Plato

Plato (/ˈpleɪtoʊ/ PLAY-toe; Greek: , ; born  BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Platonic Academy, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism. 

Mafi shahararren gudummawar Plato shine ka'idar siffofi (ko ra'ayoyi) , wanda ke da niyyar warware abin da yanzu ake kira Matsalar duniya. Masu tunani na pre-Socratic Pythagoras, Heraclitus, da Parmenides ne suka rinjaye shi, kodayake yawancin abin da aka sani game da su ya samo asali ne daga Plato da kansa.

Tare da malaminsa Socrates, da ɗalibinsa Aristotle, Plato babban mutum ne a tarihin Falsafar Yamma. An yi imanin cewa cikakkun ayyukan Plato sun tsira sama da shekaru 2,400 - ba kamar na kusan dukkanin tsaransa ba. Kodayake shahararsu ta canza, ana karanta su akai-akai kuma ana nazarin su cikin shekaru. Ta hanyar Neoplatonism, ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Kirista da Islama. A zamanin yau, Alfred North Whitehead ya ce: "mafi amintaccen halayyar al'adar falsafar Turai ita ce ta ƙunshi jerin bayanan rubutu ga Plato".

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Plato tsakanin 428 da 423 KZ  a cikin dangin Atina mai daraja da tasiri;  ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, Perictione, ya kasance zuriyar Solon, ɗan siyasa wanda aka yaba da kafa harsashin dimokuradiyya na Atina. Akwai wani labari na apocryphal cewa Plato wani laƙabi ne, kuma cewa sunan haihuwarsa Aristocles ne, ma'ana 'mafi kyawun suna', amma wannan ana ɗaukarsa ƙarya ne ta hanyar masana zamani. Plato yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Glaucon da Adeimantus, dukansu biyu sun bayyana a Jamhuriyar, da kuma' yar'uwa, Potone, da kuma ɗan'uwa, Antiphon.

A lokacin yarantakar Plato, Athens ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Peloponesian da Sparta . 'Yan uwansa, Adeimantus da Glaucon, sun bambanta kansu a yakin Megara a cikin 409 BC. Duk da yakin, Plato da 'yan uwansa, kamar dukkan mazajen Athens, sun sami ilimin gargajiya a wasan motsa jiki da kiɗa. A cewar marubutan zamanin d ̄ a, akwai al'adar cewa aikin da Plato ya fi so a shekarunsa na ƙuruciya shine waka: ya rubuta waƙoƙi, dithyrambs da farko, kuma daga baya waƙoƙoƙi da bala'i (tetralogy), amma ya watsar da sha'awarsa ta farko kuma ya ƙone waƙoƙinsa lokacin da ya sadu da Socrates kuma ya juya zuwa falsafar. Har ila yau, akwai wasu rubutun da aka danganta ga Plato, amma wasu masana yanzu suna tunanin cewa ba gaskiya ba ne.

 Socrates 
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Plato ya fara saduwa da Socrates, wanda zai zama malaminsa kuma babbar hanyar wahayi, da farko a cikin ƙungiyar wasu yara maza na Atina a Palaestra, kamar yadda aka nuna tare da Lysis da Menexenus, waɗanda suka tattauna falsafar tare da Socrates a cikin Lysis, amma nan da nan zai zama memba na ƙungiyar Socrates ta ciki, yana saduwa da Socrats da sauran mabiyansa. Socrates, tare da sophists na zamaninsa, sun kalubalanci mayar da hankali ga Falsafar Girka ta Farko a kan falsafar halitta, kuma sun bincika tambayoyin ɗabi'a da siyasa, suna nazarin ra'ayoyin masu magana da shi tare da jerin tambayoyin da ake kira Hanyar Socratic.  

Socrates' immense influence on Plato is clearly borne out in Plato's dialogues: Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues; every dialogue except the Laws features Socrates, although many dialogues, including the Timaeus and Statesman, feature him speaking only rarely. Leo Strauss notes that Socrates' reputation for irony casts doubt on whether Plato's Socrates is expressing sincere beliefs. Xenophon's Memorabilia and Aristophanes's The Clouds seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one Plato paints. Aristotle attributes a different doctrine with respect to Forms to Plato and Socrates. Aristotle suggests that Socrates' idea of forms can be discovered through investigation of the natural world, unlike Plato's Forms that exist beyond and outside the ordinary range of human understanding. The Socratic problem concerns how to reconcile these various accounts. The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.

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