Ali Abu Nuwar

Ali Abu Nuwar (sunan laƙabi da ake kira Abu Nuwwar, Abu Nawar ko Abu Nowar ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1925 - ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1991) hafsan sojan Kasar Jordan ne, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata a watan Mayun shekara ta 1956 - Afrilu 1957. Ya halarci yakin Larabawa –Isra'ila na shekara ta 1948 a matsayin jami'in kera bindigogi a magabatan sojojin Jordan, Arab Legion, amma adawar da ya nuna game da tasirin Birtaniyya a Jordan ya sa aka yi masa kaura zuwa Paris a matsayin jami'in soja a shekara ta 1952. A can ne ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da yarima mai jiran gado na kasar Jordan Hussein, wanda ya tallata Abu Nuwar bayan hawan shi karagar mulki.

Niyayyar Abu Nuwar da Glubb Pasha, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan Burtaniya, sannan kuma nacewarsa kan kafa dokar larabawa a kan sojoji da tasirinsa da Hussein ya sa wannan ya kori Glubb Pasha ya naɗa Abu Nuwar a madadinsa. Duk da haka, Abu Nuwar ta mabiyin goyon baya ga kwanon rufi-Arabist manufofin Masar shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser gudummawar Jordan ta kara kadaici daga Birtaniya da Amurka, wanda sun manyan kafofin na waje agaji ga Jordan. A lokaci guda, rashin gamsuwa da shugabancin Abu Nuwar da jami'an fadar da tsofaffin rundunonin sojojin Bedouin suka yi ya haifar da mummunan artabu a babban barikin sojoji da ke Zarqa tsakanin rukunin masarauta da na Larabawa. Manyan-manyan labarai guda biyu sun bayyana game da abubuwan da suka faru a Zarqa, tare da sigar masarautar da ke nuna cewa lamarin ya kasance juyin mulki ne mai ban tsoro da Abu Nuwar ya yi wa Hussein, kuma wanda ya nuna rashin amincewarsa yana tabbatar da cewa an yi shi ne, juyin mulkin da Amurka ke marawa baya da Hussein ya yi da kwanon rufi -Gwagwarmayar Larabawa a Jordan. Ala kulli halin, Abu Nuwar ya yi murabus kuma aka ba shi izinin barin Jodan zuwa Siriya . Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 ba tare da shi ba .
Abu Nuwar ya kwashe tsawon lokacinsa yana gudun hijira tsakanin Siriya da Masar yana shirya adawa da Hussein da masarauta, duk tare da tabbatar da rashin laifinsa a cikin lamarin na Zarqa. Ya koma Kasar Jordan a shekara ta 1964 bayan Hussein ya gafarta masa a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin sasantawa na karshen tare da adawarsa da ke gudun hijira. A shekara ta 1971, Abu Nuwar ya zama jakada a Faransa sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Majalisar Dattawan Majalisar Jordan a shekara ta 1989. Ya mutu ne daga cutar kansa a asibitin Landan yana da shekara 66, shekara guda bayan wallafa littafin tarihinsa, Wani Lokaci na Balaguwar Larabawa: Tunawa da Siyasar Larabawa (1948-1964) .

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Ali Abu Nuwar a shekara ta 1925 a al-Salt, Shlaim 2007, p. 64.  Transjordan, wanda a lokacin yake karkashin ikon Burtaniya . Iyalin mahaifinsa, Abu Nuwar, sanannen dangi ne na Larabawa a cikin Salt. Pearson 2010, p. 94. Massad 2001, p. 170. Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga zuriyar Circassian.  A cikin matasa, Abu Nuwar aka rinjayi da tattaunawa da cewa mahaifinsa da dangi da aka gudanar game da sakamakon da shekara ta 1916 Arab haddin shari'a, da shekara ta 1917 Balfour Declaration da shekara ta 1920 Syrian Arab sha kashi a yakin Maysalun da a kan rabo daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Anderson 2005, p. 65. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ƙawancen rebelsan tawayen Larabawa da sojojin Biritaniya da ke karkashin jagorancin Hashemite suka fatattaki Ottomans daga yankunansu na Larabawa, kuma daga baya Birtaniyya da Faransawa suka maye gurbinsu, waɗanda suka mamaye yankunan Larabawa yadda ya kamata. 'Yan tawaye da mashahurin adawa ga mulkin Turai a Falasdinu, Transjordan da sauran wurare a yankin sun fito a cikin shekara ta 1920s da shekara ta 1930s. A cikin bayanan da ya rubuta, Abu Nuwar ya tunatar da cewa malamansa a al-Salt za su gaya masa da abokan karatuttukansa cewa "Al'ummar Larabawa sun yi mulkin mallaka kuma sun wargaje kuma cewa yana kan kafadun tsarayenmu su dauki nauyin 'yanci da hadin kai". Anderson 2005, p. 71.

 Aikin soja 
Abu Nuwar ya shiga cikin rundunar Larabawa kuma an sanya shi a matsayin jami'in yaki a shekara ta 1946, a zamanin Sarki Abdullah I. A lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa –Isra'ila na shekara y 1948, ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftana. Shlaim 2007, p. 64. Bayan haka, ya sami horo a kwalejin ma'aikata ta Kasar Burtaniya ta Camberly na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Jordan, wanda aka kafa daga Transjordan da Yammacin Gabar a sakamakon yakin shekara ta 1948.  Nasarorin da Isra’ila ta samu a lokacin yakin ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin adawa da mulkin-mallaka da kuma nuna kishin kasa tsakanin Larabawa da yawa a cikin sojojin Larabawa wadanda suka zargi shugabancin siyasarsu da soja kan nasarorin Isra’ila. Sun dauki tsoffin masu tsaron ba su da kwarewa, gurbatattu ne kuma suna kallo ga ikon mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin wadannan hafsoshin da suka harzuka akwai Abu Nuwar.  Duk da cewa ba shi ne ya kirkiro "Jami'an 'Yanci" ba, wata kungiyar Baathist - wacce ke da alaka da kungiyar karkashin mulkin jam'ian Jordan masu adawa da Burtaniya, ya shiga kungiyar ne bayan da aka gayyace shi a shekara ta 1950, bayan dawowarsa Kasar Jordan. 
Abu Nuwar ya zama mai yawan sukar taimakon da Kasar Birtaniyya ta ba wa Jordan, yana kallon ta a matsayin wani nau'i na dogaro ga tsohon mai mulkin mallaka na Jordan, da kuma Glubb Pasha, babban jami'in Burtaniya da ke kula da kungiyar kasashen Larabawa wanda 'yan bautar Larabawa suka yi wa izgili a matsayin alama ta dorewar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Jordan. Shlaim, pp. 64–65. Lokacin da aka kashe Abdullah na daya a shekara ta 1951, Glubb da Firayim Minista Tawfik Abu al-Huda na gwamnatin sun tattauna kan hana dan Abdullah kuma mai jiran gado, Sarki Talal, mai tausaya wa Jami'an 'Yanci, da aka nada; An duba Talal a cibiyar kula da masu tabin hankali a Switzerland, amma da yawa daga Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda sun yi imanin cewa Birtaniyya ce ke kirkirar cutar rashin hankalin ta Talal don hana shi zuwa Jordan. Massad 2001, p. 170. A martanin da ya mayar, Abu Nuwar ya nemi ya dora Talal akan karagar mulki da karfi, don haka ne ya nemi tallafi daga Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda ya kuma tura Awni Hannun, wani likitan sojan Jordan, don ya kawo Talal zuwa Jordan. Massad 2001, pp. 170–171. Koyaya, an hana Hannun haduwa da Talal saboda takunkumin ziyarar kuma Glubb ya kore shi saboda zargin tunzurawar da bukatun Burtaniya.  Duk da haka, an nada Talal, kuma daga baya Abu Nuwar ya bukace shi da ya kori Glubb. Yitzhak 2012, p. 115. Wanda ke biye da shi yana tsoron kokarin Abu Nuwar ya zama barazana ga bukatun Burtaniya a Kasar Jordan, don haka ya umurci gwamnatin Abu al-Huda da ta kori Abu Nuwar daga kasar.  Gwamnati ta yi biyayya, ta aike da Abu Nuwar zuwa Paris don zama mukamin hadimin Jordan a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1952.  Daga baya ne majalisar ta yanke hukuncin darewa Talal bisa gazawar tunaninsa. Massad 2001, p. 171.
A lokacin da yake aiki a Kasar Faris, Abu Nuwar ya sadu da dan Sarki Talal kuma magajinsa, Yarima mai jiran gado Hussein, wanda yakan ziyarci garin a lokacin hutun karshen mako daga horon da ya samu a Kwalejin Soja ta Sandhurst . Pearson 2010, p. 94. Abu Nuwar ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar samun yardar Hussein tare da yada masa dabarun kishin kasa da ke neman a kawo karshen tasirin Birtaniyya a cikin sojojin na Jordan.  Shlaim 2007, p. 65. Abu Nuwar ya yi wa Hussein din dadi, kuma bayan an nada shi a watan Mayun 1953, Hussein ya yi kokarin ganin Abu Nuwar ya koma Jordan duk da shakku na Glubb.  A watan Agusta, Hussein ya ziyarci Landan inda ya gayyaci Abu Nuwar da sauran jami’ai masu irin wannan ra’ayi, ciki har da Free Officer Shahir Abu Shahut, don ganawa da shi.  Massad 2001, pp. 172–173. A can, Abu Shahut ya sanar da Abu Nuwar game da shirin Jami’an ‘Yanci na“ Arabize ”da Larabawan Larabawa, watau cire shugabannin rundunar Birtaniyya, gami da Glubb.  Bayan haka, Abu Nuwar ya sanar da Hussein a wani taron bikin murnar nadin nasa cewa shi babban memba ne na Jami'an 'Yanci (duk da cewa ba shi ba) kuma ya sanar da burin kungiyar na tabbatar da umarnin Larabawa a kan Balaraben Larabawa, manufar da Hussein ya yarda da ita.  Hussein ya gamsu da Abu Nuwar wanda ya yi kakkausar suka game da kasancewar Burtaniya a Jordan a lokacin bikin, wanda ya sa jami'an na Kasar Jordan suka yi farin ciki da Abu Nuwar. 

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