James A. Garfield

James Abram Garfield (An haifeshi a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamban shekarata 1831,ya rasu a ranar 19 ga watan  Satumban shekarata1881) shi ne Shugaban Amurka na 20 (1881) kuma Shugaba na 2 da aka kashe (aka kashe shi yana kan mulki). Shugaba Garfield ya kasance a ofis daga watan Maris zuwa Satumba na shekarar 1881. Ya kasance a ofis na tsawon watanni shida da kwanaki goma sha biyar. Kusan rabin wannan lokacin yana kwance sakamakon yunƙurin kashe shi. An harbe shi a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli kuma daga ƙarshe ya mutu a watan Satumba na shekarar da ya hau mulki.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Garfield a garin Orange Township, yanzu Moreland Hills, Ohio . Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekarar 1833, lokacin da James Abram yana ɗan watanni 18. Ya girma mahaifiyarsa da kawunsa suna kula da shi.

 Ilimi 
A cikin garin Orange, Garfield ya halarci makaranta, wanda ya gabaci Makarantun Orange City. Daga shekarar 1851 zuwa 1854, ya halarci Kwalejin Yammacin Turai (wanda daga baya aka sa masa suna Hiram College) a Hiram, Ohio . Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Kwalejin Williams da ke Williamstown, Massachusetts, inda ya kasance ɗan'uwan Delta Upsilon. Ya kuma kammala a shekarar 1856 a matsayin fitaccen ɗalibi wanda ke jin daɗin kowane fanni ban da ilmin sunadarai . Sannan ya koyar a Kwalejin Eclectic. Ya kasance malami a cikin harsunan gargajiya don shekarar karatu ta shekarar 1856-1857, kuma ya zama shugaban Cibiyar daga shekarar 1857 zuwa 1860.

 Rayuwar mutum 
A Nuwamba 11, 1858, ya auri Lucretia Rudolph . Suna da yara bakwai (maza biyar mata biyu): Eliza A. Garfield (1860-63); Harry A. Garfield (1863-1942); James R. Garfield (1865-1950); Mary Garfield (1867-1947); Irvin M. Garfield (1870-1951); Abram Garfield (1872-1958); da Edward Garfield (1874-76). Sona ɗaya, James Rudolph Garfield, ya bi shi cikin siyasa kuma ya zama Sakataren Cikin Gida a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt . Garfield iya rubuta a Greek tare da hagu hannu da kuma Latin da hannun dama a lokaci guda. James A. Garfield: The 20th President (1881)by Brian Thornton at Net Places.com

 Ayyuka 
Garfield ya yanke shawarar cewa rayuwar ilimi ba nashi ba ce kuma ya karanci karatun shari'a kai tsaye. An shigar dashi cikin mashayan Ohio a 1860. Tun kafin shiga cikin mashaya, ya shiga siyasa. An zaɓe shi sanatan jihar Ohio a cikin shekarar 1859, yana aiki har zuwa 1861. Ya kasance ɗan Republican duk rayuwarsa ta siyasa. Ya kasance janar a yakin basasar Amurka, kuma ya yi yaƙi a yaƙin Shiloh da Gangamin Chattanooga.

 Kisan kai 
Garfield ya zama shugaban ƙasa a ranar 3 ga Maris din shekarar 1881 kuma an harbe shi a Washington, DC a ranar 2 ga Yuli. Charles J. Guiteau ne ya harbi Garfield a baya da misalin karfe 9:30 na safe. Guiteau ya taimaka wa kamfen din Garfield na shugaban kasa, sannan ya nemi a ba shi aiki lokacin da ya ci nasara, amma shugaban ya ce masa a’a. Bai cika watanni huɗu ba a wa'adin shugabancin 20 na Amurka. Garfield ya mutu makonni goma sha daga baya a ranar 19 ga Satumban 1881, yana da shekara 49. Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai na 31 James G. Blaine yana gefen Garfield lokacin da aka harbe shi. A wannan lokacin, ba kowa bane ga shugaban na Amurka ya samu masu tsaron kansa, duk da cewa Lincoln yana da kariya yayin yaƙin basasa .
Mataimakin shugaban kasar Chester A. Arthur ya zama Shugaban kasa lokacin da Garfield ya mutu. An yiwa Guiteau kisan kai, kuma da yawa suna tunanin ba za a same shi da laifi ba saboda mahaukaci ne . A zahiri an same shi da laifi kuma an rataye shi don kisan, yana karanta waka kafin ya hau kan marata. Yanzu an yi imanin cewa an kashe Garfield da gaske saboda likitocinsa, waɗanda suka liƙa yatsunsu a cikin raunukansa yayin kula da shi da haifar da mummunar cuta . Alexander Graham Bell, wanda ya Ƙirƙiri wayar, ya yi kokarin gano alburushi ɗin tare da na'urar gano karafa ta zamani, amma ya kasa saboda gadon an yi masa waya da karfe (wanda bai sani ba). Yayin da Garfield ke raye, an yada labaran halin da yake ciki a duk faɗin kasar ta hanyar sakon waya, wanda wani sabon abu ne.

 Manazarta 

 Sauran yanar gizo 

 Tarihin rayuwar Garfield na Fadar White House 

Category:Shugabannin Amurka
Category:Shugabanni
Category:Shugaban Kasa