Zabtarewar ƙasa a indiya

Bala'i ne a ƙasar Indiya, Wanda yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da yanayin Indiya, suna haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiyoyi masu yawa. Fari, ambaliya, guguwa, dusar ƙanƙara, zabtarewar ƙasa da mamakon ruwan sama ke kawowa, da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara suna haifar da babbar barazana. Bala'i na iya haifar da girgizar ƙasa, ambaliya, fashewar volcanic, zabtarewar ƙasa, guguwa da sauransu. Domin a rarraba shi azaman bala'i, yana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi da/ko asarar ɗan adam kuma akai-akai yana jawo asarar kuɗi.  Sauran hatsarurrukan sun haɗa da guguwar ƙurar rani akai-akai, wadda yawanci ke bi daga arewa zuwa kudu; suna yin barna mai yawa a Arewacin Indiya . kuma suna adana ƙura da datti daga yankuna masu busassun itatu. Haka kuma ana samun yawaitar ƙanƙara a sassan ƙasar Indiya, inda hakan ke haifar da mummunar illa ga amfanin gona da ke tsaye kamar shinkafa da alkama da kuma sauran albarkatu masu yawa.

 Zabtarewar kasa da kankara 
Zabtarewar kasa ta zama ruwan dare a cikin Yankin ƙananan Himalayas. Yaran shekarun tsaunukan yankin yana haifar da rarrabuwar duwatsu, waɗanda ke da saurin zamewa. Haɓaka yawan jama'a da matsi na ci gaba, musamman daga sare itatuwa da yawon buɗe ido, na haifar da sare bishiyoyi. Sakamakon da aka tono shi ne tsaunin tuddai wanda ke kara tsananta zaftarewar kasa; tun itace, murfin yana hana ruwa gudu. . Sassan Yammacin Ghats suma suna fama da zabtarewar ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Ana yawan samun balaguron balaguro a Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, da Sikkim da dai sauransu. Zaftarewar kasa a Indiya ma tana da matukar hadari saboda iyalai da manoma da yawa na Indiya suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka ko tsaunuka.

 Ambaliyar ruwa a Indiya 
Ambaliyar ruwa ita ce bala'in da aka fi sani a Indiya. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da aka yi a kudu maso yammacin kasar ya sa kogin Brahmaputra da sauran kogunan koguna sun karkatar da bakinsu, wanda galibi ke mamaye yankunan da ke kewaye. Ko da yake suna samar wa manoman shinkafa tushen tushen ban ruwa da takin zamani, amma ambaliya na iya kashe dubban mutane tare da raba miliyoyi. Ruwan sama mai yawa, rashin daidaituwa, ko rashin lokaci na ruwan sama na iya wanke ko lalata amfanin gona. . . Kusan dukkanin Indiya na fama da ambaliyar ruwa, kuma abubuwan da suka shafi hazo sosai, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya, sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakiyar Indiya cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin zafi. A halin yanzu, jimlar hazo na shekara-shekara ya nuna raguwa a hankali, saboda raunin damina mai rauni  sakamakon saurin dumamar yanayi a cikin Tekun Indiya  da raguwar yanayin zafin ƙasa da teku. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama masu tsauri tare da tsayin daka na bushewa a tsakiyar Indiya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

 Cyclones a Indiya 
Yankin Matsalolin na Intertropical Convergence na iya shafar dubban mutane Ko Indiyawan da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi ya zama ruwan dare musamman a arewacin tekun Indiya a ciki da wajen Bay na Bengal . Guguwa tana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa, da guguwa, da iska wanda galibi ke yanke wuraren da abin ya shafa daga agaji da kayayyaki. A cikin Arewacin Tekun Indiya, lokacin guguwar yana gudana daga Afrilu zuwa Disamba, tare da mafi girman aiki tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba.  Kowace shekara, matsakaita na guguwa takwas tare da ci gaba da saurin iska sama da kimanin   tsari; Daga cikin waɗannan, biyu sun ƙarfafa zuwa ga guguwa na wurare masu zafi na gaske, waɗanda suka ci gaba da tashi sama da  . A matsakaita, wata babbar guguwa (Kashi 3 ko sama) tana tasowa kowace shekara.  

A lokacin bazara, Bay na Bengal yana fuskantar zafi mai zafi, yana haifar da ɗimbin iska da rashin kwanciyar hankali waɗanda ke haifar da guguwa. Guguwa da yawa da suka hada da guguwar Calcutta ta 1737, guguwar Bhola ta 1970, guguwar Bangladesh ta 1991, guguwar Odisha ta 1999, da guguwar Fani na shekarar 2019 a Odisha da Cyclone Vayu a Gujarat, sun kai ga yadu a gabar tekun Indiya. da makwabciyarta Bangladesh . Ana ba da rahoton asarar rayuka da asarar dukiya duk shekara a cikin fallasa Tamil Nadu, da West Bengal. Gabar tekun yammacin Indiya, mai iyaka da Tekun Larabawa mafi santsi, ke fuskantar guguwa da wuya kawai; waɗannan galibi suna bugun Gujarat kuma, ƙasa da yawa, Kerala kuma wani lokacin Odisha.

Dangane da lalacewa da asarar rayuka,  a shekarata 1999 Odisha cyclone, babban guguwar da ta buge Odisha a ranar 29 ga Oktoba shekarar 1999, shine mafi muni a cikin fiye da karni na hudu. Tare da mafi girman iskar , yayi daidai da guguwa mai lamba 5 .  Kusan mutane miliyan biyu sun rasa matsuguni;  wasu mutane miliyan 20 kuma guguwar ta rutsa da su.  A hukumance, mutane 9,803 ne suka mutu sakamakon guguwar;  Ƙididdiga marasa hukuma sun sanya adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya haura 10,100. 

Dangane da lalacewa da lalata kadara, Cyclone Amphan,  babban guguwa da ta afkawa West Bengal, Odisha da Bangladesh a ranar 20 ga Mayun shekarata 2020 shine, ya zuwa wannan lokacin, mafi muni a Indiya a ƙarni na 21st. Tare da mafi girman iskar  zuwa , yayi daidai da guguwa ta 5 .  Kusan mutane miliyan 5 ( lakh 50) ne aka bar su ba su da matsuguni a West Bengal, Odisha da Bangladesh ;  wasu mutane miliyan 10 (1 crore ) sun lalace sakamakon guguwar. A hukumance, mutane 128 ne suka mutu sakamakon guguwar. Lalacewar hukuma da lalata kadara ta kai dala biliyan 13.40 zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 13.69 ;  ita ce guguwa mafi tsada kuma mafi lalacewa da ta taɓa faruwa a Bay na Bengal.

2021 Cyclone Tauktae ta kashe aƙalla mutane 104, mafi girma cikin shekaru goma. 

 Canjin yanayi yana tasiri ga muhalli 

 Damina 
Sashen nazarin yanayi na Indiya ya ayyana cewa zagayowar ruwa za ta fi tsanani, tare da karuwar yawan ruwan sama a shekara tare da karuwar fari a shekaru masu zuwa.  An yi hasashen tashin damina a kashi 20 cikin 100 akan yawancin jihohi.  A 2 Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na °C zai sa damina ta Indiya ta zama abin ƙi.  Na 4 °C damina mai tsananin ruwa wanda a halin yanzu yana da damar 1 cikin 100 na shekara zai faru a cikin kowace shekara 10 nan da kimanin 2100. Matsanancin matsakaici da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi da hazo zai ƙaru musamman a gabar tekun yamma da tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Indiya.  Ana sa ran busasshen shekarun za su fi bushewa da bushewa saboda canjin yanayi.

 Rivers da glaciers 
Ana sa ran samun ruwa mai tsafta ga kowane mutum a Indiya zai ragu ƙasa da cubic meters 1000 nan da shekarar 2025 saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da sauyin yanayi. Kogin kogin Cauvery, Penna, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapi, Luni da wasu kaɗan sun riga sun yi ƙarancin ruwa. Krishna da Subarnarekha na iya zama haka nan da shekara 2025. Yawan yawan jama'a, ambaliya ta bakin teku da kutsawar ruwa mai gishiri da fallasa ga guguwa ta sa Ganga, Godavari, Krishna da Mahanadi kogin gabar tekun deltas "masu zafi" na raunin canjin yanayi . </br> Glaciers shine babban tushen ruwa ga kogin Himalayan kamar Ganga, Brahmaputra da Indus . 67% na glaciers Himalayan sun ja da baya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata kuma suna ci gaba da raguwa tare da karuwa. Ganga da Indus na iya zama karancin ruwa nan da shekara 2025.  Tun daga shekarar 1962, gabaɗayan glacier yankin ya ragu da 21% daga 2077 km2 zuwa 1628 km2 . Wannan zai haifar da ƙarancin ruwa ya zama mai tsanani da lokaci kuma yana iya yin haɗari ga amincin abinci da samar da makamashi. http://www.saded.in/PDF%20Files/Kulkarni_GW_Effect_HimalayanGlaciers_Shrinkage.pdf 

 Hawan matakin teku 
Hawan zafin teku da matakin teku yana haifar da asarar yanayin halittun ruwa da nau'ikan halittu, gishiri, zaizayar ruwa da ambaliya da kuma kara aukuwa da tsananin guguwa tare da dukkan bakin tekun. An riga an lura da tasirin canjin yanayi a cikin nutsewar ƙasa na bakin teku a cikin Sundarbans,  asarar wuraren dausayi  da murjani reefs ta hanyar bleaching,  da kiyasin hawan teku na 1.06 - 1.75 mm / shekara. Ƙananan-ƙarshen yanayin kiyasin matakan teku a Asiya zai kasance aƙalla 40 cm sama da 2100. IPCC ta kirga cewa za ta fallasa mutane miliyan 13-94 ga ambaliya, tare da kusan kashi 60% na wannan jimillar a Kudancin Asiya. Tashin matakin teku na kusan 100 cm zai mamaye kilomita 5,763 cubic na ƙasar Indiya.  Zai yi matukar tasiri ga al'ummomi a cikin manyan biranen kamar Mumbai, Kolkata da Chennai saboda nutsewar kasa da matsanancin yanayi . https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22062/1/MPRA_paper_22062.pdf Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na saman teku yana ƙaruwa da mita, ƙarfi, sikelin da kuma lalata ikon cyclones na wurare masu zafi. 

 Fari, zafi da guguwa 
Ƙasar 500Mha a yankin Asiya Pasifik ya rigaya yana fuskantar lalacewar ƙasa .  Lokacin bazara ya riga ya yi zafi a Indiya tare da wasu yankuna akai-akai suna ba da rahoton yanayin zafi kusan 47 °C.  A cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, Indiya ta ga yawancin mutuwar sama da 4,620 da ke haifar da raƙuman zafi, bisa ga bayanan da Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta buga, Gwamnatin Indiya.  Ma'aikatar hasashen yanayi ta Indiya ta bayyana cewa guguwar da ta afkawa arewacin Indiya a watan Mayun shekarata 2018 mai tsanani ne kuma yawansu na iya karuwa saboda dumamar yanayi . Hakan na faruwa ne saboda karuwar tsananin iska da bushewar kasa wanda ke kara karfin guguwar kura. Hawan zafin saman ƙasa zai fi fitowa fili a yankin arewacin Indiya. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya ba da rahoton cewa lokacin rani na iya wucewa har zuwa watanni 8 a filin Gangetic nan da shekara 2070 idan yanayin zafin duniya ya ƙaru fiye da 2. °C.  Ƙaruwa mai tsanani da yawan zafin rana na iya ƙara yawan mace-mace da mutuwar mutane.  Irin wannan yanayin ɗumamar yanayi tare da ƙarancin ruwa yana ƙara tasirin fari. 

 Hukumomin bayar da agajin gaggawa 

 Hukumar Kula da Bala'i ta Kasa (Indiya)
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), kungiyar kwadago karkashin NDMA.
 Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) yana aiki a cikin jihar Odisha.

 Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Tasirin sauyin yanayi a Kudancin Asiya
 Ambaliyar ruwa a Indiya

 Ci gaba da karatu 

 Manazarta 

Category:Ruwa
Category:Ambaliya
Category:Zafi
Category:Guguwa
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba