Burundi

Burundi, a hukumance Jamhuriyar Burundi, ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a Gabashin Afirka. Tana cikin Great Rift Valley a mahaɗar tsakanin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka da Kudu maso gabashin Afirka, tare da yawan mutane sama da miliyan 14. Yana da iyaka da Rwanda a arewa, Tanzania a gabas da kudu maso gabas, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yamma; Tafkin Tanganyika yana kan iyakar kudu maso yamma. babban birni siyasa shine Gitega kuma babban birnin tattalin arziki kuma birni mafi girma shine Bujumbura . 

Mutanen Twa, Hutu da Tutsi sun zauna a yankin Burundi aƙalla shekaru 500. Fiye da 200 daga cikin waɗannan shekarun, Burundi ta kasance masarauta mai zaman kanta. A shekara ta 1885, ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Gabashin Afirka. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma shan kashi na Jamus, Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta ba da umarnin yankunan Burundi da makwabciyar Rwanda zuwa Belgium a cikin yankin da ake kira Rwanda-Urundi . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wannan ya canza zuwa Ƙasar Amincewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Burundi ta sami 'yancin kai a 1962 kuma da farko ta riƙe mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 ya maye gurbin mulkin mallaka da jamhuriya mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma a cikin shekaru 27 masu zuwa, jerin masu mulkin kama-karya na kabilanci na Tutsi sun mallaki Burundi kuma musamman sun fuskanci kisan kare dangi na mutanen Hutu a shekarar 1972. A watan Yulin 1993, Melchior Ndadaye ya zama shugaban Hutu na farko na Burundi bayan Zaben shugaban kasa na farko na jam'iyyun da yawa. Kashe shi watanni uku bayan haka yayin Yunkurin juyin mulki ya haifar da Yaƙin basasar Burundi na shekaru 12. A shekara ta 2000, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Arusha, wacce aka haɗa ta cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2005. Tun daga zaben bayan yakin shekara ta 2005, jam'iyyar da ta fi rinjaye a kasar ita ce Majalisar Kasa ta Hutu da ke jagoranta don Tsaron Dimokuradiyya - Sojojin Tsaron Dimokradiyya (CNDD-FDD), wanda aka zargi da mulkin kama karya da kuma ci gaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar.

Burundi ta kasance da farko al'umma ce ta karkara, tare da kashi 13.4% na yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birane a cikin 2019.  Burundi tana da yawan jama'a, kuma matasa da yawa suna ƙaura don neman dama a wasu wurare. Kimanin kashi 81% na yawan jama'a sun fito ne daga kabilun Hutu, kashi 18% Tutsi ne, kuma kasa da kashi 1% Twa ne. Harsunan hukuma na Burundi sune Kirundi, Faransanci, da Ingilishi - Kirundi an san shi a hukumance a matsayin harshen ƙasa. An sanya Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma a cikin shekara ta 2014. 

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙasashe a Afirka, ƙasar Burundi ana amfani da ita galibi don noma da kiwo. Rashin gandun daji, Rushewar ƙasa, da asarar mazaunin sune manyan damuwa game da muhalli. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, kasar ta kusan lalace gaba daya. Kasa da kashi 6% na ƙasarsu an rufe ta da itatuwa, tare da sama da rabin wannan don shuke-shuke na kasuwanci. Burundi ita ce ƙasa mafi talauci a duniya ta hanyar GDP na kowane mutum kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yana fuskantar talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin kwanciyar hankali, mulkin mallaka da jahilci. Rahoton Farin Ciki na Duniya na 2018 ya sanya kasar a matsayin mafi ƙarancin farin ciki a duniya tare da matsayi na 156. Burundi memba ne na Tarayyar Afirka, Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC), OIF da Non-Aligned Movement .

 Magana 
Burundi ta zamani ta samo sunan ta ne daga Masarautar Burundi (Urundi) kafin mulkin mallaka, wata gwamnati da ta fito a ƙarni na 16.   Babban birnin mulkin mallaka, Usumbura, an sake masa suna Bujumbura a hukumance bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962.  

 Tarihi 
Burundi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kalilan a Afirka, tare da makwabciyarta Rwanda da sauransu (kamar Botswana, Lesotho, da Eswatini), don zama ci gaba kai tsaye na ƙasar Afirka ta zamanin mulkin mallaka. Tarihin farko na Burundi, kuma musamman rawar da yanayin manyan kabilun kasar guda uku, Twa, Hutu da Tutsi, suna da muhawara sosai tsakanin masana kimiyya.

 Masarautar Burundi 
Shaidar farko ta jihar Burundi ta samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 16 inda ta fito a gabashin tuddai. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa ya faɗaɗa, ya haɗa da ƙananan maƙwabta. Masarautar Burundi ko Urundi, a yankin Great Lakes wata siyasa ce da masarautar gargajiya ke mulki tare da sarakuna da ganwa a ƙarƙashinsa; gwagwarmayar maye gurbin ta zama ruwan dare. Sarkin, wanda aka fi sani da mwami (wanda aka fassara a matsayin mai mulki) ya jagoranci aristocracy (__ssw____ssw____sw____ssw____ssy____sw__) wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan ƙasar kuma ya buƙaci haraji, ko haraji, daga manoma na gida (musamman Hutu) da makiyaya (musamman Tutsi). Masarautar Burundi ta kasance da ikon siyasa da musayar tattalin arziki.

A tsakiyar karni na 18, sarakunan Tutsi sun karfafa iko a kan ƙasa, samarwa, da rarrabawa tare da ci gaban ubugabire - dangantakar mai kula da abokin ciniki wanda jama'a suka sami kariya ta sarauta don musayar haraji da mallakar ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, kotun sarauta ta ƙunshi Tutsi-Banyaruguru. Suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da sauran makiyaya kamar Tutsi-Hima . A cikin ƙananan matakan wannan al'umma yawanci mutanen Hutu ne, kuma a kasan dala akwai Twa. Tsarin yana da ɗan ruwa, duk da haka. Wasu mutanen Hutu sun kasance daga cikin manyan mutane kuma ta wannan hanyar suna da magana a cikin aikin jihar

Rarrabawar Hutu ko Tutsi ba kawai bisa ka'idodin kabilanci ba ne kawai. Manoman Hutu da suka sami nasarar samun dukiya da dabbobi an ba su matsayi mafi girma na Tutsi, wasu ma sun sanya shi ya zama masu ba da shawara na Ganwa. A gefe guda, akwai kuma rahotanni game da Tutsi waɗanda suka rasa dukkan dabbobinsu kuma daga baya suka rasa matsayinsu mafi girma kuma ana kiransu Hutu. Don haka, bambancin tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi ma ra'ayi ne na zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon kabilanci kawai. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni da yawa game da aure tsakanin mutanen Hutu da Tutsi. Gabaɗaya, alaƙar yanki da gwagwarmayar iko sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar Burundi fiye da kabilanci.

 Mulkin Jamus da Belgium 

Daga 1884, Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya kasance mai aiki a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. A sakamakon tashin hankali da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka tsakanin Kamfanin Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, Daular Burtaniya da Sultanate na Zanzibar, an kira Daular Jamus don kawo karshen tawaye na Abushiri da kare bukatun daular a yankin. Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya sauya hakkokinsa ga Daular Jamus a cikin 1891, ta wannan hanyar kafa mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Gabas ta Afirka, wanda ya haɗa da Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), da kuma yankin Tanzania (wanda aka fi sani da Tanganyika).  Daular Jamus ta kafa sojoji a Rwanda da Burundi a ƙarshen shekarun 1880. Wurin garin Gitega na yanzu ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa ga yankin Ruanda-Urundi.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, Yakin Gabashin Afirka ya shafi yankin Great Lakes na Afirka sosai. Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Belgian da na Birtaniya na masu iko sun kaddamar da hari a kan mulkin mallaka ya Jamus. Sojojin Jamus da ke zaune a Burundi sun tilasta su janye saboda yawan sojojin Belgium kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1916, Burundi da Rwanda sun mamaye. Force Publique da British Lake Force sun fara neman kama Tabora, cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsakiyar Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Bayan yakin, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Versailles, an tilasta wa Jamus ta ba da "ikon" na Yammacin ɓangaren tsohuwar Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka ga Belgium.

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1924, Ruanda-Urundi, wadda ta ƙunshi Rwanda da Burundi ta zamani, ta zama yankin da ƙungiyar ƙasashen duniya ta Belgium ta amince da shi, inda Usumbura ta zama babban birninta. A zahiri, an ɗauke ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Belgium . Burundi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ruanda-Urundi, ta ci gaba da daular sarautarta duk da kasancewar hukumomin Turai.  

Duk da haka, mutanen Belgium sun adana yawancin cibiyoyin masarautar; mulkin mallaka na Burundi ya yi nasarar tsira a cikin lokacin mulkin mallaka. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an rarraba Ruanda-Urundi a matsayin Ƙasar Amincewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ƙarƙashin ikon gudanarwa na Belgium. A cikin shekarun 1940, jerin manufofi sun haifar da rarrabuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1943, an raba iko a cikin majalisa na gwamnatin Burundi tsakanin shugabannin da ƙananan shugabannin. Shugabannin suna kula da ƙasa, kuma an kafa ƙananan shuwagabannin. Hukumomin 'yan asalin suna da iko. A cikin 1948, Belgium ta ba da izinin yankin ya kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun ba da gudummawa ga Burundi samun 'yancin kai daga Belgium, a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1962.

 'Yancin kai 
alt=flag white saltire cross on green and red background with plant in centre white rondel|thumb|Alamar Masarautar Burundi (1962-1966) 
alt=flag sign at flagpole and raised plaza|thumb|Independence Square da abin tunawa a Bujumbura
A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 1959, Sarki Mwami Mwambutsa IV ya nemi 'yancin Burundi daga Belgium da rushewar ƙungiyar Rwanda-Urundi.  A cikin watanni masu zuwa, jam'iyyun siyasa na Burundi sun fara ba da shawara don kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Belgium da rabuwa da Rwanda da Burundi.  Na farko kuma mafi girma daga cikin wadannan jam'iyyun siyasa shine Union for National Progress (UPRONA).

Yunkurin Burundi na samun 'yancin kai ya rinjayi Juyin Juya Halin Rwanda da kuma rikice-rikicen kabilanci da ya faru a can. A sakamakon juyin juya halin Rwanda, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Tutsi na Rwanda sun isa Burundi daga 1959 zuwa 1961. 

Zaben farko na Burundi ya faru ne a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1961 kuma UPRONA, jam'iyyar hadin kan kabilanci da ke karkashin jagorancin Yarima Louis Rwagasore ta lashe sama da kashi 80% na kuri'un masu jefa kuri'a. Bayan zaben, a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, An kashe Yarima Rwagasore mai shekaru 29, wanda ya sace Burundi daga sanannen mai kishin kasa.

Kasar ta yi ikirarin samun 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1962,  kuma ta canza sunanta daga Ruanda-Urundi zuwa Burundi.  Burundi ta zama mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki tare da Mwami Mwambutsa IV, mahaifin Yarima Rwagasore, yana aiki a matsayin sarkin kasar. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 1962 Burundi ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A shekara ta 1963, Sarki Mwambutsa ya nada Firayim Minista na Hutu, Pierre Ngendandumwe, amma wani Tutsi na Rwanda da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka ya yi aiki da shi ya kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1965. Kisan ya faru ne a cikin babban mahallin Rikicin Kongo lokacin da kasashen Yammacin masu adawa da kwaminisanci ke fuskantar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta kwaminisancin yayin da take ƙoƙarin sanya Burundi cibiyar kayan aiki ga masu tayar da kayar baya na kwaminisan kai da ke fada a Kongo. Zaben majalisar dokoki a watan Mayu 1965 ya kawo mafi rinjaye na Hutu a cikin majalisa, amma lokacin da Sarki Mwambutsa ya nada Firayim Minista na Tutsi, wasu Hutu sun ji cewa wannan ba daidai ba ne kuma tashin hankali na kabilanci ya kara karuwa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1965, an yi yunkurin juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin 'yan sanda na Hutu amma sun kasa. Sojojin Tutsi sun mamaye, sannan jami'in Tutsi Kyaftin Michel Micombero  ya wanke Hutu daga matsayinsu kuma ya kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya wanda a ƙarshe ya yi ikirarin rayukan mutane 5,000 a cikin wani shiri na kisan kiyashi na Burundi na 1972. 

Sarki Mwambutsa, wanda ya tsere daga kasar a lokacin juyin mulki Oktoba na 1965, an tsige shi ta hanyar juyin mulki a watan Yulin 1966 kuma dansa matashi, Yarima Ntare V, ya yi ikirarin kursiyin. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, Firayim Ministan Tutsi, a lokacin Kyaftin Michel Micombero, ya sake juyin mulki, a wannan lokacin ya kori Ntare, ya soke mulkin mallaka kuma ya ayyana kasar a matsayin jamhuriya, kodayake gwamnatinsa ta jam'iyya daya ta kasance mulkin kama-karya na soja.  A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Micombero ya zama mai ba da shawara ga tsarin gurguzu na Afirka kuma ya sami tallafi daga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Ya kafa tsarin mulki mai tsauri na doka da tsari kuma ya danne mulkin soja na Hutu.

 Yaƙin basasa da kisan kare dangi 
A ƙarshen Afrilu 1972, abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu sun haifar da barkewar Kisan kiyashi na farko na Burundi . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, tawaye karkashin jagorancin 'yan sanda na Hutu ya ɓarke a garuruwan Rumonge da Nyanza-Lac da ke bakin tafkin kuma' yan tawaye sun ayyana Jamhuriyar Martyazo mai gajeren lokaci. 'Yan tawayen sun kai hari kan Tutsi da duk wani Hutu da ya ki shiga tawaye. A lokacin wannan barkewar Hutu ta farko, a ko'ina daga mutane 800 zuwa 1200 aka kashe. A lokaci guda, Sarki Ntare V na Burundi ya dawo daga gudun hijira, wanda ya kara tashin hankali na siyasa a kasar. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1972, an kashe Ntare V mai shekaru 24. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, gwamnatin da ke karkashin mulkin Tutsi ta Michel Micombero ta yi amfani da sojoji don yaki da 'yan tawayen Hutu da kuma aikata kisan kare dangi, kashe mambobin mafi rinjaye na Hutu. Ba a taɓa tabbatar da jimlar wadanda suka mutu ba, amma ƙididdigar zamani ta sanya adadin mutanen da aka kashe tsakanin 80,000 da 210,000.   Bugu da kari, an kiyasta daruruwan dubban Hutu sun tsere daga kisan kai zuwa Zaire, Rwanda da Tanzania.

Bayan yakin basasa da kisan kare dangi, Micombero ya zama mai damuwa kuma ya janye. A shekara ta 1976, Kanal Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Tutsi, ya jagoranci juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba don hambarar da Micombero kuma ya fara inganta sake fasalin. Gwamnatinsa ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1981, wanda ya ci gaba da matsayin Burundi a matsayin jam'iyya daya. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1984, an zabi Bagaza a matsayin shugaban kasa. A lokacin mulkinsa, Bagaza ya danne abokan adawar siyasa da 'yancin addini.

Manjo Pierre Buyoya, ɗan Tutsi, ya hambarar da Bagaza a shekarar 1987, ya dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki sannan ya rusa jam'iyyun siyasa. Ya maido da mulkin soja ta hannun Kwamitin Soja don Ceto na Ƙasa (CSMN).  Yaɗa farfagandar ƙabilanci ta nuna wariya ga Tutsi da ragowar UBU na 1972, wanda aka sake tsara shi a matsayin PALIPEHUTU a shekarar 1981, ya haifar da kisan gillar manoman Tutsi a yankunan arewacin Ntega da Marangara a watan Agusta na 1988. Gwamnati ta ce adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai 5,000.  wasu ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ƙasa da ƙasa  sun yi imani da cewa wannan bai rage yawan mutuwar ba.

Sabuwar gwamnatin ba ta fitar da mummunan ramuwar gayya na 1972 ba. Kokarinta na samun amincewar jama'a ya ragu lokacin da ta zartar da afuwa ga waɗanda suka yi kira, suka aiwatar, kuma suka ɗauki alhakin kisan. Masu sharhi sun kira wannan lokacin farkon "al'adar rashin hukuntawa." Wasu masu sharhi sun bayyana asalin "al'adar rashin hukuntawa" a baya, a cikin 1965 da 1972, lokacin da ƙaramin adadin 'yan Hutus da aka san su da shi suka aikata manyan kisan gilla ga 'yan Tutsi. 

Bayan kisan, wani rukuni na masu ilimi na Hutu sun rubuta wasika ga Pierre Buyoya, suna neman karin wakilci na Hutu a cikin gwamnati. An kama su kuma an daure su. Bayan 'yan makonni, Buyoya ya nada sabuwar gwamnati, tare da daidaitattun ministocin Hutu da Tutsi. Ya nada Adrien Sibomana (Hutu) a matsayin Firayim Minista. Buyoya ya kuma kirkiro kwamiti don magance batutuwan hadin kan kasa. A shekara ta 1992, gwamnati ta kirkiro sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya samar da tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa,  amma yakin basasa ya ɓarke.

Kimanin mutane 250,000 ne suka mutu a Burundi daga rikice-rikice daban-daban tsakanin 1962 da 1993.

Tun lokacin da Burundi ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, an yi kisan kare dangi guda biyu a kasar: kisan kiyashi na Hutu na 1972 da sojojin da suka mamaye Tutsi suka yi,  da kisan kiyashin Tutsis a 1993 da yawancin Hutu suka yi. Dukansu an bayyana su a matsayin kisan kare dangi a cikin rahoton karshe na Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya don Burundi da aka gabatar a 2002 ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Ƙasashen Afirka
Rukuni:Burundi
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba