Madatsar ruwan Bui

Madatsar ruwan Bui (da Turanci Bui Dam) shine aikin samar da lantarki mai karfin megawatt 400 (540,000 hp) a Ghana. An gina shi a kan kogin Black Volta a Bui Gorge, a karshen Bui National Park. Aikin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin gwamnatin Ghana da Sino Hydro, wani kamfanin gine-gine na kasar Sin. An fara gina babbar madatsar a cikin watan Disambar 2009. An kaddamar da janareta na farko a ranar 3 ga Mayun 2013, kuma an kaddamar da madatsar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.Bui zai kasance na biyu mafi girman masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar bayan Akosombo Dam. Gidan ruwan ya cika kusan kashi 20% na Bui National Park kuma ya shafi mazaunan kankanin bakin ciki da kuma yawancin namun daji. Ya bukaci sake tsugunar da mutane 1,216, kuma ya shafi wasu da yawa.

 Tarihi 
Masanin masarautar Biritaniya da Ostiraliya kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu Albert Ernest Kitson ya fara tunanin dam din Bui hydro-electric a shekarar 1925 lokacin da ya ziyarci Bui Gorge. Dam din ya kasance a jikin zane tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da aka gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Ghana, Akosombo Dam a gaba da kogin Volta. Zuwa 1978 an tsara shirin Bui Dam tare da tallafi daga Australia da Bankin Duniya. Ko yaya, juyin mulkin soja guda hudu ya dakatar da shirin. A lokacin Ghana ta fara fuskantar matsalar karancin makamashi, wanda ya cigaba tun daga wancan lokacin. A cikin 1992, aikin ya sake farfadowa kuma kamfanin farko na Faransa Coyne et Bellier ne ya gudanar da bincike kan yiwuwar aiki na farko.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_of_Bui_Dam.jpg|left|thumb|Gina madatsar ruwan
A cikin 1997 kungiyar dalibai daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun gudanar da bincike kan yanayin muhalli a yankin don ambaliyar ta cika tafkin. Dan jaridar nan dan kasar Ghana mai kula da muhalli Mike Anane, wanda aka sanya a cikin shirin UNEP na Global Roll of Honor na shekarar 1998, ya kira madatsar da "masifar muhalli" da "misalin littafin rubutu na kudin da aka barnata masu biyan haraji". A cikin labarin nasa ya ambaci ƙungiyar masu binciken, amma a bayyane ya ɗan cika tasirin tasirin madatsar ruwan. Shugaban tawagar masu binciken, masanin ilmin namun daji Daniel Bennett, ya fayyace cewa "ra'ayoyin (Anane) da aka bayar ga kungiyarmu ba daidai bane kuma yaudara ce". Ya cigaba da cewa "Sabanin ikirarin Mr Anane, ba mu da masaniya game da duk wani nau'in hatsarin da ke cikin hadari a Bui National Park, kuma ba mu yi ikirarin cewa madatsar ruwan za ta lalata tarin kifaye ba." Ko da yake Daniel Bennett koyaushe yana tsayawa tsaka-tsaki game da gina madatsar ruwan, amma a cikin Afrilu 2001 gwamnatin Ghana ta hana shi ci gaba da bincike game da yanayin lafiyar Bui National Park. Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa batun "mai matukar tayar da hankali ne" kuma kasancewar Bennett "a dajin kasa ba ya da nasaba da maslahar kasa". Daya daga cikin ‘yan jaridar da ya soki gwamnati kan hana Bennett shi ne Mike Anane.

A shekarar 1999 hukumar kula da wutan Volta, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar, ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kamfanonin Amurka Halliburton da Brown da Root don gina madatsar ruwan ba tare da bayar da wata gasa ba. Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya mulki kasar tsawon shekaru biyu da suka gabata, bai fito takara ba (kamar yadda yake a tsarin mulki) kuma jam’iyyarsa ta sha kaye a hannun ‘yan adawa karkashin jagorancin John Kufuor. A watan Oktoba 2001 sabuwar gwamnati ta dakatar da aikin madatsar ruwan. A cewar Charles Wereko-Brobby, shugaban Hukumar Volta River a lokacin, ba a dauki Bui Dam a matsayin mafi karancin kudin ba kuma ba zai iya biyan bukatun makamashi na "gaggawa" ba. Madadin haka sai a gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da iskar gas, suna samar da wutar lantarki a abin da aka ce rabin kudin Bui ne. Bugu da kari kuma, mummunan fari a cikin 1998 ya ta daita matsalar makamashi saboda karancin ruwa a cikin Akosombo Dam. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin ta so ta rage dogaro da wutar lantarki a lokacin.

Duk da haka, a cikin 2002 aikin ya sake farfadowa. An fitar da kiran kasa da ƙasa don neman kudi, amma kamfani daya ne kawai suka gabatar da takaddama kuma aka soke karancin. A cikin 2005 kamfanin Sinohydro na kasar Sin ya gabatar da wata bukata ba tare da neman izinin madatsar ba tare da kudade daga bankin Exim na kasar Sin. Gwamnatin ta amince da bukatar kuma Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta rattaba hannu kan kwangila don kimanta tasirin muhalli a watan Disambar 2005, da kuma sabunta nazarin yiwuwar aiki a watan Oktoba 2007. Gwamnatin ta kirkiro Bui Power Authority ne a watan Agustan 2007 don kula da ginawa da gudanar da aikin da sake tsugunar da ita. Ta haka ne aka sauya nauyin dam din daga Volta River Authority, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ke da alhakin ci gaba da gudanar da dukkan ayyukan wutar lantarki a Ghana. Coyne et Bellier injiniyan tuntuba ne na madatsar ruwan.

An fara binciken filin daga dam din a watan Oktoba na 2007. A watan Janairun 2008 aka fara aikin share fage kuma a watan Mayun 2008 aka fara sake tsugunar da mutanen farko. A watan Disambar 2008 aka karkatar da kogin kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka fara aikin a kan babban dam din. Cike tafkin ya fara a watan Yunin 2011. Rana ta 3 an hafa ta da layin a ranar 3 Mayu 2013; An ba da raka'a 2 da 1 a karshen Nuwamba Nuwamba 2013. Shugaba John Mahama ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan da tashar wutar lantarkin a watan Disambar 2013.

 Zane 
Bui Dam shine nau'in narkakke mai nauyin nauyi mai tsayin mita 108 (354 ft) sama da tushe da mita 90 (300 ft) sama da bakin kogi. Kofar dam ɗin tana da tsayin mita 492 (1,614 ƙafa) tsayi kuma tana zaune a tsawan mita 185 (ƙafa 607) sama da matakin teku (ASL). Tsarin babban dam din shine miliyan 1 na cubic mita (35 × 10 6 cu ft). Kudu maso yamma na madatsun dam biyu (ko mataimakan) madatsun ruwa suna kula da matakan ruwa kuma suna hana zubewa zuwa wasu yankuna na tafkin. Na farko kuma mafi kusa da babban dam shine Saddle Dam 1. Yana da mita 500 (kafa 1,600) kudu maso yamma na babban dam din kuma dam ne mai cike da dutse. Dam din ya hau mita 37 (121 ft) sama da matakin kasa kuma yana da tsayin daka na 300 m (984 ft). 1 kilomita (0.62 mi) kudu maso yamma na babban dam shine Saddle Dam 2. Wannan dam din shine nau'in yanki mai cike da kasa mai tsayin mita 7 (23 ft) ASL da tsayin daka na 580 m (1,903 ft). Dukansu madatsun ruwa na da tudu mai tsayin mita 187 (614 ft) ASL.
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bui_Dam_Nov_2013.JPG|thumb|Bui Dam, Ghana a watan Nuwamba 2013 jim kadan kafin budewar a hukumance. Kallon sama, kusan arewa maso gabas. Gidan wutar lantarki a dama, tare da ledojin ruwan lemu guda uku wadanda ake gani sama da rufin (daya ga kowane janareta). Spillway yana da rami biyar. Ana iya ganin kayan aikin gidan na gaba a hagu. Tsarin dam din yana kimanin mita 75 sama da babban bene na wutar lantarki. Titin da aka shimfida Powerhouse wanda ake ginawa a bayyane. Har yanzu ba a cire katon ginin Telpher wanda ke goyan bayan igiyoyi ba.
Hadar madatsar ta kusa da bankin dama ta kunshi kofofin radiyo guda biyar, kowannensu yakai mita 15 (kafa 49). Ruwan malalar yana zaune a tsawan mita 169 (554 ft) kuma yana da matsakaicin fitarwa na mita dubu 10,450 a sakan daya (369,000 cu ft / s) wanda yayi daidai da ambaliyar shekara 1-in-10,000. Ayyukan fitowar dam din sun kunshi hanya guda daya a banki na dama da aka canza daga daya daga cikin hanyoyin ratsewa.

 Tafki 
Madatsar ruwan da manyan madatsun ruwa suka kirkira zasu sami karfin mita miliyan 12,570 na cubic mita (10,190,000 acre⋅ft) wanda miliyan 7,720 miliyan cubic (6,260,000 acre⋅ft) yana da amfani don samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa. Matsakaicin matakin aiki na tafkin zai zama mita 185 (607 ft) ASL da mafi karancin mita 167 (548 ft) ASL. A matsakaicin matakin, tafkin zai sami yanki mai girman kilomita 440 (170 sq mi) yayin da mafi karancin zai zama kilomita murabba'i 288 (111 sq mi). Matsayin tafkin a matakin mafi karanci ya kai mita miliyan 6,600 (mita 5,400,000 acre⋅ft). Matsakaicin tsayin tafkin zai kasance kilomita 40 (25 mi) tare da matsakaita zurfin mita 29 (kafa 95) da matsakaicin mita 88 (289 ft).

 Bui injin samar da wutar lantarki 
Justan can kasan dam din daga gabar hagu shine karfin dam din. Abincin da akeyi a tafkin yana shayar da ruwa ta penstocks uku zuwa manyan injinan samar da injin turbin 133 MW. Kowane janareta mai samar da injin wuta yana da taransifoma don kara karfin lantarki zuwa matakin watsawa. Rukuni na hudu, tare da katako a kan kwararar mai, zai samar da megawatts hudu don sabis na tashar da karfin fara bakar fata, kuma zai samar da mafi karancin kwarara don kula da matakan kogi idan ya kamata a rufe manyan sassan. Tashar wutar za ta sami damar shigar da megawatt 400 da kuma matsakaita na shekara-shekara na 980w gigawatt-(3,500 TJ). Canjin tashar tashar wutar lantarki yana da mita 300 (980 ft) daga kasa. Layukan watsawa 161 kV guda huɗu sun haɗa kebabben zuwa layin na Ghana.

 Fa'idodi 
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Bui zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 22%, daga 1920 MW a 2008 zuwa 2360 MW. Tare da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da zafi guda uku wadanda ake cigaba a lokaci guda, zai taimaka wajen rage karancin wutar lantarkin da aka saba gani a Ghana. Kamar kowane tsire-tsire masu samar da wutar lantarki, aikin zai guji fitar da hayaki mai gurɓataccen yanayi wanda zai iya faruwa idan an gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da zafi. Karin amfanin da ake tsammani shi ne ban ruwa na amfanin gona mai yawan gaske a hekta 30,000 na ƙasa mai ni'ima a cikin "Yankin Kyauta na Tattalin Arziki". Matsayin aikin aikin ban ruwa bai bayyana ba.

 Farashi da kudi 
Jimlar kudin aikin an kiyasta sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 622. Gwamnatin kasar ta Ghana ce ke daukar nauyinta (dalar Amurka miliyan 60) da kuma bashi biyu daga bankin Exim na China: rancen bashi na dalar Amurka miliyan 270 a ribar 2% da kuma rancen kasuwanci na dalar Amurka miliyan 292. Duk rancen suna da lokacin alheri na shekaru biyar da kuma amortization na shekaru 20. Kudin da aka samu na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara na fitar da koko na Ghana zuwa China, wanda aka sanya a cikin asusun ajiya a bankin Exim, ya kasance jingina don rancen. Da zarar madatsar ta fara aiki, kashi 85% na kudin da aka samu na cinikin wutar lantarki daga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki zai je asusun ajiya. Idan ba duk abin da ake samu ake bukata don hidimar rancen ba, ragowar zai koma ga gwamnatin Ghana.

 Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bui_Dam_2.jpg|right|thumb|Tafkin bayan Bui Dam ya fara cikawa a cikin 2011
An kammala aikin kimanta muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma (ESIA) na madatsar ruwan a watan Janairun 2007 ta hannun kamfanin ba da shawara na Amurka Environmental Resources Management (ERM). A yayin gudanar da sauraren shirye-shiryenta a Accra da a cikin yankuna biyar kusa da yankin aikin, kamar Bamboi. Koyaya, ba a gudanar da sauraro ba a yankin aikin kansa. Da zarar an kammala, kwamitin mai zaman kansa wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta Ghana ta nada ya sake nazarin ESIA. An sake yin bayanin karshen a muhimman fannoni, gami da wadannan: "diyya" dole ne a samar da yankin da ambaliyar Bui National Park ta yi ambaliya, ana bukatar "shirin ceto" na hippos kuma dole ne a fayyace yadda za a dauki matsuguni fita. Lokacin da (EPA) ta bayar da izinin muhalli na madatsar ruwan, ta bukaci Hukumar Bui Power Authority da ta gabatar da ita tsakanin watanni 18 da Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli bisa laákari da bita na ESIA. Construction and resettlement began in 2008, but no environmental management plan had been submitted as of July 2010.

 Tasirin muhalli 
Bui Dam zai yi matukar illa ga gandun dajin Bui. 21% na wurin shakatawa za a nutsar da su. Wannan zai shafi mutane biyu ne kawai na baqin dorina a Ghana, wanda yawan su ya kai tsakanin 250 zuwa 350 a dajin. Babu tabbaci idan za a iya sauya hippos kuma idan akwai wani mazaunin da ya dace kusa da yankin da za a yi ambaliyar. Ko da ma akwai irin wannan "amintaccen mafaka", ba a bayyana ba idan wasan da namun daji na kasar na da hanyoyin da za su iya ceton dabbobin. Tasirin Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki ya nuna cewa dabo za su iya fuskantar matsalar farauta a lokacin cika tafkin. Har ila yau, ta yi ikirarin cewa a karshe za su "amfana daga karuwar yankin matsuguni da ke samar da tafkin".

Hakanan madatsar ruwan na iya yin wasu tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci, kamar canza tsarin kwararar ruwa na kogin wanda zai iya cutar da mazaunan kauyuka. Wani binciken da jami’ar Aberdeen ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kogin Black Volta ya wadata da nau’ikan kifi 46 daga iyalai 17. Babu dayan wadannan nau'in da ke cikin hadari. Koyaya, wadannan al'ummomin kifayen zasu iya yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje ga yanayin zafin ruwa, rikicewa da toshe kaurarsu. Hakanan cutar ta ruwa za ta iya faruwa. Musamman Schistosomiasis zai iya zama tabbatacce a cikin tafki, tare da haɗarin lafiya ga mutanen gida.

 Tasirin zamantakewa 
Aikin bui dam din Bui yana bukatar tilastawa mutane dubu 1,216 sauya matsuguni, daga cikinsu an sake tsugunar da 217 zuwa watan Yunin 2010. Don kar a jinkirta aikin gina madatsar ruwan, Hukumar Bui Power Authority ta zabi hanyar sake tsugunar da mutane cikin sauri. Ta yi biris da shawarwarin bincike, "Tsarin Tsara Tsugunni", cewa ta yi kwangilar kanta. A ka'ida, ana tsammanin duk mutanen da abin ya shafa za su koma wani sabon gari da ake kira Bui birni. Ko y6aya, har zuwa shekara ta 2010 garin bai wanzu ba kuma babu jadawalin yadda za'a gina shi. Madadin haka, mutanen 217 na farko da aka sauyawa matsuguni an mayar dasu zuwa wani matsuguni na dan lokaci da ake kira, wanda ya lalata kayan more rayuwa. An sake girka masunta a busasshiyar kasa kuma sun rasa abin biyan su. Kodayake binciken ya ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta kula da sake tsugunarwar, amma ba a kafa irin wannan jikin ba.