Granada

200px|right|thumbnail|Granada Fountain
Granada (lafazi: /geranada/)Definition of GRANADA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 21 January 2023. birni ne, da ke acikin yankin Andalusiya, a ƙasar Ispaniya. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da akayi acikin shekarar ta 2013, jimilar mutane 592,200 (dubu dari biyar da tisa'in da biyu da dari biyu). An gina birnin Granada a farkon karni na bakwai bayan haifuwan annabi Isa.Coleman 2013

 Alqalumma. 
Sunan tarihi na Granada a cikin harshen Larabci shine غرناطة (Ġarnāṭa).RingSalkinLa Boda 1995Room 2006El Hareir 2011Dale 1882Dukansu ma’anar sunan da asalinsa ba su da tabbas kuma an yi ta muhawaraDrayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0.. Toponym tabbas ya wanzu kafin zamanin Zirid a karni na 11.Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0. Watakila ya fara bayyana ne a karni na 9Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4. kuma ana samunsa a majiyoyin larabci tun daga karni na 10.Viguera-Molíns 2021

Kalmar Gárnata (ko Karnata) mai yiyuwa tana nufin "tudun baƙo"Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1891). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. M. Sommerville.: 41 Everett-Heath, John (13 September 2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2. Wata ma'anar kuma ita ce "tudun mahajjata"Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.. Yana iya ma asalin Berber ne.Viguera-Molíns 2021 Wata ka’idar ita ce ta samo asali ne daga granum na Latin (ko jam’in grana), ma’ana “iri”, “beads”, ko “launi mai jajal”, wanda da an daidaita shi zuwa Larabci kamar Ġarnāṭa ko Iġranāṭa.Viguera-Molíns 2021 Marubucin tarihin Larabawa Al-Maqqari ya yi imanin cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin da ake kira rumman, granata.Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4 A kowane hali, kalmar Latin ba a ma'anarta ta farko ba ta yi amfani da ita ba, amma a mafi ma'anar "ja", tana nufin launin ƙasan yankin da gine-gine. Wannan kuma zai yi kama da ilimin asalin sunan Alhambra.Harvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]. "Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-351-66578-0.Viguera-Molíns 2021

 Tarihi. 
Tarihin Umayyawa[gyara sashe | Gyara masomin]

Duba kuma: Spain

Mosaic daga wani villa na Roman, wanda aka samo daga 1 AD, an gano shi a gundumar Los Mondragones a Granada (yanzu ana ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological)

Yankin da ke kewaye da abin da ake kira Granada a yau yana da yawan jama'a tun aƙalla 5500 BC.RingSalkinLa Boda 1995 Abubuwan tarihi na kayan tarihi da aka samu a cikin birnin sun nuna cewa wurin da birnin yake ciki, gami da yankin da ke kusa da hanyar Gran Vía de Colón, ana zaune tun zamanin Bronze Age. Mafi dadewar kango da aka samu a yankin na wani oppidum ne da ake kira Ilturir, wanda kabilar Iberian Bastetani ta kafa a shekara ta 650 BC.Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4. Ana kuma tabbatar da sunan Elibyrge dangane da wannan yanki.RingSalkinLa Boda 1995 Wannan mazaunin ya zama daga baya aka sani da Iliberri ko Iliberis.RingSalkinLa Boda 1995Rodgers & Cavendish 2021Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4. A cikin 44 BC Iliberis ya zama mulkin mallaka na Roman kuma a cikin 27 BC ya zama gundumar Roman mai suna Florentia Iliberritana ('Flourishing Iliberri').Drayson, Elizabeth (2021). Lost Paradise: The Story of Granada. Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78854-744-4.Rodgers & Cavendish 2021

Gane Granada na yau tare da zamanin Iliberis na Roman da ci gaban tarihi tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu masana sun daɗe suna muhawara.García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830. During the Roman period, there was a township named Iliberris on the slopes of the Sierra de Elvira, where archaeological remains of Roman, Visigothic, and Arab origin have been found. The existence of a Roman settlement in the same place as Granada—or rather, the identification of Granada with Iliberis—has been a bone of contention among historians of Granada since the 10th century. In the era of the so-called Christian "reconquest" of southern Spain, the notion of such continuity allowed the conquerors to speak of a "restoration" of Christianity in Granada. Some experts argue strongly for continuity between the Roman city and Granada, as against the possibility (supported by the Arabic sources) that Granada was, in fact, a Muslim foundation: archaeological evidence has not been decisive either way. Binciken kayan tarihi na zamani a kan tudun Albaicín sun gano abubuwan da ke nuna kasancewar wani muhimmin garin Romawa a wannan wurin.Rodgers & Cavendish 2021 Ba a san komai ba, game da tarihin birnin a tsakanin ƙarshen zamanin Romawa zuwa karni na 11.Rodgers & Cavendish 2021

Kafawa da tarihin farko[gyara tushe]

Yunkurin Umayyawa na Hispania, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 711 AD, ya kawo manyan sassan yankin Iberian karkashin ikon Moorish kuma ya kafa al-Andalus. Majiyoyin tarihi na Larabci na farko sun ambaci cewa wani gari mai suna Qashtīliya, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Madīnat Ilbīra (Elvira), yana kan gangaren kudanci na tsaunukan Saliyo de Elvira (kusa da Atarfe na yau) kuma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a yankin.Carvajal López, José C. (2020). "Material culture". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18). ISBN 978-1-317-23354-1. The location of the town of Ilbīra was a burning issue in Granada since the 16th century. The Catholic propaganda after 1492 pushed the identification of Ilbīra with Granada, and also with the Roman municipium Illiberis, where the first Church Council of Iberia took place in the early 4th century. If Granada was indeed Illiberis, the town was associated with one important early Christian centre and the right of the kings of Spain to take it over was providentially justified. However, there were enough mentions in the written sources, not only in Arabic, and even material evidence that suggested that Ilbīra, the first Islamic capital, was located near the village of Atarfe, about 15 kilometres north-west of Granada. The similarity in names suggested that Illiberis had been in Ilbīra and that Granada was a town founded by Muslims, ideas which implicitly supported the notion that Islam was an integral part of Spain rather than merely an enemy against which the nation had been built. After a debate four centuries long, M. Gómez Moreno compiled cases of the material evidence collected around the area of Atarfe by spoilers and even undertook an excavation in 1872 in which he found the mosque of the town, finally proving without any doubt that Ilbīra was located there. [p. 490] (...) See Gómez Moreno, Medina Elvira for the description of the debate and of the different interventions. It is interesting to note that this solves the question of the location of Ilbīra, but not of Illiberis, at least in the time of the Council. Excavations in Granada have uncovered strong evidence that suggests that the Iberian and Roman towns of the same name were located there (e.g. Sotomayor Muro, "¿Donde estuvo Iliberri?"). It seems that at some point in late Antiquity, possibly before the Islamic conquest, the town of Illiberis was moved to the location where it later became Madīna Ilbīrah (e.g. Adroher et al., "Discusión", pp. 202–206). To a certain extent, the debate still continues. [p. 505, note 18]Rodgers & Cavendish 2021. Karamin wurin zama da kagara (ḥiṣn) mai suna Ġarnāṭa (wanda kuma aka fassara shi da Gharnāṭa) ya kasance a gefen kudu na kogin Darro ko kuma a wurin unguwar Albaicín ta yanzu. Na karshen yana da galibin yahudawa ne don haka kuma aka san shi da Gharnāṭat al-Yahūd ("Gharnāṭa na Yahudawa").García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.Rodgers & Cavendish 2021 An san gundumar da ke kusa da birnin da Kurat Ilbīra (kusan "Lardin Elvira"). Bayan shekara ta 743 sojoji daga yankin Sham ne suka kafa garin Ilbīra wadanda suka taka rawa wajen goyon bayan Abd al-Rahman na daya, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Cordoba kuma wata sabuwar daular UmayyawaGarcía-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.. A karshen karni na 9, a zamanin mulkin Abdallah (r. 844 – 912), birnin da kewayensa ya kasance wurin da aka yi rikici tsakanin muwalladi (Musulmi da suka tuba) wadanda suke biyayya ga gwamnatin tsakiya da Larabawa, karkashin jagorancin Sawār ibn Hamdūn, wanda ya fusata su.García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). "Granada". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.Marín Guzmán, Roberto (1993). "Social and Ethnic Tensions in al-Andalus: Cases of Ishbīliyah (Sevilla) 276/889–302/914 and Ilbīrah (Elvira) 276/889–284/897: The Role of 'Umar Ibn Ḥafṣūn". Islamic Studies. 32 (3): 279–318. JSTOR 20840132. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-11-13..

200px|right|thumbnail|Granada puerta real
Hotuna.

Manazarta.

Category:Biranen Ispaniya