Yaƙe-yaƙen Adamawa

Yaƙe-yaƙen na Adamawa A alif dari takwas da casa'in da tara  (1899-zuwa alif dari tara da bakwai 1907) da kuma farko jerin balaguro ne na soja da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Schutztruppe na Jamusawa a Kamerun da jihohin Fula Sunni Musulmai da kabilun da ke wani yanki na Daular Sakkwato (Kalifancin da aka kafa a lokacin Jihadin Fulani). musamman Masarautar Adamawa da ke arewacin rabin yankin. Bayan waɗannan yankuna an haɗasu babban juriya ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru kuma tarzoma da yawa sun faru.

 Yaƙi. 
Yankunan da ke arewacin ɓangaren Kamerun da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Jamusawa (German control) kai tsaye sun kasance ɗayan Daular Sakkwato ko ta Bornu, waɗanda tare da Daular Usmaniyya su ne ƙasashen da suka rage a zamanin Halifofin. Yayin da kuma karfin Bornu ya yi rauni bayan mamayar ta na wani lokaci da jagoran yakin Sudan din Rabih az-Zubayr, Sakkwato ta kasance tana nan daram. Sakkwato masarauta ce ta Musulunci wacce ke iko da masarautu masarautu kai tsaye, mafi girma shine Adamawa. A shekara ta 1890 Adamawa ta faɗi saboda saboda yadda ƙasashen waje suka haɗa kansu a gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar yadda wata ƙasa ta Mahdis ta ɓullo a cikin Masarautar,"They Leave Their Jars Behind: The Conversion of Mafa Women to Islam" p.82 kuma tana da kan iyakokin da ke da alaƙa da iƙirarin mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa a yankin, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da bijirewa a yankin kiwo.

Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da siyasa Jamusawa sun himmatu don fadada mulkin mallaka zuwa Adamawa,"History of Cameroon Since 1800" p.78 don haka aka fara balaguron binciken yankin don fara binciken, da niyyar ƙarshe kwace shi da ƙarfi. Koyaya har zuwa shekarar 1898 har ilayau Jamusawa sun fi mai da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe na Bafut, suna ƙoƙarin cinyewa da sasanta sarakunan masarauta na tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Kamerun, maimakon yaɗuwa arewa maso gabas.

 Balaguron Tibati. 
Balaguron soja na fadada Kamerun na Jamus zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sahel, a karkashin hujjar kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Musulunci a yankin, ya kuma fara ne cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1899,"Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung: Volume 18" p.181 tare da Schutztruppe karkashin umarnin Kyaftin Oltwig von Kamptz ya bar Douala don arewa don subutar da masarautar Tibati a kudancin Adamawa."History of Cameroon Since 1800" p. 78 Tibati ya yi tsayin daka sosai, kuma ƙabilar Bulu da ke tsohuwar iyakar kudancin Adamawa ta tashi cikin tawaye, mayaƙan Bulu suka yi tattaki zuwa Kribi da ke bakin teku suka rusa aikin Katolika a can."The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by Over Two Thousand of the Great Writers of All Ages" Volume 15, p.561 Sai bayan da aka kara yawan sojoji a cikin yankin da kuma kamfe mai tsanani wanda ya kai har zuwa shekarar 1901 sannan aka sami kwanciyar hankali a yankin kuma aka kame Tibati Sultan, fada ta kama fadarsa."Journal of the African Society" p. 85

 Nasara da Filato na Adamawa 
A lokacin rani na shekarar 1901 duk da rikice-rikicen da suka gabata tare da Masarautar, Laftanar Hans Dominik an umurce shi da ya sadu da Sarki  don cimma yarjejeniya kan yankunan da ake fafatawa da su da kuma tunanin mayar da Adamawa ta zama kariyar mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa, kamar yadda Jamus ta yi ikirarin duk yankin tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma yin balaguro zuwa arewa mai nisa. Koyaya, yin watsi da umarni daga gwamna , Kanar  kawo Schutztruppe nasa daga yamma ya mamaye Adamawa, ya mamaye garin Ngaoundéré a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta  Ganin damar da suka samu na neman kasonsu na Masarautar, sai Turawan Ingila suka tura runduna karkashin Kanar Thomas Morland daga Najeriya don kai hari da mamaye Yola a watan Satumba, wanda ya sa Sarki Zubairu ya gudu daga babban birninta. Dominik tare da rundunarsa sun yi yaƙi a can hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Ngaoundéré inda suka haɗa kai da sojojin Clausbruch kafin su kai hari a ƙetaren Kogin Benuwe suka kame garin Garoua. Daya daga cikin masu mulkin Fula da ke adawa da ci gaban Jamusawa (kamar galibin sahabbansa) shi ne Mal Hammadou, wanda Jamusawan suka lalata sojojinsa. Laftanar Radke, wanda ke jagorantar runduna ta mutane 47, ya yi tattaki zuwa babban birnin Hammadou na Rei Buba a watan Nuwamba, kuma ya auka wa wata runduna mai ƙarfi ta Fulani a wani wuri da ke bayan garin, kusan rasa yaƙin, amma yana iya yin nasara da hanyar abokan gaba zuwa cajin bayoneti na ƙarshe kafin tafiya akan Rei Buba kanta. "Studia Orientalia: Edited by the Finnish Oriental Society" Volume 103, p. 30 Harbe-harbe sun mamaye babban birnin Hammadou kafin a kamo shi, lamarin da ya sa ya gudu. Jamusawa sun maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban gida (mai riƙe da taken Ardo) da Bouba Djama. 

 Agaji 
Zubairu ya kuma je neman tallafi a Sakkwato kuma ya dawo da dakaru masu yawa na Fulanin doki da na dakaru, sannan kuma ya nemi tallafi daga kungiyar Mahadist a Adamawa, ba abokin gaba ga Sarki ba tun bayan rasuwar Hayutu bn Said a shekarar 1892, kuma wanene tausayawa da kiran da Sarkin ya yi na jihadi a kan maharan na Jamus. Koyaya, masu ba da labari sun gaya wa Jamusawan shirin na Zubairu, duk da wannan, Jamusawan sun so yin tattaunawar sulhu a Garoua da amfani da Zubairu a matsayin yar tsana, suna ba shi damar ci gaba da mulki saboda taimakon da ya samu a kan sauran masarautu da masarautu a Sokoto. Maimakon haka sai Sarkin ya kaiwa Garoua hari da karfi sosai a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1901. Duk da haka an ci Zubairu da fatattaka, rundunarsa ta yi hasarar kusan mutum 300. Gudu ya yi zuwa Maroua, Zubairu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da wata runduna, amma Laftana Dominik ya jagoranci wasu ƙananan rundunonin Schutztruppe suna bi. A yanke hukunci  wata rundunar fulanin dawakai ta Fulani karkashin jagorancin Zubairu da Ahmadou Rufai, tare da goyon bayan masu goyon bayan Mahadist, Schutztruppe ya sake kayar da su, duk da cewa Zubairu da Rufai sun sake tserewa.

 Bayan yaki 
Bayan Yaƙin a Maroua, Zubairu da magoya bayansa da yawa sun tsere zuwa cikin tsaunukan Mandara da ke zurfafa zuwa Daular Sakkwato. Hans Dominik ya sa aka kashe sarkin Fulanin yankin Bakari Yadji saboda taimakawa Zubairu tserewa a wannan yankin zuwa Madagali, kuma aka sanya ɗansa Hamman a matsayin mai mulkin yankin."They Leave Their Jars Behind: The Conversion of Mafa Women to Islam" p. 84 Tare da fatattakar sojoji da kuma fitar da Zubairu a matsayin wanda ya mallaki Fulanin a siyasance da siyasa a Adamawa, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta hade yankin daga Sakkwato, ta katse dangantakar da ke tarihi da cibiyar Fulani a Yola sannan ta maye gurbinsu da alaka da kujerar ikon zama Garoua a matsayin sabuwar cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1902 Sultan Umar na Mandara ya yi mubaya'a ga Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II na kasar Jamus, kuma a farkon watan Mayun shekarar 1902 wani balaguro ya isa gefen kudancin tafkin Chadi. Duk da cewa yana gudun hijira Zubairu ya aika wakilai don ɗaukar fansa a kan Jamusawa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1903 daya daga cikin mukarrabansa, Yerima Mustapha, ya shirya haduwa sannan ya kashe Bajamushe mazaunin Maroua, Graf Fugger, da wata kwaryar guba, wanda ya sa Dominik tsunduma cikin tsananin mamayar garin. Zubairu da kansa an kashe shi a ƙarshen wannan shekarar ta hanyar abokan hamayyarsa na kabilanci a Biritaniya ta Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1903 Jamus da Birtaniyya suka raba yankin bisa hukuma, wanda ya biyo bayan yadda aka kawo karshen Khalifanci na Sakkwato. Wannan ya kafa cikakken ikon Jamusanci na arewacin Kamerun har zuwa gabar tafkin Chadi a cikin Bornu.

 Tsagaitawa 
Tsakanin shekarar 1903 da shekarar 1907 al'amura sun lafa a sassan tsohuwar Kalifancin Sokoto da Schutztruppe ya mamaye. Koyaya a karkashin mulkin Jamusawa Musulmai sun ga ta kansu a kan kare addininsu, kuma an sami gagarumar tawaye a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1907.

Bayan aikin hajji a Makka, Mal Alhadji ya dawo zuwa arewacin Kamerun, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Malam (masanin ilimin addinin Kur'ani) Liman Arabu, ya fara wa'azin Mahadiyya a ko'ina cikin Adamawa. A watan Yuni ya fara tawayen Mahdist da ke adawa da mulkin Jamusa a kusa da Maroua, yana mai cewa an nada shi ne don ya isar da su ga Mahadi daga mulkin mallaka da kuma daga sarakunan Musulmai masu biyayya ga daular Jamus,"Paideuma Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde"· Volumes 1-40, p.124 girka kansa a Goudoum- Goudoum, ƙungiya daga Fulani da Larabawa shuwa a cikin arewa mai nisa. A lokaci guda, Goni Waday, wani Mahdist wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi Makka, ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a Ngaoundéré bayan ya tattara goyon baya tare da huɗubarsa masu daɗin jihadi daga Masallatan garin don korar Kiristocin Jamusawa da maido da tsohuwar halifanci. 

Mal Alhadji ya koma arewa don kayar da Schutztruppe, yana ƙona ƙauyukan da ake ganin masu haɗin gwiwa ne da Turawa a kan hanyar. A farkon watan Yulin da ya gabata sojojin Mahdist sun kai hari a sansanin Jamusawa da ke Malam-Petel (wanda Capt ya ba da umarnin. Zimmermann), amma nan da nan suka gamu da harbe-harbe, kuma bayan asara mai yawa dole su ja da baya. Zimarfin Zimmermann ya bi Alhadji, suka kama shi a Doumru. Jamusawan sun ba da Alhadji ga mai mulkin yankin Maroua, Lamido Soudi, kuma an fille kansa a bainar jama'a a cikin kasuwar Maroua tare da wasu abokan aikinsa. Jamusawan sun kashe Malam Arabu saboda ya taka rawar gani a tawayen Alhadji. "Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde"· Volumes 1-40, p.125 A halin yanzu, mai mulkin Ngaoundéré, ya damu da ramuwar gayya daga Jamusanci, ya kori Waday da 'yan tawayen sa daga yankin sa. Waday da mabiyansa sun yanke shawarar zuwa arewa zuwa Garoua da nufin kame shi. Sun tsallaka Kogin Benuwe zuwa kudu maso gabashin garin Garoua, sai rundunar ta Fulani ta rufe. Schutztruppe sun tura runduna a karkashin Laftanar Nitschmann zuwa Guébaké, inda a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 1907, suka yi wa Fulanin kwanton bauna zuwa Garoua. An yiwa Gaday ruwan wuta da bindiga kuma an kashe shi, kuma Mahdists na baya ne kawai suka tsere wa kwanto. A watan Agusta shekarar 1907, an murkushe 'yan tawayen da ke arewacin Adamawa, wanda ya kawo karshen tawayen. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tawaye Jamusawa suka tara shugabannin Fulanin da suka goyi bayan Gaday suka rataye su a Garoua. Saboda Alhadji da Gaday sun dawo daga aikin Hajji kwanan nan, an sanya takunkumi kuma mahajjata zuwa Makka sun sami izini kafin. 

Tare da kawo karshen rikicin Mahdist na Adamawa da dukkan Kamerun za su ga kwanciyar hankali har zuwa Kamerun Kamfen na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.

 Majiya 

 Martin Njeuma: Tsarin Usmanuya, Tsattsauran ra'ayi da Kafuwar Mulkin Mallaka na Jamusawa a Arewacin Kamaru, 1890-1907, Frobenius 1994
 Florian Hoffmann: Okkupation und Militärverwaltung a cikin Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891-1919, Göttingen 2007
 Hans Dominik: Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee: Kriegs- und Forschungsfahrten a Kamerun, Harvard 1908
 Holger Weiss: Cinikin Haramtacciyar Kasuwa a cikin bayi daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru ta Arewa zuwa Biritaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya, Wisconsin 2000

 Manazarta 

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