Bilal Ibn Rabaha

Bilāl ibn Rabāḥ (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris 580 - 2 Maris 640) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin Sahabah na annabin Muhammadu(S.A.W). An haife shi a Makka kuma an dauke shi a matsayin ladani na farko a tarihi, wanda annabi Muhammadu da kansa ya zaba.Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.68. Robinson, David. Levtzion, Nehemia, and Randall Lee Pouwels.  Ya kasance adaa bawa ne kuma an san shi da muryarsa wanda yake kira mutane zuwa sallah da ita. Ya mutu a shekara ta 640, yana da shekaru 60.

 Haihuwarsa da farkon rayuwasa 
An haifi Bilal ibn Rabah a Makka a cikin Hejaz a cikin shekara ta 580. Janeh, Sabarr.  Mahaifinsa Rabah an yi zargin bawa ne ga dangin Banu Jumah yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Hamamah, ake zargin tsohuwar gimbiya ce ta Abyssinia  wacce aka kama ta bayan abunda ya faru a shekarar giwaye, kuma aka sanya ta a cikin bayi. Da yake an haife shi cikin bautar, Bilal ba shi da wani zaɓi sai dai ya yi aiki ga maigidansa, Umayyah ibn Khalaf . Ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, Bilal ya zama sananne a matsayin bawa mai kyau kuma an ba shi makullan gumakan larabawa. Koyaya, wariyar launin fata da ka'idojin zamantakewar siyasa na larabawa sun hana Bilal samun babban matsayi a cikin al'umma.

 Bayyanar Bilal 
A cikin littafinsa, Bilal ibn Rabah, Muhammad Abdul-Rauf ya bayyana cewa Bilal "kyakkyawa ne kuma yana da tsayi mai ban sha'awa, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da idanu masu haske, hanci mai kyau da fata mai haske. Kuma yana da baiwar murya mai tsayi, laushi. Yana da gemu wanda yake da ƙanƙanta a kan kumatu biyu. An ba shi da hikima mai girma da mutunci da girmama kansa".  A cikin littafin sa'a, a cikin littafinsa The Life of Muhammad, William Muir ya ce Bilal ya ce kuma yana da sunan baki.Abdul-Rauf, Muhammad. Muir, Sir William. 

 Juyowa zuwa Musulunci 
Lokacin da annabi Muhammadu ya sanar da annabcinsa kuma ya fara isar da saƙon musulunci, Bilal ya yi watsi da bautar gumaka, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai na farko a addinin Musulunci.Sodiq, Yushau. 

 Tsananta Bilal 
Lokacin da maigidan Bilal, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, ya gano cewa Bilal ya musulunta, sai ya fara azabtar dashi.Janeh, Sabarr.  A kan matsin lamba na Abu Jahl, Umayyah ya ɗaure Bilal kuma ya ja shi a kusa da Makka yayin da yara suke yi masa ba'a.Sodiq, Yushau.  Bilal ya ki ya yi watsi da muluncinsa, a maimakon haka ya sake maimaita "ahad, ahad" ("ɗaya, ɗaya"), watau, Allah ɗaya. Da yake fushi da kin Bilal, Umayyah ya ba da umarnin cewa a yi wa Bilal bulala kuma a yi masa duka yayin da yake yadawa a kan yashi na Larabawa a ƙarƙashin rana ta hamada, an ɗaure gaɓoɓinsa a jikin gungume. Lokacin da Bilal har yanzu ya ki yin musantawa, Umayyah ya ba da umarnin cewa a sanya dutse mai zafi a kirjin Bilal. Koyaya, Bilal ya kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imani kuma ya ci gaba da cewa "ahad, ahad".

 Samun 'Yancin Bilal 
Labarin tsanantawar Bilal ya kai ga wasu daga cikin sahabban annabi Muhammadu, wadanda suka sanar da shi. Annabi Muhammad ya aika Abu Bakr don yin shawara don 'yancin Bilal, wanda ya ba shi 'yanci bayan ya sayi shi ko ya musanya shi da bawa wanda ba Musulmi ba.Janeh, Sabarr. Ibn Hisham, Sirah, V. 1, p. 339-340Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, V. 3, p. 232

 Bilal a cikin Madina 
A cikin sabon garin Musulunci da aka kafa ta Madina, Bilal ya zama fitaccen mai ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Musulmi da ke ɗaukar muhimmiyar rawa. 

 Kiran sallah 
Annabi Muhammad ya zaɓi Bilal a matsayin ladani na farko (mai kiran sallah). Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.68. 

 Ra'ayi na Sunni 
Yawancin masallatai a duniya suna kiran sallah bisa ga al'adar Sunni. Abdullah ibn Zaid ya ga mafarki inda mala'ika a cikin siffar mutum da ke sanye da tufafi mai kore ya koyar da kalmomin kiran sallah. Annabi Muhammad ya umarci Abdullah ya koya wa Bilal waɗannan kalmomin saboda yana da murya mai ƙarfi fiye da shi. Umar ibn al-Khattab ma ya ga wannan mafarki. An ambaci cikakkun bayanai game da wannan labarin a ƙasa. 

An ba da labarin a cikin Sunan Ibn Majah  cewa Abdullah ibn Zaid ya ce:

 Ra'ayi na Shia 
Shi'a, akasin haka, ba su yarda da labarin Abdullah ibn Ziyad ba.Razwy, Ali A. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims 570 to 661 CE.  Sun bayyana cewa an bayyana kiran sallah ne ga annabi Muhammadu kamar yadda aka bayyana Alkur'ani al-Majid a gare shi. Shi'a sun yi imanin cewa ba za a iya barin kiran sallah ga mafarkai ko sakewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy ya ce, "Idan Annabi zai iya koya wa Musulmai yadda za a yi sujada, da kuma yadda, lokacin, da abin da za a ce a kowace sallah, zai iya koya musu yadda kuma lokacin da za a faɗakar da wasu kafin lokacin kowace sallah. "A cewar al'adun Shia, mala'ikan da ya koya wa annabi Muhammadu yadda za a gudanar da wanka don shirya salloli da kuma yadda za a yi sallan ya koya masa kiran sallah.

 Baitulmalin 
Bilal ya zama sananne a cikin al'ummar Musulmai a Madina, yayin da annabi Muhammadu ya nada shi ministan Bayt al-Mal (ma'aji).Charbonneau, Joshua (Mateen).  A wannan matsayin, Bilal ya rarraba kudade ga gwauraye, marayu, masu tafiya, da sauransu waɗanda ba za su iya tallafa wa kansu ba.Razwy, Ali A. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims 570 to 661 CE. 

 Yaƙe-yaƙe na soja a zamanin Annabi Muhammadu 

Ya halarci Yaƙin Badr . Sojojin annabi Muhammadu sun hada da Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abu Bakr, Umar, Mus Chanin ibn Chanin, da Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam. Musulmai sun kuma kawo raƙuma saba'in da dawakai biyu, ma'ana cewa ko dai dole ne suyi tafiya ko su dace da maza uku zuwa hudu a kowace raƙumi.Lings, pp. 138–139 Koyaya, yawancin kafofin Musulmai na farko sun nuna cewa ba a sa ran gwagwarmaya mai tsanani ba, kuma Khalifa Uthman na gaba ya kasance a baya don kula da matarsa mai rashin lafiya Ruqayyah, 'yar Muhammadu. Salman na Farisa ma bai iya shiga yakin ba, saboda har yanzu bai kasance mai 'yanci ba.

 Addininsa 
Bilal yana daga cikin Sahabah da aka yi musu alkawarin Aljanna a wannan duniyar, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin labarin sawunsa da aka ji a aljanna.

A lokacin Sallar Asuba Annabi (SAW) ya tambayi Bilal ya ce, “Bani labarin mafi alherin aikin da ka yi bayan ka musulunta, domin na ji takunka a gabana a cikin Aljanna. Bilal ya karva masa da cewa: “Ban yi wani abu da za a ambace ni ba face duk lokacin da na yi alwala da rana ko dare, sai na yi salla bayan wannan alwalar gwargwadon yadda aka rubuta mini.

 Bayan Rasuwar Annabi Muhammadu 

 Ra'ayi na Shia 
Bayan annabi Muhammadu ya rasu a shekara ta 632 AZ, Bilal na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ba su ba da bay'ah (alarin aminci) ga Abu Bakr ba.Shustari, Nurullah, Majalisu'1-Mu'minin (Tehran, 1268 AH) p. 54; and also see Ibn Sa'd, op. cit.Ahmed, A.K. The Hidden Truth About Karbala. Meri, Josef W., and Jere L. Bacharach.  An rubuta cewa lokacin da Bilal bai bai baiwa Abu Bakr bay'ah ba, Umar ibn al-Khattab ya kama Bilal da tufafinsa ya tambayi, "Shin wannan lada ne na Abu Bakr; ya 'yantar da ku kuma yanzu kuna ki biyan shi biyayya?

Bilal ya amsa, "Idan Abu Bakr ya 'yantar da ni don jin daɗin Allah, to ya bar shi ya bar ni kaɗai don Allah; kuma idan ya 'yartar da ni don hidimarsa, to ina shirye in ba shi ayyukan da ake buƙata. Amma ba zan yi biyayya ga mutumin da Manzon Allah bai nada shi a matsayin Khalifa ba. "  Hakazalika, al-Isti'ab, tushen Sunni, ya ce Bilal ya gaya wa Abu Bakr: "Idan kun 'yantar ni don kanka, to Allah ya sake' yanci ni; to Allah ya' yanci Allah ya sake ba ni"

An ce wannan lokacin da Bilal ya so ya je Jihad. Abu Bakr ya bar shi ya tafi."Abdullah, Ysuf. 

Wadannan sune waka ta Bilal game da kin ba Abu Bakr bay'ah:

 Daga Allah! Ban juya ga Abu Bakr ba,
 Idan Allah bai kare ni ba,
 Da hyena ta tsaya a kan ƙafafunta.
 Allah ya ba ni nagarta
 kuma ya girmama ni,
 Tabbas akwai nagarta mai yawa tare da Allah.
 Ba za ku same ni da ke bin mai kirkiro ba,
 Saboda ni ba mai kirkiro ba ne, kamar yadda suke.

Da yake Umar da Abu Bakr suka kore shi daga Madina, Bilal ya yi ƙaura zuwa Siriya.

Abu Ja'far al-Tusi, masanin Shia, ya kuma bayyana a cikin lkhtiyar al-Rijal cewa Bilal ya ki ya ba da biyayya ga Abu Bakr.

 Ra'ayi na Sunni 
A cikin Sīrat Abī Bakr Al-Ṣiddīq wanda ya tattara labarai da yawa kuma ya tattara yanayin tarihi game da mulkin Khalifa Abu Bakr, Bilal ya bi sojojin musulmi, a karkashin shugabancin Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi, zuwa Siriya.Dr. Ali Muhammad As-Sallaabee The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Sideeq. 

 Ra'ayi na Sufi 
Purnam Allahabadi, wani mawaki na Sufi daga Pakistan, ya kirkiro Qawwali inda ya ambaci yadda lokaci ya tsaya lokacin da wasu abokai suka hana Bilal isar da Adhan (wanda ya gani a mafarkinsa), kuma ya yi kira da cewa ba daidai ba ne. Saboda abokin Bilal ya fito ne daga asalin Abyssinian, bai iya furta harafin "Sh" (Arabic) ba. Wani hadisi na Muhammadu ya ba da rahoton cewa ya ce, "'Ganin' na Bilal shine 'sheen' a cikin jin Allah,' ma'ana Allah ba ya kallon waje amma yana godiya da tsarkakar zuciya.

 Mutuwarsa 
Masanin Sunni al-Suyuti a cikin Tarikh al-khulafa ya rubuta: "Ya (Bilal) ya mutu a Damascus a cikin 17 ko 18 AH, amma wasu suna cewa 20 AH, ko ma 21 AH lokacin da yake sama da shekaru sittin. Wasu sun ce ya mutu a Madina, amma hakan ba daidai ba ne. Wannan shine yadda yake a al-Isabah da sauran ayyukan kamar Tahdhib na an-Nawawi".Rijal: Narrators of the Muwatta of Imam Muhammad.   

Lokacin da matar Bilal ta fahimci cewa mutuwa tana gabatowa Bilal, sai ta yi baƙin ciki.Qušairī, Abd-al-Karīm Ibn-H̲awāzin Al-, and Abu'l-Qasim al-Qushayri.  An rubuto cewa ta yi kuka kuma ta ce, "Yana irin wahalar da ta ji!"  Koyaya, Bilal ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin matarsa ta hanyar cewa, "A akasin haka, wane lokaci ne mai farin ciki! Gobe zan hadu da abin ƙaunana annabi Muhammad da jama'arsa (hizb)!" 

An yi imanin cewa an binne shi a makabartar Bab al-Saghir, Dimashƙu. Koyaya, akwai wani wuri mai tsarki,  wanda aka yi imanin cewa a nan ne aka binne Bilal, kusa da wani ƙaramin ƙauye da ake kira al-Rabahiyya, a Amman, Jordan.

 Zuriya da gado 
An ce zuriyar Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Habasha a Gabashin Afirka.Nasr, Seyyed Hossein.  Iyalin Daular Mali a Yammacin Afirka suma suna da'awar zuriyarsa.
Kodayake akwai wasu rashin jituwa game da gaskiyar rayuwar Bilal da mutuwar sa, muhimmancinsa a matakai da yawa ba za a iya musantawa ba. Ladanai , musamman wadanda ke Turkiyya da Afirka, sun yi wa al'ada girmama mai aikin su na asali. Labarin Bilal shine mafi yawan nuni na ra'ayoyin Islama na auna mutane ba ta hanyar ƙasa ko matsayi na zamantakewa ko launin fata ba, amma auna mutane ta Taqwah (piety). 

A shekara ta 1874, Edward Wilmot Blyden, tsohon bawa na asalin Afirka, ya rubuta: "Adzan mai magana ko Kira zuwa sallah, wanda har zuwa yau ke kiran miliyoyin 'yan Adam zuwa ga ibadarsu, Negro ne ya fara furta shi, Bilal da suna, wanda Mohammed, a cikin biyayya ga mafarki, ya nada Mu'azzin na farko. Kuma an lura cewa har ma Alexander the Great a Asiya ba a sani ba ne a gefen wannan Negro mai daraja. ""Mohammedanism and The Negro Race." Fraser's Magazine, July Dec. 1875: 598-615. 

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin wadanda ba Larabawa ba
 Zayd ibn Harithah
 Daular Keita
 Jerin tafiye-tafiye na Muhammadu
 Bilal: A New Breed of Hero, fim din 2015 game da rayuwar Bilal.

 Bayanai 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba