Ingila

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Ingila kasa ce da ke cikin tarayyar kasar Ingila.Ripley 1869, p. 570 Tana da iyaka da ƙasar Wales zuwa yamma da kasar Scotland a arewacinta.Molyneaux 2015, pp. 6–7Germania". Tacitus. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Angle". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 5 September 2009.[dead link] Tekun Irish yana arewa maso yamma da yankin Tekun Celtic na Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu maso,yamma.Crystal 2004, pp. 26–27Forbes, John (1848). The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. Edinburgh: Oliver, Boyd and TweeddaleFoster 1988, p. 9. An raba shi daga nahiyar Turai ta Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas da English Channel zuwa kudu.500,000 BC – Boxgrove". Current Archaeology. Current Publishing. 24 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2010.Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box" (PDF). Palaeolithic Rivers of South-West Britain Project (2006). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2010.; "Chalk east". A Geo East Project. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2010.Oppenheimer 2006, p. 173. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi kashi biyar cikin takwas na tsibirin Biritaniya, wanda ke arewacin Tekun Atlantika, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai sama da 100, kamar tsibirin Scilly da tsibirin Wight."Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 9 September 2009.Oppenheimer 2006, p. 173"Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
Yankin da ake kira Ingila da farko mutane na zamani ne suka fara zama a lokacin Upper Paleolithic,Reid, Struan (1994). Inventions and Trade. P.8. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-0-921921-30-1. Retrieved 23 December 2010Function and significance of Bell Beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses". Retrieved 21 December 2010Burke, Jason (2 December 2000). "Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 22 October 2003. Retrieved 5 September 2009. amma ya ɗauki sunansa daga Angles, ƙabilar Jamusanci da taasamo sunanta daga yankin Anglia, wanda ya zauna a cikin ƙarni na 5th da 6th. Ingila ta zama kasa mai haɗin kai a cikin karni na 10 kuma tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na al'adu da shari'a a duniya tun lokacin Age of Discovery, wanda ya fara a cikin karni na 15.Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals". Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brudribh, Ed. Retrieved 22 December 2010.Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016). Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World. Hachette UK. p. 276. Harshen Ingilishi, Cocin Anglican, da Dokokin Ingilishi — tushen tsarin dokokin gama gari na wasu ƙasashe da yawa a duniya—an bunƙasa a Ingila, kuma tsarin mulkin majalisar dokokin ƙasar ya sami karbuwa sosai daga wasu ƙasashe.Bedoyere, Guy. "Architecture in Roman Britain". Heritage Key. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2010.; Philip, Robert (1860). The History of Progress in Great Britain. Vol. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2010.; Rees, Bob; Shute, Paul; Kelly, Nigel (2003). Medicine through time. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-30841-4. RetrievedRankov 1994, p. 16 Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18 na Ingila, yana mai da al'ummarsa zuwa ƙasa ta farko mai ci gaban masana'antu a duniya.Wright 2008, p. 143James, Edward. "Overview: Anglo-Saxons, 410 to 800". BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2010. 

Ƙasar Ingila na da karancin tsaunuka da filayen ƙasa ne, musamman a tsakiya da kudancin Ingila. Koyaya, akwai tudu da tsaunuka a arewa (misali, gundumar Lake da Pennines ) da kuma a yamma (misali, Dartmoor da Shropshire Hills ). Babban birnin kasar shine London,Lehane, Brendan (1968). Early Christian Christianity. John Murray.Dark, Ken R. (2003). "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2020.; Martin, Toby F. (2015). The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England. Boydell and Brewer Press. pp. 174–178.; Coates, Richard. "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English".; Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). "Relative Chronology" (PDF).; Fox, Bethany. "The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland".Härke, Heinrich (2011). "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis". Medieval Archaeology. 55 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1179/174581711X13103897378311. ISSN 0076-6097. S2CID 162331501. wanda ke da yanki mafi girma a cikin Burtaniya. Yawan jama'ar Ingila sun kai miliyan 56.3  kuma daga ciki sun ƙunshi kashi 84% na yawan jama'ar Burtaniya,Kirby 2000, p. 4.Kirby 2000, p. 4. sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a kusa da London, Kudu maso Gabas, da gundumomi a cikin Midlands, Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yorkshire, waɗanda kowannensu ya haɓaka a matsayin manyan yankuna na masana'antu a lokacin Karni na 19.2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011. Accessed 31 May 2013.Lyon 1960, p. 23.Overview: The Normans, 1066–1154". BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
Masarautar Ingila - wacce bayan 1535 ta hada da Wales - ta daina zama wata kasa ta daban a ranar 1 ga watan  Mayu 1707, lokacin da Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai suka aiwatar da sharuddan da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya haifar da kawancen siyasa tare da Masarautar Scotland don ƙirƙirar Mulkin Biritaniya.; Norman invasion word impact study". BBC News. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2010.Crouch 2006, pp. 2–4 A cikin 1801, Biritaniya ta haɗe da Masarautar Ireland (ta hanyar wata Dokar Tarayyar) ta zama Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland. A cikin shekarar 1922 Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Irish ta balle daga Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya kai ga canza sunan na biyu zuwa Ƙasar Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland.Bartlett 1999, p. 124Edward I (r. 1272–1307)". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2009.

 Asali 
Sunan "Ingila" ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci sunan  , wanda ke nufin " Land of the Angles ".Fowler 1967, p. 208.Ziegler 2003, p. 230; Goldberg 1996, p. 4. Angles na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun Jamusawa waɗanda suka zauna a Biritaniya a lokacin Early Middle Ages.Crofton 2007, p. 111.Richard III (r. 1483–1485)". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2009."Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2010.; Smith, Goldwin. England Under the Tudors. Forgotten Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-60620-939-4. Retrieved 26 December 2010. Angles sun fito ne daga yankin Anglia a yankin Bay of Kiel (jahar Schleswig-Holstein ta Jamus a yanzu) na Tekun Baltic..Scruton 1982, p. 470.From the 1944 Clark lectures by C. S. Lewis; Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1954) p. 1, OCLC 256072 Farkon amfani da kalmar, kamar yadda "  ", yana cikin fassarar ƙarshen ƙarni na tara zuwa Tsohon Turanci na Bede 's History Ecclesiastical History of the English People."Tudor Parliaments". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 April 2021.Scruton 1982, p. 470.Ordahl, Karen (2007). Roanak:the abandoned colony. Rowman & Littlefield publishers Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-5263-0. Retrieved 24 December 2010. Daga nan sai aka yi amfani da kalmar ta wata ma’ana ta dabam da ta zamani, ma’ana “ƙasar da turawan Ingila ke zaune”, kuma ta haɗa da mutanen Ingilishi a yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Scotland a yanzu amma a lokacin yana cikin masarautar Ingila ta Northumbria.Oliver Cromwell (English statesman)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2009.Hay, Denys. "The term 'Great Britain' in the Middle Ages" (PDF). ads.ahds.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.Lyndsey Bakewell, "Changing scenes and flying machines: re-examination of spectacle and the spectacular in Restoration theatre, 1660–1714" (PhD. Diss. Loughborough University, 2016). Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya rubuta cewa Littafin Domesday na shekarar  1086 ya hade dukan Ingila, ma'ana mulkin Ingila, amma bayan 'yan shekaru bayan Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Sarki Malcolm III ya fita "daga Scotlande zuwa Lothian a Ingila", don haka amfani da shi.Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall L. (2007). World Civilization. Cengage Learning. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-495-50262-3. Retrieved 24 December 2010.Democracy Live: Black Rod". BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008; Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Black Rod" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press

Maganar farko da aka tabbatar game da Angles tana faruwa a cikin aikin ƙarni na 1 na Tacitus, Jamusanci, wanda kalmar Latin  ana amfani da shi.London's Burning: The Great Fire". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2009.The History Press | The Stuarts". thehistorypress.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2021. Ma’anar asalin sunan kabila ita kanta malamai sun yi sabani da shi; an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga siffar tsibirin Angeln, siffar angular.The first Parliament of Great Britain". ParliamentGallagher 2006, p. 14. Ta yaya kuma me ya sa aka samu kalmar da aka samo daga sunan ƙabilar da ba ta da ma'ana fiye da sauran, irin su Saxon, don amfani da ƙasar gaba ɗaya kuma ba a san mutanenta ba,Hudson, Pat. "The Workshop of the World". BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2010.Office for National Statistics 2000, p. 5; McNeil & Nevell 2000, p. 4.McNeil & Nevell 2000, p. 9.; Birmingham City Council. "Heritage". visitbirmingham.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2009. amma ga alama wannan yana da alaƙa da al'adar (custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones) ko Ingilishi Saxon don bambanta su da Saxons na nahiyar (Eald-Seaxe) na Old Saxony tsakanin kogin Weser da Eider a Arewacin Jamus.Manchester – the first industrial city". Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.Regency | British Architectural Dates and Styles | Property | UK | Mayfair Office". mayfairoffice.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021. A cikin Scottish Gaelic, wani harshe wanda ya haɓaka a tsibirin Burtaniya, kabilar Saxon ta ba da sunan su ga kalmar Ingila ( .Bennet, Geoffrey (2004). The Battle of Trafalgar. England: Pen & Sword Books Limited, CPI UK, South Yorkshire.Colley 1992, p. 1); haka ma, sunan Welsh na harshen Ingilishi shine "  ". Sunan soyayya ga Ingila shine Loegria, wanda ke da alaƙa da kalmar Welsh don Ingila,   , kuma ya shahara ta amfani da shi a cikin almara Arthurian . Hakanan ana amfani da Albion ga Ingila,.Department of History – Napoleonic Wars". 28 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2021Haggard, Robert F. (2001). The persistence of Victorian liberalism:The Politics of Social Reform in Britain, 1870–1900. Greenwood Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-31305-9. Retrieved 26 December 2010. ko da yake ainihin ma'anarsa ita ce tsibirin Biritaniya gaba ɗaya.Cox 1970, p. 180.Cox 1970, p. 180.Golley, John (10 August 1996). "Obituaries: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2 December 2010.

 Tarihi 

 Fara tarihin 
Shaidar farko da aka sani na kasancewar ɗan adam a yankin da aka fi sani da Ingila yanzu ita ce ta Homo magabata, tun kimanin shekaru 780,000 da suka wuce.Clark, Steed & Marshall 1973, p. 1; Wilson & Game 2002, p. 55.Gallagher 2006, pp. 10–11.Reitan 2003, p. 50 Mafi dadewar kasusuwan da aka gano a Ingila sun kasance tun shekaru 500,000 da suka gabata.The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union". BBC Wales. BBC News. 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.Kenny, English & Hayton 2008, p. 3; Ward 2004, p. 180Keating, Michael (1 January 1998). "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom". Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 28 (1): 217. An san mutane na zamani sun zauna a yankin a lokacin Upper Paleolithic, kodayake an kafa matsugunan dindindin a cikin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata.United Kingdom" CIA The World Factbook]. Retrieved 13 April 2021The Act of Union between England and Scotland". Historic UK. Retrieved 25 December 2023.Sherman, Jill; Andrew Norfolk (5 November 2004). "Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Bayan zamanin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe kawai manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su mammoths, bison da ulun karkanda suka rage.UK Renewable Energy Roadmap Crown copyright, July 2011" (PDF).; "RenewableUK News website article". Archived from the original on 9 May 2015Britain produced record amount of wind power in 2022, National Grid says". Reuters. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023. Kusan shekaru 11,000 da suka wuce, lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta fara ja da baya, mutane sun sake mamaye yankin; binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa sun fito ne daga arewacin yankin Iberian Peninsula."Deputy Prime Minister launches first-ever Mayoral Council""Lists of MPs". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2009Cabinet Office (26 March 2009). "Devolution in the United Kingdom". cabinetoffice.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2009 Matsayin teku ya yi ƙasa da na yanzu kuma an haɗa Biritaniya ta gadar ƙasa zuwa Ireland da Eurasia.The Common Law in the British Empire". H-net.msu.edu. 19 October 2000. Retrieved 20 August 2011.Fafinski 2007, p. 60.Common Law". The People's Law Dictionary. ALM Media Properties. Retrieved 5 October 2013. Yayin da tekuna ke tashi, an raba shi da Ireland shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce kuma daga Eurasia bayan shekaru biyu.Fafinski 2007, p. 127.Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom" (PDF). DCA.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009Fafinski 2007, p. 67.

Al'adun Beaker ya zo a kusan 2,500 BC, yana gabatar da sha da tasoshin abinci da aka gina daga yumbu, da kuma tasoshin da aka yi amfani da su azaman rage tukwane don narkar da tagulla.Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice". GOV.UKNew record high prison population". BBC News. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Crime over the last 25 years" (PDF). HomeOffice.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. A wannan lokacin ne aka gina manyan abubuwan tarihi na Neolithic kamar Stonehenge (phase III) da Avebury. Ta hanyar dumama gwangwani da tagulla, waɗanda ke da yawa a yankin, al'adun Beaker mutane sun yi tagulla, daga baya kuma baƙin ƙarfe daga ƙarfe.Offender management statistics quarterly: April to June 2022". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 November 2022Redcliffe-Maud & Wood 1974Encyclopædia Britannica 2002, p. 100 Haɓaka narkewar baƙin ƙarfe ya ba da damar gina ingantattun gonaki, haɓaka aikin gona (misali, tare da filayen Celtic), da kuma samar da ingantattun makamai.abcounties.com (26 June 2013). "The problem of 'county confusion' – and how to resolve it". Association of British Counties. Retrieved 17 September 2023Singh 2009, p. 53.Cooper, Hilary (29 March 2011). "Tiers shed as regional government offices disappear". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 June 2011.

A lokacin Iron Age, al'adun Celtic, wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun Hallstatt da La Tène, sun zo daga tsakiyar Turai. Brythonic shine yaren magana a wannan lokacin. Al'umma ta kasance kabilanci;Axford 2002, p. 315.English Channel". Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com. 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009History". EuroTunnel.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009. A cewar Ptolemy's Geographia akwai kusan kabilu 20 a yankin. Kamar sauran yankuna a gefen daular, Biritaniya ta daɗe tana jin daɗin haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da Romawa.Severn Bore and Trent Aegir". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.The River Severn". BBC. Retrieved 5 December 2010River Thames and London (England)". London Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 17 August 2009.[dead link] Julius Kaisar na Jamhuriyar Roma ya yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye sau biyu a cikin 55 BC; ko da yake bai yi nasara ba, ya yi nasarar kafa wani sarki abokin ciniki daga Trini antes.North West England & Isle of Man: climate". Met Office. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.World Regional Geography. Joseph J. Hobbs. 2008Pennines". Smmit Post. Retrieved 8 September 2009

 Tsohon tarihi 
Romawa sun mamaye Biritaniya a shekara ta 43 miladiyya a zamanin sarki Claudius,National Parks – About us". nationalparks.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010."What is the Climate like in Britain?". Woodlands Kent. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2009."Record high temperatures verified". Met Office. Retrieved 22 March 2023. daga baya kuma suka mamaye yawancin Biritaniya, kuma yankin ya shiga cikin daular Roma a matsayin lardin Britaniya.Ornithology, British Trust for (4 February 2020). "It's official – the Wren is our commonest bird". BTO. Retrieved 2 December 2022.Historic England (2015). "Richmond Park (397979)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 3 May 2015.Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2021 Mafi sanannun ƙabilu na asali waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin tsayayya su ne Catuvellauni wanda Caratacus ya jagoranta.Mammals in Britain's cities: A spotter's guide – in pictures | Urban wildlife". The Guardian. 17 May 20122011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 5 February 2014.Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2021 Daga baya, boren da Boudica, Sarauniyar Iceni ta jagoranta, ya ƙare da kisan kai da Boudica ya yi bayan shan kaye a yakin Watling.Natural England: Designated sites". Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2020.Environment Agency". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 April 2021.Environment Agency". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 April 2021 Marubucin wani bincike na Roman Biritaniya ya nuna cewa daga 43 AD zuwa 84 AD,Historic England (2015). "Richmond Park (397979)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 3 May 2015Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2021.2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 5 February 2014. mahara na Romawa sun kashe a wani wuri tsakanin mutane 100,000 zuwa 250,000 daga al'umma mai kila 2,000,000.2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 5 February 2014.Mammals in Britain's cities: A spotter's guide – in pictures | Urban wildlife". The Guardian. 17 May 2012Fenton, Trevor (12 December 2018). Regional economic activity by gross value added (balanced), UK: 1998 to 2017 (Report). Office for National Statistics. Wannan zamanin ya ga al'adun Greco-Romawa sun yi galaba tare da gabatar da dokar Romawa,The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform". BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2009.The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform". BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2009.Office for National Statistics. "Regional Accounts". statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009. gine-ginen Romawa, magudanar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, yawancin kayan noma da siliki.The Global Financial Centres Index" (PDF). City of London Policy Resources Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009."London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe". BrainStation. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2023Willems, Michiel (20 June 2021). "Unicorn nest: UK hits milestone of 100 $1bn tech companies, more than rest of Europe combined". CityAM. Retrieved 17 September 2023 A cikin karni na 3, Sarkin sarakuna Septimius Severus ya mutu a Eboracum (yanzu York), inda daga baya aka yi shelar Constantine a matsayin sarki bayan karni daya.The Bank's relationship with Parliament". BankofEngland.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.England Exports". EconomyWatch.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2009.World Guide – England – Economy Overview". World Guide. Intute. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.

Akwai muhawara game da lokacin da aka fara gabatar da Kiristanci; bai wuce karni na 4 ba, tabbas da yawa a baya. A cewar Bede,Economy of the United Kingdom" (PDF). PTeducation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.Coal | Mines and quarries | MineralsUK". MineralsUK. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-521-34804-8. Eleutherius ne ya aiko da masu wa’azi daga Roma bisa roƙon sarki Lucius na Biritaniya a shekara ta 180 miladiyya,Spratt, H. P. (1958). "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Nature. 181 (4626): 1754–1755. Bibcode:1958Natur.181.1754S. doi:10.1038/1811754a0. S2CID 4255226.English Inventors and Inventions". English-Crafts.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2009.The formal title as adopted in the royal charter" (PDF). royalsociety.org. domin su sasanta bambance-bambancen da suka shafi bukukuwan Gabas da Yamma, waɗanda ke damun Ikilisiya. Akwai hadisai da ke da alaƙa da Glastonbury suna da'awar gabatarwa ta hanyar Yusufu na Arimathea, yayin da wasu ke da'awar ta hanyar Lucius na Biritaniya.Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 February 2018.Caroe, Gwendy (1985). The Royal Institution : an informal history. Final chapter by Alban. London: J. Murray. ISBN 0719542456.Hunter, Michael. "Royal Society". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 February 2018. A shekara ta 410, a lokacin daular Rumawa ta koma baya,Metric system was British". BBC News. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Metric system was British". BBC News. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Metric system was British". BBC News. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Birtaniya ta kasance cikin fallasa a karshen mulkin Romawa a Biritaniya da kuma janyewar rundunan sojojin Romawa, don kare iyakokin nahiyar Turai da kuma shiga yakin basasa.Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0-415-10015-1.International comparison of the UK research base, 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023. (last checked 11 March 2023)Cambridge remains most intensive science and technological cluster in the world". University of Cambridge. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023. Ƙungiyoyin addinin Kirista na Celtic da ƙungiyoyin mishan sun bunƙasa. Wannan zamanin na Kiristanci ya sami tasiri ga tsohuwar al'adun Celtic a cikin hankali, tsarin mulki, ayyuka da tiyoloji.Department for Science, Innovation and Technology". GOV.UK. Retrieved 12 February 2023.UK Parliament 2007, p. 175Lesley, Lewis (1983). "Runcorn – A Rapid Transit New Town?". Built Environment. 9 (3/4): 234. JSTOR 23286723. “Ikilisiyoyi” na gida sun kasance a tsakiya a cikin al’ummar zuhudu kuma shugabannin zuhudu sun fi zama kamar sarakuna, a matsayin takwarorina,White 2002, p. 63.Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. 2 January 2012. maimakon a cikin tsarin mafi girman tsarin cocin da Romawa ke mamayewa.Runcorn New Town – 7.3 Transport". rudi.net. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2020.27 September 1825 – Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway". The Stockton and Darlington Railway. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013Home page | Office of Rail and Road". orr.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021

 Tsakanin Zamani 
Janyewar sojojin Roman ya bar Birtaniyya a bude ga mamayar maguzawa,Proctor, Darrell (24 November 2020). "UK Undergoing 'Remarkable Shift' in Power Generation". POWER Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021."Delta Expects New Slots To Foster Growth At Heathrow Airport". The Wall Street Journal. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.Proctor, Darrell (24 November 2020). "UK Undergoing 'Remarkable Shift' in Power Generation". POWER Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2021. mayaka masu ruwa da tsaki daga arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Turai, musamman Saxon, Angles,Minister of State (Minister for Business, Energy and Clean Growth) – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2020Department for Energy Security & Net Zero – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 20212022 EPI Results". Environmental Performance Index. 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023. Jutes da Frisians wadanda suka dade suna kai farmaki ga gabar tekun lardin Romawa. Daga nan sai wadannan kungiyoyi suka fara daidaitawa da yawa a cikin karni na biyar da na shida, tun daga farko a gabashin kasar.UK net zero target". Institute for Government. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.BBC History on William Beveridge". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2009.NHS Expenditure in England" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2009.

 Mulki 

 Siyasa 
Ingila wani bangare ne na Burtaniya, tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki tare da tsarin majalisa.Budget 2008, Chapter C" (PDF). HM Treasury. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009NHS costs and exemptions". Department of Health. Retrieved 5 September 2009.[dead link]Office for National Statistics. "Life expectancy". statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009. Ba a sami gwamnatin Ingila ba tun 1707, lokacin da Ayyukan Tarayyar 1707,United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "World Population Prospects: Analytical Report for the 2004". United Nations. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Office for National Statistics (2011). "Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2013.Office for National Statistics (2011). "Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2013. da ke aiwatar da sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar, sun shiga Ingila da Scotland don kafa Masarautar Burtaniya.Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University. "Australian Population: Ethnic Origins" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2009.Inmigración británica en Chile". Galeon.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009 Kafin tarayyar Ingila ta kasance karkashin masarautarta da majalisar dokokin Ingila.Burke, Jason (9 October 2005). "An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 September 2009.; Travis, Alan; Sarah Knapton (16 November 2007). "Record numbers leave the country for life abroad". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2009.One in four Britons claim Irish roots". BBC News. 16 March 2001. Retrieved 26 November 2010.British Immigration Map Revealed". BBC News. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 5 September 2009.

Hotunan ginin hasken ruwa na rectangular, wanda aka nuna a cikin ruwa. Ginin yana da hasumiyai da yawa ciki har da ɗaya a kowane ƙarshen.Paton, Graeme (1 October 2007). "One fifth of children from ethnic minorities". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2014Population of England and Wales". Gov.uk. 22 December 2022.Shepherd, Jessica (22 June 2011). "Almost a quarter of state school pupils are from an ethnic minority". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 January 2014. Hasumiyar da ke hannun dama ta haɗa da fuskar agogo mai haske.Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2009.Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish". The Independent. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.QS204EW – Main language, Office for National Statistics 2011 Census. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ce ke tafiyar da mulkin Ingila kai tsaye, duk da cewa wasu kasashen Burtaniya sun mika mulki.Mujica, Mauro E. (19 June 2003). "English: Not America's Language?". The Globalist. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.QS205EW – Proficiency in English". Office for National Statistics 2011 census. Retrieved 20 July 2015. Out of the 51,005,610 residents of England over the age of three, 50,161,765 (98%) can speak English "well" or "very well"QS205EW – Proficiency in English". Office for National Statistics 2011 census. Retrieved 20 July 2015. Out of the 51,005,610 residents of England over the age of three, 50,161,765 (98%) can speak English "well" or "very well" An yi muhawara kan yadda za a daidaita wannan a Ingila. Da farko an shirya cewa za a raba yankuna daban-daban na Ingila,English language history". Yaelf. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2009.South West – Cornish Language". Government Office South West. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2009.Government Offices for the English Regions. "Cornish language". gos.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2009.; "The Cornish Language Development Project – Evaluation – Final Report". Hywel Evans, Aric Lacoste / ERS. p. 20. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. amma sakamakon kin amincewa da shawarar da Arewa maso Gabas ta yi a zaben raba gardama na 2004, ba a aiwatar da hakan ba.Dugan, Emily (6 September 2009). "The Cornish: They revolted in 1497, now they're at it again". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2009.; "Cornish in Schools". Cornish Language Partnership. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.On being a Cornish "Celt": changing Celtic heritage and traditions" (PDF). University of Exeter. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009. A cikin 2024, an kafa wata ƙungiya ta gwamnatin Ingila kaɗai, wacce aka sani da Majalisar Magajin Gari ta Ingila, don haɗa ministoci daga Gwamnatin Burtaniya, Magajin Garin Landan da shugabannin hukumomin haɗin gwiwa.Lipsett, Anthea (26 June 2008). "Number of primaries teaching foreign languages doubles". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 September 2009.British Sign Language gets official status after 19 years of campaigning". ITV News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2023British Sign Language gets official status after 19 years of campaigning". ITV News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2023

A cikin House of Commons wanda shi ne ƙananan majalisar dokokin Birtaniya da ke a fadar Westminster, akwai 'yan majalisa 543 (MPs) na mazabu a Ingila, daga cikin 650.Church of England". BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2010Table KS209EW 2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2017.In depth history of the Church of England". Church of England. Retrieved 25 January 2017. The religious settlement that eventually emerged in the reign of Elizabeth gave the Church of England the distinctive identity that it has retained to this day. It resulted in a Church that consciously retained a large amount of continuity with the Church of the Patristic and Medieval periods in terms of its use of the catholic creeds, its pattern of ministry, its buildings and aspects of its liturgy, but which also embodied Protestant insights in its theology and in the overall shape of its liturgical practice. The way that this is often expressed is by saying that the Church of England is both 'catholic and reformed.' Ingila dai tana da wakilai 347 daga jam'iyyar Labour, 116 daga jam'iyyar Conservative, 65 daga jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats, 5 na Reform UK sai hudu na Green Party na Ingila da Wales.Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads". PewResearch.org. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009."People here 'must obey the laws of the land'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 9 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2009.The Methodist Church". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2009.

 Doka 
Tsarin doka na Ingilishi, wanda aka haɓaka tsawon ƙarni, shine tushen dokar gama gariAn Independent Academic Study on Cornish" (PDF). p. 8. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2010.United Kingdom – History of the Flag". FlagSpot.net. Retrieved 5 September 2009. da ake amfani da su a yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth"From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656): Jews and England" (PDF). Goldsmiths.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2009United Kingdom – History of the Flag". FlagSpot.net. Retrieved 5 September 2009.Office for National Statistics. "Religion". Statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. da Amurka (sai dai Louisiana). Duk da kasancewarsa na Burtaniya a halin yanzu, tsarin shari'a na kotunan Ingila da Wales ya ci gaba, a karkashin yarjejeniyar Tarayyar, a matsayin tsarin shari'a daban da wanda ake amfani da shi a Scotland.2011 ONS results". Retrieved 28 October 2017Gearon 2002, p. 246West 2003, p. 28. Babban jigon dokar Ingilishi shi ne, alkalan da ke zaune a kotuna ne suka yi ta, suna yin amfani da hankali da sanin ilimin shari’a – stare decisis – ga hujjojin da ke gabansu.West 2003, p. 28.

Babban kotunan Ingila da Wales ne ke jagorantar tsarin kotun, wanda ya kunshi kotun daukaka kara, da babbar kotun shari'a kan shari'o'in farar hula, da kotun kararrakin laifukaSecretary of State for Education – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Kotun kolin Burtaniya ita ce babbar kotun da ke shari'ar laifuka da farar hula a Ingila da Wales. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2009 bayan sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki, tare da ɗaukar ayyukan shari'a na Majalisar Ubangiji. Hukuncin Kotun Koli yana da nauyi a kan kowace kotun da ke cikin manyan mukamai, wanda dole ne ta bi umarnintaNational Curriculum". Retrieved 8 July 2020

Sakataren shari’a na kasa shi ne ministan da ke da alhakin shari’a, tsarin kotu da gidajen yari da gwaji a Ingila.OECD: PISA 2018" (PDF). Laifukan sun karu tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1995 amma ya ragu da kashi 42% a cikin 1995-2006.[99] Yawan fursunonin sun ninka a lokaci guda, wanda ya ba shi ɗayan mafi girman adadin fursuna a Yammacin Turai a 147 a cikin 100,000.Independent Schools in the United Kingdom". 2009. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009  Ma'aikatar Kurkuku ta Mai Martaba, tana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a, tana kula da yawancin gidajen yari, tana da fursunoni 81,309 a Ingila da Wales har zuwa Satumba 2022.Gearon 2002, p. 102.

Rarraba na Ingila sun ƙunshi matakai har huɗu na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda aka sarrafa ta nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa da aka ƙirƙira don dalilai na ƙaramar hukuma.Watson, Judith; Church, Andrew (2009). "The Social Effects of Travel to Learn Patterns – A Case Study of 16–19 Year Olds in London". Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit. 24 (5): 389–414.

A wajen yankin London, matakin mafi girma na Ingila shine gundumomi 48 na bikin.United Kingdom Parliament. "Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee Contents". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 16 September 2009. Ana amfani da waɗannan da farko azaman ƙirar yanki. Daga cikin waɗannan, 38 sun haɓaka a hankali tun tsakiyar zamanai; An sake gyara su zuwa 51 a 1974 zuwa adadinsu na yanzu a 1996.Financial support for higher education students". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. House of Commons Library. 31 January 2024. Kowannensu yana da Lieutenant da Babban Sheriff; Ana amfani da waɗannan mukamai don wakiltar masarautar Burtaniya a cikin gida. Wasu larduna, irin su Herefordshire, an raba su ne kawai zuwa wuraren farar hula. Yankin sarauta na Berkshire da gundumomin birni suna da matsayi daban-daban ga sauran gundumomin bikin.The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). November 2014. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.

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