Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana

'Kafofin yada labarai a Ghana', sun hada da talabijin, rediyo, tashohin sadarwa na yanar gizo da kuma jaridu.

 Tarihi 

 karni na 19 
Kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Kogin Zinariya sun fara bayyana a cikin karni na 19 tare da buga The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer a 1822.http://www.pressreference.com/Fa-Gu/Ghana.html Ghanaian Media], Press Reference. Takardar tana da ayyuka da yawa: don samar da bayanai ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da fatake na Turai; da kuma taimakawa ci gaban yawan karatu da rubutu da ci gaban karkara tsakanin mazauna yankin - tare da karfafa hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Kogin Zinariya. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawancin takardu mallakar mallakar Afirka sun bayyana wadanda galibi ba su da iyakancewa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun' yancin kan Ghana.

Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Sir Arnold Hodson ya gabatar da tashar rediyo ta farko, mai suna Radio ZOY, a cikin 1935. Babban amfani da ita shine yada farfaganda don samun goyon bayan mulkin mallaka.In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana.

 Bayan 'yanci 
Bayan sanarwar ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 da Ghana ta samu daga Kasar Ingila, jaridu kusan huɗu ne kawai. Jagora Kwame Nkrumah daga karshe ya mallaki dukkan 'yan jaridu a Ghana kuma ya gan ta a matsayin kayan aikin hukuma, yana ba da farfaganda da ke karfafa haɗin kan kasa da kirkirar tsarin tsarin kayan aiki na jihohi don kula da kafofin yada labarai.<ref> Transfer of the media had changed hands from a civilian to a military government, and a series of arrests and imprisonment of political opponents by Nkrumah had a chilling effect on the media.Anokwa, K. (1997). In Press Freedom and Communication in Africa. Erbio, F., and W. Jong-Ebot (eds), Africa World Press. . Canja wurin kafofin watsa labarai ya canza hannuwa daga na farar hula zuwa na soja, kuma jerin kamewa da dauri na adawar siyasa da Nkrumah ya yi matukar tasiri kan kafofin yada labarai. 'Yan adawa Ashanti Pioneer, wadanda suka yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1930, Nkrumah ya rufe su bayan an sanya su cikin takunkumi. After Nkrumah's overthrow in a coup, many state outlets changed hands, though still under the control of the ruling party. The National Liberation Council (NLC) imposed stricter controls on domestic private outlets; for example, the Rumours Decree in 1966 that prevented anyone from suing government-owned newspapers.
Bayan hambarar da Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki, yawancin hanyoyin jihar sun canza hannu, duk da cewa har yanzu suna karkashin ikon jam'iyyar mai mulki. National Liberation Council (NLC) ta sanya tsauraran matakai a kan gidajen sayar da kayayyaki na cikin gida; misali, Dokar jita-jita a shekarar 1966 wacce ta hana kowa karar jaridun mallakin gwamnati.

A cikin 1969, zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula ta Kofi Busia wacce ta biyo bayan NLC an bar ta da adadi mai yawa na kafafen yada labarai karkashin ikon jihar. Busia ta soke ayyuka daban-daban tare da sallamar mai jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati saboda adawa da Busia, wanda ya ɗaukaka kara don tattaunawar Afirka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. However, when Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew the Busia government, he reinstated strict media control and clamped down on opposition outlets by cutting off foreign exchange. Koyaya, lokacin da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia, ya sake dawo da tsauraran matakan kula da kafafen yada labarai tare da danniya a kan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar yanke kudaden kasashen waje. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai da dama na adawa ba su sami matsala ba a lokacin mulkin Acheampong, kuma a shekara ta 1978 sun karu a kiraye-kirayensu na dimokiradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a Ghana.

