Kunqu

Kunqu (Chinese: 崑曲), kelum dԑna la Kunju (崑劇), K'un-ch'ü, Kun opera bii Kunqu Opera, de la Chinese opera duma bumkԑka la ayima. N ze’ele yuuma puan yesena pa’asԑ Kunshan, lagum pa’asԑ Wu cultural area duma la puan, pooren ti a yuum nyaa ta wa’ana dԑna Chinese theater ze’ele16th tari paԑ 18th centuries la puan. Ba yuum loe e ti a lagum pa’asԑ dԑna la Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity doose UNESCO. Wei Liangfu [zh] n yuum maam maalԑ kunqu yuuma la aŋa, gee yuum to’e yԑregɛ paԑ tingɔŋɔ la za’a (widespread popularity) sansԑka ti Liang Chenyu yuum dikԑ a keresego yԑla n boi a yuum puan la n de Huansha ji (Washing Silk). 2006 yuuni la puan, ti ba loe n pa’asԑ (first national intangible cultural heritage list). 2008 yuuni la paun, a yuum pa’asԑ la Representative Works of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Sapɔɔlegɔ ŋmarega la puan 2018 puan, the General Office of the Ministry of Education yuum bo lahibaare ti Peking University kɔ’ɔm ze’ele bo la inheriting excellent traditional Chinese culture Kunqu puan.

Kunqu yuum dikԑ la bunŋmԑ’ԑla la dɔlamsika ti a ta’am do la yuuma la limesego, la Qu flute, three strings ta pa’asԑ bunŋmԑ’ԑla sԑba n lagum pa’asԑ bini do la pooore la;  yuuma la yi’a de la "Zhongzhou Rhyme."

 Tuusum Yԑla 
Kunqu tunes duma sakiya ti bana niŋatolega wa’ana la sansԑka ti Ming Dynasty yuum wa’ana doose Wei Liangfu [zh] (魏良輔) puan ze’ele ta’asunlaa n deTaicang, gee kɔ’ɔm bɔna la yuuma la puan lԑm Kunshan.Wei n maalԑ Kunshan tunes ti ba maam maalԑ yuuma ze’ele Haiyan (海鹽) puan na n lԑm Hangzhou la Yiyang (弋陽) n boi Jiangxi; a dikԑ la nanxi rhythms, se’em ti ba ni wia, yia la bunŋmԑ’ԑla ŋmԑ’ԑra la (flute), ta pa’asԑ northern zaju puan, zi’a ti ba go’e bii go’ose sukayɔŋɔ bunŋmԑ’ԑla ti ba yuum dikԑ de’ena. Ba yuum maalԑ elegant Kunshan tunes ba ni kɔ’ɔm yi’ira ba la "water mill" tunes (水磨調, shuimo diao). Kunqu opera yiadaana,Washing Silken Gauze (浣紗記, Huan Sha Ji) ti ba yuum maalԑ was doose Liang Chenyu (梁辰魚) se’em ti ba yuum dɔgԑ Kunshan puan la Kunshan tunes tuna la doose opera puan za’a. Kunqu de la chuanqi taaba, gee ti a daaŋɔ yԑla ti ba tari n kigԑ la "second Golden Era of Chinese drama."

Kunqu opera se’em n kɔ’ɔm bɔna de la Peony Pavilion ti Tang Xianzu yuum gulese. Ninmmu’ure tuuma la pa’asԑ dԑna la (The Peach Blossom Fan), la (The Palace of Eternal Life).

Kunqu wa’asi wa vԑ’ԑrԑ la wa’asi zi’ita Chinese musical theater, dikera Peking opera, se’em n tari Kunqu repertoire zo’e zo’e pa’asԑ. Kunqu yuum ze’ele dԑna la Yabu (雅部, "elegant drama"), a yuum wa’ana dԑna la kilegere yima yima bɔna operas puan (magese wuu Shaanxi Opera, Clapper Opera, Yiyang tunes, Peking Opera, n la sԑba zo’e zo’e.) nyaa dԑna Huabu (花部, "flowery drama"), ŋwana wa zuo, Kunqu troupes yuum nyԑ la poore lebeka 19th century yuuni la puan. gee ŋwanar, 20th century yuuni la pɔsega puan, Kunqu yuum nyaa lԑ maam wa’ana mԑ wa ze’ele ŋwana suŋa suŋa doose (philanthropists) gee belam Communist state nyaa yuum bo ligere. Ti la ana wuu Chinese opera duma buuri malema duma la taaba, Kunqu yuum nyԑ la milesegɔ la alebe pooren Cultural Revolution saŋa la kelum ta pa’asԑ (influx of Western culture) la (Reform and Opening Up policies saŋa la puan), nyaa daam kɔ’ɔm ta isere zo’e zo’e (new millennium la puan).

Zina beere, Kunqu kɔ’ɔm dԑna se’em mi wa’asi la za’a kalusi siyopɔi Mainland Chinese tinsi puan: Beijing (Northern Kunqu Theater), Shanghai (Shanghai Kunqu Theater), Suzhou (Suzhou Kunqu Theater), Nanjing (Jiangsu Province Kun Opera), Chenzhou (Hunan Kunqu Theater), Yongjia County/Wenzhou (Yongjia Kunqu Theater) and Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province Kunqu Theater), kelum ta pa’asԑ Taipei puan. sԑba n ka ba’am mina opera yizuto de la sԑba n tari inkpŋere la tinsi zo’e zo’e n boi China tiŋa la solemitiŋa, la (opera companies occasionally tour).

1919 yuuni la puan Mei Lanfang la Han Shichang, Kunqu, wa’asi n tari gilema. Kiŋԑ Japan ti a bo ba wa’asi. 1930s yuuni la puan, Mei wa la Kunqu United States tiŋa puan la Soviet Union gee ti ba yuum to’e suŋa suŋa.

A melody bii tune la de la is one of the Four Great Characteristic Melodies ayima bɔna Chinese opera puan.

2006 yuuni la puan, Zhou Bing yuum de’em dԑna ita la Kunqu (Kun Opera) pa’ala n de (sexcentenary). A yuum di la Outstanding Documentary Award mi’a, 24th China TV Golden Eagle Awards; gee mԑ yuum kelum le di mi’a n de TV Art Features n de 21st Starlight Award 2006 yuuni la puan.

Kunqu Opera de la rarity buuri buuri malema puan la ita n de Han nationality China tiŋa puan, yele yele wuu (art of opera). Ba yi’ire e la It "orchid" zinzagesi kɔbega (hundred gardens).

Kunqu Opera de la blend yuuma, yuuna (singing), naŋeri la (martial arts). Ba mi ti a dԑna la elegant lyrics, (graceful style la delicate performance). De la operas duma la puan ayima Southern Opera system puan, n de "ancestor of hundred operas." Kunqu Opera tari la lusi de’ena la plate ti ba tana zala pitesi yuuma, Qudi la three-stringed bunŋmԑ’ԑla n de lɔgeseto ti ba ŋmԑ’ԑra. A yi’a puan de la "Zhongzhou rhyme."

 Recognition 
Kunqu Opera ba yuum loe n pa’asԑ ti a dԑna masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity doose UNESCO 2001 yuuni la puan, gee mԑ yuum pa’asԑ Masterpiece puan n de Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity 2008 yuuni la puan.

Sapɔɔlegɔ ŋmarega la puan 2018 yuuni la puan.General Office of the Ministry of Education yuum bo lahibaare ti Peking University n boi (Kunqu Opera excellent traditional Chinese Culture Inheritance).

Kunqu opera yuum niԑ peelumi la 2019 yuuni la puan Chinese Opera Culture Week Sakutega ŋmarega la puan kadabesa ayi daare 2, 2019 yuuni la puan.

Tigere ŋmarega la puan 2019 yuuni, kãlԑ duma de la national intangible cultural heritage representative project protection unit ", the northern kunqu opera theater, chief of hunan province, jiangsu province, the performing arts group co., LTD., Shanghai chief, saŋa woo ba nyԑti nabeduma (chief) saŋa woo ba nyԑti kunqu opera ChuanXiSuo (zhejiang), China academy of art qualification bo "kunqu opera" project protection unit.Sakutega ŋmarega 2022 yuuni la paun, doose ba yuum maam maalԑ sukuu duma la, gu’a nɔyi la ba yuum lԑ maam bo e yu’ure ti Yongjia Kunqu Opera Troupe (Yongjia Kunqu Opera Training Institute).

 Characteristics 
Kunqu Opera de la yԑla ti ba iŋԑ ba ti ba doose soyinԑ n tari nyɔ’ɔ, yɔ’ɔ la iteba kԑnԑ. yuuma mԑ tari la ba miŋa yɔ’ɔrɔ, ti ba bɔna ba ma’a la operas duma la, ba wan ta’am bob a yoo doose ita woo la n tari yelesi’a. Gee, yԑla anaasi n boi pa’ala: tone, cavity, plate la spectrum.

Nankun la Beikun yima yima kɔ’ɔm dԑna la, dagi la troupe n kɔ’ɔm bɔna zi’an (geographical location of the troupe), gee yuuma la de la southern bii northern. Kunqu Qupai yuuma ta’am pu mԑ dԑna nuure puan gupai (vocal qupai) la lɔkɔ Qupai  (instrumental Qupai) doose ba tuuma ta’am bɔna yima yima.

Bunŋmԑ’ԑla kãtԑ si’a n boi Kunqu opera wa’a puan de la (strong lyricism), n pa’alԑ kini, ta pa’asԑ bii naԑ la yuuma n la wa’asi n de (ingenious la harmonious). Kunqu opera de la bɔkerԑ tuunԑ, yuunԑ wa’a, mediation, la iti pԑԑlisԑ, la wa’asi zo’e zo’e n de yuuma n la wa’asi buuri buuri n tari bii n maalԑ bɔna iti wo’oro tuusum la puan yele yele wuu, la kɔ’ɔm bɔna la yele ita woo inya puan, a wa’a la inya la wan ta’am pu la buuri buyi: ayima de la (auxiliary posture) ŋwana iti la tɔgum puan bii wasԑka n de maam gulese wa’areba yibesegɔ puan; Ayima mԑ de la lyrical wa’a la singing lyrics, se’em n dagi (superb dance move), gee a mԑ de la sore ti fu wan ta’am doose pa’alԑ iteba la itegɔ la lyrics la vuure.

Opera wa’a n boi Kunqu Opera dikԑ gee to’e yaaba buuri buuri malema yԑla wa’asi la kootum wa’asi, gee mԑ kelum lagese kɔ’ɔm yԑm yԑla zo’e zo’e n lԑm la (integration of rap) la wa’asi n doose wa’asi n yuure la puan. Gee ti ta’am nyԑ wa’are ba n eere sԑla la, ba wa’a zi’a de la gulese woko, wa’asi zo’e zo’e n kɔ’ɔm bisera la vuure pa’alegɔ la ti ba maalԑ, ti la naԑ la "drama" ta wa’ana dikera (drama) la magese kãra naara taaba. Ti ba to’e ti la dԑna de’emde’eneba la itegɔ bii de’eŋo zi’a la (strong lyricism la movement), lyrical wa’asi zo’e zo’e ti ba maalԑ se’em n nyaa wa’ana dԑna itegɔ sore bɔ’ɔra (single-fold lyric song and dance).

Nianbai n de Kunqu Opera de la itegɔ, sԑla n sɔi la Kunqu Opera yuum zo’e ze’ele la Wuzhong puan, Bala la a aŋa duma de la Wu Nong soft language. Bana wa puan, Harlequin tari la yele pԑԑla n boi Wu tɔgum puan, magese wuu Su Bai, Yangzhou Bai, la yԑla zo’e zo’e. Dakana wa tɔgum puan Wuzhong area bɔba, tari la vom paŋa yԑm, gee zo’e zo’e puan a tari la and often uses Allegro-style rhyme pԑԑla tuna, se’em n kɔ’ɔm bɔna la yima. Kelum le pa’asԑ, Kunqu opera yuuma tari la bɔkerԑ n kɔ’ɔm bɔna diyima la bɔ’ɔra voole la yelebԑa, beena, pitesi (rhythm), la yԑla zo’e zo’e., ta’am maala yuum mɔɔnԑ.

 Lɔgerɔ maalegɔ zi'a (Industry) 
Kunqu opera pu la sugenuure butã: sinian iilԑ, fresh iilԑ la pure clown.

Se’ere n sɔi la Kun opera yuuni la pɔsega a yuum pa’asԑ la Southern Opera system, a to’e la (role industry system of the Southern Opera), gee yuum dikԑ long of the Northern Zaju, dikera tuumpigesi la de wuu  Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mei, Chou, outer la paste seven acts.

Huan Sha Ji, pɔsega tuunԑ, ita la pa’alԑ la Kun Opera pɔsega wa’a, wa’a zi’a la puan. kelum lԑ pa’asԑ do la beena ayopɔi la puan n boi Southern Opera puan, a yuum pege la itegɔ zi’a la sɔa la n de Xiao Mei la Xiao Dan, Yuan Zaju puan,gee yuum dikԑ beena anuu pa’asԑ n de Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, Xiao Mei, Xiao Wai la Xiao Jing, ti ba za’a waabi nyaa san lagum taaba ba  de la beena pia la ayi.

Kun opera saŋa la Ming Dynasty yuuni la pooren, Ming gulesegɔ puan se’em n yuum de legend of Mohan Zhai, pɔsega "tie" yuum tee mԑ dԑna "Old Dan," se’em n yuum to’e Zaju tuuma sando la Yuan Dynasty puan. Tuuma kɔ’ɔm dԑna la buyina la Kun opera pɔsega saŋa la puan. Kangxi saŋa la ti Qing Dynasty, Kun opera tuune kankaŋi kɔ’ɔm dԑna la a bisera tiŋa la, la yele-iteba pia la bayi la kulesi la mɔga puan "twelve characters in rivers and lakes."

Qianlong kpe’eŋo saŋa la, Kunqu Opera n yuum de mina ti ba mina, itegɔ n yuum tole niŋa ta pa’alԑ nyagere sore la, la nyagere sopaalԑ la ti yuum maalԑ bo de’emde’eneba la.

De’eŋo duma la niŋa toleŋa, Kun opera pua puan n tari yelemԑgere zo’e zo’e wa’ana bii bɔkeresũŋa suŋa wa’ana. Jia la Dao tiŋasuka, Kun opera dikԑ la pɔsega "twelve roles in rivers la lakes" gee ti pooren ti pua zo’e zo’e yuum wa’ana (labor). Beena anuu la puan "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo la Chou,’’ beena pia la bayi n boi ti ba yi’ira ba "twenty doors."

Buuri malema Kun opera mi’ilum zamesegɔ deo puan ba ni tara la de’emde’eneba pia la banii (18 actors), gee ba kelum mina ba ti ba dԑna la "18 nets," gee zamesegɔ dekãra tara de’emde’eneba pisiyi la bayopɔi (27 actors). Zamesegɔ deto la za’a waabi tigera la puan kulesi pia n ba’asԑ, wan ta’am wa, ba sԑba zo’e zo’e mԑ wan ta’am teesum kulega doose wa’are la puan, kulesi pia la ba miba ti ba dԑna la "ten court column," ba de la: net, official health, cloth health, old age, end, Zhengdan, five Dan, six Dan, vice, ugly. Yelesumsi’a ti ba kɔ’ɔm ba’am mina a wa’a la puan la de la: net, old, official students, Zhengdan kulesi banaasi.

Beene woo n boi Kun opera zo’e la aŋa puan gee mԑ tara a miŋa sadoto la a keresego wa’asi puansin. Itekuna bii yele-ana taaba itegɔ tɔgum puan me kɔ;ɔm tara a wa’a sore bɔna Kunqu Opera puan, gee fu san yeti fu yelese de’emde’eneba doose ba itegɔ bii ba wa’asi puan, ba puti’ira puan, magesa puan gee see ti fu kelum bisera aŋa puan pa’asa.

 Tɔgum zaaleŋa zi’a (Stage art) 
A tari la yԑla atã pa’asԑ: na’am lɔgerɔ aŋa, (exquisite colors la decorations), ta pa’asԑ  nԑsi tuuma [zh].

Kelum pa’asԑ opera de’emde’eneba buuri yԑla kɔ’ɔm ze’ele Yuan la Ming dynasties. Kunqu opera de’eŋo yԑla la asi’a kɔ’ɔm ŋwɔna mԑ la lɔdeseto yu’ure yuum yeseyiŋa bii n yuum yese paԑ yizuto la za’a sankana la san puan. kɔ’ɔm bisera nyԑta ba mԑ de’eŋo puan, soogepa la mԑ kɔ’ɔm tara la ba ma’a lɔgerɔ n boi tu yima, gee ti gɔmena yitumtuneba la mԑ tara lɔgerɔ buuri buuri do la nԑra woo tuuma deo la boi zi’a yizuo la puan la. (Facebook) de la beena ayi ti tara tuna yuka la balorego (net and ugly). De’emde’eneba fii n boi Sheng la Dan puan ti ba tara tuna yɔ’ɔ san bɔna, magese wuu Monkey King (生) la Zhong Wuyan (Dan), gee mɔmɔ duma la mԑ dԑna mɔlega, pԑԑlega la sabelega.

Poorum yuuma la puan, Kunqu opera itegɔ bii tɔgum zaalega la puan (art) nyaa maalԑ la zi’a ŋwana suŋa suŋa, ti zi’a wa nyԑ la yalegere ze’elegɔ zi’a Chinese opera puan, gee Kunqu opera tɔgum zaaleŋa wa de la sԑla n tari ninpiilum n de ba "ancestor of a hundred operas," se’em n sugerԑ ti opera za’a waabi tola nԑŋa, gee ti operas pigesi la zo’e zo’e a (artistic nutrients to varying degrees), bana wa puan Kunqu operas duma ba sԑba kelum bɔna mԑ.

 Nimmu’ure Yԑla (Significancre) 
Kunqu Opera de la de’emkԑka n pugum kɔ’ɔm naam bɔna China tiŋa puan gee mԑ kɔ’ɔm tara a wa’asi bii a tɔgum zaaleŋa itegɔ zi’a, se’em n tari inkpemesegɔ zo’e zo’e bɔ’ɔra zina Chinese duma operas la.

Chinese opera kɔ’ɔra zo’orz mԑ ye’esa kɔ’ɔm ze’ele a naaŋɔ puan saw a paԑ zina wa. Saŋa teere la, de’eŋo, kɔa la wa’asi la kɔ’ɔm teera mԑ. Kunqu Opera, puan mԑ, de la bii ba mi ti a dԑna la "living fossil" gee teere ka ba’am zo’e gee a tumkɔ’ɔm ba’am tara la buuri malema yԑla operas puan. ina ma’a n de se’em n tari dibeerum operas batã tinsԑka n kɔ’ɔm bɔna nananewa bii tinsԑka ti ba zãlԑ n bala wa paԑ zina. A mԑ kelum ze’ele bo la buuri malema la tɔgum zaaleŋa n de (Han nationality).

Doose Kunban de’eŋo zi’a la yalegere la puan, yuumsere n tole la Wanli, Kunqu opera yuum tari la Beijing la Hunan doose Yangzhou puan, ina n yuum de yiadaana kɔɔsi la woo puan gee nyaa tee dԑna yuunsi’a kɔa n ani suŋa de’emkãra woo puan magese wuu: "Four Square Songs Must Zong Wumen."Ming Dynasty ba’asegɔ la Qing Dynasty pɔsega, Kunqu opera yԑregԑ paԑ la Sichuan, Guizhou la Guangdong, gee nyaa tole nԑŋa ta dԑna tingɔŋɔ la za’a de’eŋo. Kunqu opera yuuma yuum pɔsԑ ze’ele la Wu tɔgun puan na la Suzhou wa yi’a puan, gee ti poorum ti ba yuum tari zi’izi zo’e zo’e wa’ana, tiŋa la tɔgum duma n yuum lagum pa’asԑ bini la tɔgum zaaleŋa yԑla ti fu san bisԑ fu baŋԑ, ŋwana wa yuum ta’asi mԑ ti ba nyԑ Kunqu opera zi’a n ani suŋa, gee mԑ wan ta’am dԑna se’em n wan ta’am ze’ele bo tiŋa la za’a waabi. Qianlong saŋa la ti Qing Dynasty, Kunqu opera nԑŋa tolega yuum wa’ana bii kԑna a nyagere dabesa la puan (heyday), kɔ’ɔm ze’ele belam ti Kunqu opera nyaa pɔsԑ tara (pear garden) wa’ana, se’em n nyuԑ paԑ yuum kɔbesi sinuu bii yuum kɔbesi siyopɔi (six or seven hundred years), ina n de opera sԑka n bunkԑka bɔna China puan hali la tingɔŋɔ la za’a waabi puan

Kunshan yuuma pɔsԑ yԑregera tiŋa la za’a, pɔsega la puan a yuum kɔ’ɔm bɔna Suzhou area ma’a, gee ti Wanli saŋa la, ti a yԑregԑ paԑ south n boi Yangtze River la north n boi Qiantang River la Suzhou dԑna tiŋasuka, gee tɔkԑ tole Beijing puan Wanli ba’asegɔ saŋa la. Qing Dynasty puan, ti Kangxi Emperor nɔŋԑ Kunqu opera, ta’asԑ ti a tole nԑŋa pa’asԑ. Gwana wa zuo, ti Kunshan yuum nyaa yuum wa’ana dԑna yuunsi’a bii de’enseto n ani suŋa gee kpemesa nԑreba iisi kɔ’ɔm ze’ele Ming Dynasty tiŋasuka tari paԑ Qing Dynasty tiŋasuka.

 Fujian 
Ming Wanli saŋa la (1573-1619) gee ti Fujian baŋԑ wa’ana.ba yuum pɔsԑ iŋԑ sԑla biŋԑ de la Kunshan tɔgum ti lԑregԑ lebe Fujian puan 1574 yuuni la puan. Kunqu Opera yԑregԑ mԑ Fujian puan, gee tara inkpemesegɔ (local operas) puan bɔna Fujian puan dԑna fii bii zo’e zo’e, tintɔo bii dagi tintɔɔ. (Confucian) de’eŋo wa puan se’em ti Cao Xuefu [zh] tari wa’ana. Ming Dynasty ba’asegɔ puan ,kɔsԑka n kɔ’ɔm bɔna de la, "Douqiang," se’em n tari Kunshan tɔgum. Magese wuu, opera ze’elegɔ "Ziyuchai," kɔa la mԑŋa tari la "13 tunes." Kunqu Opera mԑ niԑ na ana mԑ wuu tɔgum zaaleŋa la zi’a gee yuuna also. Qing Qianlong de la yuumpitã la anuu (35 years) (1770),Jian'ou County maalԑ la "Zhai Ya Lin Qu Society", ti a zamese n wan iŋԑ se’em ta’am yuun Kunqiang yuuma, ti ba mina a ti a dԑna "singing a big tune".[clarify]

 Zhejiang 
Kunqu Opera, kɔ’ɔm dԑna la "Cao Kun" la "Jin Kun," de la Kunqu opera yԑregԑ mԑ Jinhua tiŋa n boi Zhejiang puan. ba yi’ire n la "Cao Kun" se’ere  n sɔi la n tã teesuna tɔgum la kɔɔsi buuri buuri la. Kelum le pa’asԑ ba ta de’ena n yuura (rural grasslands la temple fairs), kaareba n de sԑba n de selereba bii kelereba, tɔgum la yԑregԑ mԑ ti nԑreba mina, gee (pursuit of plot twists la turns), yuunԑ kɔa dagi kɔɔsi si naasi aŋa, gee ba tum kɔ’ɔm de’ena la martial arts de’eŋo, de’eŋo tuunԑ. Kɔ’ɔm ze’ele Ming Dynasty saŋa sa la, ba kɔ’ɔm nyԑ la ina ti a kɔ’ɔm dԑna opera bunsuŋa bɔna Wu opera puan. Gee maaya , Kunqu Opera de la se’em n ze’ele Quzhou la Jinhua puan.

 Baambaanduma (Performers) 
·        Mei Lanfang

·        Zhang Jiqing

·        Hua Wenyi

·        Yan Huizhu

·        Zhang Jun

 Tuumsi’a nari ti fu mina (notable works) 
·        The Peony Pavilion (Tang Xianzu)

·        The Peach Blossom Fan (Kong Shangren)

·        The Palace of Long Life (Hong Sheng)

·        The White Snake

·        The Western Mansion (Southern version, adapted from Wang Shifu's zaju)

·        The Injustice done to Dou E (adapted from Guan Hanqing's zaju)

·        The Kite (Li Yu)

 Viisegɔ Lɔgerɔ