Modibo Adama

Adama ɓii Ardo Hassana (A  shekarar 1786 - 1847)https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8ed3a376e6233606JmltdHM9MTcxOTEwMDgwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=Modibbo+Adama+bio&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTW9kaWJvX0FkYW1h&ntb=1, wanda a ka fi sani da Modibbo Adama,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailynigerian.com/bag-class-modibbo-adama/&ved=2ahUKEwjL18H80vaGAxXEYEEAHeypBAAQxfQBKAB6BAgREAI&usg=AOvVaw0-_zIZfgGVVd9_gE0jnXQ0 ya kasance malamin Bafulatani kuma mayaƙi mai karfi, wanda ya fito daga ƙabilar Ba'en na Fulbe. Ya jagoranci jihadi zuwa yankin Fombina (a cikin zamanin Kamaruhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://itweb.africa/amp/content/Pero3qZ3WnBvQb6m&ved=2ahUKEwi009SY0_aGAxWEU0EAHfB4DAEQyM8BKAB6BAgOEAI&usg=AOvVaw3Q0kAuIYv34-oUpdwesUax da Najeriya), yana buɗe yankin don mulkin mallaka na Fulanihttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/the-gulf-between-fulani-rulers-and-herders/&ved=2ahUKEwip7ImY1PaGAxUSWUEAHaq8DAAQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw3_dt1-fWHaREhMjJURdWVA. Sakamakon yaƙin da Adama ke yi kullum, Fulani a yau su ne kabilu mafi yawa a Arewacin Kamaru (a cikin sama da kashi 60% na duk yankin, wanda idan aka yi la’akari da cewa ba su fito daga yankin ba, abin birgewa ne), kuma musuluncihttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1598948-muhammadu-sanusi-ii-ya-karbi-bakuncin-sheikh-ali-abdulfatahi/&ved=2ahUKEwiIjaWv1PaGAxXMRkEAHfKNCIMQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw3kt2YWuXgQ6IEnMIztGEMT shi ne mafi rinjayen addini. Yaƙe-yaƙe kuma sun tilastawa mutane da yawa hijirahttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c4nypyzv49do.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiHgL_G1PaGAxXdSUEAHV94C_QQyM8BKAB6BAgTEAI&usg=AOvVaw1BvLs8Nl4dk2hhgbnGOolR zuwa kudu yankin gandun daji.

Adama ya yi karatu a ƙasar Hausa kuma ya sami Laƙabin "Modibbo" (Wasiku Na Daya) don karatun sa. Bayan ya kammala karatun sa, ya koma gida Gurin kuma ya sami labarin jihadin da fasihin bafulatani Shehu Usman dan Fodiohttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailytrust.com/shehu-usman-dan-fodio-1754-1817/&ved=2ahUKEwiwzOzp1PaGAxVIVfEDHeJvCW4QxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw393evblmHRXgSqQDYTgsSj ya ayyana. Lokacin da ya raka wata tawaga domin kaiwa Shehu Usman ziyara, sai shugaban ya umarci Adama da ya fadada jihadi ta gabas a matsayin "Lamido Fombina" (Sarkin Kudu).

Adama ya tara dakaru kuma ya afkawa matsugunan Bata kusa da Gurin. Ya ƙwace ƙauyuka, kuma da yawan shugabannin gargajiya na Fulbe da sabbin sojoji sun zo gefen sa. Daga baya ya ɗauki Mandara, mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun tsari a yankin. Ya mamaye wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci babban birnin Mandara, Dulo, cikin sauƙi. Yayin da mutanensa ke murna, sojojin Mandara sun yi wa garin dirar mikiya tare da ƙwato garin.