Janar Akuffo ne ya kifar da gwamnatin Acheampong a watan Mayu 1978, wanda ya sauya wasu manufofin magabatansa da suka gabace shi ya kuma saki 'yan jarida da mambobin adawa. Wannan ya haifar da kafa takaddun jam'iyya biyu: Star na Popular Front Party (PFP) da Gong Gong na People's National Party (PNP). Mulkin Akuffo bai daɗe ba, ya ƙare a wani juyin mulki da Armed Forces Revolutionary Council  (AFRC) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jerry Rawlings, waɗanda suka soke dokokin 'yan jarida waɗanda Acheampong ya zartar. Rawlings ya maye gurbin babban editan jaridar Daily Graphic wanda ya soki hukuncin kisan na AFRC, though they had no authority to do so as it undermined the Constitution of the Third Republic, which stated they had to be replaced by the Press Commission.Africa Contemporary Record. Volume 12, 1979-1980. London: Africana Publishing Company. After eight months of the AFRC regime, which had promised media reform but in the end did not materialise, power was returned to the democratically elected PNP with Hilla Limann on 24 September 1979. Limann was an advocate of liberal media reform, establishing a 12-member Press Commission on 25 July 1980. duk da cewa ba su da ikon yin hakan saboda ya kaskantar da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku, wanda ya ce dole ne a maye gurbinsu da Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu. Bayan watanni takwas na mulkin AFRC, wanda ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai amma a karshe ba ta samu ba, sai aka mayar da mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen demokradiyya PNP tare da Hilla Limann a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979. Limann ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kafofin yaɗa labaru, ya kafa Kwamitin 'Yan Jaridu mai mambobi 12 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1980. A cikin jawabin nasa ya ce:

Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, kamar yadda doka ta tanada, ita ce ta binciki korafe-korafen da ake yi game da' yan jaridu, da tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jarida da samar da dokoki da lasisin da ya kamata ga kafofin yada labarai. A lokacin mulkin Limann, ya mutunta sabon Tsarin Mulki kuma ya yarda da suka daga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan bai dade ba duk da haka, kamar yadda John Rawlings, yana ambaton "cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsari," ya sake kwace mulki a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council  a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, kuma ya soke sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Limann ya kirkiro. A karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin, an soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku, tare da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida. Ta hanyar jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1982, ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa su jagoranci “Yakin Mai Tsarki” kuma su jagoranci juyin juya halin. Rawlings ya zartar da wasu dokoki wadanda suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, ta kori editocin da ke sukar sa sannan ya zartar da dokoki da dama kamar Dokar Kare Rigakafi da Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da an yanke hukunci ga ‘yan jarida ba, da kuma dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Sakatariyar Watsa Labarai ta PNDC Joyce Aryee a 1983 ta kare ikon gwamnati kai tsaye:

Manufofin ba wai kawai sun shafi kafofin watsa labarai ba har ma da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, tare da kora da yawa ko ritaya da wuri. Sakamakon haka, wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun guji duk tattaunawar siyasa gaba ɗaya kuma sun mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar wasa ko nishaɗi maimakon.

 1992-2000 
A shekarar 1992, Ghana ta fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ta koma mulkin dimokiradiyya a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Rawlings a matsayin wani bangare na National Democratic Congress (ya yi ritaya wani Laftanar Laftanar na Sojojin Ghana) ya ba da damar yada labarai ta hanyar soke dokokin da PNDC ta sa hannu a baya. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, wadanda a baya aka kame bakinsu a karkashin gwamnati a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sun yi amfani da sabbin dokokin 'yancin' yan jarida wajen yin suka a kan Rawlings na tsauraran dokokin na shekarun da suka gabata tare da wallafa zarge-zarge da dama na kama-karya da muggan kwayoyi. Kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati duk da haka, sun ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na Rawlings. Rawlings ya yarda da shekarun danniya da kafofin watsa labarai, duk da cewa ya kare juyin mulkin soja:

Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba za a iya sakewa daga tsarin tsarin mulki na yau ba. Babu wanda zai kasa yin godiya ga mahimmancin juyin juya halin 31 ga Disamba wajen kawo 'yan Ghana zuwa mashigar Jamhuriyya ta huɗu, da kafa ƙa'idodin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda zai sa tsarin mulki ya zama zahirin rayuwa - yin hakan na nufin gurbata tarihin Ghana tare da ajiye wadancan muhimman darussa wadanda hakika zasu bunkasa wannan matakin na kwarewar Ghana.

Bugu da kari, Rawlings ya sha alwashin mutunta Fasali na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana, inganta 'yancin' yan jarida, hakkin bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jihohi da kuma wadannan 'yanci su zama karin' yancin dan adam. An kirkiro sabuwar Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu ta kasa (daga baya ga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana) mai' yanci daga gwamnati, wanda zai kula da ayyukan da aka ambata a baya. Duk da wadannan sabbin sauye-sauyen, Shugaba Rawlings da gwamnatin NDC sun ci gaba da sukar 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu, suna masu kiranta "mara sa hankali a siyasance" kuma ta hanyar amfani da riba ne. Wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi iƙirarin cewa kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu "sun gwada iyakokin gwamnati", yayin da wasu kuma suka zarge ta da nuna Majalisar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Dimokiradiyya ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da sa hannun dubu daya da ke nuna adawa da kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Editoci daga Free Press da New Statesman sun ba da rahoton cewa an aika musu da barazanar kisa daga NDC saboda sukar gwamnatin. Valerie Sackey wacce mataimakiya ce ga Shugaba Rawlings, ta lura cewa 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna da aikin bayar da halattacciyar suka ga gwamnati da kuma yin abin da ya dace, maimakon kawai nuna cewa gwamnati na kokarin rufe bakinsu.

 2000-yanzu 
Bayan zaben a 2000 na John Kufuor rikice-rikice tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da gwamnati sun ragu. Kufuor ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin' yan jarida kuma ya soke dokar ɓarna da aikata laifi, kodayake ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne kafofin watsa labaru su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. An bayyana kafofin yada labaran na Ghana a matsayin "daya daga cikin wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai" a Afirka, suna aiki ba tare da takaita hanyoyin yada labarai ba. 'Yan jarida masu zaman kansu galibi suna ɗauke da suka game da manufofin gwamnati. Kafofin watsa labarai, da kafafen yada labarai musamman, sun kasance masu karfin gwiwa wajen bayar da labarin zaben shugaban kasar ta Ghana a shekarar 2008, kuma kungiyar Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) ta yaba wa John Atta Mills game da zaben nasa, tare da fatan samar da kyakkyawar dangantakar‘ yan jarida da gwamnatin.

'Yan Jarida sun tilastawa Gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'ai suna da lissafi .... A gare ni kyakkyawar alama ce a gare ni cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana sun yi wani tasiri a kan dimokiradiyya tun kafuwar Jamhuriyya ta 4

Seyd, C., 4 June 1999

Saboda sabuwar 'yancin yada labarai, masana'antar wasan bidiyo a Ghana na bunkasa.

 Alaka da kafafan yada labarai na kasashen waje 
Kafofin yada labaran Ghana na da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje, tare da yawancin ‘yan jaridun duniya daga kungiyoyin Yammacin Turai da na Afirka da ke Asiya da ke Accra babban birnin kasar. Ba a hana ‘yan jarida cikas yayin aikin su, kuma ba a bincikar bayanan cikin ko fita kasar. Babban kamfanin dillacin labarai, Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Ghana, Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1957 don samar da daidaitattun bayanai kan labaran gida da na duniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya taimaka wajan baiwa kamfanin jagora da taimakon fasaha har zuwa shekarar 1961. Hukumar ta samu rajista daga kungiyoyi sama da 140 da kuma kanfanin dillacin labarai shida a shekarar 2000.

 Kalubale ga kafofin yada labaran Ghana 
Duk da 'yanci na dangi, kafofin yada labarai a Ghana na fuskantar wasu kalubale. 'Yan jarida a Ghana galibi ba su cika albashi ba, ba sa samun wadataccen aiki, kuma galibi ba sa samun horo. A sakamakon haka, 'yan jaridu a Ghana sun sami kansu cikin saukin cin hanci da kuma bincikar kansu.Amdi Ghana. 1 December 2006.  Ingancin shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na rediyo da talabijin yana da ƙasa. Game da jaridu, yanayin mallakar jaridu na da siyasa a siyasance tare da yawancin jaridu suna goyon bayan bangaren gwamnati ko na jam’iyyun adawa. Jarida guda ɗaya tak, mallakar mallakar gwamnati ta Daily Graphic da gaske ana rarraba ta ƙasa.

 'Yancin' yan jarida 
Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda na kame' yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu, kuma gwamnati tana girmama waɗannan hanin a aikace."Ghana", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014. 

A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana.

 Jaridu 
+JariduKewaya (Kofe)Kuehnhenrich, Daniel (2012). Entwicklung oder Profit? Die staatliche und private Presse in Ghana. ibidem.  (online)Daily Graphic100000Ghanaian Times80000Chronicle45000Daily Democrat5000Daily Dispatch5000New Crusading Guide5000Daily Post5000Daily Searchlight1500
Kimanin jaridu 135 ake bugawa a Ghana, gami da jaridu 16 masu zaman kansu da kuma jaridu 9 na kullum. Gudummawar da adadi mai yawa na jaridu na jihohi da masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa ya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yada labarai a Ghana. Takardun jihohi kamar su Daily Graphic da Ghanaian Times sun saba da ingantawa da karfafa goyan baya ga manufofin gwamnati da bin layi mai bin ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba kamar yadda 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suka fallasa kyawawan ayyukan jami'an gwamnati da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tafiyar da al'amuran gwamnati ba.

Kwamitin yada labarai na kasa na Ghana, kwamiti mai zaman kansa, an kafa shi ne domin sanya ido tare da karbar korafe-korafe game da kafafen yada labarai. Hukumar ta karbi korafe-korafe 50 a 2002, kuma a cikin Mayu 2001, ta tilasta wa Chronicle na Ghana ta ba da hakuri kan wallafa "labaran karya" a kan mutane ba tare da kwararan hujjoji ba. Koyaya, ba a kula da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen saboda rashin iko.

 Talabijan da rediyo 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_Trustworthiness_of_Media.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Manyan kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana, labarai da bayanai da aka gabatar ta talabijin.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_Studio_in_Ghana_04.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan rediyo a Ghana
An gabatar da Talabijin ga Ghana a 1965 kuma yana karkashin ikon Jiha. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ya gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin har zuwa 1994, biyo bayan kundin tsarin mulkin 1992 na sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulki na 1992 ya kafa National Media Commission wacce ta dauki nauyin inganta da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin 1966 na Nkrumah ta hanyar National Liberation Council (wacce ta riƙe maƙarƙashiyar Jiha a kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasar), Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ta sanar da doka ga, "watsa shirye-shirye a fagen al'adu, ilimi, bayanai da nishaɗi, don nuna ci gaban kasa da buri, da kuma watsa shirye-shirye a cikin manyan yarukan Ghana da Turanci.”

Akwai tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye bakwai a cikin 2007. Daga cikin tashoshin, akwai gudanar da gwamnatin Ghana Broadcasting Corporation da wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda hudu, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, da TV Africa, tare da TV3 da Metro TV da ke aiki a shekarar 1997. Ana iya samun tashoshin kasashen waje irin su CNN da BBC a kyauta.

Rediyon FM ya fara ne a shekarar 1988, wanda ya baiwa gidajen rediyon kasashen waje damar shigowa cikin kasar, kamar su Voice of America, Radio France Internationale da kuma watsa labarai na BBC a kan 101.3FM. Zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a shekarar 1995 game da kwace kayan aiki daga wani gida mai zaman kansa, Radio EYE, ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da mitocin FM da yawa ga wasu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na "watsa labarai da yawa". Tattaunawar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kan lamuran gida da na ƙasa sun shahara sosai a gidan rediyon Ghana. Baya ga tashoshin Turanci, akwai da yawa a cikin yaren gida. A cikin 2007, FM 86 da tashoshin gajeren zango uku sun wanzu.

 Yanar gizo
Kimanin 'yan Ghana miliyan 4.2 ne suka yi amfani da Intanet a shekarar 2012, kimanin kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar. Babu wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 kamar yadda rahoton kididdigar Duniya na Intanet ya ruwaito "akwai masu amfani da Intanet na 5,171,993 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, 19.6% na yawan jama'a, a kowane IWS."

Ba shi da iyakancewa daga gwamnati.

 Duba kuma 

Ghana - 2004 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders

Manazarta 


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