Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri

Allama Tafazzul Husain Khan yankin Kashmiri (1727 - 1801) ( Urdu : علامہ تفضل حسین کشمیری), kuma aka sani da Khan-e-Allama, wani Sha biyu Shi'a masanin, likita, da kuma Falsafa. Ya shahara ga fassarar larabci na Sir Isaac Newton's Principia .

 Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi 
Allama Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri an haife shi ne daga dangin Kashmiri masu tasiri a Sialkot a cikin shekara ta alif 1727. Kakansa, Karamullah, babban malami ne a zamaninsa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a karkashin Mir Mannu, gwamnan Lahore. Tun yana dan shekara 13, mahaifinsa ya koma Delhi, inda kuma ya karanci dabaru da falsafa a karkashin Mulla Wajih, dalibi na fitaccen malamin Sunni Mulla Nizam-ud-Din. Ya kuma koyi Lissafi a wurin Mirza Muhammad Ali. Yana dan shekara 18, danginsa suka koma LuVE inda ya shiga makarantar hauza ta Firangi Mahal . Ba da daɗewa ba sai ya fara shakku game da koyarwar Sunni Musulunci da falsafa sannan ya fita daga makarantar hauza, ya fara bincike da kansa. Sannan ya musulunta shia kuma ya karanci ilimin zamani da ilimin taurari na zamaninsa. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, pp. 227–228, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986). Ya koyi ilimin falsafa na kimiyya na Mulla Sadra a Firangi Mahal Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, "Philosophy of Mulla Sadra and its Influence on India", Religion in Indian History, pp.177–186, New Delhi (2007)., amma ya ci gaba. Tarihin masanin kimiyya, Simon Schaffer, ya rubuta cewa:

"An kuma haife shi ne a arewacin Sialkot a shekarar da Newton ya mutu, Tafazzul ya kasance daga wasu fitattun dangi wadanda suka koma addinin Shi'anci kuma suna kusa da kotun Mughal da ke rugujewa. Yayi karatun tunani, lissafi da falsafar halitta a babban birni masarauta a Delhi, sannan ya koma Awadh a cikin shekara ta alif 1745, inda ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa ga Nawāb Shujā'u'd-Dawla. Tafazzul ya shiga cikin LuVE a kwalejin da aka yi bikin a Firangī Maḥal, gidan tsohon dan kasuwar Dutch wanda aka karbe shi da sunan sarki Aurangzeb a shekara ta alif 1693, don noman tsarin karatun neoteric wanda masanin Nizām-ud dīn Sahalvī ya kirkira, inda kayan daga mai hankali yake. al'adun rubutun Greco-Larabci an koyar da su ga 'yan takarar kotuna da ayyukan gudanarwa. Horarwar kwalejin ta kasance mai daraja a tsakanin tsarin Mughal da na Birtaniyya na rashin fahimta da gwamnati. Manyan mashahuran birni kamar su dangin Tafazzul sun yi amfani da siyasa ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun adabin Indo-Persian da al'adun falsafa na yau da kullun da kuma ilimin kimiyar hankali da ya karanta a Delhi da LuVE. Nitsar da hankali cikin ilimin lissafi da lissafi, gami da tafsirin Islama game da Euclid da Ptolemy, an haɗasu tare da ƙwarewar dokokin mulki da na farar hula. ” Simon Schaffer, "The Asiatic Enlightenments of British Astronomy", in: "The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770–1820", p. 53, Watson Publishing International LLC, (2009).

 Kwarewar Malanta 
Nawab Shuja ud Daula ya nada shi malami ga dansa Saadat Ali Khan a Allahabad. A can saurayin Syed Dildar Ali Naqvi, wanda daga baya ya zama mai suna Ghufran Maab, ya zama dalibinsa. A lokacin Nawab Asif ud Daula, an nada Allama Kashmiri a matsayin jakada a kotun gwamnan Janar na Kamfanin East India a Calcutta. A can ya koyi Greek, Latin da Ingilishi kuma ya fara fassara ayyukan kimiyya na masana kimiyya na Turai zuwa Larabci don cike gibin da ke tsakanin juyin juya halin kimiyya da cibiyoyin ilimi na Musulmi da Indiya. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, pp. 227–228, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986). Ilimin kimiyya ya bunkasa a cikin karni na 18 na Turai saboda tattaunawar jama'a a gidajen kofi, mashaya, shaguna, kasuwa da sauran wuraren taruwar jama'a. A ƙarshen karni na goma sha takwas AZ, Calcutta ya zama babbar cibiyar musayar al'adu inda ayyukan kimiyya da yawa, kamar James Gabatar da " Gabatar da Wutar Lantarki ", Tiberius Cavallo 's " Cikakkiyar Yarjejeniyar kan Wutar Lantarki " da " Rubutu kan Ka'idar da kuma Kwarewa na Wutar Lantarki ", George Adams '' Labarai kan Wutar Lantarki ", Thomas Beddoes '' Masu Tabbatar da Jirgin Sama '', Jean-Antoine Chaptal '' Chemistry '' da kuma mujallu na masana kamar " Mujallar Falsafa ". Membobin kungiyar Asiya, wadanda William Jones ya kafa a 1784, sun gudanar da tattaunawa kan falsafa. Savithri Preetha Nair, “Bungallee House set on fire by Galvanism: Natural and Experimental Philosophy as Public Science in a Colonial Metropolis (1794–1806) ”; In: The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China; pp. 45–74, Brill, (2013).

Simon Schaffer yayi rubutu game da sha'awar Tafazzul don fassara yanayin ilimin fasaha:

"Tafazzul zai bayar da rahoton cewa zai yi safiyar safiyarsa a kan tafsiri kan al'adun Musulunci da falsafa da kuma koyar da lissafi; ya ci abinci tare da abokan aikinsa na Burtaniya; sannan kuma da yamma da yamma a yi bayani game da kwarewar da yake da shi a kan bambancin makarantun shari'ar Musulunci. Don inganta ikonsa na yaren kamfanin, ya karanta 'tarihin Ingila' amma 'Tun daga yanzu na ba da shi.' Tsohon abokin aikinsa William Blane, yanzu likita ne a LuVE, ya yi aiki tsakanin-tsakanin: Blane ya fadawa Anderson cewa Tafazzul 'kullum yana yin sa'a daya ko biyu tare da ni kowace rana wajen karanta littattafan Ingilishi… wadanda ke kan ilimin sararin samaniya ya fi son… ku na iya aiko masa da booksan littattafai a wannan ilimin ko kuma a manyan bangarorin Lissafi. ' Vakīl ya fara aiki a kan ƙarin ƙalubale da kayan lada, galibi wanda aka samu ta hanyar Burrow da abokansa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da rubutun canonical na ƙarnin lissafi na karni na goma sha takwas da makanikai masu ƙwarewa, kamar su 1769 Mechanics of eccentric Wearside lissafi William Emerson, aikin da ya ba ɗalibanta ingantacciyar sigar Galilean kinematics da bincike na hankali. Tafazzul ya kuma karanci Treatise of algebra (1745) wanda Thomas Simpson, farfesan lissafi a Royal Military Academy a Woolwich, ya kuma yi rubutun a 1707 akan bangarorin conic wanda kuma masanin lissafin Faransa Guillaume de l'Hôpital ya yi. ” Simon Schaffer, "The Asiatic Enlightenments of British Astronomy", in: "The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770–1820", p. 57, Watson Publishing International LLC, (2009).

 Ayyuka 
Ya wallafa abubuwa masu zuwa: Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, pp. 227–228, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).

 Sharhi a kan Conica na Appollonus .
 Yarjejeniya guda biyu akan Algebra .
 Sharhi akan Conica na Diophantus .
 Fassarar Sir Isaac Newton's Principia .
 Littafin Lissafi .
 Littafin kan ilimin taurari na yamma .

Simon Schaffer ya rubuta cewa:

"Burin fassara Newton hakika abin birgewa ne. A lokacin da Tafazzul ya isa Calcutta ba a sami Ingilishi ɗaya (Andrew Motte, 1729) da Faransanci ɗaya (Marquise de Châtelet, 1759) na fassarar littafin Latin na Latin. Da alama aikin ya fara ne a tsakiyar 1789 kuma ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙarfafawar Reuben Burrow. A watan Satumba 1789 William Jones ya gaya wa William Palmer, wanda wakilin Ingila a wancan lokacin a sansanin Sindhia, cewa 'abokinsa' Tafazzul yana shirin fassarar sabon larabci na Newton. Tafazzul ya aika rahotonnin ci gaba tare da aikin zuwa Anderson da Burrow zuwa Shore. Burrow ya ba da shawarar kasancewa tare da fassarar tare da bayanan nasa. Ya ba da rahoto ga Aungiyar Asiatic a cikin Nuwamba 1790 cewa 'ƙaramin lokacin da na keɓe… an yi amfani da shi wajen rubuta tsokaci game da ayyukan Newton, da kuma bayyana su ga ƙwararren ɗan asali na asali watau Tafazzul], wanda ke fassara su zuwa larabci. ' Ga Tafazzul wannan ci gaba ne ga shirinsa don ƙwarewa da haɗa albarkatun ilimin taurari na Burtaniya. Ya 'Yan Shi'ah abokan aiki bayyana m dangantaka tsakanin ci gaban da wannan ilmin taurari da kuma muhimmancin jama'a da kuma courtly angarorin na koyo: suka gan wani muhimmin mahada tsakanin bin wannan sciences da matsayi na koya tsoma bakin cikin gwamnati da kuma gwamnati. " Simon Schaffer, "The Asiatic Enlightenments of British Astronomy", in: "The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770–1820", pp. 60-61, Watson Publishing International LLC, (2009).

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan littattafan an koyar da su a makarantun hauza na Shi'a a ƙarni na goma sha tara LuVE. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, pp. 227–228, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986). Wanda ya gaje shi, Saadat Ali Khan, ya kafa gidan kallo a LuVE. Nawab Ghaziuddin Haider da Nawab Nasiruddin Haider sun tallafawa ilimin kimiyyar zamani. Mushirul Hasan, "Resistance and Acquiescence in North India: Muslim Response to the West", Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, Vol. 67, Fasc. 1/2, pp. 83-105, (1993).

 Yin aiki tare da James Dinwiddie 
A cikin 1792, masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar Scotland James Dinwiddie, ya gwada sa'arsa a China amma ya kasa burge Sarkin. Da yake fuskantar matsalar kuɗi, a cikin 1794 ya yi ƙaura zuwa Calcutta da fatan kyakkyawan fata, kuma ya fara jerin laccoci kan kimiyyar ƙasa da gabatar da zanga-zangar abubuwan mamaki na kimiyya. Ya kuma ba da horo na musamman a kan ilimin lissafi, ilmin taurari da lissafi.  Ya yi imani cewa ba tare da tunanin lissafi ba mutum ba zai iya zurfafa zurfin ilimin kimiyya ba. Ya ce:"Sai a wadancan bangarorin ilimin kimiyya wadanda aka yi la'akari da su ta hanyar lissafi, wannan falsafar na dabi'a na iya yin alfahari da ci gaba da gudanar da binciken ta da tabbaci, nasara da kuma amfani."Ya yi imanin cewa ba tare da bayanin ilimin lissafi ba, ba za a iya wuce fahimtar ɗaliban makaranta game da kimiyya ba.  Allama Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri ya riga ya fassara " Principia" na Newton zuwa larabci a cikin 1789. Bayan Dinwiddie ya fara koyarwa a Calcutta, a cikin Oktoba 24, 1794, tsohon Allama ya sanya kansa a matsayin dalibi. Dinwiddie ya fara koyar dashi ilimin kimiyyan roba sannan kuma ilimin lissafi na zamani. Abin mamaki, Tafazzul yana fama da ilimin lissafi. Ya sake yin rajista:"Ba shi da wata ma'ana cewa duk mutumin da ya karanci ka'idoji da yawa ya zama ya jahilci ilimin lissafi" Savithri Preetha Nair, “Bungallee House set on fire by Galvanism: Natural and Experimental Philosophy as Public Science in a Colonial Metropolis (1794–1806) ”; In: The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China; p. 67, Brill, (2013). .
Allama kuma an ɗora masa nauyin aikin jakadan Awadh, kuma dole ne ya dakatar da karatun. Dawowa cikin LuVE, nawab baiyi farin ciki ba kuma ya kira shi 'bawan Ingilishi', saboda ya shagaltu da koyo da fassarar ilimin kimiyya na zamani. Savithri Preetha Nair, “Bungallee House set on fire by Galvanism: Natural and Experimental Philosophy as Public Science in a Colonial Metropolis (1794–1806) ”; In: The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China; p. 69, Brill, (2013). A watan Nuwamba 1795, ya sake komawa kuma wannan lokacin Dinwiddie ya koya masa ilimin taurari na gwaji. Musayar musayar ta kasance tsakanin juna, kamar yadda Tafazzul ya kuma sanar da Dinwiddie game da ilimin taurari na Indiya da larabci. 

 Adawa daga Orthodoxy 
Shahararren malamin addini na lokacin, Shah Abdul Aziz, dan Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, ya dauke shi mai ridda. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, p. 229, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).

شاه عبد العزیز، "ملفوظات شاه عبد العزیز"، ص ۱۱۷، مطبع مجتبائی، میرٹھ.

 Almajirai 

 Nawab Saadat Ali Khan
 Ayatollah Dildar Ali Naseerabadi

 Mutuwa 
A shekarar 1799, ya yi fama da zubar jini a kwakwalwa wanda ya bar jikinsa cikin halin inna. Ya mutu yana tafiya daga Banaras zuwa Lucknow a ranar 3 ga Maris 1801. Mirza Abu Talib Khan ya rubuta wadannan 'yan matan ne bayan samun labarin mutuwarsa a Landan:"Alas! The zest of Learning's cup is gone;
Whose taste ne’er cloy’d, tho’ deep the draughts;
Whose flavor yet upon the palate hangs
Nectareous, nor Reason's thirst assuag’d
But yes; – rent is the garment of the morn;
And all dishevell’d floats the hair of night;
All bath’d in tears of dew the stars look down
With mournful eyes, in lamentation deep;
For he, their sage belov’d, is dead; who first
To Islam's followers explain’d their laws,
Their distances, their orbits, and their times,
As great Copernicus once half divin’d,
And greater Newton proved; but, useless now,
Their work we turn with idle hand, and scan
With vacant eye, our own first master gone." Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, pp. 229-230, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, Australia (1986).

 Duba Har ila yau 

 Reuben Burrow
 James Dinwiddie
 Shuja-ud-Daula
 Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
 Mirza Abu Talib Khan
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
 Pervez Hoodbhoy

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗin waje 

 Rayuwar Allama Tafazzul Husain Khan (1908)
 Bayanan kula na karatun Dr. James Dinwiddie kan karfi da motsi
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