Muƙala akan Annoba

Annoba na nufin bayyanar wata kwayar cuta mai yaduwa cikin hanzari tsakanin al'umma. Idan cutar tana yaduwa a tsakanin kasashen duniya, ana kiranta 'Pandemic' cikin harshen Ingilishi watau Annoba mai karade duniya.  Idan kuma ya kasance cutar na yaduwa a wani yankin gari ko kasa, ana kiranta epidemicPrinciples of Epidemiology, Third Edition(PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. cikin harshen Ingilishi. Watau annoba dake yaduwa a wani yankin gari ko kasa. Cuta mai yaduwa ta wata kebantaciyyar hanya kuma take kama wasu takaitattun mutane an fi sanin ta da endemic''' a harshen Ingilishi. Don haka ba a kiran cututtukan da ke kama kayyaddun mutane a duniya kamar mura wadda ke aukuwa a wani kebantaccen yanayi ba annoba ba ce.

 Matakan Yaduwa 
Annoba mai karade duniya na yaduwaPorta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN978-0-19-531449-6. An dauko 14 September 2012.. idan ta barke tana hallaka mutane da dama. Don haka matukar cuta ba ta yaduwa tsakanin al'umma, to ba za a ambace ta da annoba ba.A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.

Yaduwar war annoba na bin wasu matakai ne da ake auna su a ma'auni mai lankwasa. Idan an saka awon a bisa taswira, yana yin kwana ko lankwasa gwargwadon adadin mutanen da suka kamu a wannan lokacin. Taswirar annobar nan tana juyawa ne da yadda annobar ke tafiya. Annoba galibi tana yaduwa ne a matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a jadawalin da ke kasa:


(a)  Mataki na farko:  Shine wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka dauki yadda covid-19 ke yaduwa, za mu dauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu dauke da cutar 'yan kalilan.

(b) Mataki na biyu:  Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta bunkasa kuma ta shiga cikin al'umma.  

(c)  Mataki na uku:  Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaduwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita.

 Hanyoyin Magancewa 
Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake magance bazuwar annoba. A shekara ta 2005 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da kundin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda yake tattare da wasu dokoki da ke bayyana hanyoyin da za a tunkari duk wata barazana ga lafiya da ta shafi ƙasa da ƙasa. Haka kuma hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da wani daftari da ke bayyana yadda za a tunkari annobar mashaƙo a duniya. Bugu na farko na daftarin an wallafa shi cikin shekarar 1999 sannan aka wallafa bugu na biyu a shekarar 2005 da 2009. Yawancin matakan kariya da kiyaye annobar covid-19 an tsamo su daga cikin daftarin kiwon lafiya na 2005 wanda WHO  ta samar. 

Akwai batutuwa da dama da ake tattaunawa dangane da matakan Gwaji da Magani da kuma Bin Diddigi, waɗanda hakan ne ka bawa ƙasashe dama su iya tunkarar duk wani al'amari da ya taso dangane da annobar tun ma kafin a kai ga killace mutane da ba su magani.The 3 Ts model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi bin diddigin dukkan mutanen da suka yi mu'amala da wanda ya kamu da cutar sannan a killace su. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin sosai musamman a ƙasashe kamar Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo. Kodayake su waɗannan ƙasashe sun saba da irin wannan tsarin tun a baya lokacin ɓarkewar annobar SARS.

Ba da tazara ga juna tsarin kiwon lafiya ne bisa zummar daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar nisanta da juna da hana mutane cuɗanya a kusa da kusa. Hakan yana hana cututtuka samun damar barin jikin mai ɗauke da su zuwa jikin wanda ba ya ɗauke da su. 

Shugaban hukumar (WHO), Dakta Michael J Ryan ya taɓa faɗa a wani taron ganawa da 'yan jarida cikin watan Maris na 2019 cewar ba da tazara hanyaf wucin gadi ce ta kariya ga cututtuka wadda ke daƙile yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta amma ba ita ce hanyar da ke warkar da cuta ba. Tsarin na da wahala wajen aiwatarwa kuma sai an haɗa shi tare da sauran matakai sannan yake da tasiri.World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s Ya fayyace cewar ba da tazara ba ya kakkaɓe cuta gaba ɗaya. 

 Bala'in annoba da ke wanzuwa yanzu haka ƘanjamauDaga muƙalar: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

Kodayake hukumar (WHO) ta ayyana ƙanjamau a matsayin annobar garuruwa"WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". An ɗauko 12 April 2020, duk da haka tana cikin ajin annoba mai karaɗe duniya bisa la'akari da yadda aka bayyana yaɗuwar ta. Bisa ƙiyasin shekarar 2018, akwai mutane kimanin miliyan 37.9 da ke ɗauke da ƙanjamau a faɗin duniya. Mutane kimanin dubu 770 sun mutu sanadin ta."UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019. A halin yanzu ƙasashen Afrika na yankin sahara ne suka fi yawan masu ɗauke da ita. An ƙiyasta a 2018 cewa kimanin 61% na sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar sun fito ne daga wannan yankin. 

 Corona Virus 
Corona virus wani dangin ƙwayar cutar virus da ke haifar da cututtuka kamar 'yar mura har zuwa ga cuta mai tsanani ta mashaƙo kamar su, cutar numfashi ta gabas ta tsakiya (MERS-CoV) da kuma cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV). An samu ɓullar wata sabuwar cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV-2) a 2019 wadda ta haifar da cutar da ake laƙabi da Kwabid-19McArdleColumnistBioBioFollowFollowColumnist, Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. An ɗauko 15 March 2020.. Wasu daga dangogin Kwarona Bairus sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi sannan daga bisani su fantsama zuwa jikin mutane. A binciken ƙwaƙƙwafi da aka yi, an gano cewar cutar SARS-CoV ta samo asali ne daga magen juda zuwa jikin ɗan adam, yayin da cutar MERS-CoV ke da tsittsige daga jikin raƙumi zuwa ga ɗan adam. Akwai wasu nau'ikan cutar ta Kwarona Bairus da aka sani suna jikin dabbobi, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba su harbi mutane ba tukunna.

Ita wannan sabuwar kwarona bairus ɗin ta samo asali ne daga birnin Wuhan na yankin jihar Hube da ke ƙasar China a cikin watan Disamba na 2019"WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. An ɗauko 12 March 2020., ta haifar da cututtukan sarƙewar numfashi da ake wa laƙabi da kwabid-19. Kundin bayanai na jami'ar Johns HopkinsCOVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd2020:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 ya nuna cewar cutar ta fantsama a  kusan ƙasashe 200 na duniya inda ƙasar Amerika da China da Yankin Turai da Iran suka zama jagaba na yawan waɗanda suka kamu da ita"Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. An ɗauko 3 April 2020. A ranar 11 ga Maris 2020, hukumar WHO ta ayyana kwabid-19 a matsayin babbar annobar da ta karaɗe duniya "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.  domin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020, an samu mutane miliyan 2.63 da suka kamu da cutar a faɗin duniya. Daga cikin mutane 184,249 sun riga mu gidan gaskiya, yayin da marasa lafiya 722,055 suka warke sarai.

 Wasu Daga Fitattun Ɓarkewar Cututtuka 

 Zazzaɓin Cizon Sauro (Maleriya) 
Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ta yaɗu sosai a yankuna masu zafi, ciki har da wasu sassan Amurka da Asiya  da kuma Afirka. Kowacce shekara ana samun cutar a tsakanin mutane miliyan 350 zuwa miliyan 500."Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Babbar matsalar cutar a wannan ƙarni na 21  shine bijirewa magunguna yadda kusan kowanne rukuni na ƙwayar maganin cutar na fuskantar bijirewa in banda rukunin ayarin AtimesininWhite, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.  wanda ya shahara a yankin Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Yanzu haka dai cutar ta yi ƙaura daga waɗannan yankunan Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.. An yi hasashen cewar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya taka rawa sosai wajen faɗuwar daular Rome.DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001. Cutar ta zama sananniya da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Zazzaɓin Rumawa.""Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.. Ƙwayar cutar zazzaɓin maleriya ta kasance babbar barazana ga masu mulkin mallaka da mutanen garin da ta ɓulla a Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi."The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.

 Spanish Flu 
Annobar Spanish Flu wadda ta auku tsakanin shekarun 1918 zuwa 1920 ta harbi kimanin mutane miliyan 500 a faɗin duniyaTaubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017. har da can cikin lungunan tsibirin Pacific da ke yankin Arctic. Kuma wannan annobar ta kashe mutane kimanin miliyan 20 zuwa miliyan 100"Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.. A bisa kundin nazari, yawancin annobar da ke ɓarkewa, ta fi kisan yara ƙanana da tsofaffi tukuf. Masu tsallakewa sun kasance masu tsaka-tsakin shekaru.  To amma ita Spanish Flu ta fi hallaka matasa masu tasowaGagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526. Aika-aikar kisan da Spanish Flu ta yi, ya fi wanda aka samu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Haka kuma ta hallaka mutane da dama a cikin sati 25 na farkon samuwar ta fiye da yawan da cutar ƙanjamau ta kashe a farkon shekara 25 da samuwar ta."The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu. Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News  Yawan zirga-zirgar rundunonin yaƙi da rurrufe barikokin soja da aka yi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne ya sabbaba bazuwar ta da yaɗuwar ta cikin gaggawa. Wataƙila sojoji da dama sun kamu da cutar Spanish Flu ne sakamakon damuwa da rashin abinci da kuma harin iska mai guba da aka riƙa kai musu.Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri kuwa, sun sauƙaƙa wa sojoji da matuƙan jirgin ruwa da sauran matafiya su yaɗa cutar ga al’umma.Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010Abin damuwa dangane da ɓullowar wata bairus nan gaba'''

 Bijirewa magunguna 
Daga muƙalar: Antibiotic resistance

Wani zubin ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu bijirewa magunguna da sunan “gagarau”. Suna iya bada gudunmawa wajen sake bayyanar wata cutar da aka riga aka yi maganin ta.Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr Alal misali, tarin fuka wanda ya zama gagarau ga dukkan hanyoyin maganin da aka sani ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya. Kusan duk shekara a faɗin duniya ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka (MDR-TB) kimanin sau dubu ɗari biyarHealth ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization.   Ƙasashen China da Indiya ne kan gaba wajen samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fukaBill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009. Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka ga mutane miliyan 50 a duniya yayin da 79% na wannan adadin kuma suna bijirewa uku ko fiye na wasu magungunan. A shekarar 2005, an samu rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka sau 124 a ƙasar Amurika kaɗai. An samu ɓullar bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka da yawa a yankin Afrika a cikin shekara ta 2006, daga nan aka yi ta samun makamancin haka a wasu ƙasashe 49 har da Amurka. An samu kimanin rahotanni dubu 40 a shekara kamar yadda hukumar WHO ta ƙiyasta.

Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an samu bijirewar magunguna daga cututtukan gama gari kamar su ciwon sanyi da  gundumau da sauransu waɗanda magungunan da aka saba da su ba sa iya kawar da su. Don haka Ƙwayoyin rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar cututtukan da suka shafi lafiya (nosocomial) da ke yaɗuwa (HAI). 

Bugu da ƙari, saboda bijirewar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi wa magunguna ya sa ba a shawo kan cututtukan gundumau da ke yaɗuwa cikin al’umma ba (MRSA). Ba don haka ba, da an samu mutane masu lafiya sosai a ‘yan shekarun nan.

 Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai fidda jini 
Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai haddasa fitar jini, cuta ce mai kisa nan take. Misalin cutar ya haɗa da ƙwayar cutar Ebola, zazzaɓin Lassa, zazzaɓin Rift Valley, zazzaɓin Marburg da cutar zazzaɓin Bolibiya. Saboda yadda irin wannan zazzaɓin ke yaɗuwa da sauri, sai ake ganin suna iya zama annoba mai karaɗe duniya.Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019. Haka nan yadda suke da saurin yaɗuwa na iya haifar da ɓarwakewar annoba saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na buƙatar  kusanci da mai cutar. Wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma ba jimawa yake iya sheƙawa barzahu ko ya samu mummunar naƙasa. Ɗan ƙanƙanin lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar,  alamominta za su soma bayyana wanda zai bai wa ƙwararrun likitoci damar killace shi cikin hanzari, tare da hana shi ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cutar zuwa wani wuri.

 Cutar Zika 
Daga Muƙalar: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever

Cutar Zika ta fara ɓarkewa a shekarar 2015 kuma ta tsananta sosai a farkon shekarar 2016, inda aka samu ɓullar cutar sama da miliyan 1.5 a ƙasashe sama da 12 na yankin Amurka. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi gargaɗin cewa Zika na da yiwuwar zama annoba a duniya idan ba a daƙile ta ba.Fact Sheet"(PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. An ɗauko 12 December 2019.

 Manazarta 
Category:Annoba