Sin

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Sin ko Jamhuriyar jama'ar Sin, kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Asiya. Sin tana da yawan fili kimanin  kilomita araba'i 9,596,961. Sin tana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutane biliyan daya da  miliyan dari hudu da uku da dubu dari biyar  da dari uku da sittin da biyar 1,403,500,365, bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2016. Babban birnin Sin shine Beijing. Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó
 the disputed Taiwan Province. See § Administrative divisions.
Sin tayi iyaka da kasashe kamar haka: Rasha, Kazakystan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Mangolia, Koriya ta Arewa, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indiya, Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan kuma da Pakistan.

 Al'umma 

 Asalinta 
Kasar Sin (Guangdong ta yau), Mangi (cikin yankin Xanton), da Cataio (cikin kasar Sin da Chequan, gami da babban birnin kasar Cambalu, da Xandu, da gadar marmara) duk an nuna su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban a wannan taswirar 1570 na Abraham Ortelius.
An yi amfani da kalmar "China" a cikin Ingilishi tun karni na 16; duk da haka, Sinawa da kansu ba su yi amfani da shi ba a wannan lokacin. An samo asalinsa ta hanyar Fotigal, Malay, da Farisa zuwa kalmar Sanskrit Cīna, da aka yi amfani da ita a tsohuwar Indiya."China". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-03-28.ISBN 0-1995-7315 ] " Next into this, is found the great China, whose king is thought to be the greatest prince in the world, and is named Santoa Raia".[China". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-03-28.ISBN 0-1995-7315-8  Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin. ,"China". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-03-28.ISBN 0-1995-7315-8 ] An samo amfani da Barbosa dagba Farisa Chīn (चीन), wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit Cīna (चीन).   Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin. asalin kalmar Sanskrit batu ne na muhawara. BC). China". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-03-28.ISBN 0-1995-7315-8 a cikin 1655, Martino Martini ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar Sin ta samo asali ne daga sunan daular Qin (221-206 KZ) Wade, Geoff. "The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 188, May 2009, p. 20., [.Wade, Geoff. "The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 188, May 2009, p. 20. Bodde, Derk (1986). "The state and empire of Ch'in". In Denis Twitchett; Michael Loewe (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. doi:10.1017/ Yule, Henry (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-8-1206-1966-1. Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-6740-0249-4.
Martino, Martin, Novus Atlas Siv nensis, Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.
Sunan hukuma na jihar zamani shine "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin" (Sinawan Saukake: 中华人民和和国; Sinawa na gargajiya: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó). Gajeren tsari shine "China" (中国; 中國;  Tang, Xiaoyang; Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2010). Greater China in an Era of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-7391-3534-1. sanan Zhongguo kuma ana fassara shi da 'Middle Kingdom' a Turanci.国唐人街两面"中国"国旗之争" [The dispute over two "Chinese" flags in Chinatown, USA]. BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-11-05. s.[Chou Hsi-wei on Conflict Zone". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2020-11-05. So-called 'China', we call it 'Mainland', we are 'Taiwan'. Together we are 'China'. What's behind China-Taiwan tensions?". BBC News. 6 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2022-11-10. "What's behind China-Taiwan tensions?"

Tarihi
Babban labarin: Tarihin kasar Sin
Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin kasar Sin.
Tarihi

Tukwane mai shekaru 10,000, al'adun kogon Xianren (18000-7000 KZ)
Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa farkon hominids sun zauna a kasar Sin shekaru miliyan 2.25 da suka wuce."The Peking Man World Heritage Site Zhoukoudian"Burbushin halittu na Peking Man, Homo erectusewanda ya yi amfani da wuta, Shen, G.; Gao, X.; Gao, B.; Granger, De (March 2009). "Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus determined with (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating". Nature. 458 (7235): 198–200. doi:10.1038/nature07741. PMID 19279636. S2CID 19264385. ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 680,000 zuwa 780,000 da suka wuce. "Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'" An gano burbushin hakora na Homo sapiens (wanda ya kai shekaru 125,000-80,000 da suka wuce) a cikin kogon Fuyan. "'Earliest writing' found in China" Rubutun Sinanci ya kasance a Jiahu a shekara ta 6600 KZ, Qiu Xigui (2000) Chinese Writing English translation of 文字學概論 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 978-1-5572-9071a Damaidi a wajajen shekara ta 6000 KZ, Tanner, Harold M. (2009). China: A History. Hackett. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8722-0915-2. daga 5800 zuwa 5400 KZ, da Banpo wanda aka yi tun daga karni na 5 KZ. Wasu malaman sun yi nuni da cewa alamomin Jiahu (milani na 7 KZ) su ne tsarin rubutun Sinanci na farko."'Earliest writing' found in China"
Bronze Age China". National Gallery of Art. 19 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 

Mulkin dynastic na farko
Ƙarin bayani: Sarakuna uku da sarakuna biyar, daular Xia, daular Shang, daular Zhou, lokacin bazara da kaka, da lokacin jahohin yaƙi.
Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-8451-9172-6.
Yinxu, kango na babban birnin daular Shang (ƙarni na 14 KZ) An rubuta Xia shekaru dubu bayan ranar da ka bayar da rugujewarsu. A cikin 1958, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wuraren da ke cikin al'adun Erlitou da suka wanzu a farkon shekarun Bronze; tun daga lokacin an siffanta su a matsayin ragowar Xia na tarihi, amma ana ƙi wannan tunanin sau da yawa.[Tanner, Harold M. (2009). China: A History. Hackett. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8722-0915-2., ] Bronze Age China". National Gallery of Art. 19 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-11.] China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization. City University of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 25. ISBN 978-9-6293-7140-1. Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The History of China. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-6153-0181-2.

Farkon mulkin dynastic
Ƙarin bayani: Sarakuna uku da sarakuna biyar, daular Xia, daular Shang, daular Zhou, lokacin bazara da kaka, da lokacin jahohin yaƙi.

Yinxu, kango na babban birnin daular Shang (ƙarni na 14 KZ)
Bisa labarin tarihi na gargajiya na kasar Sin, an kafa daular Xia ne a karshen karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, wanda ya zama farkon tsarin daular da aka fahimci cewa yana da nasaba da tarihin siyasar kasar Sin baki daya. A wannan zamani na zamani, an kara duba tarihin Xia, a wani bangare saboda shaidar da aka sani na Xia an rubuta shekaru dubu bayan da aka bayar da rugujewarsu. A cikin 1958, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wuraren da ke cikin al'adun Erlitou da suka wanzu a farkon shekarun Bronze; tun daga lokacin an siffanta su a matsayin ragowar Xia na tarihi, amma ana ƙi wannan tunanin sau da yawa.Tanner, Harold M. (2009). China: A History. Hackett. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8722-0915-2. Bronze Age China". National Gallery of Art. 19 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-11.  China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization. City University of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 25. ISBN 978-9-6293-7140-1. Daular Shang wadda ta gaji Xia na al'ada ita ce farkon wanda akwai rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na zamani da kuma shaidun archaeological waɗanda ba a jayayya ba Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The History of China. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-6153-0181-2. ]Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The History of China. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-6153-0181-2. Rubutun kashi na baka, wanda aka tabbatar daga c. 1250 KZ amma gabaɗaya ana ɗauka cewa ya tsufa sosai,  Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-8451-9172-6.  Boltz, William G. (February 1986). "Early Chinese Writing". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 436. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979980. JSTOR 124705. yana wakiltar mafi kyawun sanannen nau'in rubutaccen Sinanci,  Hollister, Pam (1996). "Zhengzhou". In Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 904. ISBN 978-1-8849 kuma shine kakannin haruffan Sinanci na zamani.Allan, Keith (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-1995-8584-7.

Zhou, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin karni na 11 zuwa na 5 KZ, ya hambarar da kabilar Shang, duk da cewa sarakunan Fengjian sun lalata ikon Dan Sama a hankali. Daga karshe wasu masarautun sun fito daga Zhou mai rauni kuma ."Warring States". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
Sima, Qian (1993) [c. 91 BCE]. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by Watson, Burton. Hong Kong: Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-231-08165-0.

Daular Sin
Ƙarin bayani: Daular Sinawa da Tarihin Sin § Imperial China
Qin a Han

Fadada daular Han a kudu a karni na 2 KZ
A shekara ta 221 K.Z., lokacin da ake fama da rikici ya kare bayan da jihar Qin ta ci sauran jihohi shida, ta sake hadewa da kasar Sin da kafa tsarin mulkin kama-karya. Sarki Zheng na Qin ya shelanta kansa a matsayin sarkin daular Qin, inda ya zama sarki na farko na hadaddiyar kasar Sin. Ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren shari'a na Qin, musamman daidaita haruffan Sinanci, ma'auni, faɗin hanya, da kuɗi. Daularsa ta kuma ci nasara kan kabilar Yue a Guangxi, Guangdong, da Arewacin Vietnam. Sima, Qian (1993) [c. 91 BCE]. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by Watson, Burton. Hong Kong: Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-231-08165-0. daular Qin ta dau shekaru goma sha biyar kacal, ta fadi jim kadan bayan rasuwar Sarkin sarakuna na farko Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Loewe (eds.). The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–,[Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Belknap. ISBN 978-0-6740-2477-9.
burning of books and burying of scholars
Bayan tashe-tashen hankula a lokacin da aka kona ɗakin karatu na daular, daular Han ta fito ta mallaki kasar Sin tsakanin 206 KZ da 220 CE, ta haifar da al'adu tsakanin al'ummarta har yanzu ana tunawa da kabilanci na kabilar Han na zamani.[Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Vol. 1: From Human Origins to 1500 CE. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-1350-8822-4. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Belknap. ISBN 978-0-6740-2477-9. Han ya fadada yankin daular sosai, tare da yakin neman zabe ya kai tsakiyar Asiya, Mongoliya, Koriya, da Yunnan, da kwato Guangdong da arewacin Vietnam daga Nanyue. Shiga Han a tsakiyar Asiya da Sogdia ya taimaka wajen kafa hanyar siliki ta ƙasa, ta maye gurbin hanyar da ta gabata a kan Himalayas zuwa Indiya. Han kasar Sin sannu a hankali ya zama mafi girman tattalin arziki a zamanin da.,Dahlman, Carl J.; Aubert, Jean-Eric (2001). China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century (Report). WBI Development Studies. Herndon, VA: World Bank Publications. ERIC ED460052. Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Loewe (eds.). The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 1. Cambridge University

Masarautu guda uku, 
daular Jin, arewa da kudu
Bayan kawo karshen daular Han, wani lokaci ya biyo bayan fadace-fadacen da ake kira daular Uku, wanda a karshensa ne daular Jin ta yi gaggawar hambarar da Wei. Jin ya fada yakin basasa bayan hawan wani sarki nakasassu; Daga nan sai Barbariyawa biyar suka yi tawaye suka yi mulkin arewacin China a matsayin Jihohi goma sha shida. Xianbei ya hada su a matsayin Arewacin Wei, wanda Sarkinsa Xiaowen ya sauya manufofin wariyar launin fata na magabata, ya kuma tilasta wa al'ummarsa yin zunubi. A kudancin kasar, Janar Liu Yu ya amince da murabus din Jin ya yi amfani da wakabsbr Liu. Magada daban-daban na waɗannan jahohin sun zama sanannun daular Arewa da Kudancin, inda a ƙarshe Sui suka sake hade yankunan biyu a 581.
Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors. Thames & Hudson. p. 136. ISBN 0-5000-5090-2.
Sui, Tang da Song
Sui ya mayar da Han kan karagar mulki ta hanyar kasar Sin, ya gyara aikin noma, tattalin arziki da tsarin jarrabawar masarauta, ya gina babban mashigin ruwa, ya kuma baiwa addinin Buddah goyon baya. Koyaya, sun faɗi cikin sauri lokacin da aikinsu na aikin jama'a da yaƙin da bai yi nasara ba a Koriya ta Arewa ya haifar da tarzoma Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A new history of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 47 Graff, David Andrew (2002). Medieval Chinese warfare, 300–900. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 0-4152-3955-9. A karkashin daular Tang da Song da suka gaji, tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, fasaha da al'adu sun shiga zamanin zinare. Adshead, S. A. M. (2004). T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 54. doi:10.1057/9780230005518_2. ISBN 9780230005518. daular Tang ta ci gaba da kula da yankunan Yamma da hanyar siliki,  Nishijima, Sadao (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Former Han". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–607. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.012. ISBN 978-0-5212-4327-8. wanda ya kawo 'yan kasuwa har zuwa Mesofotamiya da Kahon Afirka,  Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 104–105. kuma ya mai da babban birnin kasar Chang'an ya zama babban birni na ko'ina. Duk da haka, tawayen An Lushan ya lalata shi kuma ya raunana shi a karni na 8.China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization. City University of HK Press. 200 7. p. 71. ISBN 978-9-6293-7140 Huang, Siu-Chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-3132-6449-8.

Yuan

Sarkin farko na kasar Sin, Qin Shi Huang, ya shahara wajen hada katangar kasashe masu fada da juna, wajen kafa babbar katangar kasar Sin. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki bDaily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276 yanzun ya kasance zuwa daular Ming.Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8047-0720-6. OCLC 1029050217.
Yaƙin Mongol na China ya fara ne a cikin 1205 tare da yaƙin yammacin Xia na Genghis Khan May, Timothy (2012). The Mongol Conquests in World History. Reaktion. p. 1211. ISBN 978-1-8618-9971-2 wanda shi ma ya mamaye yankunan Jin. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World A shekara ta 1271, shugaban Mongol Kublai Khan ya kafa daular Yuan, wadda ta ci ragowar daular Song ta karshe a shekarar 1279. Kafin mamayewar Mongol, yawan jama'ar kasar Sin sun kai miliyan 120; an rage wannan zuwa miliyan 60 a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 1300 Ho, Ping-ti (1970). "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China". Études Song. 1 (1): 33–53. . Baƙauye mai suna Zhu Yuanzhang ya hambarar da Yuan a shekara ta 1368 kuma ya kafa daular Ming a matsayin Sarkin Hongwu. A karkashin daular Ming, kasar Sin ta sake samun wani zamani na zinari, inda ta bunkasa daya daga cikin mafi karfin sojan ruwa a duniya, da tattalin arziki mai wadata da wadata a fannin fasaha da al'adu. A wannan lokacin ne Admiral Zheng He ya jagoranci tafiye-tafiyen taskokin Ming a ko'ina cikin tekun Indiya, har zuwa gabashin Afirka.Rice, Xan (25 July 2010). "Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
Rice, Xan (25 July 2010). "Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2020-01-16

Ming
A farkon daular Ming, an mayar da babban birnin kasar Sin daga Nanjing zuwa Beijing. Da bunkasuwar tsarin jari-hujja, masana falsafa irin su Wang Yangming sun soki tare da fadada Neo-Confucianism tare da ra'ayi na mutum-mutumi da daidaito na ayyuka hudu ]论明末士人阶层与资本主义萌芽的关系. 8 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved   Qing dynasty". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2018-03-09. Retrieved  Roberts, John M. (1997). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 272. ISBN 0-1951-1504  A shekara ta 1644, haɗin gwiwar sojojin ƴan tawayen manoma karkashin jagorancin Li Zicheng sun kwace birnin Beijing. Fletcher, Joseph (1978). "Ch'ing Inner Asia c. 1800". In John K. Fairbank (ed.). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 10, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521214476.003. ISBN 978-1-1390-5477-5.
Deng, Kent (2015). China's Population Expansion and Its Causes during the Qing Period, 1644–1911 (PDF). p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-09. Retrieved 2023-08-28.

Qing

Cin nasarar Qing na Ming da fadada daular
Daular Qing, wacce ta dade daga 1644 zuwa 1912, ita ce daular daular karshe ta kasar Sin. Rikicin Ming-Qing (1618-1683) ya jawo asarar rayuka miliyan 25, amma da alama Qing ya maido da ikon daular kasar Sin, ya kuma kaddamar da wani fure na fasaha Rowe, William (2010). China's Last Empire – The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674054554.] <> A halin da ake ciki kuma, karuwar yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ta dawo kuma ba da dadewa ba ta fara karuwa. An yi imani da cewa, yawan al'ummar kasar Sin kafin zamani ya sami bunkasuwa biyu, daya a lokacin wakokin Arewa (960-1127), daya n kbuma a zamanin Qing (wajen 1700-1830). 中国通史·明清史. 九州出版社. 2010. pp. 104–112. ISBN 978-7-5108-0062-7I   ARowe, William (2010). China's Last Empire – The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674054554., daya hannun kuma, an karfafa tsarin mulkin mallaka a wani bangare don murkushe kyamar Qing tare da manufar kimanta aikin gona da hana kasuwanci, [中国通史·明清史. 九州出版社. 2010. pp. 104–112. ISBN 978-7-5108-0062-7.] https://web.archive.org/web/20180804062413/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html
Tamura, Eileen (1997) China: Understanding Its Past. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0-8248-1923-3 p.146
华通史·第十卷. 花城出版社. 1996. p. 71. ISBN 978-7-5360-2320-8.
The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)". Chinese Revolution. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
Ƙungiyar kasashe takwas ta mamaye kasar Sin don kayar da 'yan wasan dambe na kasashen waje da masu goyon bayan Qing. Hoton ya nuna bikin biki a cikin gidan sarautar kasar Sin, birnin da aka haramta bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dambe a shekarar 1901.
A tsakiyar karni na 19, yakin Opium tare da Birtaniya da Faransa sun tilasta wa kasar Sin biyan diyya, bude tashar jiragen ruwa, ba da izini ga 'yan kasashen wajen.   , da kuma mika Hong Kong ga Birtaniya  Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching karkashin 1842 Yarjejeniyar Nanking, na farko na abin da aka kira yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba. Yaƙin Sino-Japan na farko (1894-1895) ya haifar da asarar tasiri na Qing ayankin Koriya, da kuma ficewar Taiwan zuwa Japan ]apanese War (1894–1895)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2022-01-16. kuma "Dimensions of need – People and populations at risk". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
Enhan (李恩涵), Li (2004). 近代中國外交史事新研. 臺灣商務印書館. p. 78. ISBN 978-9-5705-1891
Kafa Jamhuriyar da yakin duniya na biyu
Babban labarin: Jamhuriyar Sin (1912-1949)
Ƙarin bayani: juyin juya halin 1911, yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, yakin basasa na kasar Sin, da juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin.
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1912, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Sin, kuma aka nada Sun Yat-sen na Kuomintang (KMT) a matsayin shugaban wucin gadi.Xiaobing, Li (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 13, 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8131-2438- A watan Maris na shekara ta 1912, aka bai wa Yuan Shikai, tsohon janar na Qing, wanda a shekara ta 1915 ya yi shelar kansa a matsayin Sarkin China. Dangane da tofin Allah tsine da adawa daga nasa sojojin Beiyang, an tilasta masa yin murabus tare da sake kafa jamhuriyar a shekara ta 1916.Haw, Stephen (2006). Beijing: A Concise History. Taylor & Francis. p. 143. ISBN 0-4153-9906-8. Bayan mutuwar Yuan Shikai a shekara ta 1916, kasar Sin ta rabu cikin siyasa. Gwamnatinta mai tushe ta birnin Beijing ta samu karbuwa a duniya amma ba ta da karfi; sarakunan yaki na yanki ne ke iko da mafi yawan yankunansa. Elleman, Bruce (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 0-4152-1474-2.] A wannan lokacin, kasar Sin ta shiga yakin duniya na daya kuma ta ga wani yunkuri na jama'a mai nisa (Mai Hudu)[Hutchings, Graham (2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. p. 459. ISBN 0-6740-1240-2.

Panda, Ankit (5 May 2015). "The Legacy of China's May Fourth Movement". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2024-02-22. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
Chiang Kai-shek da Mao Zedong suna cin abinci tare a cikin 1945 bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu.
A ƙarshen 1920s, Kuomintang a ƙarƙashin Chiang Kai-shek ya sami damar sake haɗa ƙasar ƙarƙashin ikonta tare da jerin dabarun soja da dabarun siyasa waɗanda aka sani tare da Balaguron Arewa.Zarrow, Peter (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 0-4153-6447-7. Zhao, Suisheng (2000). China and Democracy: Reconsidering the Prospects for a Democratic China. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 0-4159-2694- Kuomintang ya mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Nanjing tare da aiwatar da "ilimin siyasa", wani matsakaicin mataki na ci gaban siyasa wanda aka zayyana a cikin shirin Sun Yat-sen na ka'idoji guda uku na jama'a don mayar dakasar Sin zuwa dimokiradiyya ta zamani.[,,Tien, Hung-Mao (1972). Government and Politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937. Vol. 53. Stanford University Press. pp. 60–72. ISBN 0-8047-0812-6 Apter, David Ernest; Saich, Tony (1994). Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic. Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-6747-6780 Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan". BBC. Archived from the original on 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2013-07-14. Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan". BBC. Archived from the original on 2015-11-28. Retrieved  Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East" Archived 4 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). November 1948. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Moscow Declaration on general security". Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947. United Nations. 1947. p. 3. OCLC 243471225. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015

Jamhuriyar Jama'a
Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1949-1976)Tien, Hung-mao (1991). "The Constitutional Conundrum and the Need for Reform". In Feldman, Harvey (ed.). Constitutional Reform and the Future of the Republic of China. M. E. Sharpe. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8733-2880-7. 1964: China's first atomic bomb explodes". china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
Gaddis, John Lewis (1972). The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947. Columbia University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-2311-2239-9.
An gudanar da bikin kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin da karfe 3:00 na yammacin ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949. Hoton da ke sama ya nuna sanarwar da Mao Zedong ya yi na kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a dandalin Tiananmen.<refHart-Landsberg, Martin; Burkett, Paul (March 2005). China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-5836-7123-8. ("Review". Monthly Review. 28 February 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-10 Westcott, Ben; Lee, Lily (30 September 2019). "They were born at the start of Communist China. 70 years later, their country is unrecognizable". CNN. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Hart-Landsberg, Martin; Burkett, Paul (March 2005). China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-5836-7123-8. ("Review". Monthly Review. 28 February 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008
Kasar Sin ta yi nasara amma yaki ya barke da rashin kudi. Ci gaba da rashin amana tsakanin Kuomintang da 'yan gurguzu ya haifar da sake barkewar yakin basasa. An kafa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1947, amma saboda tashe-tashen hankula da ake fama da su, ba a taba aiwatar da wasu tanade-tanade na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin ba.Tien, Hung-mao (1991). "The Constitutional Conundrum and the Need for Reform". In Feldman, Harvey (ed.). Constitutional Reform and the Future of the Republic of China.  Red Capture of Hainan Island". The Tuscaloosa News. 9 May 1950. Archived from the original on 2023-08
 Moscow Declaration on general security". Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947. United Nations. 1947. p. 3. OCLC 243471225. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949, shugaban jam'iyyar CCP Mao Zedong ya yi shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin a hukumance a dandalin Tiananmen na birnin Beijing.,"The Tibetans" (PDF). University of Southern California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-07-20. A cikin 1950, PRC ta kama Hainan daga ROC  Red Capture of Hainan Island". The Tuscaloosa News. 9 May 1950. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. kuma ta hade Tibet. Tibetans" (PDF). University of Southern California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-07-20. ] Duk da haka, sauran dakarun Kuomintang sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yammacin kasar Sin a tsawon shekarun 1950. Garver, John W. (1997). The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7656-0025-7. Hukumar CCP ta karfafa shahararta a tsakanin manoma ta hanyar kungiyar Reform Movement, wanda ya hada da kisa-kisan da gwamnati ta yi wa masu gidaje miliyan 1 zuwa 2 da manoma da tsofaffin masu haya suka yi. Busky, Donald (2002). Communism in History and Theory. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-2759-7733-7. da yake tun farko jam'iyyar PRC ta yi kawance da Tarayyar Soviet, amma sannu a hankali dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu masu ra'ayin gurguzu ta tabarbare, lamarin da ya sa kasar Sin ta samar da tsarin masana'antu mai cin gashin kansa da makaman nukiliyarta."A Country Study: China". loc.gov. Area handbook series. January 1988. Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2017-10-03. Hamrin, Carol Lee; Zhao, Suisheng (15 January 1995). Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders. M.E. Sharpe. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7656-3694to
Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (Yale University Press, 1997
Yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ya karu daga miliyan 550 a shekarar 1950 zuwa miliyan 900 a shekarar 1974. Holmes, Madelyn (2008). Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews. McFarland. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7864 Mirsky, Jonathan (9 December 2012). "Unnatural Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2012-12-07. Holmes, Leslie (2009). Communism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-1995-5154-5. Most estimates of the number of Chinese dead are in the range of 15 to 30 million.

Gyarawa da tarihin zamani
Manyan labarai: Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1976-1989), Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1989-2002), da tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (2002- yanzu)
Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (23 October 2022). "Xi Jinping's party is just getting started". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2022-10-23. owest Places on Earth". National Park Service. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved  Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. PMC 6207062
An kawo karshen zanga-zangar da aka yi a dandalin Tiananmen a shekarar 1989 da kisan gilla da sojoji suka jagoranta.
Bayan mutuwar Mao, Hua Guofeng ta kama Gang na hudu kuma ta dauki alhakin juyin juya halin al'adu. An sake farfado da juyin al'adu, tare da gyara miliyoyin mutane. Deng Xiaoping ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1978, kuma ya kafa manyan gyare-gyare a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki, tare da "dattijai takwas", mafiya manya da masu fada a ji a jam'iyyar.  Hamrin, Carol Lee; Zhao, Suisheng (15 January 1995). Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders. M.E. Sharpe. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7656-3694-2. <> An wargaza tattara ayyukan noma tare da mayar da filayen noma. Yayin da kasuwancin ketare ya zama babban abin mayar da hankali, an ƙirƙiri yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs). "Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1982)" Kasar Sin ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkinta a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1982. ]"The Impact of Tiananmen on China's Foreign Policy"

A shekarar 1989, an yi zanga-zanga irin ta dandalin Tiananmen, sannan a duk fadin kasar."Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies" ] (matsayi na rayuwa)."Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies"  "China Gets Down to Business at Party Congress"  ]Vogel, Ezra (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Belknap Press. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-6747-2586-7. Tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ya ninka sau bakwai a wannan lokaci.Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies". Associated Press. 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Hong Kong na Burtaniya da Macau na Portuguese sun dawo kasar Sin a cikin 1997 da 1999, kamar yadda ."Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies"

Belt and Road Initiative da kuma sauran ayyuka
A babban taron CCP karo na 16 a shekarar 2002, Hu Jintao ya gaji Jiang a matsayin babban sakatare.Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Belknap Press. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-6747-2586-7.  Carter, Shan; Cox, Amanda; Burgess, Joe; Aigner, Erin (26 August 2007). "China's Environmental Crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2012-05-16. Griffiths, Daniel (16 April 2004). "China worried over pace of growth". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2006-04-16. kuma ya haifar da babban gudun hijira na zamantakewa."China's anti-corruption campaign expands with new agency"
Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-3002-6883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. S2CID 253067190

Yanayi
Babban labarin: Yanayin kasar Sin
Ƙarin bayani: Great Green Wall (China)
Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-3002
Taswirar rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger don babban yankin kasar SinRegional Climate Studies of China. Springer. 2008. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-5407-9242-0.
Yanayin kasar Sin ya fi mamaye lokacin rani da damina, wanda ke haifar da bayyana bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin lokacin sanyi da bazara. Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. PMC 

Babban batun muhalli a kasar Sin shi ne ci gaba da fadada hamadarta, musamman hamadar Gobi.China's New Growth Pathway: From the 14th Five-Year Plan to Carbon Neutrality (PDF) (Report). Energy Foundation China. December 2020. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2020-12-16. Ko da yake layukan bishiyu da aka dasa tun shekarun 1970 sun rage yawan guguwar yashi, dadewar fari da rashin aikin gona ya haifar da guguwar kura da ta addabi arewacin kasar Sin a duk lokacin bazara, wanda daga nan ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan gabashin Asiya, ciki har da Japan da Koriya. Ingancin ruwa, da zaizayar kasa, da magance gurbatar yanayi sun zama muhimman batutuwa a dangantakar kasar Sin da sauran kasashe. Narke dusar kankara a cikin Himalayas na iya haifar da karancin ruwa ga daruruwan miliyoyin mutane.^"Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm" A cewar masana, don takaita canjin yanayi a kasar Sin zuwa 1.5 ° C (2.7 ° F) wutar lantarki daga kwal a kasar Sin ba tare da kama carbon ba, dole ne a kawar da shi nan da shekarar 2045.[ Reilly, Michael (24 November 2008). "Himalaya glaciers melting much faster". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2011-09-21. Swithin (19 May 2022). "Guest post: Why China is set to significantly overachieve its 2030 climate goals". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-05-24.

An yi la'akari da kididdigar gwamnati a hukumance game da yawan amfanin gona na kasar Sin ba abin dogaro ba ne, saboda wuce gona da iri da ake nomawa a matakan gwamnatoci na rreshCountries by commodity". FAOSTAT. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-01-16 Countries by commodity". FAOSTAT. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
136] A shekarar 2021, kashi 12 cikin 100 na ciyawa da kiwo na dindindin na duniya na kasar Sin ne, da kuma kashi 8% na filayen noman duniya.World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

 Manazarta 

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