Yarukan Chadi

Yarukan Chadi

 Abinda ke ciki 
Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms) An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages. Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.

 Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, waɗanda suka hada da

 (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma
 (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.

 Biu – Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da

 (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;
 (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma
 (C) Gidar

 Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da

 (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma
 (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro

 Masa
 ? Kujargé


 Asali 
Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 https://yfull.com/tree/R-Y7771/ ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi . 

Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba. 

 Kalmomin aro 
Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma. 

Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.

 Karin magana 
Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Karin magana Yarjejeniyar-Chadi Proto-Afroasiatic 1 *ní *i ~ *yi 2M *ka *ku, *ka 2F *ki (m) *kim 3M *nì *si, *isi 3F *ta 1PL *mun (hada), *na (sama.) (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ? 2PL *kun *kuuna 3PL *rana *su ~ *usu

 Kwatanta ƙamus 
Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:
TurancieyeearnosetoothtonguemouthbloodbonetreewatereatnameHausaidokunnehancihaƙoriharshebakijiniƙashiitace; bishiyaruwacisunaProto-Chadic*ydn*km/*ɬm*ntn*s₃n; *ƙ-d*ls₃-*bk*br*ƙs₃*ymn*hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft)*s₃mProto-Ron*kumu**atin*haŋgor*liʃ*foɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄*kaʃ*sumPolciyiirkəəmcinshenhaƙoribiiburan; bərangooloopətmaacisuŋProto-Central Chadic*hadaj; *tsɨʸ*ɬɨmɨɗʸ*hʷɨtsɨnʸ*ɬɨɗɨnʸ*ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj*maj*ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ*hʷɨp*ɗɨjɨm*zɨm*ɬɨmɨɗʸProto-Masa*ir*hum*cin*s-*si*vun*vuzur*sok*gu*mb-*ti*semKujargeDoornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.kunɟukumayo ~ kimekaatakiyaaliŋatiapaɪbɪrí(kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́yakaʃíèʃia(tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.]rúwàOther Afroasiatic branchesProto-CushiticEhret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic reconstruction. In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8: 7-180. University of Cologne.*ʔil-*ʔisŋʷ-*ʔiɬkʷ-*caanrab-*ʔaf-/*yaf-*mikʷ’-; *moc’-*-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam-*sim-/*sum-Proto-MajiAklilu, Yilma. 2003. Comparative phonology of the Maji languages. Journal of Ethiopian studies 36: 59-88.*ʔaːb*háːy*aːç’u*eːdu*uːs*inču*haːy*umTarifiyt BerberKossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.ŧit’t’aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣŧinzāŧiɣməsŧiřəsaqəmmumiđamməniɣəssamanššisəmCopticiama'aješašol, najhelasrosnofkasšēnmouwōmranProto-Semitic*ʕayn-*ʔuḏn-*ʔanp-*šinn-*lišān-*dam-*ʕaṯ̣m-*ʕiṣ̂-*mā̆y-*ʔ-k-l(*šim-)Proto-Afroasiatic*ʔǐl-*-ʔânxʷ-*sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point'*-lis’- 'to lick'*âf-*dîm-/*dâm-*k’os-*ɣǎ*âm-; *akʷ’-*-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌*sǔm-/*sǐm-

Kalmomin Proto-Chadic
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr. 1994. Chadic Lexical Roots. Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

 Turanci  Proto-Chadic  Hausa  Hausa (furucci) sleep  *(w)sn/*swn  yi barci  yí bárcíi come, go  *b₂-; *l-     night  *bɗ  dare  dárée seed  *bdr/*bzr  iri  írìi five  *bɗʸɬ  biyar  bìyár̃ mouth  *bk  baki  bàakíi hole  *bk  rami  ráamìi house  *b-n  gida  gídáa give  *br  ba  báa blood  *br  jini  jíníi ashes  *bt-  toka   fall  *d₂-; *g₂ɮ  faɗi  fáaɗì hear  *d₂gw  ji  jí sit  *dmn  zauna  záunàa beat, pound, kill  *dwk     neck  *gɗʸr  wuya  wúyàa do, make  *gə́n-; *ly; *ɗm     laugh  *gms₂  dariya  dàaríyáa ten  *gʷm/*gʷ-m  goma  góomà sand  *gʷsk  yashi; ƙasa  yàashíi; ƙásáa eat hard things  *hrɗ     burn  *kɗ  ƙone   skin  *k-d; *zm  feɗe  féeɗèe fly (insect)  *ƙdb     crocodile  *kdm  kara   one  *kɗn  ɗaya  ɗáyá head  *kɗn  kai  kâi dog  *kɗn  kare  kàrée finger  *kl-  yatsa  yátsàa earth  *ƙɬɗ  kasa   fish  *klp  kifi  kíifíi ear  *km/*ɬm  kunne  kûnnée hand  *ƙmn  hannu  hánnúu three  *knɗ  uku  úkù bark  *krp; *ɓ-r  ɓawo  ɓáawóo bone  *ƙs₃  ƙashi  ƙàshíi rat  *ksm     tail  *kṣr  wutsiya  wútsíyàa fire  *-kw  wuta  wútáa cow, buffalo  *ɬ-     root, vein, medicine  *ɬ₂rw     lick  *lkɗ  lasa  làasáa tongue  *ls₃-  harshe  hárshèe meat  *ɬw  nama  náamàa new  *mrb  sabo  sáabóo man, husband, person  *mtm  mutum   die  *mwt  mutu  mútù hunger  *my     see  *ngn  gani  gáníi nose  *ntn  hanci  háncìi ripen  *nwk     cat  *patu  mage; ƙyanwa  màagée; ƙyânwáa four  *-pɗ  huɗu  húɗú flower  *pl  fure  fùrée sun  *p-t  rana  ráanáa cut  *pt; *ɬ₂wl  yanke  yánkèe drink  *s₂w-  sha; abin sha  sháa; àbín shâa name  *s₃m  suna  súunáa tooth  *s₃n; *ƙ-d  hakori  hákóoríi know  *s-n  sani  sánìi two  *sr  biyu  bíyú sheep  *tmk  tunkiya  túnkìyáa spit  *tp  tofa  tóofàa moon  *t-r  wata  wátàa eat soft things  *twy     goat  *wk-/*kw-  akwiya  àkwíyàa stand (up)  *wɬk     open  *wn  buɗe  búuɗèe full, fill  *wn  cikakke   hair  *yàɗ  gashi  gáashìi bird  *yɗ  tsuntsu  tsúntsúu eye  *ydn  ido  ídòo saliva  *ylk     water  *ymn  ruwa  rúwáa give birth  *yw/*wy     body  *zk  jiki  jìkíi

Kalmomin Proto-Ron
Kalmomin Proto-Ron:Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist.

 Turanci  Proto-Ron  Hausa  Hausa (furucci) nose  **atin  hanci  háncìi crocodile  **haram  kada   navel  **mutuk  cibiya  cíibíyàa friend  **mwin  aboki; amini  àbóokíi; àmíinìi land  **nɗoro  ƙasa; sauka  ƙásáa; sàuká molar  *ɓukum     open (door)  *ɓwali     chest  *cin  ƙirji  ƙìrjíi mouth  *fo  baki  bàakíi breast (female)  *fofo  nono   thigh  *for  cinya  cínyàa blow (mouth)  *fuɗ     fall  *fur  faɗi  fáaɗì throat  *goroŋ  maƙwagwaro  màƙwágwàróo tooth  *haŋgor  hakori  hákóoríi head  *hay  kai  kâi bone  *kaʃ  ƙashi  ƙàshíi put  *kin  sa  sâa (2) elbow  *kukwat  gwiwar hannu  gwíiwàr̃ hánnúu ear  *kumu  kunne  kûnnée call (summon)  *lahyal     tongue  *liʃ  harshe  hárshèe flesh  *lo  nama  náamàa saliva, spittle  *lyal     person  *naaf  mutum  mùtûm chin  *njumut  haɓa  háɓàa urine  *sar     name  *sum  suna  súunáa meet  *tof  sadu  sàadú I  *yin  ni  níi

Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:Takács, Gábor 2004. Comparative dictionary of the Angas-Sura languages. Sprache und Oralität in Afrika (SOA) 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

 Turanci  Proto-North Bauchi  Hausa  Hausa (furucci) grass  *(a)was  ciyawa  cìyáawàa give  *ča/iy-  ba  báa ask  *c̣aɣ-     egg  *caḥʷi  ƙwai  ƙwái stink  *čam-     pull  *c̣am-  ja  jáa (1) sour  *c̣am-  mai tsami  mài tsáamíi bitter  *č̣am-  mai ɗaci  mài ɗáacíi night  *č̣amaz-  dare  dárée goat  *č̣ang-  akwiya  àkwíyàa herd  *caQʷ-     rip  *č̣ar-     middle  *cawɣ-  tsakiya  tsákíyàa sit  *c̣əg-  zauna  záunàa change  *c̣ək-  sake; canja  sáakèe; cánjàa cut  *cəḳər-  yanke  yánkèe swell  *c̣əm-; *puč-     sweat  *cən-; *zukum-     nail  *č̣ərf-  ƙusa  ƙúusàa wring  *č̣ey-     two  *či/ar-  biyu  bíyú dig  *ciḳ-  haƙa; tona  háƙàa; tóonàa sew  *ĉ̣im-  ɗinka  ɗínkàa send  *čin-; *ǯikʷ-  aika  àikáa worm  *ĉ̣iy-  tsutsa  tsúutsàa fish (v.)  *ču     dry  *c̣uf-  a bushe  à bùushé foot  *cum-  ƙafa  ƙáfàa swear  *cum-  rantse  rántsèe stand  *c̣urw-  tashi  táashì morning  *cuwy-  safe  sáafée heart  *č̣Vnk-  zuciya  zúucìyáa urine  *cVpr-     bird  *č̣VT-  tsuntsu  tsúntsúu head  *ɣ/ḥam-  kai  kâi hair  *gəz-  gashi  gáashìi roast  *gəẑ-     fish  *ɣʷad-  kifi  kíifíi see  *ḥan-  gani  gáníi fill  *ḥʷan-     mount  *ḥʷum-     build  *ḥʷun-  gina  gínàa bone  *ḳas-  ƙashi  ƙàshíi war  *ḳas-     count  *ḳin-  ƙirga  ƙírgàa bite  *ḳiy-  ciza  cìizáa nine  *kuč̣-  tara  tár̃à forge  *ḳuf-  ƙera  ƙéeràa deep  *ḳulḳul-  mai zurfi  mài zúrfíi buy  *ḳʷan-  saya  sàyáa angry  *ḳʷar-     hunt  *le[ḥ]-  farauta  fàráutàa sell  *məč̣-  sayar da  sáyár̃ dà chest  *mVc̣-  ƙirji  ƙìrjíi descend  *pəc̣-     fat  *rəvəz-; *ĉ̣əb-     earth  *riĉ̣-     flower  *riẑ-  fure  fùrée tooth  *ṭiḥn-  hakori  hákóoríi kill  *tuḥ-  kashe  káshèe five  *vaĉ̣-  biyar  bìyár̃ pour  *vʷaḥ-  zub da  zúb dà throw  *vʷaḥ-  jefa  jéefàa close  *zaḅʷ-     stab  *zaḳʷ-  soka  sòokáa beans  *zam-     open  *ẑar-  buɗe  búuɗèe call  *zar-; *ḳiy-     tremble  *ẑaẑar-     bow  *zaʔ-  baka  bàkáa stone  *zəḳəy     to skin  *zəl-     body  *zər-  jiki  jìkíi fowl  *ẑirkiy-  kaza  kàazáa ground corn  *zu     awaken  *zuḳʷ-     run  *ẑVẑV  gudu  gúdù rope  *zʸaw-  igiya  ígíyàa turn  *ǯiKal  mayar da  máyár̃ dà allow  *ǯu     pound  *ǯu/iw-  doka; kutufo  dòokáa; kùtùfóo life  *ǯukʷ-  rayuwa  ràayúwáa

Kalmomin Proto-Masa
Kalmomin Proto-Masa:Shryock, Aaron. 1997. The classification of the Masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics 26(1): 29‒62.

 Turanci  Proto-Masa  Hausa  Hausa (furucci) father  *b-  uba  ùbáa bat  *babay  jemage  jéemáagèe vulture  *bak  ungulu  ùngùlúu mushroom  *bik  naman kaza  náamàn kàazáa tail  *c--  wutsiya  wútsíyàa nose  *cin  hanci  háncìi star  *ciw  tauraro  tàuràaróo dog  *d-  kare  kàrée flute  *d-f  sarewa; sarewa  sàareewàa; sàréewàa penis  *ɗiw  bura; azzakari  bùuráa; àzzákàr̃íi chin  *d-m  haɓa  háɓàa mud  *dorɓo  taɓo  tàɓóo liver  *duk  hanta  hántàa sun  *fat  rana  ráanáa four  *fiɗi  huɗu  húɗú blow  *fo  busa; hura  búusàa; húuràa navel  *fuk  cibiya  cíibíyàa flour  *fut  gari  gàaríi small  *g-  ƙarami  ƙàrámíi knee  *gif  gwiwa  gwíwàa heart  *g-l-s  zuciya  zúucìyáa ten  *gup  goma  góomà left  *guɾ  hagu  hágú cold  *hep  mura; mai sanyi; mai ɗari  múr̃àa; mài sányíi; mài ɗáaríi three  *hindi  uku  úkù goat  *hu  akwiya  àkwíyàa ear  *hum  kunne  kûnnée eye  *ir  ido  ídòo seed  *ir  iri  írìi six  *kargi  shida  shídà year  *kim  sheƙara, shekara  shèeƙáràa, shèekáràa yesterday  *k-mb-  jiya  jíyà fish  *k-ɾf-  kifi  kíifíi fire  *ku  wuta  wútáa mat  *ɮat  tabarma  tàabármáa red  *ɬew  ja  jáa (2) feather  *ɮ-m  gashi  gáashìi water  *mb-  ruwa  rúwáa dew  *mb-ɗ-  raɓa  ráaɓáa milk  *mbir  nono; tatsa  nóonòo; tàatsáa horn  *mek  ƙaho  ƙàhóo darkness  *nduvun  duhu  dúhùu sand  *ŋeɬ  yashi; ƙasa  yàashíi; ƙásáa hair  *ŋgusa  gashi  gáashìi breast  *po  nono  nóonòo pus  *ɾ--  mugunya  múgúnyàa hunt  *ɾam  farauta  fàráutàa fly  *raw  ƙuda; tashi  ƙúdáa; táashì time  *ɾi  lokaci; sa’a  lóokàcíi; sáa'àa place  *ɾi  wuri; waje  wúríi; wájée bean  *ɾit  wake  wáakée tooth  *s-  hakori  hákóoríi person  *s-  mutum  mùtûm grass  *-s-  ciyawa  cìyáawàa broom  *samat  mashari  másháaríi spear  *sap  mashi  máashìi egg  *se  ƙwai  ƙwái name  *sem  suna  súunáa sleep  *sen  yi barci  yí bárcíi tongue  *si  harshe  hárshèe seven  *siɗa  bakwai  bákwài wind  *simbet  iska  ískàa field  *sine  gona  góonáa bone  *sok  ƙashi  ƙàshíi root  *s-r  jijiya; saiwa  jíijíyàa; sâiwáa people  *su  jama’a; mutane  jàmá'àa; mútàanée beer  *sum  giya; burkutu  gíyàa; bùr̃kùtù sheep  *time  tunkiya  túnkìyáa moon  *tiɾ  wata  wátàa brain  *toʔon  ƙwalƙwalwa  ƙwálƙwálwáa body  *tu  jiki  jìkíi grave  *us  kabari  kábàr̃íi five  *vaɬ  biyar  bìyár̃ wasp  *viŋ  zanzaro  zànzáróo monkey  *vir  biri  bírìi charcoal  *v-n  gawayi  gáwàyíi hare  *v-t  zomo  zóomóo salt  *vu  gishiri  gíshíríi mouth  *vun  baki  bàakíi blood  *vuzur  jini  jíníi girl  *way  yarinya  yáarínyàa black  *wura  baƙi  báƙíi rope  *zew  igiya  ígíyàa hole  *z-ɾ  rami  ráamìi

 Bibiyar Tarihi 

 Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
 Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 – 349.
 Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
 Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 – 251.
 Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 – 42.
 Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 – 397.
 Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
 Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
 Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
 Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 – 60.

 Bayanin bayanai

 Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo.   

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsunan Chadic
Category:Harsunan Nijeriya
Category:Al'ummomi