Los Angeles

Los Angeles,  sau da yawa ana kiranta da asalin LA, ita ce babbar ni kasar a American 'Tare da kimanin mazauna 3,820,914 a cikin iyakokin birni har Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ukku 2023,  ita ce birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, bayan Birnin New York kawai; ita ce kuma cibiyar kasuwanci, kudi da al'adu ta Kudancin California. Los Angeles tana da kabilanci da al'adu daban-daban, kuma ita ce babban birni na babban birni mai mutane miliyan 12.8 a shekara ta (2023). Babban birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya hada da yankunan Los Angeles da Riverside-San Bernardino, babban birni ne mai mazauna sama da miliyan 18.3.

Yawancin birni da ya dace yana cikin wani kwari a Kudancin California kusa da Tekun Pacific a yamma kuma yana fadada wani ɓangare ta hanyar Dutsen Santa Monica da arewa zuwa Kwarin San Fernando, tare da birnin da ke kan iyaka da Kwarin San Gabriel zuwa gabas. Ya mamaye kimanin murabba'in kilomita 469 (1, ),  kuma shine kujerar gundumar Los Angeles County, wanda shine mafi yawan jama'a kasar Amurka tare da kimanin mazauna miliyan 9.86 a shekarar ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin da biyu 2022. Ita ce birni na uku mafi yawan ziyarta a Amurka tare da baƙi sama da miliyan 2.7 tun daga shekara ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin da ukku 2023.
Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links
 Toponymy 
A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1781, wani rukuni na mazauna 44 da aka sani da " Los Pobladores " sun kafa  (garin) sun kira El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles      Uwargidanmu Sarauniyar  .  name="almanac"> An yi jayayya da asalin sunan sulhu; Littafin Guinness na Records ya sanya shi a matsayin "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río Porciúncula ";  wasu kafofin sun gajarta ko wasu nau'ikan mafi tsayin suna. 

Yadda ake furta sunan g a Turanci ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Wani labarin 1953 a cikin mujallar American Name Society ya tabbatar da cewa an kafa furcin dokokin AN-jəl-əs bayan hadewar birnin na 1850 kuma tun daga shekarun 1880 furcin  ya fito ne daga yanayin a California don ba da wurare Mutanen Espanya, ko Mutanen Espanya-sauti, sunaye da furcin. name="stein">Stein, David Allen (1953).  A cikin 1908, mai kula da ɗakin karatu Charles Fletcher Lummis, wanda ya yi jayayya game da furcin sunan tare da g mai wuya (/ɡ/),  ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai akalla bambance-bambance 12 na furcin.  A farkon shekarun 1900, Los Angeles Times ta ba da shawarar furta shi Loce AHNG-hayl-ais  kusanci Mutanen Espanya , ta hanyar buga reshe a ƙarƙashin mashead na shekaru da yawa. Wannan bai sami tagomashi ba.

Tun daga shekarun 1930, ya kasance mafi yawanci. A cikin 1934, Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Yanayi ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnatin tarayya za ta yi amfani da wannan furcin. Wannan kuma an amince da shi a cikin 1952 ta hanyar "jury" wanda Magajin garin Fletcher Bowron ya nada don tsara furcin hukuma. name="stein">

Magana na yau da kullun a Ƙasar Ingila sun haɗa da  asarar honetician Jack Windsor Lewis ya bayyana wanda ya fi kowa, a matsayin furcin rubutun da ya danganci kwatankwacin kalmomin Helenanci da suka ƙare a - es, "yana nuna lokacin da classic suka saba idan Mutanen Espanya ba haka ba ne".

 Tarihi 
Tongva (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da Gabrieleño tun zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya) sun mamaye mazaunin 'Yan asalin California a cikin Basin na zamani da San Fernando Valley. Cibiyar tarihi ta ikon Tongva a yankin ita ce mazaunin Yaanga (Tongva: Iyáangaʾ), ma'ana "wurin itacen oak mai guba", wanda wata rana zai zama shafin da Mutanen Espanya suka kafa Pueblo de Los Ángeles. Iyáangaʾ an kuma fassara shi a matsayin "kwari na hayaki".   

 Mulkin Mutanen Espanya 
Mai binciken teku Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ya yi iƙirarin yankin kudancin California don Daular Mutanen Espanya a cikin 1542, yayin da yake kan aikin bincike na soja, yayin da yake motsawa zuwa arewa tare da gabar tekun Pacific daga wuraren mulkin mallaka na baya na New Spain a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka.  Gaspar na Portolà da mishan na Franciscan Juan Crespí sun isa wurin da ake kira Los Angeles a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 1769. 
A shekara ta 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra ya ba da umarnin gina Ofishin Jakadancin San Gabriel Archangel, aikin farko a yankin. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1781, wani rukuni na mazauna 44 da aka sani da "Los Pobladores" sun kafa  (birni) da suka kira El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, 'Garin Our Lady Sarauniyar Mala'iku'. Birnin na yau yana da Babban cocin Roman Katolika a Amurka. Kashi biyu bisa uku na mazauna Mexico ko (New Spain) sun kasance mestizo ko Mulatto, cakuda na Afirka, 'yan asalin ƙasar, da kakannin Turai. Ginin ya kasance karamin gari na ranch na tsawon shekaru, amma a shekara ta 1820, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa kimanin mazauna 650. A yau, ana tunawa da pueblo a cikin gundumar tarihi ta Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza da Olvera Street, tsohuwar ɓangaren Los Angeles.

 Mulkin Mexico 
Sabuwar Spain ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Daular Mutanen Espanya a 1821, kuma yanzu garin ya wanzu a cikin sabuwar Jamhuriyar Mexico. A lokacin mulkin Mexico, Gwamna Pío Pico ya sanya Los Angeles babban birnin yankin Alta California .  A wannan lokacin, sabuwar jamhuriya ta gabatar da karin ayyukan secularisation a cikin yankin Los Angeles. A cikin 1846, a lokacin yakin Mexican-Amurka, sojan ruwa daga Amurka sun mamaye garin. Wannan ya haifar da kewaye da Los Angeles, inda 'yan bindiga 150 na Mexico suka yi yaƙi da masu mamayewa, waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka mika wuya.

Mulkin Mexico ya ƙare bayan nasarar Amurka ta Californians, wani ɓangare na yaƙin Mexican-Amurka mafi girma. Amurkawa sun karɓi iko daga Californios bayan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe, wanda ya ƙare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cahuenga a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1847.  An tsara Cesson na Mexico a cikin Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo a cikin 1848, wanda ya ba da Los Angeles da sauran Alta California ga Amurka.

 Lokacin bayan cin nasara 
Railroads sun isa tare da kammala layin Kudancin Pacific daga New Orleans zuwa Los Angeles a 1876 da Santa Fe Railroad a 1885.  An gano man fetur a cikin birni da kewaye a 1892, kuma zuwa 1923, binciken ya taimaka California ta zama mai samar da man fetur mafi girma a duniya. 

A shekara ta 1900, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa sama da 102,000,  yana matsa lamba kan samar da Ruwa a birnin.  Kammalawa na Los Angeles Aqueduct a 1913, a karkashin kulawar William Mulholland, ya tabbatar da ci gaba da ci gaban birnin. Saboda sashe a cikin sashin birnin wanda ya hana Birnin Los Angeles siyarwa ko samar da ruwa daga hanyar ruwa zuwa kowane yanki a waje da iyakokinta, yawancin birane da al'ummomin da ke kusa da su ji an tilasta su shiga Los Angeles.   
Los Angeles ta kirkiro dokar yanki ta farko a Amurka. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1908, Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles ta ba da izinin wuraren zama da masana'antu. Sabuwar dokar ta kafa yankuna uku na zama na nau'i ɗaya, inda aka haramta amfani da masana'antu. Hanawar ta haɗa da ɗakunan ajiya, filayen katako, da duk wani amfani da ƙasa na masana'antu wanda ke amfani da kayan aikin injiniya. An aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki a kan kadarorin masana'antu bayan gaskiyar. Wadannan haramtacciyar sun kasance ban da ayyukan da ke akwai waɗanda aka riga aka tsara su a matsayin damuwa. Wadannan sun hada da ajiyar fashewa, ayyukan gas, hako mai, wuraren yanka, da wuraren fata. Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles ta kuma sanya yankuna bakwai na masana'antu a cikin birni. Koyaya, tsakanin 1908 da 1915, Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles ta kirkiro bambance-bambance daban-daban ga haramtacciyar haramtacciya da ta shafi waɗannan yankuna uku na zama, kuma a sakamakon haka, wasu amfani da masana'antu sun fito a cikinsu. Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu tsakanin Dokar Gundumar Gida ta 1908 da kuma dokokin yanki daga baya a Amurka. Na farko, dokokin 1908 ba su kafa cikakken taswirar yanki ba kamar yadda Dokar Zoning ta Birnin New York ta 1916 ta yi. Na biyu, yankunan zama ba su rarrabe nau'ikan gidaje ba; sun bi da gidaje, otal-otal, da gidaje masu zaman kansu daidai.

A cikin 1910, Hollywood ta haɗu da Los Angeles, tare da kamfanonin fina-finai 10 da suka riga sun yi aiki a cikin birni a lokacin. A shekara ta 1921, fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na masana'antar fina-finai ta duniya sun fi mayar da hankali a L.A. Kudin da masana'antar ta samar ya kiyaye birnin daga yawancin asarar tattalin arziki da sauran kasar suka sha a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. 

A shekara ta 1930, yawan jama'a ya wuce miliyan daya. A shekara ta 1932, birnin ya karbi bakuncin Wasannin Olympics na bazara.

 Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II 
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Los Angeles babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce ta lokacin yaƙi, kamar ginin jirgi da jirgin sama. Calship ya gina daruruwan Liberty Ships da Victory Ships a tsibirin Terminal, kuma yankin Los Angeles shine hedkwatar manyan masana'antun jirgin sama guda shida na kasar (Kamfanin Douglas Aircraft, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, Jirgin Sama na Arewacin Amurka, Kamfanin Northrop, da Vultee). A lokacin yakin, an samar da karin jiragen sama a cikin shekara guda fiye da duk shekarun da suka gabata tun lokacin da 'yan uwan Wright suka tashi jirgin sama na farko a 1903, tare. Masana'antu a Los Angeles sun tashi sosai, kuma kamar yadda William S. Knudsen, na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Tsaro ta Kasa, ya ce, "Mun ci nasara ne saboda mun kashe abokan gaba a cikin samarwa, kamar wanda bai taba gani ba, kuma bai yi mafarki ba".Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp.5–8, 14, 26, 36, 50, 60, 78, 94, 108, 122, Cypress, CA, 2013. 

Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu Los Angeles ya girma da sauri fiye da kowane lokaci, ya shimfiɗa cikin Kwarin San Fernando. Faduwar tsarin titin Interstate Highway System a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ya taimaka wajen bunkasa ci gaban birane kuma ya nuna mutuwar tsarin jirgin kasa mai zaman kansa na birnin, sau ɗaya mafi girma a duniya. 

A sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu, ci gaban birane, da yawan jama'a, an gina wuraren shakatawa da yawa kuma suna aiki a wannan yanki. Misali shine Beverly Park, wanda yake a kusurwar Beverly Boulevard da La Cienega kafin a rufe shi kuma a maye gurbinsa da Cibiyar Beverly.

A rabi na biyu na karni na 20, Los Angeles ya rage yawan gidaje da za a iya gina ta hanyar rage birnin sosai. A cikin 1960, birnin yana da jimlar ikon yanki na kusan mutane miliyan 10. A shekara ta 1990, wannan damar ta fadi zuwa miliyan 4.5 sakamakon yanke shawara na manufofi don hana gidaje ta hanyar zoning.

Rikicin launin fata ya haifar da tashin hankali na Watts a shekarar 1965, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 34 da raunin sama da 1,000.
A shekara ta 1969, California ta zama wurin haihuwar Intanet, yayin da aka aika watsawar ARPANET ta farko daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford a Menlo Park .

A shekara ta 1973, an zabi Tom Bradley a matsayin magajin gari na farko na Afirka, ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyar har sai ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1993. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin birni a cikin shekarun 1970 sun haɗa da rikice-rikicen Sojojin 'Yanci na Kudu a 1974 da kuma shari'ar kisan gillar Hillside Stranglers a 1977-1978.

A farkon shekara ta 1984, birnin ya wuce Chicago a yawan jama'a, don haka ya zama birni na biyu mafi girma a Amurka.

A shekara ta 1984, birnin ya dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na bazara a karo na biyu. Duk da cewa Kasashe 14 na Kwaminisanci sun kaurace musu, wasannin Olympics na 1984 sun sami nasara a kudi fiye da kowane wanda ya gabata,  kuma wasannin Olympics nke biyu don samun riba; ɗayan, bisa ga nazarin rahotanni na jaridu na zamani, shine Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1932, wanda aka gudanar a Los Angeles. 
Rikicin launin fata ya ɓarke a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1992, tare da wankewar da juriyar Simi Valley ta yi wa jami'an 'yan sanda hudu na Los Angeles (LAPD) da aka kama a bidiyon da ke doke Rodney King, wanda ya kai ga manyan rikice-rikice.

A shekara ta 1994, girgizar kasa mai girman 6.7 ta Northridge ta girgiza birnin, ta haifar da lalacewar dala biliyan 12.5 da mutuwar mutane 72.  Karni ya ƙare tare da Abin kunya na Rampart, ɗaya daga cikin manyan shari'o'in da aka rubuta game da mummunar hali na 'yan sanda a tarihin Amurka. 

 Karni na 21 
A shekara ta 2002, Magajin garin James Hahn ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe game da rabuwa, wanda ya haifar da masu jefa ƙuri'a da suka kayar da ƙoƙarin San Fernando Valley da Hollywood don ficewa daga birnin.

A cikin shekara ta 2022, Karen Bass ta zama magajin gari na farko, wanda ya sa Los Angeles ta zama birni mafi girma a Amurka da ta taɓa samun mace a matsayin magajin gari.

A watan Janairun shekarar 2025, jerin gobarar daji da iska mai tsanani ta haifar sun mamaye Kudancin California, tare da gobarar Pacific Palisades da ta haifar da lalacewa a yankin arewa maso yammacin Los Angeles na Pacific Palisade, tare da mutane da yawa suna kiranta mafi lalacewa a tarihin birnin Los Angeles. 

A watan Yunin 2025, birnin ya fuskanci zanga-zangar da tashin hankali bayan hare-haren da Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) suka yi. Gwamnatin Trump ce ke niyya da Los Angeles game da matsayin birni mai tsarki wanda ke aikawa da jami'an tarayya ɗaruruwan don yin niyya ga al'ummar baƙi na birnin. Trump ya aika da Sojojin Tsaro da Sojoji na Amurka ba tare da yardar kananan hukumomi ba.

Los Angeles za ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na bazara da Wasannin Paralympic na 2028, wanda ya sa Los Angeles ta zama birni na uku da ta dauki bakasar wasannin Olympics sau uku.

Manazarta