Abinci

Abinci abu ne da kwayoyin ke amfani da shi don rayuwa, girma da haifuwa. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don cin abinci mai gina jiki ya shafi Dabbobi, shuke-shuke, Fungi da protists. Ana iya haɗa abubuwan gina jiki a cikin sel don dalilai na metabolism ko fitar da su ta sel don ƙirƙirar tsarin da ba na sel ba kamar gashi, sikelin, gashin tsuntsaye, ko exoskeletons. Wasu abubuwan gina jiki za a iya canza su zuwa ƙananan kwayoyin a cikin aiwatar da sakin makamashi kamar su carbohydrates, lipids, sunadarai da samfuran fermentation (ethanol ko vinegar) wanda ke haifar da samfurori na ƙarshe na ruwa da carbon dioxide. Dukkanin kwayoyin suna buƙatar ruwa. Abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci ga dabbobi sune tushen makamashi, wasu daga cikin Amino acid da aka haɗa don ƙirƙirar sunadarai, ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, bitamin da wasu ma'adanai. Shuke-shuke suna buƙatar ma'adanai daban-daban da aka sha ta hanyar tushen, tare da carbon dioxide da iskar oxygen da aka sha a cikin ganye. Fungi suna rayuwa a kan matattu ko rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kuma suna biyan bukatun abinci mai gina jiki daga mahalarta su.

Nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta daban-daban suna da muhimman abubuwan gina jiki daban-daban. Ascorbic acid (Bitamin C) yana da mahimmanci ga mutane da wasu nau'ikan dabbobi amma yawancin wasu dabbobi da tsire-tsire da yawa suna iya hada shi. Abinci na iya zama kwayoyin halitta ko inorganic: mahadi na kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da mafi yawan mahadi da ke dauke da carbon, yayin da duk sauran sunadarai ba su da kwayoyin halitta. Abinci na inorganic sun haɗa da abubuwan gina jiki kamar ƙarfe, selenium, da zinc, yayin da abubuwan gina gina jiki suka haɗa da, furotin, kitse, sukari da bitamin.

Rarrabawar da aka yi amfani da ita da farko don bayyana bukatun abinci mai gina jiki na dabbobi ya raba abubuwan gina jiki zuwa macronutrients da micronutrients. Ana amfani da su a cikin adadi mai yawa (grams ko ounces), macronutrients (carbohydrates, mai, sinadarai, ruwa) da farko don samar da makamashi ko don shiga cikin kyallen takarda don girma da gyara. Ana buƙatar Micronutrients a cikin ƙananan adadi (milligrams ko micrograms); suna da matsayi mai zurfi na biochemical da physiological a cikin matakai na sel, kamar ayyukan vascular ko gudanarwar jijiya. Rashin isasshen abubuwan gina jiki ko cututtukan da ke tsoma baki tare da sha, yana haifar da yanayin rashi wanda ke lalata ci gaba, rayuwa da haifuwa. Shawarwarin masu amfani don cin abinci mai gina jiki kamar Amurka Dietary Reference Intake, sun dogara ne akan adadin da ake buƙata don hana rashi da samar da macronutrient da jagororin micronutrient don ƙananan da na sama na cin abinci. A kasashe da yawa, ka'idoji suna buƙatar alamun kayan abinci su nuna bayanai game da adadin duk wani macronutrients da micronutrients a cikin abinci da yawa. Abinci a cikin adadi mafi girma fiye da bukatun jiki na iya samun sakamako mai cutarwa. Tsire-tsire masu cin abinci suna dauke da dubban mahadi da ake kira phytochemicals waɗanda ba a san tasirin su ba akan cututtuka ko kiwon lafiya ciki har da aji daban-daban tare da matsayin marasa abinci mai gina jiki da ake kira polyphenols wanda ya kasance ba a fahimta ba har zuwa 2024.

 Nau'o'in 

 Macronutrients 
Ana bayyana macronutrients a hanyoyi da yawa.

 The chemical elements humans consume in the largest quantities are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur, summarized as CHNOPS.
 The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Water must be also consumed in large quantities but does not provide caloric value.
 Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with macronutrients because they are required in large quantities compared to micronutrients, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.

Macronutrients suna samar da makamashi:

 Carbohydrates mahadi ne da aka yi da nau'ikan sukari. Ana rarraba carbohydrates bisa ga yawan sukari: monosaccharides (kamar glucose da fructose), disakacharides, oligosaccharides, da polysaccharides.
 Protein sune mahadi na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka ƙunshi Amino acid da aka haɗa da haɗin peptide. Tun da jiki ba zai iya ƙera wasu amino acid ba (wanda ake kira amino acid mai mahimmanci), abincin dole ne ya samar da su. Ta hanyar narkewa, sunadarai suna rushewa ta hanyar proteases zuwa amino acid kyauta.
 Fats sun kunshi kwayar glycerin tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku da aka haɗe. Kwayoyin acid mai ƙwayoyin suna ƙunshe da ƙungiyar -COOH da aka haɗa da sarkar hydrocarbon marasa reshe waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin guda ɗaya (saturated fatty acids) ko kuma ta hanyar haɗin biyu da ɗaya (unsaturated fattid acids). Ana buƙatar kitse don ginawa da kula da Membrane na tantanin halitta, don kula da yanayin zafin jiki mai ɗorewa, da kuma ci gaba da lafiyar fata da gashi. Saboda jiki ba ya ƙera wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (wanda ake kira ƙwayoyin mai ƙwayoyin), dole ne a samo su ta hanyar abincin mutum.

+Kwayar halittaKilocalories a kowace gram 1 Protein4Carbohydrate4Ethanol7Mai9

 Ƙananan Ƙasashe 
Micronutrients sune mahimman abubuwan abinci da ake buƙata a cikin adadi daban-daban a duk tsawon rayuwa don yin aiki da ayyukan metabolism da na jiki.

 Ma'adanai na abinci, kamar su potassium, sodium, da baƙin ƙarfe, abubuwa ne na asali a Duniya, kuma ba za a iya haɗa su ba. Ana buƙatar su a cikin abincin a cikin microgram ko milligram. Yayin da tsire-tsire ke samun ma'adanai daga ƙasa, ma'adinai na abinci suna fitowa kai tsaye daga tsire-shuke da aka cinye ko a kaikaice daga tushen dabbobi masu cin abinci.
 Vitamins sune kwayoyin halitta da ake buƙata a cikin microgram ko milligram. An fara kafa muhimmancin kowane Bitamin abinci lokacin da aka ƙaddara cewa cuta za ta tasowa idan wannan bitamin bai kasance a cikin abincin ba.

 Muhimmanci 

 Abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci 
Wani abu mai gina jiki shine abin gina jiki da ake buƙata don aikin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ba za a iya haɗa shi a cikin jiki ba - ko dai a ko'ina ko a cikin isasshen yawa - don haka dole ne a samu daga tushen abinci. Baya ga ruwa, wanda ake buƙata a duk duniya don kula da homeostasis a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa,  abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci ga matakai daban-daban na metabolism da kuma kiyayewa da aiki na kyallen takarda da gabobin.  Abubuwan gina jiki da ake la'akari da su da mahimmanci ga mutane sun hada da amino acid tara, fatty acid guda biyu, bitamin goma sha uku, ma'adanai goma sha biyar da choline. Bugu da kari, akwai kwayoyin da yawa waɗanda ake la'akari da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci tunda suna da mahimmanci a wasu jihohin ci gaba da cututtukan cututtuka. 

 Manazarta