Ƙasar Yarbawa

Kasar Yarbawa ( Yoruba   ) shine yankin al'adun Yarbawa a Afirka ta Yamma . A Najeriya Kuma kabilar yarabawa sun kasance wata yar' karamar kabila Mai cike da munafurci da tsegumi. Ya game da ƙasar Nijeriya ta yanzu, Togo da Benin, kuma ya mamaye duka faɗin ƙasar 142,114 km 2 ko kusan girmansa da girman yankin Girka da Montenegro, wanda 106,016 ya haɗu km 2 (18.6%) yana cikin Najeriya, 74.9% a Benin, sauran 6.5% kuma suna cikin Togo. Yankin al'adu ya ƙunshi kimanin mutane miliyan 55, yawancin  wannan ƙabilar sun kasance Yarbawa ne .

 Labarin ƙasa 
Yanayi na ƙasar Yarbawa ta bazu arewa daga Gaɓar Gini da yamma daga Kogin Niger zuwa Benin da Togo . A ɓangaren arewa, ƙasar Yarbawa tana farawa ne daga cikin unguwannin bayan gari da ke yamma da Lokoja kuma tana ci gaba ba tare da zuwa rafin Ogou da ke Mono River a Togo ba, nesa da kusan 610 km A kudu, ana farawa ne a wani yanki da ke yamma da kogin Benin wanda Ilaje Yorubas ke zaune kuma yana ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa Porto Novo, kimanin nisan kusan 270 km kamar yadda hankaka ya tashi. Yammacin Porto Novo Gbe masu magana suna fara mamayewa. Don haka sashen arewa ya fi yankin kudu bakin teku faɗaɗa.

Ƙasar tana da yanayin gandun daji na mangrove, tsattsauran ra'ayi da filayen bakin teku a kudu, waɗanda ke tashi a hankali zuwa arewa zuwa duwatsu masu mirgina da yanki mai tsayi a ciki, wanda aka fi sani da yankin Yarbawa na Yarbawa ko Yammacin tsaunuka . Ana bayyana tsaunuka a yankin Ekiti na yankin, musamman a kusa da tsaunin Effon da bel na Okemesi, wadanda suke da tsayi sama da 732m (2,400 ft) kuma suna da yawan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kamar su Olumirin waterfall, Arinta waterfall, da Effon waterfall. Defence Language Institute, Curriculum Development Division: Yoruba Culture Orientation, 2008  Ana samun mafi tsayi a tsaunin Idanre Inselberg, wanda yake da tsayi fiye da mita 1,050. Gabaɗaya, yanayin shimfiɗar ciki shine keɓance ƙasa tare da wasu sanduna masu tsalle-tsalle da ke jujjuyawa sosai daga kewayen shimfidar kewaye. Wasu sun hada da: tsaunukan Okeagbe : 790m, Olosunta a Ikere Ekiti: 690m, Shaki inselbergs, da tsaunin Igbeti.

Tare da filayen bakin teku, filayen kudu, da tsaunuka na ciki, ƙasar Yarbawa tana da manyan koguna da rafuka da dama wadanda suka ratsa yankin. Defence Language Institute, Curriculum Development Division: Yoruba Culture Orientation, 2008 Waɗannan kogunan suna kwarara zuwa manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin kasar Yarbawa; kudu zuwa cikin lagoons da kogunan ruwa waɗanda suka malala cikin tekun Atlantika, da kuma arewa zuwa kogin Niger . Kogin Osun wanda ya gangaro zuwa Lagoki Lagoon, kogin Ogun wanda ya shiga kogin Lagos, kogin Mono, Oba River, kogin Owena, kogin Erinle, kogin Yewa wanda ke kwarara zuwa rafin Badagry, kogin Okpara wanda ya malala zuwa Porto-Novo lagoon, Kogin Ouémé, kogin Ero tsakanin jihar Ekiti da jihar Kwara, da sauran su. Sauran kamar su kogin Moshi, Oshin da Oyi suna kwarara zuwa Neja (arewa).

A Najeriya wani ɓangare na Yarbawa ya ƙunshi yau Oyo, OS ̣ un, Ogun, Kwara, Ondo, Ekiti, Lagos, kazalika da sassa na Kogi . Defence Language Institute, Curriculum Development Division: Yoruba Culture Orientation, 2008 Ɓangaren na Benin ya ƙunshi sashen, Sashen Filato, Sashen Collines, Tchaourou commune na Sashen Borgou, Bassila na yankin Donga, Ouinhi da Zogbodomey na Sashen Zou, da Kandi na sashen Alibori . Yankunan Togo sune yankunan Ogou da Est-Mono a yankin plateaux, da kuma lardin Tchamba a yankin Centrale .

 Kayan lambu da yanayi 
Yanayin Yarbawa ya banbanta daga arewa zuwa kudu. Yankunan kudanci, tsakiya da gabashin yankin shine babban dazuzzuka mai tsayi da ke cike da ganyayyaki mai kauri kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan katako na katako kamar Milicia excelsa wanda aka fi sani da gida kamar iroko, Antiaris africana, Terminalia superba wanda aka fi sani da gida afara, Entandrophragma ko sapele, Lophira alata, Triplochiton scleroxylon (ko obeche ), Khaya grandifoliola (ko mahogany na Afirka ) da Symphonia globulifera tsakanin sauran nau'ikan. An gabatar da wasu nau'ikan da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba kamar Tectona grandis (teak) da Gmelina arborea (itacen litattafan almara) a cikin tsarin halittu kuma ana bunƙasa su sosai a cikin manyan gonakin daji. Tsarin halittu a nan ya zama babban sashe na yankin gandun dajin ƙasar Najeriya, yanki mafi faɗi a cikin Najeriya.

Yankin bakin teku na wannan yanki yana da yanki wanda ke da rufin fadama kuma ya mamaye irin waɗannan tsire-tsire kamar mangroves da sauran shuke-shuke da dabino, fern da bishiyoyin kwakwa a bakin rairayin bakin teku. Wannan sashin ya hada da mafi yawan jihohin Ondo, Ekiti, Ogun, Osun, Lagos kuma yana da yanayin yawan yanayin hazo wanda aka ayyana shi ta hanyar maxima biyu (lokacin mafi girma); Maris –Yuli da Satumba – Nuwamba. Ruwan sama na shekara a Okitipupa, misali, matsakaita 1,900 mm  A yankin ne cibiyar thriving koko, halitta roba, Kola goro da kuma man dabino samar masana'antu, kazalika da garabasa gizo . Jihohin Ondo, Ekiti da Osun sune kan gaba wajen samar da koko a Najeriya, http://www.fao.org/3/a-at586e.pdf  yayin da ɓangaren kudu na jihohin Ogun da Ondo ( Odigbo, Okitipupa da Irele ) ke karɓar baƙuncin manyan gonakin dabino da roba.

Yankin arewa da yamma na yankin yana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Aw), tare da ruwan sama guda maxima. Wannan yankin ya hada da arewa-biyu-uku na Oyo, arewa maso yamma Ogun, Kwara, Kogi, Collines (Benin), arewacin rabin sashen Filato (Benin) da tsakiyar Togo. Wani ɓangare na wannan yankin an samo savanna wanda a da ya taɓa rufe cikin daji amma ya rasa murfin bishiya saboda aikin gona da sauran matsin lamba a kan ƙasa. Ruwan sama na shekara a nan yana shawagi tsakanin 1,100 da 1,500 mm Yanayi na shekara a Ilorin misali 1,220 mm  Bishiyoyi a nan sun hada da [[Blighia sapida] ] wanda aka fi sani da ackee a Turanci da ishin a Yarbanci, da kuma Parkia biglobosa wacce ita ce bishiyar wake wacce ake amfani da ita wajen yin iru ko ogiri, wani abincin girki na gari.

Lokacin damina (a lokacin damina) a duka yankuna masu damuna yana biye da lokacin bushe wanda ke tattare da iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso yamma wanda ke kawo lalacewar (iska mai ɗauke da ƙura mai sanyi) da ke tashi daga Sahara. Kullum suna shafar duk yankuna sai dai wani yanki kaɗan daga gefen kudu. Koyaya, an ba da rahoton cewa mummunan tasirin ya isa har zuwa Legas a cikin wasu shekaru.

 Bangarorin gudanarwa 

 Tarihin baya da asalin Al'adu 

 Mazauni 
Ana ɗaukar Oduduwa a matsayin fitaccen magidanci na Yarbawa, kuma kusan kowane yanki na Yarbawa ya samo asali ne daga yariman garin Ile-Ife a Jihar Osun, Najeriya. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗaukar Ife a matsayin ƙasar al'adu da ruhaniya ta ƙasar Yarbawa, a ciki da wajen Nijeriya. A cewar wani asusun Oyo, Oduduwa ya kasance jakadan Yarbawa ne; wanda aka ce ya fito daga gabas, wasu lokuta wasu kafofin suna fahimta a matsayin "kusanci" na gabas ta gaskiya akan matattarar bayanan, amma mai yuwuwa yana nuna yankin Ekiti da Okun a cikin Yarbawa, Najeriya.  A gefe guda kuma, shaidar harshe kamar ta tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa an daidaita gabashin  kasar Yarbawa a wani lokaci a tarihi fiye da yankunan yamma, kamar yadda yarukan Yarbawa na Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu maso Yamma ke nuna sabbin abubuwa na harshe fiye da takwarorinsu na tsakiya da na gabas. .

 Yaƙin Basasa 
Tsakanin 1100 da 1700, Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ife ta sami zamanin zinare, wanda ɓangarensa ya kasance wani nau'in fasaha ne na sake farfaɗo da aƙida. Daga nan ne masarautar Oyo ta fi ƙarfin matsayin Yarbawan mulkin soja da ikon siyasa tsakanin 1700 da 1900. Yarabawa gabaɗaya suna jin daɗin zurfin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke haɗa su tare da taimakawa gano su. Akwai masarautu goma sha shida da aka kafa, jihohi waɗanda aka ce sun kasance zuriyar Oduduwa ne da kansa. Sauran ƙananan masarautun da masarautun da suke wanzuwa sune rassa na biyu na asalin masarautu goma sha shida.

Akwai ƙungiyoyi da rukuni-rukuni daban-daban a ƙasar Yarbawa bisa la’akari da yaruka daban-daban na yaren Yarbanci, wanda duk da yake duk masu fahimtar juna, suna da bambancin musamman. Gwamnatocin waɗannan mutane daban-daban suna da rikitarwa kuma kowane rukuni da ƙaramin rukuni sun bambanta da tsarin mulkin su. Gabaɗaya, gwamnati tana farawa daga gida tare da dangin dangi. Mataki na gaba shine dangin dangi tare da kawunansu, Olori-Ebi . Ofungiyar dangi masu alaƙa da ke nesa sun sanya gari. Kowane sarki da ke aiki da biranen a matsayin ƙungiyoyi na kamfanoni, waɗanda ake kira Olóyès, suna ƙarƙashin Baálès waɗanda ke mulkar su. Tarin garuruwa masu alaƙa da juna sun zama dangi . Wani rukuni na Oloyes yana ƙarƙashin Oba wanda ke mulkin kowane dangi, kuma wannan Oba na iya kansa a ƙarƙashin wani Oba, dangane da ƙimar Obaship.

 Tarihi 

 Gwamnati 
Ife ya wuce Masarautar Oyo a matsayin mamayar Soja da ƙarfin siyasa tsakanin Yarbawa tsakanin 1600 CE da 1800 CE. Masarautar Benin da ke kusa ta kasance mai ƙarfi tsakanin 1300 da 1850 CE. Yawancin jihohin birni suna hannun Obas, sarakuna firistoci, da majalisun da suka hada da Oloyes, sanannun shugabannin sarakuna, masu martaba kuma, galibi, har ma da zuriya ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗu da su a cikin mulkin masarautu ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi masu ɗimbin yawa. Jihohi daban-daban sun ga bambancin iko tsakanin masarauta da majalisar shugabannin. Wasu, kamar Oyo, suna da sarakuna masu ƙarfi, masu mulkin mallaka tare da kusan sarrafawa, yayin da a wasu kamar jihohin Ijebu, majalisun dattijai suka kasance masu kima kuma servedan ya kasance wani abu ne na abin ƙyama. A cikin dukkan lamura, duk da haka, masarautun Yarbawa suna karkashin ci gaba da amincewa da membobinsu a matsayin siyasa, kuma ana iya tilasta masu sauƙin sauka daga mulki don nuna halin kama-karya ko rashin iya aiki. Umurnin barin sarautar yawanci ana sanar dashi ta hanyar aroko ko sako na alama, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki nau'ikan kwan aku ne wanda sanatocin Ogboni suka gabatar dashi a cikin wani kwanon rufi. A mafi yawan lokuta, sakon zai tilasta wa Oba ya kashe kansa, wanda ya sha alwashin yin hakan.

 Yaƙin basasa 
Bayan wani jihadi (da aka sani da yakin Fulani ) wanda Uthman Dan Fodio ya jagoranta (1754-1817) da kuma ci gaba da karfafa jihohin Hausawa na jihohin arewacin Najeriya, Fulani Sokoto Caliphate sun hade da masarautar Nupe wadanda suka fara matsawa kudu zuwa masarautar Oyo . Ba da daɗewa ba, suka mamaye garin Ilorin na Yarbawa sannan suka kori yọyo-Ile, babban birni na Masarautar Oyo . Tsarin yunƙurin da Khalifancin Sakkwato ya yi na faɗaɗa kudu ya binciki Yarabawan da suka yi jerin gwanon adawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin soja na birnin- Ibadan, wanda ya taso daga tsohuwar Masarautar Oyo, da ta jihohin Ijebu.

Koyaya, masarautar Oyo anyi mata mummunan rauni. Sauran jihohin biranen Yarbawan sun rabu da ikon Oyo, sannan daga baya suka tsunduma cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin juna, lokacin da aka tilasta miliyoyin mutane zuwa Amurka da Caribbean, daga ƙarshe suka ƙare a cikin ƙasashe kamar Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Haiti da Venezuela, da sauransu.

 Turawan mulkin mallaka na Yarbawa 
Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun raunana Yarbawa a cikin adawa da abin da ke zuwa nan gaba; Mamayar sojojin Burtaniya. Rashin nasarar sojoji a rundunar Imagbon na sojojin Ijebu da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suka yi a 1892 ya tabbatar da sasantawa na Turai a cikin Legas, wanda sannu a hankali aka fadada shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin kariya. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun tabbatar da yanke hukunci a ƙarshe haɗe sauran yankunan Yarbawa kuma, daga ƙarshe, na kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru .

A cikin 1960, yankin Yarbawa mafi girma ya kasance cikin Tarayyar Najeriya . Gat, Azar. "War in human civilization" Oxford University Press, 2006, pg 275.A cewar masana tarihi na Yarbawa, a lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suka fara mulkin mallaka ƙasarma mallakar kasar Yarbawa da kanta sannan daga baya ta koma ga Fulanin Arewacin Najeriya, Yarbawa suna cikin shirin murmurewa daga abin da aka fi sani da Yakin Yarabawa. Ofaya daga cikin darussan yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Yarabawa shi ne buɗe masarautar Yarbawa ga masarautar Fulanin wanda babban abin da ya fi so shi ne sanya son zuciya a kan tsohon Oyo Ile da Ilorin na yanzu. A mafi bayyane sakamakon wannan shi ne ƙara kusan daya cikin biyar na Yarbawa daga Offa zuwa Old Oyo zuwa Kabba zuwa nan-Northern Nigeria na Ubangiji Frederick Lugard da m subjugation wannan rabo daga Yarbawa karkashin iko da Fulani feudalism . Ishokan Yoruba Magazine , Volume III No. I, Page 7, 1996/1997

 Yawan jama'a 
Ƙasar Yarbawa tana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan kabilu a Afirka. Hakanan birni ne mai matuƙar birni, yana riƙe da kashi 40% na ƙauyuka a Najeriya tare da mutane sama da 100,000, kodayake akwai kuma mazauna ƙauyuka da yawa kamar sauran Afirka. Yawan yawan yanki yana da yawa sosai, aƙalla kusan mutane 387 a kowane murabba'in kilomita. Ba a rarraba wannan yawan mutane a ko'ina cikin yankin, tare da ƙimomin da ya fara daga mutane sama da 140,000 / km 2 a wasu gundumomin Legas kamar Mushin, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Shomolu, Agege da Isale Eko - waɗanda ke cikin manyan mutanen duniya, zuwa 42,000 mutane / km 2 a cikin babban birnin Ibadan. A wani yanki, Ekiti, Osun, kudu da tsakiyar Ogun, Porto Novo da kewayenta, garin Ibadan, Lagos, da yankin Akoko na arewacin Ondo sune yankunan da suke da yawan jama'a.

Dangane da ƙarshen zangon, ƙananan hukumomin Ifelodun da Moro na tsakiyar Kwara, tare da ɗimbin mutane kusan 80 / km 2, Ijebu gabas da Ogun Waterside ƙananan hukumomin gabashin Ogun tare da yawan mutane kusan 95 / km 2, Atisbo da Iwajowa LGAs a yammacin Oyo (50 da 55 ppl / km 2 ), da kuma tsakiyar Benin da Togolese Yarbawa suna da mafi ƙarancin yawa.

Yawanci, ana tsara biranen don duk fadar sarki ko babban sarki da babbar kasuwar suna cikin gari. Nan da nan wannan yanki ya kewaye garin da kansa, wanda kuma yake kewaye da ƙasar noma da ƙananan ƙauyuka. Settleananan ƙauyuka a cikin ƙasar Yarbawa sun kasance suna da ƙarancin yanayi, tare da manyan ɗimbin yawa kewaye da yankunan noma na ƙananan ƙarancin. Garuruwa suna girma daga ciki zuwa waje. Ta hanyar ma'anar kusancin wani yanki na gari shine asalin birni, mazan shi ne, tare da fada da babbar kasuwar dake tsakiyar garin sune tsoffin wurare da kuma tushen garin kanta.

 Manazarta 

Category:Tarihin Najeriya
Category:Tarihin Afrika
Category:Yarbawa
Category:Pages with unreviewed translations