Sadarwa a Ghana

Sadarwar sadarwa a Ghana ta hada da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyi tsayayyu da na hannu, da Intanet.

Sadarwar ita ce babban fannin tattalin arzikin kasar Ghana bisa alkaluman kididdigar Babban Bankin Duniya saboda manufofin Ghana masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Daga cikin manyan sassan saka hannun jari, 65% na ICT 09068536658, 8% na sadarwa kuma kashi 27% sun kasu kashi biyu don gudanar da harkokin gwamnati.

 Rediyo da talabijin 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificios_de_los_Medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_en_Ghana_(Panomara_of_Media_Buildings_in_Ghana).jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Sadarwar taro da hedkwatar kamfanin watsa labarai.
A shekara ta 2007 Ghana ta kasance tana aiki da gidan Talabijin mallakar gwamnati guda daya, gidajen yanar sadarwar rediyo mallakar gwamnati; da yawa gidajen Talabijin masu zaman kansu da adadi mai yawa na gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu. Hakanan an samu wadatattun masu watsa shirye-shiryen duniya da kebul da yawa da sabis na biyan kuɗi TV. A shekarar 2010, akwai tashoshin rediyo da aka basu izini 140 wadanda suke aiki da kuma tashoshin talabijin 32 masu izini da kimanin 26 ke aiki. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin sun hada da First Digital TV (ATV, BTA, FAITH TV, CHANNEL D, STAR TV, FTV, SPORTS 24, CINIMAX, PLANET KIDZ) TV Africa, Metro TV, TV3, GTV, GH One TV da Viasat 1.

Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gana (GBC) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a 1968 ita ce hukumar da ke samar da rediyo da talabijin na farar hula. An kirkireshi ne don ci gaban fannonin ilimi da nishaɗi da haɓaka ilimin mutanen Ghana.

 'Yancin' yan jarida 
Bayan hambarar da zababbiyar gwamnatin da Jerry Rawlings ya yi a watan Disambar 1981, Provisional National Defense Council ta soke sauye-sauyen hanyoyin yada labarai na gwamnatocin da suka gabata, ta soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, da kuma zartar da dokokin da suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, korarrun editocin da ke sukar Rawlings ko majalisar wucin gadi, Dokar Kariya da lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsare ‘yan jarida ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ba, da kuma Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. An sake dawo da 'yancin' yan jaridar na Ghana tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, da kuma komawa mulkin dimokiradiyya mai yawa a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993.

Kafafen watsa labaran Ghana a yau suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, inda Ghana ta zama ta uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma ta 30 a duniya a kan Fitar da' Yancin 'Yan Jaridu ta Duniya daga 2013 daga masu ba da rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin yada labarai, 'yancin magana da bayyana ra'ayi, tunani, da bayanai.

 Wayoyi 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_Mobile_Phone_Use.jpg|right|thumb|330x330px|Ghana wayar hannu da amfani da wayo mai amfani, Yuli 2009.
Lambar share fage na Ghana don kiran ƙasashen duniya itace +233.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 akwai tsayayyun layukan tarho 285,000 da ake amfani da su, na 120 a duniya, da layukan wayoyin salula miliyan 25.6, na 42 a duniya.

Tsarin tarho yayi tsufa, tare da ingantattun hanyoyin ingantaccen layin waya wanda aka maida hankali sosai a Accra da wasu madafun hanyar waya mara waya da aka sanya, akwatunan cikin gida da farko suna amfani da relay microwave. Akwai tashoshin duniyar tauraron dan adam 4 Intelsat (Tekun Atlantika). Rediyon Microwave relay ya danganta Ghana zuwa ga maƙwabta (2009).

SAT-3/WASC, Main One, GLO-1, da ACE igiyoyi masu zurfin gani da ido na ƙasa da ƙasa na ACE suna ba da haɗin kai zuwa ƙasashe a gefen yammacin Afirka da Turai da Asiya.

A cikin 2010 an ba da layin waya biyu da kamfanoni shida na wayar hannu don yin aiki a Ghana wanda 5 ke aiki, 13 masu ba da tauraron dan adam an ba da izinin 8 na aiki, Masu ba da sabis na VSAT 176 an ba da izini daga cikinsu 57 na aiki, kuma an ba da izinin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 99 waɗanda 25 ke aiki. Kamfanonin sadarwa masu izini sun hada da Mobile Telecommunications Networks (MTN), Vodafone Ghana wacce ta sayi Telecom Ghana, Tigo wanda ya maye gurbin Mobitel (Millicom International Cellular), Bharti Airtel da Zain wanda ya sami Western Telesystems Ltd (Westel), Glo Mobile Ghana Limited, da kuma Expresso Telecom wanda ya sami Kasapa Telecom. A cikin 2017, Tigo Ghana da Airtel Ghana sun haɗu sun zama AirtelTigo.

Gasa tsakanin masu samarda-wayoyin salula da yawa sun haifar da ci gaba, tare da wayar salula a cikin 2009 fiye da 80 cikin 100 kowane mutum kuma yana tashi. An ƙara farashin wayoyin hannu ta haraji kusan 38%.

 Intanet 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fibreoptic.jpg|right|thumb|302x302px|Fiber optics, ana amfani dashi don saurin Intanet da sadarwa.
Babban yankin Ghana shine .gh.

Ghana ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka fara amfani da Intanet. Tare da matsakaicin saurin saukar da gidaje na 5.8 Mbit/s Ghana ta kasance ta uku mafi sauri a cikin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 110 mafi sauri daga cikin kasashe 188 na duniya a cikin watan Fabrairun 2014.

A shekarar 2009 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 1.3, 93rd a duniya. A shekarar 2012 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 4.2 (kashi na 69 a duniya) ko kuma 17.1% na yawan jama'a (na 149 a duniya).

A cikin 2012 akwai tsayayyun 62,124 (109th a duniya; 0.3% na yawan jama'a, 156th a duniya) da kuma mara waya mara waya ta 8.2 (27th a duniya; 33.3% na yawan jama'a, 49th a duniya) rajistar broadband.

A shekarar 2012 akwai masu karbar bakuncin Intanet 59,086 da ke aiki a Ghana, na 93 a duniya, kuma an baiwa Ghana kaso 332,544 IPv4, 102 a duniya, da kasa da 0.05% na duka duniya, da adireshi 13.2 cikin mutum 1000.

A cikin 2010 akwai masu ba da sabis na Intanet 165 waɗanda 30 ke aiki.

 Tantance yanar gizo da sa ido 
Babu takunkumin da gwamnati ta yi wa intanet ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido a kan imel ko ɗakunan hira ta Intanit ba tare da sa idon shari'a ba. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi suna yin maganganun cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel.

Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda ba da gangan suka kame' yan jarida. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, dangi, gida, ko wasika, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan abubuwan a aikace.

A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana.

 Duba Kuma 

 Ghana Internet Exchange (GIX)
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 Kara karantawa 

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