Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu

Ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasassu ƙungiya ce ta duniya   wacce ke neman tabbatar da daidaitattun dama da daidaitattuwan haƙƙin ga duk mutanen da ke da nakasa.

Yana da ƙungiyoyi na masu fafutuka na nakasa, wanda kuma aka sani da masu ba da shawara na nakasa, a duk duniya suna aiki tare da irin wannan manufa da buƙatun, kamar: samun dama da aminci a cikin gine-gine, sufuri, da yanayin jiki; daidaitattun dama a rayuwa mai zaman kanta, daidaiton aikin yi, ilimi, da gidaje ; da 'yanci daga wariya, cin zarafi, sakaci, da sauran take hakki.  Masu fafutuka da nakasa suna aiki don karya shingen hukumomi, na jiki, da na zamantakewa waɗanda ke hana nakasassu rayuwa kamar sauran ƴan ƙasa.  

Haƙƙoƙin naƙasa yana da sarƙaƙiya saboda akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda mai nakasa zai iya samun tauye haƙƙoƙinsa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa da siyasa, al'adu, da shari'a. Alal misali, a zamanin yau, shingen gama gari da masu naƙasa ke fuskanta ya shafi aikin yi. To Musamman ma, masu daukan ma'aikata galibi ba sa son ko ba su iya samar da matsuguni masu dacewa don baiwa masu nakasa damar gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata. 

Lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da bukatun nakasassu, masu fafutuka na nakasa suna lura cewa mafita sun haɗa da nakasassu a matsayin masu shiga tsakani, aƙalla. Akwai tsare-tsare na yanzu waɗanda suka haɗa da sa hannun ɓangare na uku, kamar gyaran tunani da ba da shawarar doka, amma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙarfafa wannan ƙungiyar don dogaro da kai.

 Tarihi 

 Amurka 
Hakkokin nakasa na ƙasar Amurka sun samo asali sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Kafin yunƙurin haƙƙin nakasassu, ƙin yarda da Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt na a bayyana shi a matsayin rashin lahani da aka nuna kuma ya nuna alamar rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da nakasa.   Yayin yakin neman zabe, ba da jawabai, ko aiki a matsayin jama'a, ya boye nakasarsa. Wannan ya dawwamar da akidar cewa "nakasa tana daidaita da rauni". 

Ana kallon nakasa a Amurka a matsayin wani lamari na sirri, kuma ba ƙungiyoyin siyasa ko na gwamnati da yawa da suka wanzu don tallafawa mutane a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. A cikin shekarata 1950s, an sami canji zuwa ayyukan sa kai da ƙungiyoyin iyaye, kamar Maris na Dimes .  Yayin da wannan ne farkon fafutuka da neman tallafi ga wadannan kungiyoyi, yaran da ke da nakasa iyayensu sun boye da yawa saboda tsoron tilasta musu gyara.  Lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a suka tashi a cikin shekarar 1960s, masu fafutukar naƙasassun sun shiga cikinta da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata don haɓaka daidaito daidai da ƙalubalantar ra'ayi. A wannan lokacin ne fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa ta fara samun mai da hankali kan nakasa. Mutanen da ke da nakasa iri-iri (nakasassu ta jiki da ta hankali, tare da nakasar gani da ji) da buƙatu daban-daban sun taru don yaƙi don manufa ɗaya.

Sai a shekarata 1990 ne aka zartar da Dokar Nakasa ta Amurkawa (ADA), bisa doka ta haramta wariya saboda nakasa, da kuma ba da izinin shiga nakasa a duk gine-gine da wuraren jama'a. ADA tana da mahimmanci a tarihi saboda ta ayyana ma'anar matsuguni mai ma'ana don kare ma'aikata da ma'aikata.  A yau, masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa suna ci gaba da ba da kariya ga waɗanda ake nuna musu wariya, kuma suna aiki kan wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar tilasta doka da kula da nakasassu. A ma'auni na duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa,  musamman game da mutanen da ke da nakasa (Lockwood 146).

 Shingayen nakasa 
Misalin zamantakewa na nakasa yana nuna nakasa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin al'umma, maimakon tawayar mutum. Wannan samfurin yana nuna shinge a cikin al'umma an halicce su ta hanyar iyawa . To Lokacin da aka cire shinge, masu nakasa za su iya zama masu zaman kansu kuma daidai suke a cikin al'umma.

Akwai manyan katanga guda uku: 

 Matsalolin ɗabi'a: mutanen da suke ganin nakasa ne kawai ke ƙirƙira su yayin cuɗanya da nakasassu ta wata hanya. Ana iya ganin waɗannan shingen ɗabi'a ta hanyar zalunci, wariya, da tsoro. Waɗannan shingen sun haɗa da ƙarancin tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa. Waɗannan shingen suna ba da gudummawa ga duk sauran shingen.    Halayen nakasassu a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita na iya zama ma wuce gona da iri. 
 Matsalolin muhalli: wuraren da ba za a iya shiga ba, na halitta ko ginanne, suna haifar da nakasu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shingen haɗawa.
 Shingayen cibiyoyi: sun haɗa da dokoki da yawa, manufofi, ayyuka, ko dabarun nuna wariya ga nakasassu. Misali, wani bincike da aka yi a wasu kasashe biyar na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya nuna cewa, dokokin zabe ba sa kare hakkin nakasassu na musamman na siyasa, yayin da “wasu bankunan ba sa barin nakasassu su bude asusu, kuma cibiyoyin gwajin cutar kanjamau kan kin karbar yaren kurame. masu fassara saboda manufofin sirri".  Akwai dokoki masu taƙaitawa a wasu ƙasashe, musamman suna shafar mutanen da ke da nakasu na hankali ko na zamantakewa. 

Sauran shingen sun haɗa da: shingen cikin gida (ƙananan tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya lalata kwarin gwiwa da burinsu), rashin isassun bayanai da ƙididdiga, rashin shiga daga tuntuɓar nakasassu.

 Batutuwa 

 Mutanen da ke da nakasa 
Samun shiga wuraren jama'a kamar titunan birni, gine-ginen jama'a, da dakunan wanka na daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka fi gani da aka samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawar da shinge na zahiri. Babban canji a wasu sassan duniya shine shigar da lif, Kuma kofofi na atomatik, ƙofofi masu fadi da hanyoyi, jigilar kaya, gyare-gyaren keken hannu, yanke shinge, da kuma kawar da matakan da ba dole ba inda ramps da lif ba su samuwa, ba da damar mutane a cikin keken hannu . tare da sauran nakasassun motsi don amfani da hanyoyin jama'a da jigilar jama'a cikin sauƙi da aminci.

 Mutanen da ke da nakasar gani 
Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin hangen nesa a kai a kai suna fuskantar tsangwama ga wariya saboda rashin iya bambance wasu launuka. Farfesa Miguel Neiva na Jami'ar Minho, Portugal ne ya ƙera wani tsarin alamomin alamomin geometrically da aka sani da Coloradd a cikin shekarata 2010 don nuna launuka ga mutanen da ke da wahalar fahimtar su. 

 Mutanen da ke da nakasar ci gaba 
Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa suna mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu don samun karɓuwa a cikin ma'aikata da kuma ayyukan yau da kullun da abubuwan da wataƙila an cire su a baya. Ba kamar da yawa daga cikin jagorori a cikin al'ummar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ta jiki ba, Sai dai ba da shawarar kai ya yi jinkirin haɓakawa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin ayyukan da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa ta yi an kammala su ta hanyar abokan tarayya, ko waɗanda ba su da nakasa amma suna da alaka mai karfi da nakasa. Iyaye, abokai, da ƴan'uwa sun yi yaƙi don neman ilimi da karɓuwa lokacin da 'yan uwansu da ke da nakasar fahimta ta kasa. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movements." The Virginia Navigator, 23 Mar. 2013. Web. Sanin jama'a game da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam na wannan yawan ya kasance mai iyaka, kuma ra'ayin mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsayin ƴan ƙasa marasa ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka dogara ga wasu ya kasance gama gari. A yau, harkar ta fi mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa don kara wayar da kan jama'a, kamar yadda yakin "R-Word" ya tabbatar, inda suke kokarin kawar da amfani da kalmar "retard". 

 Kungiyar kare hakkin Autism 
Ƙungiyar haƙƙin zamantakewa ne wanda ke jaddada manufar neurodiversity, kallon nau'in nau'i na autism sakamakon bambancin yanayi a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam maimakon rashin lafiya da za a warke.  Ƙungiyar haƙƙin autism tana ba da shawarwari ga manufofi da yawa, gami da babban yarda da halayen autistic; hanyoyin kwantar da hankali waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewar magancewa maimakon yin koyi da halayen takwarorinsu na neurotypical ;  ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da abubuwan da ke ba da damar mutanen autistic su yi hulɗa da kansu; Autism Network International presents Autreat.  (2008-05-23) AIN. da kuma amincewa da al'ummar autistic a cikin matsayin 'yan tsiraru .  

Haƙƙin Autism ko masu ba da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi sun yi imanin cewa bakan Autism na asali ne na asali kuma yakamata a yarda da shi azaman yanayin yanayin halittar ɗan adam . Wannan hangen nesa ya bambanta da wasu ra'ayoyi guda biyu (2): hangen nesa na likitanci, cewa Autism yana haifar da lahani na kwayoyin halitta kuma yakamata a magance shi ta hanyar niyya ga kwayoyin Autism (s), da ka'idojin da ke tattare da cewa autism yana haifar da abubuwan muhalli kamar alluran rigakafi . 

Wannan yunkuri yana da sabani. Sukar da aka saba yi wa masu fafutuka autistic shine cewa yawancinsu suna da " masu aiki sosai " ko kuma suna da ciwon Asperger kuma ba sa wakiltar ra'ayoyin " marasa aiki " masu fama da cutar. 

 Mutanen da ke da matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa 
Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa tabin hankali sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan yunƙurin kai, da kuma ikon mutum na rayuwa da kansa. 

Haƙƙin samun rayuwa mai zaman kanta, ta yin amfani da kulawar mataimakiyar biya maimakon kasancewa mai zaman kanta, idan mutum yana so, shine babban burin ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasa, kuma shine babban burin irin wannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu ba da shawara, Duk waɗanda suke mafi tsananin alaƙa da mutanen da ke da nakasa hankali da kuma rashin lafiyar hankali. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun tallafa wa nakasassu don su rayu a matsayin ƙarin masu shiga cikin al'umma. 

 Samun ilimi da aiki 
Samun ilimi da aikin yi su ma sun kasance babban abin da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa suka mayar da hankali a kai. Fasahar daidaitawa, baiwa mutane damar yin ayyukan da ba za su iya samu a baya ba, suna taimakawa wajen samar da damar samun ayyukan yi da 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki. To Amman Samun shiga cikin aji ya taimaka inganta damar ilimi da 'yancin kai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.

 'Yanci daga wariya da cin zarafi 
'Yanci daga cin zarafi, sakaci, da take haƙƙin mutum suma mahimman manufofin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ne. Cin zarafi da sakaci sun haɗa da keɓantawa da kamewa da bai dace ba, yin amfani da ƙarfi da bai dace ba ta ma’aikata da/ko masu bayarwa, barazana, cin zarafi da/ko ramawa daga ma’aikata ko masu samarwa, gazawar samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, sutura, da/ko likita da kula da lafiyar hankali, da kuma /ko gazawar samar da muhalli mai tsafta da aminci, da kuma wasu batutuwan da ke haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar jiki da tunani na mutumin da ke da nakasa. Tauye haƙƙin marasa lafiya sun haɗa da rashin samun cikakken izini don magani, gazawar kiyaye sirrin bayanan jiyya, da ƙuntatawa mara dacewa na haƙƙin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu, to Amman da sauran haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin.

Sakamakon aikin da aka yi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu, an zartar da manyan dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a cikin  shekarar 1970s zuwa 1990s a cikin Amurka 

 Manyan abubuwan da suka faru 

 Kanada 
Lardi mafi girma na Kanada, Ontario, ya ƙirƙira doka, Samun dama ga Dokar nakasa ta Ontario, 2005, tare da burin samun damar zuwa Shekarar 2025.

A cikin Shekarata 2019, Dokokin Kanada Mai Samun damar zama doka. Wannan ita ce dokar Kanada ta farko ta ƙasa kan samun dama da ke shafar duk sassan gwamnati da hukumomin tarayya.

 Indiya 
Dokar Haƙƙin nakasassu, shekarar 2016 ita ce dokar tawaya da Majalisar Indiya ta zartar don cika wajibcinta ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin nakasassu, wanda Indiya ta amince da shi a cikin shekarata 2007. Dokar ta maye gurbin data kasance Masu Nakasa (Dama Daidai, Kare Hakkoki da Cikakkun Shiga) Dokar, 1995 . Ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Disamba, shekarar 2016. Wannan doka ta amince da nakasassu 21.

 Ƙasar Ingila 
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, biyo bayan faɗuwar yunƙurin da mutanen da ke da nakasa suka yi sama da shekaru da dama, an zartar da Dokar Wariya ta Nakasa ta shekarar 1995 (DDA 1995). Hakan dai ya haramta wa nakasassu wariya a Birtaniyya dangane da ayyukan yi, samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka, ilimi da sufuri. Hukumar daidaito da kare hakkin dan Adam ta ba da goyon baya ga wannan Dokar. Akwai irin wannan doka a Ireland ta Arewa, wacce Hukumar Daidaito ta Arewacin Ireland ta aiwatar da ita .

Bayan gabatar da harajin Bedroom (a hukumance hukuncin rashin zama a hukumance) a cikin dokar sake fasalin walwala ta shekarata 2012, masu fafutukar nakasa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa zanga-zangar Harajin Bedroom .  An kiyasta sauye-sauyen fa'ida da yawa suna shafar nakasassu daidai gwargwado da kuma tauye hakkin nakasassu na rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Limited life chances of disabled people in Britain revealed by damning report The Guardian

Dokar Down Syndrome za ta ba da izini na doka ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da Down syndrome . 

 Amurka 



A cikin shekarata 1948, ruwan sha don motsi shine tabbacin wanzuwar shinge na jiki da na shirye-shirye. An ba da tabbacin a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren da za a iya amfani da shi kyauta ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun ba da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don shamaki kyauta ta jiki da damar shirin. Misalin shingen shine; samar da matakai kawai don shiga gine-gine; rashin kula da hanyoyin tafiya; wuraren da ba a haɗa su da jigilar jama'a; rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ji yana kawo wariya ga nakasassu daga masu zaman kansu, shiga, da dama. Ƙididdigar Kyauta na ANSI (Kalmar da Dr. Timothy Nugent ya tsara, mai binciken jagoran) mai suna "ANSI A117.1, Yin Gine-gine Masu Samun Dama da Amfani da Nakasassun Jiki", yana ba da tabbacin da ba za a iya jayayya ba cewa shingen ya wanzu. Ma'auni shine sakamakon masana ilimin motsa jiki, injiniyoyin injiniyoyi, da daidaikun mutane masu nakasa waɗanda suka haɓaka kuma suka shiga cikin sama da shekaru 40 na bincike. Ma'auni yana ba da ma'auni don gyare-gyaren shirye-shirye da kuma wurin jiki don samar da 'yancin kai. An kwaikwayi ma'aunin a duk duniya tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a Turai, Asiya, Japan, Ostiraliya, da Kanada, a farkon shekarata 1960s.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ci gaba na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa shine haɓakar motsin rayuwa mai zaman kansa, wanda ya fito a California a cikin shekarata 1960s ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Edward Roberts da sauran mutane masu amfani da keken hannu. Wannan yunkuri, wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin nakasassu, ya bayyana cewa nakasassu sune kwararrun kwararru kan bukatunsu, don haka dole ne su tashi tsaye, a daidaiku da kuma a dunkule, wajen tsarawa da inganta ingantattun hanyoyin warware matsalar, kuma dole ne su tsara kansu don samun damar siyasa. Bayan ɓata sana'a da wakilcin kai, akidar ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da kawar da nakasassu, kawar da cibiyoyi da nakasa (watau shigar cikin ƙungiyoyin rayuwa mai zaman kanta ba tare da la'akari da bincike ba).  Hakazalika, an zartar da dokar hana shingen gine-gine a 1968, wanda ke ba da umarni cewa gine-ginen da aka gina ta tarayya da nakasassu. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan dokar a matsayin dokar haƙƙin nakasa ta tarayya ta farko.  Abin baƙin ciki ga waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimi, nakasarsu ta sa ya zama mafi wahala su zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun bukatunsu, tare da hana su ikon ba da shawarar kansu kamar yadda takwarorinsu masu amfani da keken hannu za su iya. Gabatar da kai ya fi wuya ga waɗanda ba za su iya bayyana tunaninsu ba, wanda ya kai ga dogaro da wasu don ci gaba da wannan motsi.

A cikin shekarata 1973 Dokar Gyara (Amurka) ta zama doka; Sashe na 501, 503, da 504 sun haramta wariya a shirye-shiryen da ayyuka na tarayya da duk wasu shirye-shirye ko ayyuka da ke karɓar kuɗin tarayya. Mahimmin harshe a cikin Dokar Gyara, wanda aka samo a Sashe na 504, ya ce "Babu wani ƙwararren nakasassu [sic] a cikin Amurka, da za a cire shi kawai saboda rashin lafiyarsa [ sic], daga shiga, zama hana fa'idodin, ko kuma a nuna musu wariya a ƙarƙashin kowane shiri ko aiki da ke samun tallafin kuɗi na tarayya."   Dokar ta kuma bayyana kudaden da za a iya warewa don taimakawa nakasassu samun horo ga ma'aikata tare da taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa za su iya isa wurin aiki ba tare da fuskantar matsalolin rashin isa ba. Wannan ita ce dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin dama daidai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. 

Wani muhimmin juzu'i mai mahimmanci shine 504 Sit-in a cikin shekarata 1977 na gine-ginen gwamnati wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jindadin Amurka (HEW) ke gudanarwa, wanda Frank Bowe ya ɗauka kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta shirya, wanda ya haifar da fitar da ka'idoji bisa ga Sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta shekarar 1973. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1977, masu fafutuka sun fara zanga-zanga kuma wasu sun zauna a cikin ofisoshin da aka samu a yankuna goma na tarayya ciki har da New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, Chicago, Philadelphia, da Atlanta. Daya daga cikin manyan zanga-zangar ta faru ne a San Francisco. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci sanya hannu kan ka'idoji na sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta a shekarar 1973. Judith Heumann ce ta jagoranci zaman da aka yi nasara. Ranar farko ta zanga-zangar ita ce ta farko ta zaman dirshan na kwanaki 25. Kusan masu fafutuka na nakasassu 120 da masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye ginin HEW, kuma Sakatare Joseph Califano a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1977. Wannan zanga-zangar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ba kawai don an cimma manufarta ba, har ma saboda ita ce babban yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mutanen nakasassu daban-daban da suka taru don goyon bayan dokar da ta shafi yawan nakasassu gabaɗaya, maimakon takamaiman ƙungiyoyi.

A cikin shekarata 1978 masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin nakasassu a Denver, Colorado, waɗanda Atlantis Community suka shirya, sun gudanar da zama tare da toshe bas ɗin Hukumar Canja wurin Yankin Denver a cikin 1978. Suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na birnin gaba daya ba ya isa ga nakasassu. Wannan aikin ya zama na farko a cikin jerin zanga-zangar rashin biyayya da aka yi na tsawon shekara guda har zuwa lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Wuta ta Denver ta sayi motocin bas sanye da kayan hawan keken guragu. A cikin 1983, Amurkawa nakasassu don Samun Samun Jama'a (ADAPT) shine ke da alhakin wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na farar hula shima a Denver wanda ya kwashe shekaru bakwai. Sun kai hari kan Ƙungiyar Sufuri na Jama'a na Amirka don nuna rashin amincewa da jigilar jama'a; Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare a cikin shekarata 1990 lokacin da dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta buƙaci tayar da bas ga mutanen da ke amfani da keken hannu a duk faɗin ƙasar. 

Wata babbar zanga-zangar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin nakasa ita ce Kurame Yanzu zanga-zangar da ɗaliban Jami'ar Gallaudet suka yi a Washington, DC, a cikin Maris Na shekarar 1988. Muzaharar ta kwanaki 8 (Maris 6 - Maris 13) zanga-zangar da kuma aiki da kullewa daga makarantar ta fara ne lokacin da Hukumar Amintattu ta nada sabon Shugabar sauraren karar, Elisabeth Zinser, sama da ’yan takara Kurame biyu. Koke-koken daliban na farko shi ne yadda jami’ar da ta sadaukar da kai wajen karantar da kurame, ba ta taba samun shugaba kurame ba, wanda zai wakilce su. Daga cikin bukatu hudu da masu zanga-zangar suka gabatar, babba ita ce murabus din shugaban kasar da kuma nada kurame. Muzaharar ta ƙunshi ɗalibai kusan 2,000 da waɗanda ba ɗalibi ba. An gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a harabar jami’ar, a cikin gine-ginen gwamnati, da kuma a kan tituna. A karshe dai an biya dukkan bukatun daliban sannan aka nada I. Sarki Jordan a matsayin shugaban kurma na farko na jami'a. 

A cikin shekarata 1990, Dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta zama doka, kuma ta ba da cikakkiyar kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. An ƙirƙira shi sosai bayan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Sashe na 504, dokar ita ce mafi girman dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a tarihin Amurka. Ya ba da umarnin cewa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi, jihohi, da tarayya da shirye-shirye su kasance masu isa, cewa masu daukan ma'aikata tare da ma'aikata sama da 15 su yi " madaidaicin masauki " ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa kuma kada su nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙwararrun ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, da kuma wuraren zama na jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da shaguna. ba nuna bambanci ga nakasassu ba kuma suna yin gyare-gyare masu dacewa don tabbatar da samun dama ga nakasassun jama'a. Har ila yau, dokar ta ba da izinin shiga cikin jama'a, sadarwa, da sauran fannonin rayuwar jama'a.

An gudanar da Maris Pride na nakasa na farko a Amurka a Boston a cikin shekarata 1990. An gudanar da Maris na Tawaya ta biyu a Boston a cikin 1991. Babu wani naƙasasshiyar Pride Pride Marises/Pades na shekaru da yawa, har zuwa Chicago ranar Lahadi, Yuli 18, 2004.   An ba da kuɗin dalar Amurka 10,000 a cikin kuɗin iri wanda Sarah Triano ta samu a cikin shekarata 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na lambar yabo ta Paul G. Hearne jagoranci daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka .  A cewar Triano, mutane 1,500 ne suka halarci faretin.  Yoshiko Dart shi ne jagoran fareti. 

 nune-nunen da tarin yawa 
Don bikin cika shekaru 10 na Dokar nakasassu na Amurkawa, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Smithsonian Institute National Museum of History ta buɗe wani nune-nunen da ya yi nazari kan tarihin fafutuka ta nakasassu, abokansu, da iyalai don tabbatar da yancin ɗan adam da aka lamunce ga duk Amurkawa. Abubuwan da ake gani sun haɗa da alƙalami da Shugaba George HW Bush ya yi amfani da shi wajen sanya hannu kan dokar da ɗaya daga cikin kujerun guragu na farko. An tsara nunin don isa ga iyakar isa. Kiosks na gidan yanar gizo - samfura don sigar da za ta kasance a ƙarshe ga gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyin al'adu - an samar da wasu nau'i na daban don dandana nunin. An buɗe baje kolin daga Yuli 6, shekarata 2000, zuwa Yuli 23, 2001. 

 Muhawara da hanyoyi 
Muhimmiyar muhawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu shine tsakanin tabbataccen mataki ga nakasassu tare da yin gwagwarmaya don samun daidaito. A cewar wata ƙungiyar zaɓe ta shekarar 1992, mutane da yawa suna fargabar cewa haɗa naƙasassu cikin wuraren aiki na iya shafar martabar kamfaninsu, ko kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki.  Wannan ya zo daidai da shekarata 1992 na majalisar dokoki game da Dokar Daidaita Ma'aikata, wanda ya bayyana cewa masu daukan ma'aikata su duba don aiwatar da daidaito ba tare da samun tsarin ƙididdiga na hukuma ba.  Wannan ya kasance muhawara mai gudana.

Wani ƙarin muhawara shine tsakanin ƙaddamar da nakasassu tare da tallafa musu a gidajensu. A cikin shekarata 1963 lokacin shugabancin John F. Kennedy, ya canza ra'ayin ƙasa game da lafiyar hankali ta hanyar haɓaka kudade don shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma da tsara dokoki don kula da lafiyar hankali. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Rage Hakuri, wanda ya samar da shawarwari ga sababbin shirye-shirye da gwamnatoci za su iya aiwatarwa a matakin jiha, don haka suna nisantar da "cibiyoyin tsare".  Wannan sauyi daga kafa hukumomi ya haifar da tsangwama ga cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin siyasa sau da yawa ba a samun isasshen kuɗi don wannan ra'ayi.

A cewar shari'ar Kotun Kolin Amurka Humphrey v. Cady, dokokin alƙawarin jama'a da cancantar shiga tsakani suna wanzu ne kawai a cikin misali lokacin da aka yanke wa mutum haɗari cikin gaggawa ga kansa ko wasu.  Wahalhalun tabbatar da "haɗari nan da nan" ya haifar da sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani cewa yana da wuya a kai masu tabin hankali zuwa asibiti da sauƙin tura su kurkuku. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun  Maza da 30% na Mata suna da wani nau'i mai tsanani na tabin hankali wanda ya rage ba a kula da shi ba. 

Wata muhawarar da ke ci gaba da gudana ita ce yadda za a bunkasa dogaro da kai ga nakasassu. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa "Dukkanin al'umma suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu" tare da 'yancin zabi.  Domin wannan yana bayyana manufar zaɓe na 'yanci da cin gashin kansa, hujja ɗaya ita ce, duk wani tsoma bakin gwamnati yana hana 'yancin kai,  don haka ya bar wa nakasassu su nemi duk wani taimako da suke buƙata daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su majami'u sun yi imani da taimaka wa nakasassu ba tare da komai ba. A gefe guda, wata hanyar ita ce haɗin kai, alaƙar dabi'a, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin kamar haɓaka ƙwararru da tanadin albarkatu. Musamman ma, hanya ɗaya ita ce ba da damar nakasassu su bayyana bukatunsu da kansu da kuma samar da nasu mafita da nazari.  Maimakon shiga tsakani, wanda shine shiga ta hanyar gaya musu abin da za a yi ko abin da aka yi, wannan hanya ta ba da shawara don ba da damar wannan ƙungiya ta zama mai dogaro da kanta kuma ta yanke shawara. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan sun haɗa da ayyana wanene mai dogaro da kansa da naƙasa, yana kewayawa zuwa ga ra'ayin ƙaddamar da kai.

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Kararraki 

 Shiga Yanzu v. Jirgin saman Southwest
 Mills vs. Hukumar Ilimi na Gundumar Columbia

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Albarkatun Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta
 Ƙungiyar Ƙasa akan Nakasa
 Ƙungiyar Nazarin Nakasa 
 Rayayyar Wurin Rayuwa don Lens Mai Zaman Kai akan PBS
 Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa Nunin kan layi daga Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Amirka

 Ci gaba da karatu 

 Bagenstos, Samuel. Doka da Saɓani na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasa (Yale University Press, 2009). 
 Barnartt, Sharon N. da Scotch, Richard. Zanga-zangar Nakasa: Siyasa Mai Ciki 1970-1999 (Jaridar Jami'ar Gallaudet, 2001) 
 Colker, Ruth da Milani, Adam. Doka ta yau da kullun don daidaikun mutane masu nakasa (Mawallafin Paradigm, 2005). ISBN 978-1-59451-145-5
 Fleischer, Doris Zames da Zames, Frieda. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Sadaka zuwa Haɗuwa (Jaridar Jami'ar Temple, 2nd Edition, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4399-0743-6
 Johnson, Mary da Ragged Edge Online Community. Sanin Nakasa - yi daidai! Yadda za a jagorance ku gaba ɗaya (The Advocado Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-9721189-1-0
 Johnson, Roberta Ann. "Tallakar da nakasassu." A cikin Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Jo Freeman (Longman, 1983), shafi na. 82–100; An sake bugawa a cikin Waves of Protest: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a Tun daga Sittin da Jo Freeman da Victoria Johnson suka gyara (Rowman da Littlefield, 1999), shafi na 1999. 25-45. ISBN 978-0-8476-8748-0
 Longmore, Paul, K. da Umansky, Laurie, masu gyara, Sabon Tarihin Nakasa: Ra'ayin Amurka (Jami'ar New York, 2001). ISBN 978-0-8147-8564-5
 Ruth O'Brien asalin Gurguwar Adalci: Tarihin Manufofin Nakasa na Zamani a Wajen Aiki (Jami'ar Chicago Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-226-61659-9
 Kaka, Fred. Abokin ABC Clio zuwa Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (ABC-Clio, 1997). ISBN 978-0-87436-834-5
 Kaka, Fred. Abin da Muka Yi: Tarihin Baka na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (Amherst, Boston MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press 2012). ISBN 978-1-55849-919-5
 Regents na Jami'ar California. Haƙƙin nakasassu da Ƙungiyar Rayuwa mai zaman kanta (Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California Berkeley, 2001). Yanar Gizo. Haƙƙin mallaka © 2007 Masu Mulki na Jami'ar California. An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi. Takaddun da aka kiyaye akan sabar: www.lib.berkeley.edu/ na Bancroft Library. www.bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/aboutus/project.html 
 Shapiro, Joseph P. Babu Tausayi: Mutanen da ke da Nakasa Ƙaddamar da Sabon Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama (Littattafan Times, 1993). ISBN 978-0-8129-2412-1
 Stroman, Duane. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Ƙaddamar da Kai (Jami'ar Jarida ta Amurka, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7618-2480-0

 Manazarta 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba