Iran

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Iran; Tana cikin ƙasashen gabas ta tsakiya, ƙasa ce mai girma da faɗi, ada sunan ta kasar Farisa.A. Fishman, Joshua (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-19-537492-6. " "Iran" and "Persia" are synonymous" The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languagesLewis, Geoffrey (1984). "The naming of names". British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin. 11 (2): 121–124. doi:10.1080/13530198408705394 Kuma tana da iyaka da ƙasashe guda shida su ne:

 Daga arewa Armeniya da Azabaijan da Turkmenistan.


 Daga yamma Turkey da Iraki (Kurdistan).

 Daga kudu gulf a farisa da kogin Oman.
Iran tazama Jamhuriyar Musulumci acikin shekara ta 1979, bayan khomeini ya ƙwace mulki daga Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Iran Population (2025)". WorldometerWorld Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Iran)". International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 30 May 2025.Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2024. shi'a ne mafi yawan aƙidun mutanan ƙasar.Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.Definition of IRAN". Merriam Webster. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.Iran Population (2025)". Worldometer. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2025 Sedai akwai mabiya sunnah da wasu addinan kaman Kiristanci da zardtosht.Fishman, Joshua A. (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0195374926. 'Iran' and 'Persia' are synonymous. The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages.Yarshater, Ehsan (1989). "Communication". Iranian Studies. XXII (1): 62–65. doi:10.1080/00210868908701726. JSTOR 4310640. Reprinted online as "Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi" (Archived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine).Majd, Hooman, The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran, by Hooman Majd, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 23 September 2008, ISBN 0385528426, 9780385528429. p. 161

 Suna 
A tarihi, ana kiran Iran da sunan "Fara" a yammacin duniya.People, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran", 10 Aug 2007 Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 October 2007Shahbazi, A. Shapur. "HAFT KEŠVAR -- Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.Dandamayev 2021, p. 1630. Hakazalika, ƙabilanci na zamani "Persian" an saba amfani da shi azaman aljani ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Iran, ba tare da la'akari da ko 'yan kabilar Farisa ne ko a'a ba.Gaube 2008, p. 161Katouzian 2013, p. xiiSicker, Martin (2000). The pre-Islamic Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 68/69. ISBN 978-0-275-96890-8. Wannan kalma ta ci gaba har zuwa 1935, lokacin da, yayin taron kasa da kasa na Nowruz, Sarkin Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi a hukumance ya bukaci wakilan kasashen waje su fara amfani da kalmar "Iran" a cikin wasiku na yau da kullun.Urartu Civilization – All About Turkey". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015Shenkar 2014, p. 5.Urartu – Lost Kingdom of Van". Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Bayan haka, an daidaita "Iran" da "Iran" a matsayin sharuɗɗan da ke magana da ƙasa da 'yan ƙasa, bi da bi. Daga baya, a cikin 1959, ɗan Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ya sanar da cewa ya dace a yi amfani da duka "Fara" da "Iran" a cikin wasiƙu na yau da kullun.Forgotten Empire— the world of Ancient Persia". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2023.Middleton 2015, p. 148.Roisman & Worthington 2011, p. 345 Sai dai har yanzu batun yana ci gaba da muhawara a tsakanin Iraniyawa.Aeschylus 2009, p. 18.Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 135–138, 342–345Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua B.; Cairns, John (19 January 2006). Warfare in the Ancient World. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-630-2. Malamai iri-iri daga tsakiyar zamanai, irin su Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, suma sun yi amfani da kalmomi kamar "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl.Strootman 2020, p. 151.Lecoq 2011Venning 2023, p. 118  "mai-yi da kansa, ba tare da annashuwa a kan wani abu ba") don nufin Iran: "Wacce ita ce cibiyar duniya,Venning 2023, p. 162Yarshater 2004Strootman 2020, p. 150 kuma ita ce wadda muke kiranta a cikinta, kuma sarakunan Iran 2."Shahbazi 2005Khosrow II (590–628 CE)". Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025Eiland 2004, p. 81

 Tarihi 

 Zamanin da 
Iran gida ce ga ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan wayewar duniya da ke ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tarihi da ƙauyuka tun daga 4000 BC.Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith. p. 150. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2025. Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa". Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2013.Sarfaraz, pp. 329–330 Yankin yammacin tudun Iran ya shiga cikin tsohuwar Gabas ta gargajiya tare da Elam (3200-539 BC), sannan kuma tare da sauran mutane kamar Kassites, Mannaeans, da Gutians.Lewis, Bernard. "Iran in history". Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007Hawting 1986, p. 63–64Pourshariati 2008, pp. 312–313

Daular Mediya ta mallaki ƙasar Iran ta farko.Osman 2014, pp. 62–63Lorentz 2007, p. xxviiiMahendrarajah 2019 A shekara ta 612 BC, Cyaxares da Sarkin Babila Nabopolassar suka mamaye Assuriya suka lalata Nineba, babban birnin Assuriya, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular Assuriya.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (Link Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine)Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (Link Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine)Richard Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 243 Daga baya Mediya ta ci Urartu kuma ta narkar da shi.Rayhanat al- adab, (3rd ed.), vol. 1, p. 181.Barthold 1962, p. 108.Blair 1992, p. 6.

 Daular Achaemenid 
Achaemenids sun hada kan dukkan kabilun Farisa karkashin dan Cyrus I Cambyses I. A karkashin dan Cambyses I, Cyrus II, Achaemenids sun ci Mediya kuma suka kafa daular Achaemenid,El-Azhari 2019, p. 311Bosworth 1986El-Azhari 2019, p. 311 mafi girma a tarihin Iran.Bosworth 2009Aigle 2024, p. 26Steven R. Ward (2009). Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-58901-587-6. Ya ci daulolin Lidiya da Neo-Babila, ya kafa daula da ta fi Assuriya girma.Lane 2012, p. 250Rossabi 2002, p. 32.Lane 2012, pp. 253–254, 256 Ya fi dacewa ta hanyar kyawawan manufofinsa, don daidaita talakawansa da mulkin Farisa; dadewar daularsa sakamako daya ne.Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.This section incorporates text from the public domain Library of Congress Country Studies.Golden 2011, p. 94: "He was born some 100 km (62 miles) south of Samarkand into a clan of the Barlas, a Turkicized tribe of Mongol descent." Sarkin Farisa, kamar Assuriya, shi ma "Sarkin Sarakuna", xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām - "babban sarki", Megas Basileus, kamar yadda Helenawa suka sani.Isfahan: Iran's Hidden Jewel". Smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2013.Matthee 2008Brown 2011, p. 432 Ɗan Cyrus, Cambyses II (r. 530–522 BC), ya ci babban iko na ƙarshe na yankin, tsohuwar Masar, wanda ya haifar da rushewar Daular Ashirin da Shida ta Masar.Savory & Karamustafa 1998Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; pp. 71–71.Aghaie 2012, p. 306

Bayan mutuwar Cambyses II, Darius I (r. 522-486) ​​ya hau karagar mulki ta hanyar hambarar da Sarkin Achaemenid Bardiya.Axworthy 2008, p. xviiCambridge History of Iran Vol. 7, p. 59.Tucker 2006a Babban birnin Darius na farko shine Susa, kuma ya fara aikin ginin a Persepolis.Baker 2005, p. 13.Perry 1984Perry 2000 Ya inganta tsarin hanya mai nisa, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa an fara ambatar hanyar Royal Road, babbar hanya daga Susa zuwa Sardis.Perry 1984, pp. 602–605The Origins of the Iranian Revolution by Roger Homan. International Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Autumn, 1980), pp. 673–677.JSTOR 2618173Dowling 2014, p. 728–729GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 7 May 2025

A cikin 499 BC, Athens ta goyi bayan tawaye a Miletus, wanda ya haifar da korar Sardis.Lapping, Brian (1985). End of empire. Internet Archive. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25071-3.CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.Okazaki, Shoko (1 January 1986). "The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 49 (1): 183–192. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00042609. JSTOR 617680. S2CID 155516933. Wannan ya haifar da yakin Greco-Persian, wanda ya dade a farkon rabin karni na 5 BC.Pahlavi Dynasty". Retrieved 7 May 2025Michael P. Zirinsky; "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926", International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (1992), 639–663, Cambridge University PressReza Shah Pahlevi". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2007 [2001]. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. A cikin mamayewar Farisa ta farko a Girka, Janar Mardonius na Farisa ya sake sarautar Thrace kuma ya mai da Masedon cikakkiyar yanki na Farisa.Richard Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan: the British and Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941 (1988).Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.91Richard W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN o-8229-3396-7 Daga karshe yakin ya rikide zuwa kashin kaji.Louise Fawcett, "Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?." Iranian Studies 47#3 (2014): 379–399.CIA documents acknowledge its role in Iran's 1953 coup". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2013.Kinzer, Stephen (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. New York: Times Books. Magajin Darius Xerxes I (r. 486–465) ya ƙaddamar da mamayewar Farisa ta biyu a ƙasar Girka. A wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin yaƙin, Farisawa sun mamaye kusan rabin ƙasar Girka, gami da yankuna da ke arewacin Isthmus na Koranti.History of Iran: Islamic Revolution of 1979". Iran Chamber. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2023.Smitha, Frank E. (2018) [1998]. "The Iranian Revolution". Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2023.Gölz, Olmo (1 January 2019). "Gölz "The Dangerous Classes and the 1953 Coup in Iran: On the Decline of 'lutigari' Masculinities." In Crime, Poverty and Survival in the Middle East and North Africa: The 'Dangerous Classes' since 1800. Edited by Stephanie Cronin, 177–90. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019". Crime, Poverty and Survival in the Middle East and North Africa. Wannan nasara ta Girka ta juyo, bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Plataea da Salamis, wanda Farisa ta rasa gindinta a Turai, ta kuma fice daga cikinta.Afari, Janet (19 May 2023). "Ruhollah Khomeini". Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 May 2025.PBS, American Experience, Jimmy Carter, "444 Days: America Reacts" Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 October 2007Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam, Mark Bowden, p. 127, 200

Daular ta shiga wani lokaci na raguwa. Daga 334 BC zuwa 331 BC, Alexander the Great ya ci Darius III (r. 336–330 BC) a yakin Granicus, Issus da Gaugamela, da sauri ya ci Daular Achaemanid a shekara ta 331 BC.Harris, Shane; Aid, Matthew M. (26 August 2013). "Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2017.Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.182Iran–Iraq War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021. Daular Alexander ta watse bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Janar na Alexander, Seleucus I Nicator, ya yi ƙoƙari ya mallaki Iran, Mesopotamiya, daga bisani Siriya da Anatoliya. Daularsa ita ce Daular Seleucid.Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian London Review of Books, 6 November 2008Borger, Julian; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (19 September 2013). "Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

 Daular Parthia da Sasaniya 
Arsacids na Parthia,Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker". BBC News. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. da farko Seleucid vassals, [28] ya samo asali ne a matsayin shugabannin kabilar Iran[d] Parni a arewa maso gabas.[31] A hankali ‘yan Parthiyya suka kalubalanci mulkin Seleucid a kan Iran.[32] An tabbatar da ikon Parthia na Iran ta hanyar c. 142 BC cin nasara na Babila.[27][32] Ko da yake an ci gaba da gwabza fada, mutuwar Sidetes na Antiochus na VII a shekara ta 129 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa ya zama alamar rugujewar Daular Seleucid, [32] wanda daga nan ya dade a matsayin kasar Siriya har zuwa lokacin da Daular Rum ta ci nasara a cikin shekarun 60s BC.[27].

Daular Parthia ta jimre har tsawon ƙarni biyar, amma yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa sun dagula ta. Ƙarfin Parthia ya ƙafe lokacin da Ardashir I, mai mulkin Istakhr a Farisa, ya yi tawaye ga Arsacids kuma ya kashe sarkinsu na ƙarshe, Artabanus IV, a shekara ta 224 AD. Ardashir ya kafa daular Sasaniya, wacce ta mallaki Iran da kuma yawancin Gabas ta Gabas kafin yakin musulmi na karni na 7 miladiyya[33].

A matsayi nasu, Sasaniyawa sun mallaki dukkanin Iran da Iraki na wannan zamani da wasu sassa na Larabawa, da kuma Kaucasus, Levant, da sassan tsakiyar Asiya da Kudancin Asiya.[34] Daular Sasaniya tana da tsarin tsarin gwamnati mai sarkakiya da kuma farfado da Zoroastrianism a matsayin manufa mai halalta da hada kai[35]. Wannan lokacin ya ga ginin manyan abubuwan tarihi da yawa, ayyukan jama'a, da cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi da aka ba su tallafi. A karkashin Sasaniyawa, tasirin al'adun Iran ya bazu fiye da yankin zahiri wanda take sarrafawa, yana tasiri yankuna masu nisa kamar Yammacin Turai, [36] Gabashin Afirka, [37] da China da Indiya.[38]

 Tsakanin zamani 
Yawancin rayuwar Daular Sasaniya sun mamaye yaƙe-yaƙe na Byzantine-Sasania akai-akai, ci gaban yaƙe-yaƙe na Roman-Parthian. Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun raunana daular kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da Musulunci ya yi wa Farisa. Halifancin Rashidun ya ci daular Sasania tsakanin 632 zuwa 654.

Bayan lokaci, yawancin Iraniyawa sun musulunta. Yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi wayewar Farisa da suka gabata ba a yi watsi da su ba, sai dai an shagaltar da su da sabuwar siyasar Musulunci[39].

Mulkin Musulunci na farko da tsayin daka a yankin Iran

Bayan faduwar daular Sasaniya a shekara ta 651, larabawan daular Umayyawa sun rungumi al'adun Farisa da dama, musamman tsarin mulki da na kotu. Hakiman lardunan larabawa babu shakka ko dai Farisawan Farisa ne ko kuma Farisawa ne; Tabbas Farisa ya kasance harshen kasuwanci na mulkin halifanci har zuwa lokacin da harshen Larabci ya yi gaba da ƙarshen karni na bakwai[40].

Sai dai kuma har yanzu dukkanin kasar Iran ba ta karkashin ikon Larabawa ba ne, kuma yankin Daylam yana karkashin ikon 'yan Daylamites ne, yayin da Tabaristan ke karkashin ikon Dabuyid da Paduspanid, da kuma yankin tsaunin Damavand da ke karkashin Masmughan na Damavand. Larabawa sun mamaye wadannan yankuna sau da yawa amma ba su sami sakamako mai ma'ana ba saboda yanayin yankunan da ba su isa ba. Fitaccen sarkin Dabuyid, wanda aka fi sani da Farrukhan Babba (r.712–728) ya samu nasarar rike daularsa a tsawon tsayin daka da ya yi da Janar Yazid bin al-Muhallab na larabawa, wanda hadakar sojojin Daylamite–Dabuyid suka fatattaki shi, aka tilasta masa ja da baya daga Tabaristan[41].

 Mutane. 
74,000,000 mabiya aƙidar shi'a sune mafiya yawa aƙasar. Ahlus Sunna kuwa yawansu bai wuce adadin mutane 20,000,000 ko 25,000,000 daga ƙabiloli daban daban kamar turkumawa, kablwshawa, da kurdawa. yawan kurdawa zasu kai 10,000,000 zuwa 12,000,000 dukkanin su ƴan ahlus-sunnah ne.

Ranakin hutu:

 Sallar cikar shekaran farisawa da ta kurdawa ranar 21, ga watan Maris wannan sallah ce mai muhimmanci garesu.

 Ranar Sallar Idi ƙarama bayan azumi.

 Ranar Sallar Idi Babba (Layya).

 Ranar tara da ta goma ga watan muharram tunawa da rasuwar Hussain dan Ali acikin shekara ta 61 ta hijira ranar (ashura).

 Tunawa da ranar hukuncin musulunci.

 Tunawa da ranar da Iran tai tsarin Jamhuriyar musulunci.

 Ranar kudus ta duniya juma'a ta karshe a watan azume . wannan sakone daga khomeini.

 Sallar Gadir tunawa da ranar da Ali dan Abutalib ya karbe shugabancin mu.

 Jihohi. 

Iran tanada jihohi guda talatin sune waƴannan kamar haka: 

  Tehran
 Qom
 Markazi
 Qazvin
 Gilan
 Ardabil
 Zanjan
 East Azarbaijan
 West Azarbaijan
 Kurdistan
 Hamadan
 Kermanshah
 Ilam
 Lorestan
 KhuzestanChahar Mahaal me Bakhtiari
Kohkiluyeh me Buyer Ahmad
Bushehr
Fars
Hormozgan
Sistan me Baluchistan
Kerman
Yazd
Esfahan
Semnan
Mazandaran
Golestan
North Khorasan
Razavi Khorasan
South Khorasan

 Tarihi. 

Tarihi ya nuna cewa kafin shekara ta 1000, makiyayan Farisa da ƙabilar Kurdawa sune mutanen farko waƴanda suka zauna a Iran, tun a shekara ta 500, kafin haifuwar Annabi Isah, Farisa ta kamu da yaƙin basasa da juyin juya hali na mulki a wannan shekara inda turawa suka mamaye ƙasar, suka sa hukunci me tsanani tun daga wannan lokacin ƙasar ta samu kanta a babbar matsala , a shekara ta 612, kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah, Ashurawa suka ƙwace mulkin kasar bayan sun ƙwace mulkin ƙasar.

 Hotuna 

 Al'adu. 

 Siyasa. 

Tsarin gwamnati da dokokin Iran tsarin musulunci ne na shi'a kuma suna bin dimokaraɗiyya suna zaɓin shugaba a kowace zagayowar shekaru hudu (4) shugaban Iran yana iya ya shiga zaɓe sau biyu kaɗai tsarin siyasar Iran tana kama da tsarin Amurka, Iran tana adawa da Amurka da Isra'ila sosai.

Manazarta

Category:Ƙasashen Asiya