su ne da jifa har lahira". Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013

Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a ƙasar Iran tare da jaddada girman aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a,  an bayar da rahoton aiwatar da wannan aiki a Iran. 

A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2019 wasu gungun kwararrun kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da ake yi wa Mohammad Kalhory mai shekaru 15 a lokacin da ya aikata laifin. Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts

 Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa 

 Wariyar jinsi 
Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Iran ya tabbatar da kare doka daidai gwargwado ga maza da mata. Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20 Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, dokokin hukunta laifuka na Iran da na farar hula sun ayyana yaro yana da shekara 9 ga wata ga ’yan mata, da shekara 15 ga maza. Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146 Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin kariyar yara ga 'yan mata fiye da maza, kuma ya hana su wasu kariyar Yarjejeniyar. Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 14

Mataki na 907 na kundin dokokin farar hula, game da rabon gado, ya kuma nuna wariya dangane da jinsi ta hanyar bai wa maza magada ninki biyu na mata a cikin yara da yawa. Bugu da kari, sashi na 911 na dokar farar hula ya bayyana cewa, idan marigayin ba shi da ‘ya’ya masu rai, jikoki sun gaji gwargwadon nawa ne iyayensu za su samu. 'Ya'yan 'ya'ya maza don haka sun fi 'ya'yan 'ya'ya mata. Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15

 Dan kasa da hakkin dan kasa 
Dokar kabilanci ta Iran ta ƙunshi ka'idoji na jus sanguinis da jus soli . An ratsa kasa ta hannun uba, ma'ana 'ya'yan uwayen Iran da uban da ba na Iran ba suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun dan kasar Iran. 

Sanin hakan, a cikin rahoton lokaci na uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta yi ishara da dokar da aka kafa a shekarar 2006 a kan yanke hukunci kan 'ya'yan da aka haifa a sakamakon auren matan Iran da maza na kasashen waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haifa a Iran ". sakamakon auren matan Iran da mazan kasashen waje, idan sun kai shekaru kusan 18, suna iya neman izinin zama dan kasar Iran.  Za a ba da wannan damar idan yaron ba shi da wani bayanan laifi ko tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wata ƙasa da ba ta Iran ba. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kusan yara kimanin 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "lalatawar 'yan kasa". Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2

An dai soki wannan doka da rashin yin nisa don kare hakkin yara. A Yawancin iyaye Ko ubanni da ba na Iran ba ’yan gudun hijira ne ko kuma ‘yan gudun hijirar da ba su da takardun zama ‘yan Afghanistan ko Iraqi. Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21 Dokokin Iran sun bukaci mace 'yar kasar Iran ta samu izinin auren wata 'yar kasar waje, kuma da yake masu neman mafaka ba su da rajista a bisa ka'ida, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba, don haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar haihuwa ba.

 Ilimi 
Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin baiwa dukkan 'yan kasar ilimi kyauta har zuwa sakandare Iranian constitution (1979), article 30. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta hannun ma'aikatar ilimi ce ke da alhakin bayar da kudade da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, kula da ma'auni, tsara manhajoji da horar da malamai, samar da kayayyakin ilimi, da kiyayewa da inganta ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin larduna da ofisoshin gundumomi a matakin kananan hukumomi. 

Kudaden da Iran take kashewa a fannin ilimi ya zarce na duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi kusan 17% na kudaden gwamnati a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%. 

Auren wuri yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan barin makaranta, saboda dokokin kasar Iran sun kayyade damar zuwa makaranta ga yaran da suka yi aure, saboda an ba su damar shiga jarrabawar karshe ne kawai, kuma ba su cancanci zuwa darasi ko makarantun dare. Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.

 Aikin Yara 
Dokar kwadago ta Iran ta haramta aikin yi wa yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 aiki. Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79. Yara masu shekaru 15-18, da ake magana da su a matsayin "matasan ma'aikata", ana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen likita na yau da kullun don samun cancantar shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "ayyukan kari, aiki na canzawa, ko aiki mai wahala, cutarwa ko haɗari". Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. Koyaya, Dokar Ma'aikata ta ba da izinin keɓance kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata ƙasa da Kashi 10 daga wasu tanade-tanaden doka, gami da matsakaicin buƙatun sa'o'in aiki, biyan kari, da fa'idodin nakasa. Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119 Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46. Iran ta amince da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Kwadago ta kasa da kasa (ILO) kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara . 

Duk da wasu tsare-tsare na shari'a na hana cin zarafin kananan yara, Iran na shan suka saboda yawan masu yi wa kananan yara aikin yi, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama. Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47. Alkaluma game da adadin yara da matasa ƴan kwadago sun bambanta. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba sa cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. Wasu daga cikin dalilan rashin zuwa makaranta sun hada da aurar da yara da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya sa ake barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayani a hukumance kan adadin masu aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki, tare da alkaluman baya-bayan nan a hukumance daga kidayar al'ummar Iran ta shekarar 2011. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2011, akwai ma'aikata kimanin 68,558 da ke aiki da yara masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18. Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46. A cewar Majalisar Resistance na Iran (NCRI), kusan yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabinsu na cikin ma'aikata. National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at: http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a na Iran a shekarata 1996, fiye da kashi 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin wannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kasance mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka adadin yaran da ke aiki yana da shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance kashi 4%, ya kai kimanin dubu 600. A cikin shekarata 1996, akwai kimanin yara  kusan guda 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun ayyuka. 

Yara da yawa a garuruwa daban-daban kuma suna shiga cikin masu sayar da tituna. Iyayen mafi yawansu sun sha shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi kuma wadannan yaran na fuskantar cin zarafi da lalata da yara. 

 Fataucin yara 
Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a bi don safarar jima'i na yara. Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016, The United States State Department. Matasa 'yan mata na Iran sun fi fuskantar matsalar fataucin, wanda aka ce wani bangare na talauci da kuma dokokin gwamnati da suka kebanta da mata. Ma'aikata sun mamaye maza sosai, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata ne ke da aiki. A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf

Ana zargin 'yan matan da suka gudu sun fi fuskantar fataucin mutane da karuwanci. A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011. A wata hira da BBC a shekarata 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin cututtuka na ma'aikatar lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan matan da suka gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, akasarin wadanda aka yiwa fyaden ana watsi da su bayan sun koma ga iyalansu. “Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm Matsugunan da aka kafa don gudun hijira kuma sun zama sananne a matsayin tushen samun karuwai da yara masu siyarwa. A cewar babbar hukumar shari'a ta lardin Teheran, masu fataucin kan yi fataucin 'yan mata ne masu shekaru tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, ko da yake an samu wasu rahotannin cewa ana fataucin 'yan matan masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10. Haka kuma an samu rahotannin fataucin jarirai da dama a Iran. 

 Auren wuri 
A halin yanzu karancin shekarun auren ‘ya’ya mata a Iran shine shekara goma sha uku a wata yayin da maza ke cika shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, ga namiji har yanzu yana yiwuwa ya kai ƙarar kotu da nufin ya auri yaron da bai kai ƙaramar shekarun aure ba saboda hukuncin ko yaron ya yi aure ko a'a yana hannun wanda yake kula da shi. Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041. A bisa ka'idar farar hula ta Iran, bayan cika shekaru goma sha uku, 'yan matan budurwowi da suka yi aure a karon farko suna bukatar izinin uba ko kakan kaka kawai. Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043. A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure shine shekaru a ƙalla 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru kimanin 18 ga maza kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu, 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 da maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Don haka an haramta auren ‘yan kasa da shekara 13 gaba daya. 

Dokar Kariya ba tare da Dokar Yara ba, wacce Iran ta amince da ita a cikin shekarata 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, labarin na ashirin da bakwai 27 ya ce “Idan shugaban iyali yana son ya auri yaron da aka goye, ya aika da bayananta zuwa kotu don amincewa. Idan an riga an yi auren, dole ne kungiyar jin dadin jama'a ta kai rahoto ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kula da iyali daya ko kuma soke shi." Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Walfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45

Bisa kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa Shekarar 2014, kashi 3% na matasan Iran sun yi aure suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kashi 17% kuma suna da shekaru sha takwas  Alkaluman shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa 43, 457 na yara a karkashin shekaru 15 an yi rajista bisa hukuma don aure.  Kashi 90 cikin 100 na kididdigar sun shafi 'yan mata matasa. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa adadin auren yara bai takaitu ga kididdiga ba, tunda a karkara yara suna yin aure kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru ba tare da yin aure ba. Hakanan bisa  cikin shekarata 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake su ko kuma sun mutu. A kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da kuma 'yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 ne ake saki a Iran. Talauci da akidar gargajiya ce ke haifar da wadannan auren wuri.  A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukan suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi suna fama da talauci don yin aure da ’yarsu ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da auren wuri sun hada da karuwar jahilci da wulakanci a tsakanin mata, auren mace fiye da daya, firar gida, da al’amuran ma’aurata.

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
 Bayyana Haƙƙin Yaran
 Hakkin dan Adam a Iran
 Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran

 Bayanan kula 

 1. Shekarar wata, wacce ita ce ma’aunin da kalandar wata ta ginu a kai, bambamcin tsayi daga shekarar rana da kwana goma sha daya zuwa sha biyu. Don haka, shekarun wata tara sun yi daidai da kusan shekara takwas da wata 8 da watanni goma sha biyar kusan shekara goma sha hudu ne da wata bakwai.
 2. ^ Ihsan shine matsayin mijin aure wanda zai iya saduwa da matarsa "duk lokacin da ya ga dama". Ihsan kuma tana nufin matsayin macen da zata iya saduwa da mijinta. (Kodin hukunta manyan laifuka ta Iran, shafi na 226).
 3. ^ Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana ma'aikacin yara a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai ya shiga akalla sa'a 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a mako, ko b) yaro mai shekaru 12-14. wanda ke shiga aƙalla sa'o'i 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko kuma aƙalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako. (UNICEF, Yanayin Yara na Duniya 2016). Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin " mummunan nau'i mara kyau na mara kyau. sana’ar yara ” (karuwanci, ’ya’yan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram).  

 Manazarta 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba