Musulunci a Najeriya

Musulunci yana daya daga cikin manyan addinai a Najeriya, tare da tarihin da ya wuce shekara dubu. Duk da yake wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa an gabatar da Islama a yankin tun farkon karni na 9,  an yarda da shi cewa addinin ya fara samun tushe a cikin abin da ke yanzu Najeriya ta zamani a kusa da karni na 11. Yaduwar Islama ta samo asali ne daga hanyoyin kasuwanci a fadin Sahara da kuma tasirin 'yan kasuwa da malamai Musulmai.

A karni na 19, Khalifancin Sokoto, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Jihad na Fulani karkashin jagorancin Usman dan Fodio, ya kafa Islama a matsayin addini mafi girma a arewacin Najeriya. Addinin ya kuma bazu zuwa kudu maso yamma tsakanin Yoruba ta hanyar kasuwanci da musayar al'adu.

Musulunci ya kasance babban addini a Najeriya a yau, wanda kusan 47-54% na yawan jama'a ke yi. Bambancin da ke cikin kimantawa yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin binciken da kuma rashin ƙididdigar addini ta kasa tun 1963.  

Yawancin Musulmai na Najeriya Sunni ne (95%), galibi suna bin makarantar Maliki, tare da ƙananan 'yan tsiraru na Shia (5%) da ke mayar da hankali a yankuna kamar Sokoto. Dokokin Sufi, irin su Tijaniyya da Qadiriyya, suna da mahimmanci, tare da kusan kashi 37% na Musulmai da ke nunawa tare da kungiyoyin Sufi.

Musulunci ya fi yawa a arewacin Najeriya, musamman tsakanin Hausa da Fulani, kuma yana da karfi tsakanin Yoruba a kudu maso yamma. Yawan haihuwa mafi girma a yankunan arewacin musulmi yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar musulmi a shekara ta 2060. McKinnon, Andrew (2021). "Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys". Review of Religious Research. 63 (2): 303–315. doi:10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5. hdl:2164/16008.

Tun daga shekara ta 1999, jihohi goma sha biyu na arewacin Najeriya sun sannu a hankali suka karɓi dokar Shari'a. Da farko an iyakance shi ga al'amuran farar hula kamar aure, kisan aure, da gado, an fadada ikon Shari'a sosai a cikin 2000 don haɗawa da dokar aikata laifuka, farawa da Jihar Zamfara kuma wasu goma sha ɗaya suka biyo baya  

Wannan fadada ya gabatar da azabtarwa irin su bulala, yankewa, da kuma dutse, wanda ya haifar da zargi mai yawa daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kuma nuna damuwa game da jituwa da kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.

 Tarihi 

 Musulunci a Arewacin Najeriya 
An gabatar da addinin Musulunci a Najeriya a cikin karni na 11 ta hanyar hanyoyi biyu: Arewacin Afirka da Senegalese Basin .  Asalin Islama a cikin ƙasar yana da alaƙa da ci gaban Islama a Yammacin Afirka. Ciniki shine babban hanyar haɗi wanda ya kawo Islama cikin Najeriya. An fara rubuta addinin Musulunci a Sudan ta Tsakiya ta hanyar masana tarihi da masu ilimin ƙasa na zamani kamar Al-Bakri, Yaqut al-Hamawi da Al-Maqrizi kuma daga baya ayyukan Ibn Battuta da Ibn Khaldun sun ba da ƙarin bayani game da Islama a Afirka ta Yamma.

Musulunci ya girma a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, musamman, daular Kanem sakamakon cinikayya tsakanin Kanem da yankunan Arewacin Afirka na Fezzan, Misira da Cyrenaica a karni na sha ɗaya.  'Yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Arewa wani lokacin sun kasance a cikin ƙauyuka tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci, wannan rukunin' yan kasuwa daga baya zai yi wa'azin saƙon Islama ga al'ummomin da suka karɓi su. Juyowa ta farko da aka rubuta na mai mulkin gargajiya ya kasance a cikin karni na goma sha ɗaya lokacin da Mai Ume Jilmi na Kanem ya tuba da wani malamin musulmi wanda zuriyarsa daga baya suka riƙe taken gado na Cif Imam na Kanem . 

Rubuce-rubucen Ahmad Fartua wani Imam a lokacin Idris Alooma ya ba da haske game da al'ummar Islama mai aiki a Bornu  yayin da tarihin addini ya nuna cewa an karɓi Islama a matsayin addinin mafi yawan manyan mutane a Daular Borno a lokacin mulkin Mai (sarki) Idris Alooma (1571-1603), kodayake babban ɓangare na wannan ƙasar har yanzu yana bin addinan gargajiya.  Alooma ta ci gaba da manufar Islama a kasar ta hanyar gabatar da kotunan Islama, kafa masallatai, da kuma kafa masauki a Makka, wurin aikin hajji na Islama, don Kanuris.

A Hausaland, musamman Kano, an lura da Musulunci ya shiga yankin a karni na sha huɗu daga 'yan kasuwa na Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka kasance Mutanen Mande Musulmai daga kwandon Senegal da' yan kasuwa Musulmai daga Daular Mali. Muhammed Rumfa (1463 - 1499) shi ne mai mulki na Maroko da ya tuba zuwa Islama a Hausaland . Ya bazu zuwa manyan biranen arewacin kasar a karni na 16, daga baya ya koma cikin ƙauyuka da zuwa tsaunukan Tsakiyar Belt. Koyaya, akwai wasu da'awar isowa da wuri. Masanin musulmi Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu wanda aka haifa a Aljeriya ya yi jayayya cewa Islama ta kai Afirka ta Kudu, gami da Najeriya, tun daga ƙarni na 1 na Hijra ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa Musulmi da tafiye-tafiye a lokacin mulkin Larabawa, Uqba ibn al Nafia (622-683) , wanda ya ci nasarar Islama a ƙarƙashin daular Umayyad, a lokacin Muawiyah da Yazid, ya yada duk Arewacin Afirka ko Maghrib Al-Arabi, wanda ya haɗa da Tunisiya a yanzu.

 Yaƙin Fulani 

A farkon karni na 19, masanin addinin Musulunci Usman dan Fodio ya kaddamar da jihadi, wanda ake kira Fulani War, a kan Masarautun Hausa na Arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi nasara, kuma ya kafa Daular Fulani tare da babban birninta a Sokoto . 

 Halifa ta Sokoto 
A cikin 1803, Usman dan Fodio ya kafa Khalifancin Sokoto . Usman dan Fodio an zabe shi "Kwamandan Masu Aminci" () daga mabiyansa. Halifa ta Sokoto ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan daular da ke Afirka, daga Burkina Faso ta zamani zuwa Kamaru kuma ta haɗa da mafi yawan arewacin Najeriya da kudancin Nijar. A lokacin da ta fi girma, jihar Sokoto ta hada da masarauta daban-daban sama da 30 a karkashin tsarin siyasa. A cikin riƙewa, Khalifanci ya yi mulki a cikin karni na 19, har zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1903, yaƙin Burmi na biyu ya kammala rushewar sojojin Burtaniya da Jamus.

 Musulunci a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya 
Musulunci kuma ya zo yankunan kudu maso yammacin Yoruba a lokacin Daular Mali. A cikin Movements of Islam in face of the Empires and Kingdoms in Yoruba, Adelabu" id="mw-Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sheikh Adelabu">Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu ya goyi bayan da'awarsa game da zuwan Islama a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ta hanyar ambaton masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Larabawa Abduhu Badawi, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa faduwar Koush kudancin Masar da wadatar zamanin Abbasid na siyasa da yawa a cikin nahiyar ya Halifa da koguna da yawa na ƙaura, yana motsawa yamma a tsakiyar 9th Sub-Sahara. A cewar Adelabu, shahararren da tasirin Daular Abbasid, daular ta biyu mai girma tare da sarakunan da ke ɗauke da taken 'Kalifa' sun inganta bincike na zaman lafiya da wadata na makiyaya ta Musulmai masu al'adu daga Nilu zuwa Nijar da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa daga Desert zuwa Benue, suna maimaita ra'ayin tarihi na al'ada  cewa cin nasarar da aka yi a Arewacin Afirka ta Musulunci tsakanin AD 647-709 ya kawo karshen Katolika a Afirka na ƙarni da yawa. Musulunci a Tsohon Yoruba ana kiransa Esin Imale, wanda ilimin gargajiya ya bayyana cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar "Mali. " Gabatarwa ta farko ta addinin zuwa wannan yankin ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu tafiya na Mali (Wangara Traders) a kusa da karni na 14. Babban juyowa zuwa Islama ya faru ne a ƙarni na 18 zuwa 19.

Yoruba sun haɗu da Islama a cikin karni na 14 a lokacin mulkin Mansa Kankan Musa na Daular Mali . A cewar Al-Aluri, an gina masallaci na farko a Ọyọ-Ile a cikin AD 1550 kodayake, babu Musulmai Yoruba, masallacin kawai ya yi wa bukatun ruhaniya na Musulmai na kasashen waje da ke zaune a Ọyọ . Shittu, H (2015) TREND OF ISLAMICOLOGY IN NIGERIA; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. E-Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, iCASiC2015 (e-), 9–10 March 2015, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA. 
A hankali, Islama ta zo ƙasar Yoruba, kuma Musulmai sun fara gina Masallatai: garin Iwo ya jagoranci, Masallacin farko da aka gina a 1655 ya biyo baya da I__yue____yue____yan____yue__, a 1760; Legas, 1774; Ṣaki, 1790; da Oṣogbo, 1889 . [1] A cikin lokaci, Islama ta bazu zuwa wasu garuruwa kamar Oyo (wanda ya zama na farko shi ne Solagberu), Ibadan, Abẹokuta, I خوbu-Ode, Ikirun, da Ẹdẹ kafin karni na 19 na Sokoto jihad.[2] Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar Islama a ƙasar Yoruba a tsakiyar karni na 19. Kafin faduwar Ọyọ, garuruwa da yawa da ke kewaye da shi suna da manyan al'ummomin musulmai; lokacin da aka hallaka Ọyọ waɗannan Musulmai (Yoruba da baƙi) sun koma sababbin garuruwa kuma sun zama masu gabatarwa na Islama.[3] Na biyu, akwai motsi mai yawa na mutane a wannan lokacin zuwa ƙasar Yoruba, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan baƙi Musulmai ne waɗanda suka gabatar da Islama ga mai masaukin su.[4] A cewar Eades, addinin "ya bambanta da jan hankali" kuma "ya fi dacewa da tsarin zamantakewar Yoruba, saboda ya ba da izinin auren mata da yawa"; yawancin Yoruba kamar (Seriki Kuku na ƙasar Ijebu) nan da nan suka zama Musulmai tare da tasiri mai kyau ga 'yan asalin.[5] Musulunci ya zo Legas a kusan lokaci guda kamar sauran garuruwan Yoruba, duk da haka, ya sami goyon bayan sarauta daga Ọba Kosọkọ, bayan ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Ẹwụ.[6] A cewar Gbadamọṣi (1972; 1978 a Eades, 1980) Musulunci nan da nan ya bazu zuwa wasu garuruwan Yoruba, musamman, a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin kabilanci-lokacin da akwai babban buƙata ga malamai na Islama - waɗanda aka kira su malamai da masu yin amulet ga sojojin Yoruba a lokacin yaƙin cikin kabilun ƙasar Yoruba.[7] Musulunci, kamar Kiristanci kuma ya sami asali ɗaya tare da 'yan asalin da suka yi imani da Mai Girma, yayin da akwai wasu fannoni na rashin jituwa, malaman Musulunci sun burge masu sauraron su da bukatar canzawa daga bauta wa gumaka da rungumar Allah.[8] Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, malaman Islama da Imamai na gida sun fara kafa cibiyoyin Alkur'ani don koyar da karatun Larabci da Islama, daga baya, an kafa makarantu na al'ada don ilimantar da sababbin masu tuba da kuma yada Islama.[9] An maye gurbin wuraren ibada na gargajiya da wuraren al'ada da Masallatai na Tsakiya a manyan garuruwa da biranen Yoruba.[10]

Wani rukuni mai banƙyama da masu ridda, wanda malamin addini Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine ya jagoranta, ya fara ne a Kano a ƙarshen 1970s kuma ya yi aiki a cikin 1980s. Maitatsine (tun lokacin da ya mutu) ya fito ne daga Kamaru, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da wahayi na allahntaka wanda ya maye gurbin na annabin Musulunci Muhammadu. Tare da masallatai da kuma koyarwar da ke adawa da jagorancin Islama da na al'umma, babban roƙonsa shine ga masu ƙaura a cikin birane da ke fama da talauci, waɗanda ƙin yarda da su daga ƙungiyoyin birane da suka fi kafawa ya inganta wannan adawar addini. Wadannan masu bin diddigin da ba su gamsu ba sun yi fice a masallatai da ikilisiyoyi na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da barkewar tashin hankali a birane da yawa na arewa.
Rukuni:Musulunci a ƙasashe
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba