Borno

Jihar Borno jiha ce dake arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar Yobe daga yamma, Gombe daga kudu maso gabas, Adamawa daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Kamaru, iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.Borno State Government. (n.d.). About Borno State. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/aboutUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reportshttps://www.britannica.com/place/Borno

Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar Neja. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016)."Population 2006-2016". National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2021.United Nations Population Fund. (2017). State Population Reports for Nigeria. New York, NY: UNFPA. A fannin yanayin ƙasa; semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa da kuma Sudanian savanna ta yamma a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma mutane Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/

Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, kanuri, da Mandara a tsakiyar yankin; Afade, Yedina (Buduma), da kuma Kanembu daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen Waja a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, Margi da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan Kanuri, da Shuwa Arabke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin addini, mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun kiristoci da mabiya addinan gargajiya, da kaso 7% kowanne.https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/https://www.africabib.org/Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Journal of African Studies, 25(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/
Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin Libya, ta yau (Fezzan) har zuwa yankin Cadi har zuwa yankin Jihar Borno ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin Jihadin Fulani, suka raunata Masarautar  Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar Adamawa ta yau a karkashin Daular Halifancin Sokoto. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, Rabih az-Zubayr, wani kusan yaki dan kasar Sudan ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a Yakin Kousséri. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar Adamawa da yaki, inda Daular Jamus da na Burtaniya ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. 

An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin duniya ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar Borno daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin Kamaru a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar  3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar Yobe. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar Boko Haram kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta  2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. 
Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na ISWAP, an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin Dajin Sambisa da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar Tabkin Chadi a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". Daily Post. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato Maiduguri take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada."Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". eNCA. Retrieved 16 December 2021. Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin."Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021."Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". Mercy Corps. Retrieved 16 December 2021.Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne  Maiduguri. Babagana Umara Zulum shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne Usman Mamman Durkwa. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: Yusuf Buratai, Baba Garba, Ali Madu Sheriff, Muhammad Indimi, Abba Kyari, Mohammed Ali Ndume da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu.

 Tarihi 
Mutanen Kanuri sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar  Lapang, Babur/Bura da Marghi wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar Shuwa Arab mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga Larabawa.Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America. p. 96. Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru  dubu daya 1000.Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.

Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon Masarautar Borno a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin Jihadin Fulani na Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Rabih az-Zubayr ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893."Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". Folio Nigeria. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020. Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya,Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84 sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a Maiduguri, wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).

Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi Mala Kachalla a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar  APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi Ali Modu Sheriff a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno."Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.

Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar  14 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin Adamawa da Yobe."Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". BBC News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan mutum 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya."Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.

Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna  Kashim Shettima ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga Chibok a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014.

Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, UNICEF ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014. Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma mutane da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar abinci.http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.


Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno
Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:

 Borno CentralSenatorial District  Area in km2  1,666,541   Borno SouthSenatorial District  Area in km2  1,245,962   Borno NorthSenatorial District  Area in km2  1,238,390 Maiduguri  137.36  540,016   Askira/Uba  2,431.83  143,313   Abadam  4,172.27  100,065 Ngala  1,519.82  236,498   Bayo 985.78  79,078   Gubio  2,575.09  151,286 Kala/Balge  1,962.13  60,834   Biu 3,423.86  175,760   Guzamala  2,631.44 95,991 Mafa  2,976.99  103,600   Chibok  1,392.00  66,333   Kaga 2,802.46  89,996 Konduga  6,065.89  157,322   Damboa  6,426.18  233,200   Kukawa  5,124.41  203,343 Bama 5,158.87  270,119   Gwoza  2,973.15  276,568   Magumeri  5,057.61  140,257 Jere 900.72  209,107   Hawul  2,160.99  120,733   Marte 3,280.02  129,409 Dikwa  1,836.89  105,042   Kwaya Kusar  754.69  56,704   Mobbar  3,280.02  116,633         Shani 1,238.93  100,989   Monguno  1,993.20  109,834                 Nganzai  2,572.35  99,074
Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Borno State Government Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.

 Harsuna 

Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:"Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.
 LGA  Languages Askira-Uba  Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi Bama  Shuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi Biu  Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi Chibok  Kibaku; Putai; Marghi Damboa  Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri Dikwa  Shuwa Arab Gwoza  Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi Hawul  Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi Jilbe town  Jilbe Kaga  Yerwa Kanuri; Putai Kala/Balge  Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade Konduga  Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi Kukawa  Yerwa Kanuri Kwaya-Kusar  Bura, Putai, Marghi South Maiduguri  Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa Monguno  Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa Ngala  Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri

Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga."Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.

 Addinai 
Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu.

 Masana'antu 
Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: 

 Masana'antar Borno textileBorno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages
 Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd
 Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltdhttps://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html

 Ilimi 
Jihar Borno nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: 

 Jami'o'i 

 Univeristy of Maidugurihttps://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/
 Nigerian Army University Biuhttps://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/
 Borno State Universityhttps://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/
 Al-ansar Universityhttps://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/
 Kashim Ibrahim College of Education
 Ramat polytechnic
 Mohammed Goni College of Legal a
 https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/
 Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery

 Ma'adinai 
Jihar Borno nada tarin albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ 

 Laka
 Ma'adanin Kaolin
 Ma'adanin Diatonite
 Ma'adanin Trona
 Ma'adanin Iron
 Ma'adanin Mica
 Ma'adanin Quartz
 Ma'adanin Magnetite
 Ma'adanin Uranium

Shahararrun Mutane
Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini
 Zakariya Maimalari, Sojan Najeriya
 Mohammed Indimi, Dan kasuwa
 Kyari Magumeri, soja
 Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam
 Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti
 Abba Kyari dan kasuwa, dan siyasa
 Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja
Kashim Shettima, https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/mataimakin shugaban kasa
 Sheikh Abba Aji, Babban malamin addin
Professor Babagana Umara Zulum, Gwamnan jaharhttps://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments
Muhammed Ali Ndume. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011.
Ali Modu Sheriff. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011.
 Manazarta 

Category:Jihohin Nijeriya