Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (née Roberts; 13 Oktoba 1925 - 8 Afrilu 2013), wata 'yar siyasa ce ta Burtaniya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya daga 1979 zuwa 1990 kuma Shugabar Jam'iyyar Conservative daga 1975 zuwa 1990. Ita ce Firayim Minista na Burtaniya mafi tsawo a karni na 20 kuma mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. A matsayinta na Firayim Minista, ta aiwatar da manufofi da aka sani da Thatcherism . Wata 'yar jaridar Soviet ta kira ta "Iron Lady", sunan laƙabi wanda ya zama mai alaƙa da siyasarta da salon jagoranci.  

Thatcher ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, kuma ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin masanin kimiyyar bincike kafin ta zama lauya. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na Finchley a shekarar 1959. Edward Heath ya nada ta sakataren jihar na ilimi da kimiyya a cikin gwamnatinsa ta 1970-1974. A shekara ta 1975, ta kayar da Heath a Zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Conservative don zama shugaban jam'iyyar adawa, mace ta farko da ta jagoranci babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Burtaniya.

Bayan ya zama Firayim Minista bayan ya lashe Babban zaben 1979, Thatcher ya gabatar da jerin manufofin tattalin arziki da aka nufa don juyar da hauhawar farashi da gwagwarmayar Burtaniya a yayin Winter of Discontent da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki mai zuwa.  Falsafar siyasa da manufofin tattalin arziki sun jaddada 'yancin mutum mafi girma, mallakar kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati, da rage iko da tasirin Kungiyoyin kwadago. Shahararta a cikin shekarunta na farko a ofis ta ragu a cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki da karuwar rashin aikin yi. Nasara a cikin Yaƙin Falklands na 1982 da kuma farfado da tattalin arziki ya kawo sake farfadowa na goyon baya, wanda ya haifar da sake zaben ta a shekarar 1983. Ta tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai da IRA ta wucin gadi ta yi a cikin Fashewar bam a otal din Brighton na 1984 kuma ta sami nasarar siyasa a kan National Union of Mineworkers a cikin yajin aikin ma'adinai na 1984-85. A shekara ta 1986, Thatcher ta kula da rushewar Kasuwancin kuɗi na Burtaniya, wanda ya haifar da bunkasa tattalin arziki, a cikin abin da aka sani da Big Bang .

An sake zabar Thatcher a karo na uku tare da wani raguwa a shekarar 1987, amma goyon bayanta na gaba ga Al'umma (wanda aka fi sani da "tallafin haraji") ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, kuma ra'ayoyin da ke karuwa game da Tarayyar Turai ba su raba su da wasu a cikin majalisar ministocinta. Ta yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista da shugaban jam'iyya a shekarar 1990, bayan da aka kalubalanci shugabancinta, kuma John Major, shugabanta na Exchequer ya gaje ta. [2] Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Commons a shekarar 1992, an ba ta matsayi na rayuwa a matsayin Baroness Thatcher (na Kesteven a cikin County of Lincolnshire) wanda ya ba ta damar zama a cikin House of Lords . A shekara ta 2013, ya mutu daga bugun jini a Otal din Ritz, London, tana da shekaru 87.

Wani mutum ne mai rikitarwa a siyasar Burtaniya, duk da haka ana kallon Thatcher da kyau a cikin Matsayi na tarihi da ra'ayin jama'a na Firayim Ministocin Burtaniya. Matsayinta ya zama Sake daidaitawa ga manufofin Neoliberal a Burtaniya; abin da ya faru da wannan canjin ya ci gaba da muhawara a cikin karni na 21.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 

 Iyali da ƙuruciya (1925-1943) 
An haifi Margaret Hilda Roberts a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1925 a Grantham, Lincolnshire . Iyayenta sune Alfred Roberts (1892-1970), daga Northamptonshire, da Beatrice Ethel Stephenson (1888-1960), daga Lincolnshire.[6] An haifi kakarta ta mahaifiyarta, Catherine Sullivan, a County Kerry, Ireland .  

Roberts ta yi yarinta a Grantham, inda mahaifinta ke da kantin sayar da sigari da kantin kayan masarufi. A cikin 1938, Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, dangin Roberts sun ba da mafaka ga wata yarinya Bayahude da ya tsere daga Nazi Jamus. Tare da tsohuwar 'yar uwarta Muriel, Margaret ta adana kuɗin aljihu don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin tafiyar matashi.[8]

Alfred ya kasance alderman kuma mai wa'azi na Methodist na gida.[9] Ya haifi 'yarsa a matsayin mai tsananin Wesleyan Methodist,  yana halartar Cocin Methodist na Finkin Street,  amma Margaret ta fi shakku; masanin kimiyya na gaba ya gaya wa aboki cewa ba za ta iya gaskatawa da Mala'iku ba, bayan sun lissafa cewa suna buƙatar kashin nono mai tsawon mita 6 (1.8  don tallafawa fuka-fuki. Alfred ya fito ne daga dangin Liberal amma ya tsaya (kamar yadda ya saba a cikin karamar hukuma) a matsayin Mai zaman kansa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na Grantham daga 1945 zuwa 1946 kuma ya rasa matsayinsa na alderman a 1952 bayan Jam'iyyar Labour ta lashe rinjaye ta farko a Majalisar Grantham a 1950. [9]
alt=Margaret Roberts, 13, in a black-and-white portrait photograph|left|thumb|Hoton 1938-39, yana da shekaru 13
Roberts ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Huntingtower Road kuma ta sami tallafin karatu a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Kesteven da Grantham, makarantar sakandare.[13] Rahotanni na makarantar ta nuna aiki tuƙuru da ci gaba da ingantawa; ayyukanta na waje sun haɗa da piano, wasan hockey, karatun shayari, yin iyo da tafiya.[14] Ta kasance shugabar yarinya a 1942-43,  kuma a waje da makaranta, yayin da yakin duniya na biyu ke gudana, ta yi aiki da son rai a matsayin mai lura da wuta a cikin sabis na ARP na gida.[16] Sauran ɗalibai sun yi tunanin Roberts a matsayin "masanin kimiyya na tauraron", kodayake shawarar da ba daidai ba game da tsaftace tawada daga parquetry kusan ya haifar da guba na gas. A cikin shekara ta shida, an yarda da Roberts don samun tallafin karatu don nazarin ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, kwalejin mata, tun daga 1944. Bayan wani dan takara ya janye, Roberts ya shiga Oxford a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1943.[17]

 Dubi kuma 

 Cadby Hall - Mai rikitarwa a Landan
 Tarihin tattalin arziki na Ƙasar Ingila
 Jerin zaɓaɓɓun shugabannin mata da gwamnatoci
 Tarihin siyasa na Ƙasar Ingila (1979-yanzu) 
 Tarihin zamantakewa na Ƙasar Ingila (1979-yanzu) 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925
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