Kashmiris

Kashmiris na a rukunin yarukan Dardic na  kabil yan ƙabila mazauna yankunan Tuddan Kashmir wanda a farko suke zaune a yankin Jammu da Kashmir a ƙasar Indiyawa . Yaren Kashmiri, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na reshen Dardic na manyan harsunan Indo-Aryan, yana aiki ne a matsayin asalin ƙabilar da asalin yare, yayin da mafi yawan ko mutanen Kashmiri duk suna magana da Indiyanci da Urdu a matsayin ingantaccen yare na biyu.  Kashmiris na kabilanci sun fi yawa a cikin Kashmir Valley - wanda ake ganin Kashmir ya dace daga fannin fasaha, don haka ban da sauran yankuna na tsohuwar sarauta ta Jammu da Kashmir (Jammu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir da Ladakh) waɗanda suke Hakanan galibi ana haɗuwa tare azaman babbar ƙungiya kuma ana kiranta wani ɓangare na yankin Kashmir. [babba-alpha 1] Sauran kabilun dake zaune a tsohuwar yankin Jammu da Kashmir sun hada da Gujjars, Dogras, Minahan.J.B., (2012), Dogras, Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia Paharis, Baltis da Ladakhis .  
a auk da yake Kashmiris na asali asalinsu ne na kwarin Kashmir, ƙananan mazaunan Kashmiris kuma suna zaune a sauran gundumomin Jammu da Kashmir. Wadannan Kashmiris ana iya samunsu a Kwarin Chenab na Kashmir wanda Indiya ke sarrafawa, haka kuma a gundumar Neelam da Leepa Valley na Kashmir da Pakistan ke gudanarwa. Yawancin Kashmiris da yawa suma sun zauna a cikin Pakistan, duka a cikin tarihi da kuma tun Yaƙin Kashmir na Farko. Kashmiris na asali daga ƙaura daga Kashmir zuwa yankin Punjab yayin mulkin Dogra, Sikh da Afghanistan. Mafi yawan mutanen Kashmiris a yau musulmai ne, amma kuma akwai al'ummar Hindu masu girman gaske a cikin yankin. Kodayake yawancin Musulman Kashmiri a yau suna bin asalin kabilansu ne zuwa Kashmiri Hindus da Buddha,  prefix " Sheikh " ana amfani da shi sosai saboda asalinsu kuma wani ɓangaren yana kwance a cikin musulmin daga Farisa da na gaba waɗanda suka yi gabas zuwa Indiya .  Common Surnames tsakanin wadannan mutane sun hada da Bhat / Butt, Dar, LonE, Malik, da dai sauransu.

A cikin 1339 Shah Mir ya zama sarkin Kashmir, ya kafa daular Shah Mir . A lokacin mulkin daular Shah Mir Musulunci ya yadu a Kashmir. Daga 1586 zuwa 1751 Daular Mughal ta mallaki Kashmir. Daular Durrani ta Afghanistan ta yi mulki daga 1747 zuwa 1819. Sikhs, karkashin Ranjit Singh, sun mamaye Kashmir a cikin 1819. A cikin 1846, bayan yakin Anglo-Sikh na farko, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lahore kuma bayan siyan yankin daga Burtaniya a karkashin yarjejeniyar Amritsar, Raja na Jammu, Gulab Singh, ya zama mai mulkin Kashmir. Mulkin daular Dogra a karkashin masarautar Birtaniyya ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1947, lokacin da masarautar Jammu da Kashmir ta zama wani yanki na Indiya. Yanzu yanki ne da ake takaddama a kai, wanda kasashe uku ne ke gudanarwa: Indiya, Pakistan, da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.

 Rarraba yanki 
Akwai kusan masu magana da yarukan Kashmir miliyan 6.8 da yarukan da ke da alaƙa a Jammu da Kashmir da kuma tsakanin mazaunan Kashmiri a wasu jihohin kasar Indiya.  Yawancin mutanen Kashmir suna cikin kwarin Kashmir da sauran yankunan Jammu da Kashmir.  A cikin kwarin Kashmir, suna da rinjaye. 

Kashmiri tana magana da kusan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na al'ummar Azad Kashmir .  Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'ar Pakistan na 1998, akwai masu magana da Kashmiri 132,450 a Azad Kashmir.  Masu magana da harshen yaren sun tarwatsa cikin  ko'ina cikin Azad Kashmir,   musamman a gundumomin Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) da Hattian (15%), tare da ƴan tsiraru a Haveli . (5%) da Bag (2%).  Kashmiri da ake magana a Muzaffarabad ya bambanta, kodayake har yanzu ana iya fahimta da Kashmiri na kwarin Neelam a arewa.  A cikin kwarin Neelam, Kashmiri shine yare na biyu da aka fi magana da shi kuma mafi yawan yare a ƙauyuka goma sha biyu ko makamancin haka, inda a cikin kusan rabin waɗannan, shi ne yaren su na asali  kaɗai.  Yaren Kashmiri na Neelum yana kusa da iri-iri da ake magana a arewacin kwarin Kashmir, musamman Kupwara .  A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2017 na Pakistan, kusan mutane 350,000 sun ayyana yaren su na farko a matsayin Kashmiri.  
Ana iya ganin tsarin sauya harshe tsakanin masu magana da Kashmir a Azad Kashmir a cewar masanin ilimin harshe Tariq Rahman, yayin da a hankali suke amfani da yarukan cikin gida kamar su Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko ko kuma suna tafiya zuwa harshen Urdu .     Wannan ya sa wadannan harsuna suka yi galaba a kan Kashmiri.   An yi ta kiraye-kirayen daukaka Kashmiri a matakin hukuma; a cikin 1983, gwamnati ta kafa Kwamitin Harshen Kashmiri don tallafawa Kashmiri da ba da shi cikin ilimin matakin makaranta. Duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun yunƙurin gabatar da harshen bai yi nasara ba, kuma Urdu ne, maimakon Kashmiri, musulmin Kashmir sun ga alama ce ta ainihi.  Rahman ya lura cewa an fuskanci ƙalubalantar yunƙurin shirya yunƙurin yaren Kashmir saboda tarwatsa al'ummar yankin Kashmir dake yankin Azad Kashmir. 

Manazarta