Daular Sokoto

Halifancin Sokoto ( Arabic  , a zahiri: Halifanci a Ƙasar Sudan ), wanda kuma aka sani da Sarkin Musulmi,  ya kasance Khalifancin Musulmi Ahlus Sunna a Yammacin Afirka . Usman dan Fodio ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1804 a lokacin jihadin Fulani bayan fatattakar daular Hausa a yakin Fulani . Iyakar daular khalifa ta kai wasu sassan Kamaru da Burkina Faso da Nijar da Najeriya a halin yanzu.   A shekara ta 1837, Khalifanci yana da yawan mutane miliyan 10-20, wanda ya zama daula mafi yawan jama'a a yammacin Afirka .   An wargaje lokacin da Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Jamusawa suka mamaye yankin a shekarar 1903 suka mayar da shi cikin sabuwar kafuwar Arewacin Najeriya Protectorate, Senegambia da Niger da Kamerun (na karshen yakin Adamawa ) bi da bi.

Halifa ta fito ne bayan da Sarkin Hausa Yunfa ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Usman Dan Fodio a cikin 1802. Don guje wa tsanantawa, Usman da mabiyansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Gudu a watan Fabrairun 1804. Mabiyan Usman sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga Usman a matsayin Kwamandan Masu Aminci (). A shekara ta 1808, Khalifancin Sokoto ya sami iko a kan Hausaland da jihohin da ke kewaye da shi. A karkashin Khalifa na shida Ahmadu Rufai, jihar ta kai iyakarta, ta rufe babban yanki na Yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1903, sojojin Burtaniya sun kashe Khalifa na goma sha biyu kuma na karshe Attahiru, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Khalifa.

Developed in the context of multiple independent Hausa Kingdoms, at its peak, the caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and 10–20+ million people in the largest independent polity in the continent at the time. According to historian John Iliffe, Sokoto was "the most prosperous region in tropical Africa." The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the Amir al-Mu'minin, the Sultan of Sokoto.

Bayin sun yi aiki a gonaki kuma yawancin jama'a sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci. A shekara ta 1900, Sokoto tana da "akalla miliyan 1 kuma watakila kusan bayi miliyan 2.5" na biyu ne kawai ga Kudancin Amurka (wanda ke da miliyan huɗu a 1860) a cikin girman tsakanin dukkan al'ummomin bayi na zamani. Jan Stafford Hogendorn da Paul Ellsworth Lovejoy sun rubuta cewa "Kimaninmu ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa bayi sun kasance tsakanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu da rabi na yawan jama'ar Khalifanci, wanda tabbas ya ƙidaya miliyoyin da yawa kuma watakila kusan miliyan 10".

Kodayake masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun soke ikon siyasa na Khalifanci, an riƙe taken sultan kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar matsayi na addini ga Musulmai Sunni a yankin har zuwa yau. Jihad din Usman Dan Fodio ya yi wahayi zuwa ga jerin jihadi masu alaƙa a wasu sassan Savanna da Sahel na Sudan da ke nesa da iyakokin abin da ke yanzu Najeriya wanda ya haifar da kafa jihohin Islama a yankunan da ke yanzu a cikin Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Sudan.Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. 

Kyautar Khalifancin Sokoto da koyarwar Usman dan Fodio sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a tarihin yankin, gami da Najeriya ta zamani da Afirka ta Yamma. Zamanin Sokoto ya samar da wasu sanannun marubuta a Yammacin Afirka tare da manyan shugabannin masu gyara guda uku, Usman, Abdullahi da Bello, suna rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari uku da aka haɗa a kan batutuwa daban-daban, gami da ma'ana, tafsir, lissafi, shugabanci, doka, ilimin taurari, nahawu, magani, da sauransu. Wasu sanannun malamai na wannan zamanin sune Shaikh Dan Tafa da Nana Asma'u . Dukkanin wadannan malamai har yanzu ana nazarin su sosai a Yammacin Afirka da wasu har zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya.

 Sunayen suna 
Throughout the 19th century, the Islamic state founded by Usman dan Fodio had no fixed name. In Hausa, the local lingua franca, it was sometimes referred to as daular 'Uthmaniyya ("Uthmani state"), not to be confused with the Ottoman state, the original daular 'uthmaniyya. Usman and his successors, who ruled from Sokoto, used the title of Commander of the Believers (Amir al-mu'minin in Arabic; Sarkin Musulmi in Hausa; Lamido Julbe in Fulfulde). The townspeople of the capital, Sokoto, were known as Kadirawa, followers of the Qadiriyya Sufi order.: lix 

Bayan nasarar da Burtaniya ta yi a Sokoto, mai mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya nada Muhammad Attahiru II a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na sabuwar Masarautar Sokoto, yana nuna asarar ikon mallaka a kan sauran sarakuna da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga gwamnan. Ba kamar sauran sarakuna na asali a yankin ba, duk da haka, an ba shi taken girmamawa na Sultan. Ba a taɓa amfani da taken ba a ƙarni na 19 kuma an tanada shi ne kawai ga sarakuna masu ƙasƙanci, kamar su sarakunan Kano da Zaria, duka manyan biranen da ke da alhakin Khalifa a Sokoto.

A cikin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960, Murray Last ne ya gabatar da lakabin "Sokoto Caliphate" kuma ya zama sunan da aka fi yarda da shi. A cewar Last, aikin Farfesa Abdullahi Smith, Shugaban Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ne ya rinjayi kalmar. Smith yana son amfani da kalmar 'caliphate' lokacin da yake koyar da tarihin jihar Usman. Lokacin da Last ya lakafta takardar karatun PhD na 1966 "The Sokoto Caliphate", mai kula da shi Smith ya fi son "The Caliphate of Sokoto", amma gajeren "Sokoto Caliphate" (Daular Sakkwato a cikin Hausa) ya zama mafi karɓa.[1][2] : 6 Na ƙarshe ya bayyana dalilinsa:Shawarwarin sake lakafta jihar tarihi wanda babban birninsa yake a Sokoto wani bangare ne na ilimi, wani bangare na siyasa: ilimi, saboda muna buƙatar kalmar Islama mai kyau don jihar Islama mai dacewa (da kuma kalmar da za a iya tabbatar da ita a kan shaidar rubutu da kuma tushen shari'a na fasaha); siyasa, saboda sabuwar gwamnatin yankin mai cin gashin kanta ta Arewacin Najeriya tana buƙatar samfurin da za ta kafa sabon ɗabi'ar siyasa ta "aiki da bautar".Wasu malamai sun kalubalanci wannan hujja kuma suna ci gaba da amfani da tsoffin kalmomi kamar Fulani Empire (l'empire peul a Faransanci).  Sake lakabin da Last da Smith suka yi ya nuna fassarar Jihad na Usman a matsayin ƙungiya ta addini kuma, saboda haka na Sokoto a matsayin ƙasar Musulunci, maimakon a matsayin 'mulkin' kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin marubutan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. : 25   Tunanin shi ne cewa 'masarautar' tsarin siyasa ne wanda 'tseren' daya, 'ƙasa' ko 'ƙabilar' ta mamaye wasu kungiyoyi, kuma ta cire su daga gwamnati. Fassarar motsi a matsayin juyin juya halin 'ƙabilar' ta Fulani ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa duk sai daya daga cikin sabbin sarakuna sun kasance Fulani. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin malamai shine cewa ƙungiyar Usman ta farko addini ce. : 8-9  :: 102   [4] An zaɓi sarakuna na farko a kan ibada a matsayin malaman musulmi, kuma ana sa ran su samar da mulkin Islama mai kyau.

Boko Haram operates primarily in Borno State, and the historical context of the state, which is the central fragment of the old Kanem-Bornu empire of the Kanuri people, has effects today. Bornu, led by Shaikh al-Kanemi, had a history of resistance against the Sokoto jihad and actively opposed the encroachment and ideology of the caliphate. There were intense debates and correspondence between Bello and al-Kanemi during the jihad, reflecting their differing perspectives. While the Sokoto Caliphate had limited success in fully subjugating Bornu, Boko Haram, founded by Muhammad Yusuf and later led by Shekau, emerged from the Kanuri community. Their ideology criticized the established Islamic tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate, considering it impure and in need of reform. They sought to return to what they perceived as more orthodox practices based on Salafi thought, rejecting the Maliki law and Sufi influences of the Sokoto Caliphate. Influential Salafi scholars in Nigeria critique Boko Haram, highlighting their leaders' lack of proper education in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and their misinterpretation and misuse of Salafi texts. This is in contrast to the Sokoto jihad leaders who were renowned Maliki scholars, with Usman and Abdullahi already being respected scholars prior to the jihad.[1]

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