Duk da cewa ya ƙara yaƙin neman zyabe, amma a yanzu Adama ya kwashe tsawon lokacinsa a Yolahttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/senate-passes-bill-to-establish-university-teaching-hospital-yola/&ved=2ahUKEwini8ao1faGAxUHUkEAHSyUBX4QxfQBKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw3PRchV6-s-s725-hvQ1s2d, wanda ya zama babban birnin sa. Ya fara shirin ƙirƙirar tsarin mulkin sabuwar jiharsa, wacce ya sanya mata suna Adamawahttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/24/fuel-shortage-hits-adamawa-as-ipman-closes-filling-stations/&ved=2ahUKEwih5qXL1faGAxVqWEEAHaAvAY4QxfQBKAB6BAgFEAE&usg=AOvVaw2EdInGYPC_5kHfzjQv5JWM da kansa. Adama ya mulki daular, wanda ke karkashin Shehu Usman dan Fodio kawai a Sakkwatohttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/no-plan-to-depose-sultan-sokoto-govt-replies-shettima/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwjSzKrp1faGAxV2X_EDHW_dDB4QyM8BKAB6BAgnEAE&usg=AOvVaw10zhaU2XcJjlfl1qsuIOhq. A ƙasansa akwai shugabannin manyan ƙauyuka, da aka sani da lamibe (mufuradi: lamido). Ƙauyen ya kafa ƙaramar ƙungiyar gwamnati.

Bayan rasuwar Adama a shekarar alif ɗari takwas da arba'in da bakwai (1847), dansa Muhammadu Lawal ya zama Lamidon Adamawa. Masarautar ba za ta dawwama ba, duk da haka, yayin da yaƙe-yaƙe da mulkin mallaka suka lalata ƙasar Fulani mai cin gashin kanta. Yaƙin ya sami tasirin dogon lokaci, koda yake. Fulani sun zama manyan kabilu a yankin, kuma Musulunci shine babban addini. Makiyayan sun chanza filin don ya fi dacewa da kiwon shanu, abin da suke nema na farko.Jihadin ya kuma tura mutanen da ke zaune a Fadar Adamawa ta kudu zuwa cikin daji, abu mafi muhimmanci da ya shafi mutanen Kudancin Kamaru.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
Adama ya fito ne daga dangi mai mutunci amma mai tawali'u; mahaifinsa, Hassana, ya mai kyau daukar masanin Musulunci da kuma ananan bafadan daga Ba'ajo. Adama ya yi tattaki zuwa Bornu don neman ilimi, inda ya zauna na wani lokaci ƙarƙashin kulawar Malam Kiari. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a kasar Hausa (Arewacin Najeriya ta zamani), in da labari ya ce malamin nasa Bafulatanin Shehu Usman dan Fodio ne a Degel. Adama ya tabbatar da fitaccen malami kuma Musulmi mai tsoron Allah, kuma ya sami taken Modibo, "Harafi Na Daya". Bayan wasu shekaru da yawa, ya koma gida Guringa a kusa da 1804. Can, labarin ya munana. Mahaifin Adama ya mutu a shekarar 1803 yana yakar Bata.

 Jihadi 
Tattaunawa a cikin Gurina ya shafi abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasar Hausa. Labari ya iso cewa Usman dan Fodio ya shelanta jihadi na fada a kan shugabannin Hausawa. Ya kafa kansa a Gudu sannan ya kayar da shugabannin da ba Fulani ba a Gobir da Kébbi. Yanzu haka Usman ya karkata akalarsa zuwa Bornu da kuma yankin kudu maso kudu na Fumbina (Arewacin Kamaru ta zamani).

 Umarnin Adama 
Duk da haka, hoton ba shi da tabbas ga shugabannin da ke nesa da fadan. Ya Usman a Mujaddid (kawo canji), ko ya ya da Mahadi, mai ceto adadi wanda zai haifar da wani manufa Musulmi al'umma? A cikin shekarar 1805 ko shekarar 1806, shugabannin Fulani a Guringa sun tara wakilai don su ziyarci Usman don ganowa. Sanannen sanannen mutuncin Adama da masaniya da ƙasar Hausa ya sa ya dace da aikin ta.

Jam’iyyar ta haɗu da Usman a shekarar 1806, watakila a Gwandu.A can,suka fahimci cewa nufinsa shi ne ya faɗaɗa jihadinsa zuwa gabas, zuwa Fumbina.Burin shine don musuluntar da mabiya addinin Kirdi daban-daban da kuma kare musulmin da suka riga suka rayu a yankin.Yakamata masu jihadi su ilmantar da musulmin yankin a halin yanzu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun hade Musulunci da maguzanci.

Kodayake ba mafi tsufa memba ba, Adama tana ɗaya daga cikin masu kishin ra'ayin Usman.Ta haka ne Usman ya ba shi umarni wanda zai sauya rayuwarsa sosai.Shehun ya baiwa Adama sa albarka sannan suka bashi tuta, alamar umarni a rundunar Usman. Daga nan sai Shehu ya tuhumi Adama da ta kawo jihadi zuwa Fumbina kuma daga Kogin Nilu zuwa Biyafara na Biafra. Adama ya kuma sami ikon rarraba tutocin umarni ga wasu,don haka ya kafa wasu cibiyoyi na Fulanin Islama tare da yada yaƙin zuwa nesa.

 Gangamin farko 
Nan take Adama ta fara ɗaukar Fulani da Hausawa ‘yan sa kai da sojojin haya. Waɗannan galibi mahaɗan dawakai ne da ke yaƙi da takobi, baka, da kibiya mai dafi . Adama ta hana su cin ganima ko kisan gilla ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, amma an bai wa al'umman abokan gaba zabi biyu: shiga Musulunci ko kuma zama kasar mai biyan haraji. Waɗannan ƙabilun da ba su da gwamnati mai mulki suna da ɗaya amma: zama bayin Fulani kuma sun koma zuwa ga imaninsu.

Musulmin da ba Fulanin Adamawa ba sun ƙi jihadin Adama;sun kalle shi a matsayin kawai wani uzuri don yaɗa mulkin Fulani. Koyaya, da farko shugabannin Fulani ( ardo'en, mufuradi: ardo ) na Fumbina wanda Adama ta damu da su. Wasu daga cikinsu sun ki amincewa da takarar sa saboda dalilai daban-daban: Ya kasance daga asalin mai tawali'u,yana da dukiya kaɗan, har yanzu sojojinsa ba su da yawa, kuma ba shi da ƙwarjini.Mafi rinjaye, sun yi maraba da Adama a matsayin kwamandan soja ko jagoran addini aƙalla. Surukin Adama,Jauro Dembo, ya riga ya zauna a Fumbina a Malabu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mashawarta.

Sojojin da aka kafa na wucin gadi sun kafa hedikwata a Gurin, sansanin soja a mahaɗar Faro da Benuwai inda mayaƙan Fulani suka sake haɗuwa bayan yaƙi da Bata a shekarar  1803. Daga nan Adama ya jagoranci rundunarsa a jerin hare-hare a kan garuruwan Bata kamar Pema, Tepa, da Turuwa . Nasarorin sun faranta ran mutanen Adama, waɗanda suka kwashi bayi da yawa na Bata.

Nasarorin farko da aka samu ya sa shugabannin Fulanin cikin gida da yawa su zo bangaren Adama. Hatta wadtanda suka yi adawa da mulkinsa na siyasa sun amince da jihadi a matsayin wata dama ta fadada yankunansu. Njobdi na dangin Wollarbe shine babban misali, kuma babban abokin hamayyarsa, Hammam Sambo, watakila ardo na farko da ya fara zama a Fumbina, ya tabbatar da babban jarin. Dangantaka mai ɗanɗano tsakanin Njobdi da Hammam zai tabbatar da babban cikas a yunƙurin Adama na kula da daulolin haɗin kai.

Bugu da kari, Fulanin gama gari sun samu karfafuwa daga ayyukan Adama kuma sun zama ƙungiya. Adama ya ƙirƙira sabon matsayi ga shugabanninsu: Lamido (jam'i: lamibe ), wanda ya kasance shugaban wani yanki, sabtanin ardo, shugaban wasu mutane. Dukkanin ƙungiyoyin sun karɓi tutar ba da umarni kuma sun raba matsayi iri daya a sojojin Adama. Kafin rasuwarsa, Adama zai naɗa sama da 40 wadanda ba ardo lamibe ba. Za su tabbatar da amintattun mashawarta.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Mandara 
Adama ya mayar da hankalinsa ne kan babbar jiha daya tilo a Fumbina da za ta iya kawo barazana ga sabuwar masarautarsa: Mandara. Ya kasance manufa mai ban sha'awa. Ya kasance tsakanin Bornu zuwa arewa da Baghirmi a cikin Tekun Chadi, don haka faɗuwarsa zai sauƙaƙe mamayar waɗannan yankuna.Mutanenta sun riga sun musulunta,kodayake sun cakuɗa addinin da ayyukan arna. Bugu da ƙari,tana da ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda za a iya ɗaukar sojoji daga cikinsu,kuma an san ta da kyawawan dawakai. Mandara yana da tsari sosai,kodayake, kuma ba zai zama kyauta mai sauƙi ba.Mutanen da suke zaune a wurin,wato Mandarawa, sun daɗe suna adawa da Fulanin, waɗanda suka yaƙe su a ƙarƙashin Bornu a shekarun baya. Wannan rashin jituwa ya taimaka ne kawai don fatattakar Fulanin zuwa sojojin Adama, kodayake, saboda yawancin tsoffin sojoji sun yi marmarin sake afkawa wani tsohon abokin adawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sarakunan Fulbe Modibo Damraka da sauransu sun riga sun tsunduma cikin yaƙi da Mandara a cikin Diamaré Plain. Jin daɗin jihadi ya yi yawa.

Adama kai Guringa a shekarar 1809, da makamantansu tare da sojoji da yawa a cikin mai kyau morale . Nan da nan ya ci nasarar mamaye garin Mandara a Guider kuma ya nufi arewa, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ƙauyuka da yawa a kan hanyar. A wajen babban birnin Mandara, Dulo, Adama ya buƙaci sarki, Bukar Djiama, ya yi mubaya'a ya kuma musulunta ba tare da maguzanci ba. Bukar ya amince da amincewa da 'yancin Adama na mulkin talakawansa, amma ya ki yarda ya ba da nasa mulkin. Adama da mutanensa sun ɗauki Dulo da ɗan faɗa.

Adama ya nemi wani wanda zai mulki wannan sulhu, amma bai sami wanda yake jin ya isa wannan mukamin ba. A halin yanzu, sojojinsa sun yi rawar jiki a cikin ganimar da suka yi. Ba wanda ya yi tsammanin afkawar Mandara, wanda aka ƙaddamar daga Mora na kusa. Adama ya gudu daga garin, kuma Dulo ya faɗo daga kanshi har abada.

 Gudanarwa 
Adama da mutanensa sun koma Yola (a cikin Nijeriya ta yanzu). Garin zai zama babban birninshi kafin shekarar 1841. Daga nan ne shi da hadimansa suka ci gaba da faɗaɗa masarautar, wacce ya sanya wa Adamawa sunan ta. Subananan da ke ƙasa sun aika masa da haraji ta hanyar shanu. Manyan ƙauyuka kamar su Maroua, Garoua, da Ngaoundéré sun faɗi ga Adama ko kuma hadimansa. Zuwa shekarar 1825, Fulanin sun kutsa kai yankin Filato na Adamawa. Koyaya, Adama ta rayu a cikin matsakaiciyar yanayi kuma bata sami dukiya mai yawa ba.

Daga Yola, Adama ya fara ayyukan gudanarwa da suka wajaba ga jiharsa ta haihuwa. Yayi hakan ne da shawarar Usman; ya kasance ya samar da fahimta tsakanin jama'arsa da gwamnoninsu, saukaka sadarwa tsakanin dattawa da wadanda ke karkashinsu, tare da hana barnar da al'umma ke yi dangane da aji ko dukiya. Daga ƙarshe masarautar ta ɗauki matakai uku na gudanarwa. A tsakiyar akwai sarki al-Mu'minin ("kwamandan muminai"), Adama da kansa, yana yin hukunci daga Yola kuma yana amsawa ga Usman dan Fodio kawai a Sakkwato. Wani rukuni na mashawarta da masu gudanarwa sun taimaka masa kai tsaye, kuma ma'aikatan gidan wadanda ba Fulbe da bayi sun ninka a matsayin masu tsaronsa. Da yawa a ƙasa akwai shugabannin gundumomi, da lamibe, waɗanda ke mulkin mahimman matsugunan. A karkashin su kasance a yawan kauyuka, kowane ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani ƙauye sarki.

A halin yanzu, wasu tsofaffin ardo'en sun sami ƙarfi ta hanyar nasarorin da suka samu. Sun dauki yankunan da ba a kwace ba kusa da yankunansu a matsayin gidajensu na kashin kansu kuma sun kare waɗannan yankuna daga duk masu shigowa. Wannan wani lokacin yakan bayyana a alakar su da Adama, kamar lokacin da Bouba Njida na Rai ya ki zuwa taimakon Adama lokacin da sarki ke fada da Namchi a Poli. Madadin haka, Bouba ya jira Adama ya ja da baya daga yankin don ya kawo nasa sojojin ya gama da abokan gaba. Sannan ya tura fursunoni daga yaƙin zuwa Adama a matsayin kyauta.

 Doka 
Adama ya mutu a shekara ta 1847 kuma aka binne shi a Yola (kabarinsa yana nan har wa yau). Adamawa ta ɗauki dubu 103 km² daga Tafkin Chadi zuwa Banyo kuma mutane 1,500,000 ne ke zaune a ciki. Expansionarin faɗaɗa zuwa kudu ya tabbatar da wahala da wanda ba a so tunda kasancewar kwarin tsetse da gandun daji mai kauri ya sa kiwon dabbobin ke da wuya a can.

Adamaan Adama Muhammadu Lawal ya gaje shi bayan ɗan gajeren mulki a ƙarƙashin Hamidu bi Adama. Daga ƙarshe, wasu 'ya'yan Adama guda uku za su wani lokaci su zama Sarkin na Adamawa. Ba har sai lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da na Jamusawa ba masarautar za ta ƙare.

Duk da rasa 'yancinsu, yanzu Fulanin sun kasance manyan ƙabilu na Arewacin Kamaru. Sun yada addinin Musulunci a cikin yankin baki daya, inda suka tabbatar da shi a matsayin addinin da ke kan gaba. Ilimi kuma ya bunkasa, yayin da sabbin tuba suka koyi rubutun larabci kuma suka yi karatun Alkur'ani. Kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, kuma sadarwa tare da shi. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun kasance mahimmancin mahalli. Ƙsar da a da ake amfani da ita don noma yanzu ta zama yankin makiyayar Fulani. Makiyayan sun sare bishiyoyi don yin hanyar shanu, kuma sun kona ciyawa da dabbobinsu suka taka daga baya. Aruruwan ƙarni na irin wannan ɗabi'ar ta maye gurbin gandun dajin da savanna.

Abin haushin ma shine, Adamawa ta fi ƙarancin mutane bayan mamayar Adama. Maimakon yaƙi da mamayar Fulani, yawancin mutane sun gudu, suna ƙaura wasu kuma. Filaton Adamawa, wanda ya kasance gida ga yawancin ƙabilu Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama yankin makiyaya, kuma yankin gandun dajin na Kamaru ya kasance mai yawan jama'a.

 Manazarta 

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