Usman Dan Fodiyo

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Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo: An haife shi ne a ranar Lahadi ta karshen watan Safar, 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu (1754) a garin Marratta, a yankin Madawa, ta Jamhurriyar Nijar.

Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai (1817 ) a cikin garin Sokoto Dake arewa maso yammacin kasar Nigeria.

Sunan shehin malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da  ) Fodiyo kalmar fullatanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu fodiyo, mahaifiyar sa Hawwa'u.

Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai (27) da matan da ya aura hudu (4) da kuyanga daya (1)ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu ba. Ƴaƴayen sa biyu, wadanda aka fi sani sune: ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello, da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u.Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa (pp. Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa  Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa, tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a daidai wannan lokacin al'ummar kasar hausa suna sukar addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin ka karanta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan.       Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin  addinin Musulunci ne,  Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa Daular Khalifancin Sakkwato.I. Suleiman, The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio (1757-1817) (2009).

Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumincitation needed
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma jagoran Daular Usmaniyya da afrika gaba daya . 

A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu (1802) ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.I.Suleiman, The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio (1757-1817) (2009).. https://religiondocbox.com/Islam/68196378-University-of-maiduguri-centre-for-distance-learning.htmlShehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu (1804) har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu (1812) ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.46 

Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu (1400).

      A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci haka nan kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye.

Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.. Ya ƙarfafa  karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci.John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).

Tashin cigaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai (17) da sha takwas (18) har zuwa na sha tara. Ya 
biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif (1650) zuwa alif (1750) wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda  daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibbo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja].

 Farkon rayuwa: 
An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne.Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Kano Millennium,100 years in History. p38 Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi  na addini da Fikihu.

 Ilimi: 
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History. p39Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.

 Jihadin Shehu Dan Fodiyo: 
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.249Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History. p.p, 44-45.. 

 Kano: 
Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki  a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto,Bohari,in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4

A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna  a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse, 

Magwan da Fanisau.Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History.p.73.ISBN: 978-881-0958-6 Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci.Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano. Millennium:100 years in History.p.74. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6

 Katsina: 
A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi.Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto, Bohari, in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4

 Daura: 
Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani.Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.70 Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.72

 Mulki: 

 Iyali da dangi; 
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne.Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano.Kano Millennium:100 years in History.p. 38. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6. 

An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (a shekara ta 1761 zuwa shekarar 1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (a shekara ta 1777 zuwa shekarar 1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka:

Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar  1817) da Nana Asma'u (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa shekarar 1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta.

Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad ;An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar:

 Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi.
 Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta Muhammad Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi.
 Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a  shekarar 1817.
 Muhammad Buhari (a shekara ta 1785 zuwa shekarar 1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar Tambuwal, kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki.

Hauwa: wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai:

 Muhammad Bello (a shekara ta 1781 zuwa shekarar 1837) Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami.
 Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri.
 Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto
Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki.

Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (a shekara ta 1812 zuwa shekarar 1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (a shekara ta 1867 zuwa shekarar 1873).

Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi:

 Amina.
 Ibrahim Dasuki.
 Hajara.
 Uwar Deji Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (a shekara ta 1840 zuwa shekarar 1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad.
 Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yamma. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (a shekara 1867 zuwa shekarar 1873).

 Ayyuka: 
Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo  ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka.Furniss, Graham. (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349 A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa.Furniss, Graham (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.372 Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai. A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi.Furniss, Graham. (1996).Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.373 Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.” Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.Bobboyi,H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.385-387
+s/nSuna1Al-madkhal2Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan3Al-farqBobboyi, H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.351 4Bayan Wujub al-Hijra5Ihya' as Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah

.

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 Bunza
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