Mutuncin Muhalli

Mutuncin muhalli a matsayin shari'a doka  ne na shari'a wanda ke ayyana wasu mahallai da matsayin mutum a shari'a.  Wannan yana ba wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, haƙƙoƙi, kariya, gata, nauyi da alhaki na shari'a na mutuntakar doka.  Saboda mahalli kamar koguna da tsire-tsire ba za su iya wakiltar kansu a kotu ba, "masu kula" na iya yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyar don kare ta.. Mutuncin muhalli ya fito daga juyi na halitta da hankali kan doka don neman kare yanayi.  A tsawon lokaci, mayar da hankali ya samo asali daga bukatun ɗan adam wajen amfani da yanayi, don kare yanayi don tsararrakin ɗan adam na gaba, zuwa tunanin da ke ba da damar kiyaye yanayi a matsayin mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da wannan ra'ayi azaman abin hawa don gane dangantakar 'Yan asalin ƙasar da ƙungiyoyin halitta, kamar koguna. Mutumin muhalli, wanda ke ba da yanayi (ko fannoni na shi) wasu hakkoki, a lokaci guda yana ba da hanya ga mutane ko kungiyoyi kamar 'yan asalin ƙasar don cika hakkinsu na ɗan adam.

 Tarihi 
Farfesa Christopher D. Stone na Amurka ya fara tattauna ra'ayin danganta halayen shari'a ga abubuwa na halitta a cikin shekarun 1970s, a cikin labarinsa "Ya kamata itatuwa su tsaya? Ga haƙƙin shari'a don abubuwa na halitta". Ba za a iya mallakar mutum na shari'a ba;  don haka, ba za a iya dangana wani mallaka ga mahallin muhalli tare da kafaffen halayen doka ba.  Tsaye yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuntakar doka.  Ƙungiyoyi masu tsayuwa, ko locus standi, suna da haƙƙi ko ƙarfin kawo ƙara ko bayyana a kotu.  Hukumomin muhalli ba za su iya da kansu su kawo wani mataki ko bayyana a gaban kotu ba.  Koyaya, ana iya cimma wannan aiki ko tsayin daka a madadin mahaɗin ta wani ma'aikacin doka mai wakiltar.  Wakilci na iya ƙara kariya ga mahimman al'adu na yanayin yanayi, ko wuraren da ke da rauni ga amfani da gurɓatacce.

Kodayake babu wata doka ta tarayya a Amurka da ke aiwatar da halin muhalli, wani Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin. A cikin yanke shawara na Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 1972 Sierra Club v. Morton, Mai Shari'a William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayi mai banbanci yana jayayya cewa wasu "abubuwan muhalli" ya kamata su sami locus standi, kuma mutanen da ke da alaƙa mai ma'ana da wannan ɓangaren muhalli ya kamata su iya yin aiki a madadinsa don kariya. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2021, akalla shirye-shirye 53 a cikin kasashe 12 sun yi amfani da manufar 'mutum' a cikin rubutun shari'arsu.

Sierra Club, ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta kawo wannan karar a kan Sakataren Cikin Gida na Amurka na lokacin, Roger C. B. Morton  yana mai cewa gwamnatin tarayya, bisa ga Dokar Gudanarwa, ba za ta iya ba da izini ga masu haɓakawa don gina ababen more rayuwa ba - musamman babbar hanya, layin wutar lantarki, da wurin shakatawa na kankara - a cikin Mineral King Valley, wani ɓangare na Sequoia National Forest.  Kungiyar Sierra Club ta yi niyyar kare wannan ƙasar da ba a inganta ba a cikin gandun daji na ƙasa, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Yanki na Tara ta bayyana cewa saboda ba za a shafi membobin Kungiyar Sierra kai tsaye ba za su iya kai karar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba,  wanda "ya ba da ka'idoji don sake dubawa na shari'a" don lokuta inda wani abu ya shafi mutum, kamar ba da izini. Kotun Koli ta amince da cewa kungiyar Sierra ba za ta iya kai karar ba a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwa, saboda ba za ta nuna cewa ayyukan wanda ake tuhuma sun haifar ko za su haifar da rauni ga mambobinta ba. Wannan hukuncin ya sa Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa, yana jayayya cewa ya kamata a ba mutane damar kai karar a madadin abubuwan da ba su da rai suna rubutawa, " wadanda ke da wannan dangantaka ta kusa da abin da ba shi da rai da za a ji rauni, gurbata, ko kuma a kwace su ne masu magana da ya dace. "  Wannan ra'ayi yana da waɗanda ke ci gaba da jayayya game da halin muhalli a Amurka da duniya.[t]

 Hakkin cikin gida na yanayi 

 New Zealand 
A cikin 2014, Te Urewera National Park an ayyana Te Urewera, wata ƙungiya ta doka ta muhalli.  Yankin da Te Urewera ya kewaye ya daina zama wurin shakatawa na kasa mallakar gwamnati kuma an rikide shi ya zama fili mai zaman kansa, wanda ba zai iya raba shi da kansa ba.

Bayan irin wannan yanayin, an ayyana kogin Whanganui na New Zealand a matsayin mutum na doka a cikin 2017.  Wannan sabuwar doka ta suna Te Awa Tupua kuma a yanzu an gane ta a matsayin "mai rayayye gaba ɗaya daga tsaunuka zuwa teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogin Whanganui da duk abubuwan da ke cikinsa na zahiri da na zahiri."

Har ila yau, a cikin 2017, gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta ba da irin wannan halayyar shari'a ga Dutsen Taranaki kuma ta yi alkawarin canza sunan ga Gidan shakatawa na Egmont, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen.

 Indiya 
Kogin Ganges da Yamuna yanzu ana daukar su a matsayin mutane na shari'a a kokarin yaki da gurɓataccen yanayi. Koguna suna da tsarki ga al'adun Hindu saboda ikonsu na warkarwa da kuma jan hankalin mahajjata waɗanda ke wanka da watsar da toka na matattu. Kogunan sun gurɓata sosai da lita biliyan 1.5 na datti mara magani da lita miliyan 500 na sharar masana'antu da ke shiga koguna kowace rana.  

Wata babbar kotu a jihar Uttarakhand da ke arewacin Indiya ta ba da umarnin a watan Maris na 2017 cewa a ba Ganges da babbar hukumarsa, Yamuna matsayin hukumomin shari’a.  Kogunan za su sami "dukkan haƙƙoƙin da suka dace, ayyuka da haƙƙoƙin mai rai."  Wannan shawarar na nufin gurbata ko lalata kogunan daidai yake da cutar da mutum.  Kotun ta ba da misali da kogin Whanganui na New Zealand, wanda kuma aka ayyana shi da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan doka.

Wannan ci gaban mutum na muhalli ya sadu da shakku kamar yadda kawai ya sanar da cewa Ganges da Yamuna rayayyun halittu ne ba za su cece su daga muhimmiyar gurɓataccen gurɓatawar ba. Akwai yiwuwar buƙatar canza halayen al'adu na dogon lokaci game da Ganges, wanda ke riƙe da cewa kogin yana da kadarorin tsarkake kansa.

Akwai ƙarin zargi cewa an ba da kula da koguna ne kawai ga Uttarakhand, wani yanki a arewacin Indiya wanda ke da karamin ɓangare na koguna. Kogin Ganges yana gudana na kilomita 2,525 ta hanyar Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand da West Bengal, tare da nisan kilomita 96 kawai da ke gudana ta hanyar Uttarakhand. Ƙananan ɓangaren Yamuna mai nisan kilomita 1,376 ne kawai ke ratsa Uttarakhand - wanda kuma ke hayewa ta jihohin Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi da Uttar Pradesh.   

Ba tare da la'akari da shakku game da shawarar Babban Kotun Uttarakhand ba, da sanar da waɗannan koguna masu rauni a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shari'a suna kiran motsi na canji zuwa ga kare haƙƙin muhalli da al'adu. Za a iya gina yanke shawara a matsayin tushe don canjin dokokin muhalli na gaba.

 Amurka 
A shekara ta 2006, yankin Tamaqua, Pennsylvania, ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar haƙƙin yanayi da ake kira Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli na Al'umma (CELDF).  Tare, kungiyoyin sun tsara dokoki don kare al'umma da mahallinta daga zubar da datti mai guba. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, CELDF ta taimaka tare da al'ummomi sama da 30 a jihohi goma a fadin Amurka don bunkasa dokokin gida da ke tsara haƙƙin yanayi. CELDF ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 bayan raba gardama na kasa.

Besides Tamaqua, several other towns throughout the United States have drafted legislation that would, in effect, give nature natural rights. In 2008, residents in a town by the name of Shapleigh, Maine, added new provisions to the town's legal code. The new sections granted rights to the nature and natural bodies of water that surrounded Shapleigh, and purported to strip the rights of corporations granted by the United States Constitution. What prompted the change to Shapleigh's legal code was a plan by the Nestle Corporation, which owns several water bottle brands such as Poland Spring, to pump truckloads of groundwater from Shapleigh to a water bottling facility.  [irrelevant citation] As of 2019, no lawsuits have been filed against Shapleigh, Maine for the change in the town's legal code, and the Nestle Corporation has not chosen to challenge the code either. In this case the CELDF did not assist the residents of Shapleigh in drafting sections 99-11 and 99-12 of their legal code, they were instead assisted by lawyers from Vermont.  

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, CELDF ta taimaka wa jami'ai a Mora County, New Mexico, wajen kirkirar wata doka da ta iyakance ikon kamfanoni don cire iskar gas da mai, kuma ta ba da haƙƙoƙi ga yanayin halittu da ruwa da ke zaune a cikin Mora County. Wannan dokar ta sanya Mora County wuri na farko a cikin Amurka don hana samar da iskar gas da mai, a cikin wani yanki, a cikin wata sanarwa ta hukuma. An shigar da karar a kan Mora County a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dokar Mora County ta keta haƙƙin kamfanoni, musamman na farko, na biyar, da na goma sha huɗu. A watan Janairun 2015, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James O. Browning ya kifar da dokar Mora County yayin da yake kallon dokar don keta haƙƙin gyare-gyare na farko na kamfanoni.

A farkon shekara ta 2014, Grant Township, Indiana, Pennsylvania, ta nemi taimakon CELDF wajen tsara wata doka da za ta ba da ruwa mai kewaye da Grant Township haƙƙin halitta. Wani kamfani mai suna Pennsylvania General Energy (PGE) ya canza tsohuwar ma'adinai da iskar gas zuwa "maɓuɓɓugar allurar sharar gida," kuma mazauna sun damu da abin da hakan zai iya nufin yanayin halittu da ke kewaye da garin su. Ruwa a cikin rijiyar allurar ruwa mai guba sharar gida ne wanda aka bari daga tsarin da ake kira fracking. Wannan ruwa na iya ƙunshe da gurɓataccen abu da sunadarai waɗanda zasu iya guba ruwan kasa. A cikin garin Grant, yawancin mazauna sun dogara da Little Mahoning Creek don bukatun ruwa. Idan maɓuɓɓugar allurar ruwa ta ɓace, akwai yiwuwar zai iya gurɓata Little Mahoning. Hadarin gurɓataccen shine abin da ya sa mazaunan Grant Township su nemi CELDF don taimako wajen tsara doka. Dokar Grant Township ta ba da haƙƙin halitta ga yanayin halittu da ruwa waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin Grant Township. Dokar Grant Township ta kuma kwace kamfanoni daga hakkinsu saboda ba za a ga kamfanoni a matsayin "mutane" a cikin iyakokin Grant Township ba. A watan Agustan 2014, PGE ta kai karar Grant Township wanda ya fara yakin shari'a wanda zai dauki kusan shekaru biyar. Grant Township ya rasa karar da aka shigar a kan PGE a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, kuma Alkalin Susan Baxter ya umarci Grant Township da ya biya kuɗin shari'ar PGE wanda ya kai sama da $ 100,000. Bugu da kari, an ayyana dokar Grant Township ba ta da inganci.

A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, masu jefa kuri'a a Toledo, Ohio sun zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Lake Erie .  Babban ma'anar Dokar 'Yancin Lake Erie ita ce Lake Erie yana da' yancin "yi girma. "  Mazauna Toledo, da yankunan da ke kewaye da su, sun sha wahala a lokutan da ruwan famfo, wanda ya fito daga Lake Erie, ba shi da aminci don sha, ko amfani, saboda gurɓataccen ruwa.  Lamuran yanayin ruwa mara lafiya, da sauran matsalolin gurɓataccen ruwa, shine abin da ya sa mazaunan Toledo su nemi CELDF don taimako. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, ranar da masu jefa kuri'a suka zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Lake Erie, wani manomi na Ohio ya shigar da kara.   A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Jack Zouhary ya soke lissafin,  inda ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma ya wuce "ikon gwamnatin birni a Ohio".

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2019, kabilar Yurok a arewacin California ta ba da matsayin mutum na Kogin Klamath.

 Ecuador 
Hakkin yanayi "don wanzu, ci gaba, kiyayewa da sake farfado da muhimman sake zagayowar sa" an ayyana su a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008. Wannan ya faru ne bayan raba gardama na kasa a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya ba da damar kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador ya nuna haƙƙin yanayi, na farko a duniya. Kowane mutum da al'umma suna da 'yancin yin kira a madadin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "Jam'iyyar za ta ba da ƙarfafawa ga mutane da ƙungiyoyin shari'a da kuma al'ummomi don kare yanayi da inganta girmamawa ga duk abubuwan da suka ƙunshi tsarin halittu".

An gabatar da shari'ar farko ta nasara game da haƙƙin aiwatar da yanayi a ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulkin Ecuador a gaban Kotun Lardin Loja a cikin 2011. Wannan shari'ar ta ƙunshi kogin Vilcabamba a matsayin mai gabatar da kara, yana wakiltar kanta tare da haƙƙinsa na ' wanzu' da kuma 'tsara kanta' - yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya dakatar da gina wani babban titin gwamnati da ke tsoma baki tare da lafiyar kogin.  Wasu mutane biyu, Richard Frederick Wheeler da Eleanor Geer Huddle ne suka gabatar da wannan shari'ar a gaban kotu, a matsayin masu kula da shari'a da ke aiki da yanayin - musamman kogin Vilcabamba.  An ba da umarnin tsarin mulki don goyon bayan kogin Vilcabamba da kuma adawa da gwamnatin lardin Loja, yunƙurin gudanar da aikin da zai cutar da muhalli.  An tilasta wa dakatar da aikin, kuma za a gyara yankin..

 Bolivia 
Canjin kundin tsarin mulki a Ecuador ya biyo bayan doka ta Bolivia a cikin 2010, ta hanyar wucewa da 'Dokar' Yancin Uwar Duniya' (Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra). Wannan dokar ta sanya Uwar Duniya a matsayin halin 'batun hadin gwiwa na jama'a'  tare da haƙƙin da aka ƙayyade a cikin doka.  Dokar 'Yancin Uwar Duniya tana ba da fannoni na mutum na doka ga yanayin halitta. Za a iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a don keta doka ga mutane da kungiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uwar Duniya a matsayin 'batun jama'a'. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Uwar Duniya ita ce tsarin rayuwa mai ƙarfi wanda ya ƙunshi al'umma marar rarraba na duk tsarin rayuwa, rayuwa, mai alaƙa da juna, mai dogaro da juna da kuma hadin kai, yana raba makoma ɗaya. "

 Colombia 
Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Colombia ta gano a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016 cewa Kogin Atrato yana da haƙƙin "kariya, kiyayewa, kiyayewa da sabuntawa. " Wannan hukuncin ya zo ne sakamakon lalacewar kogin daga hakar ma'adinai, yana tasiri ga yanayi da cutar da 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adunsu. Kotun ta ambaci sanarwar New Zealand game da Kogin Whanganui a matsayin mutum na shari'a wanda ke riƙe da halin muhalli. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa za a gudanar da kulawar hadin gwiwa a wakiltar kogin Atrato. Hakazalika da sanarwar New Zealand, wakilan za su fito ne daga gwamnatin kasa da 'yan asalin da ke zaune a cikin kwandon. (I) t shine yawan mutanen da ke dogara da juna na duniya ta halitta - kuma ba akasin haka ba - kuma dole ne su ɗauki sakamakon ayyukansu da watsi da yanayi. Tambaya ce ta fahimtar wannan sabon gaskiyar zamantakewar siyasa tare da manufar cimma canji mai daraja tare da duniyar halitta da mahallinta, kamar yadda ya faru a baya tare da haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa...Yanzu lokaci ne da za a fara ɗaukar matakai na farko don kare duniya da albarkatunta yadda ya kamata kafin ya makara.A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018 Kotun Koli ta Colombia ta yanke shawara ta amince da tsarin halittu na Kogin Amazon a matsayin batun haƙƙoƙi da mai cin gajiyar kariya.

 Kanada 
Quebec)" id="mwAXY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Magpie River (Quebec)">Kogin Magpie a yankin Côte-Nord na Quebec an ba shi wasu hakkoki, gami da haƙƙin ɗaukar matakin shari'a, daga Majalisar Innu ta Ekanitshit da Minganie.  Ma'aikatar yankin da Innu na iya nada wakilan don yin aiki a madadin kogin kuma su dauki matakin shari'a don kare hakkokinta wanda suka bayyana a matsayin: "yancin gudana; haƙƙin girmamawa ga sake zagayowar ta; haƙƙin karewa da kiyayewa; haƙƙin kula da bambancin halittu na halitta; haƙƙin cika muhimman ayyukanta a cikin yanayin halittu; haƙƙin kiyaye amincinta; haƙƙin kasancewa lafiya daga gurɓataccen yanayi; haƙƙin sake farfadowa da sake dawowa; kuma a mayar da shi; kuma a ƙarshe, haƙƙin kai ga aikin ɗan adam ne.  Wannan ya daidaita aikin mai zaman kansa.

 Spain 
A Spain, Dokar ta amince da halin muhalli ga Mar Menor.

 Tattaunawar da ke goyon baya da adawa 
Ma'anar mutum na muhalli yana da rikici, har ma tsakanin masu kula da muhalli. Mutum na iya ba da shawara ga tsarin doka wanda ya amince da haƙƙin yanayi, amma bazai yarda da cewa mutum na muhalli shine hanyar da ta dace don aiwatar da shi ba. Masu goyon bayan halin muhalli suna jayayya cewa yana da mahimmanci a iya kai karar a madadin muhalli, saboda zai ba da damar kare muhalli wanda bai dogara da cutar da ake yi wa mutane ba. Har ila yau, mutum na muhalli ya fi girmama muhimman alakar 'yan asalin ƙasar da mahallinsu.

Wani damuwa shi ne cewa ko da tare da haƙƙin doka don kai karar a madadin wata ƙungiya ta halitta, karar tana da tsada. Akwai batutuwan Adalci na muhalli idan farashin yin amfani da haƙƙin kai karar ba zai yiwu ba. Sauran batutuwan suna tasowa lokacin da hukumomin muhalli suka wuce iyakokin ikon da ya yanke shawara game da halin muhalli, wanda shine yanayin da ke da kogi wanda ke da haƙƙoƙi a matsayin mutum na doka a Uttarakhand, Indiya. A cewar rahoto daga Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa, akwai kuma shari'o'i inda haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin muhalli na iya kasancewa da bambanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam, "Yawancin dokokin [mutumi na muhalli] sun haɗu da juriya daga masana'antu, manoma da al'ummomin kogi, waɗanda ke jayayya cewa ba da yanayi ya keta haƙƙoƙinsu da hanyoyin rayuwa. "

 Muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'adu 
Sanar da Kogin Whanganui a matsayin hukuma ta doka a New Zealand (Te Awa Tupua) ya ƙunshi kyakkyawar ma'anar al'adu "haɗin da ba za a iya ba da shi ba" ga iwi da hapū na kogi. Al'adun Māori suna ɗaukar siffofin halitta kamar Kogin Whanganui a matsayin kakanninmu kuma iwi suna da alaƙa mai zurfi da su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu rai. Wannan haɗin da ba za a iya cirewa ba na al'adun 'yan asalin zuwa mahallinsu na halitta a wasu sassan duniya kamar Colombia inda aka yi irin wannan sanarwar mutum na muhalli don kwarin Kogin Atrato.

Jagoran mai tattaunawar Whanganui iwi, Gerrard Albert, ya ce "muna la'akari da kogin kakanninmu kuma koyaushe muna da... bi da kogin a matsayin mai rai shine hanyar da ta dace don kusantar shi, a matsayin abin da ba a iya raba shi ba, maimakon tsarin gargajiya na shekaru 100 da suka gabata na bi da shi daga hangen nesa na mallaka da gudanarwa".  James D K Morris da Jacinta Ruru sun ba da shawarar cewa bayar da "halli na doka hanya ce daya da za ta iya bunkasa don samar da alkawura mai tsawo don sulhu da ita ga sulhu da Maori. " Whanganui iwi sun kasance suna yaƙi don tabbatar da hakkinsu cikin jituwa da kogi tun daga shekarun 1870.

 Baƙon Duniya 

 Kasuwanci
 Mutumin da ya dace
 Mutumin da yake ciki
 Wakilin siyasa na yanayi
 Hakkin yanayi
 Te Urewera
 Kogin Whanganui
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba