સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર

375x375pxપ્રશાશન ની પ્રણાલીપ્રશાશન ના ગણતંત્રવાદી સ્વરુપો:  સંસદ થી અલગ એક કાર્યકારી રાષ્ટ્રપતિપણાં સાથે રાષ્ટ્રપતિય ગણરાજ્ય
  સંસદ પર નભતા રાષ્ટ્રપતિ સાથે સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર
  વહીવટી રાષ્ટ્રપતિ અને સરકારના અલગ વડા બંને સાથે અર્ધ-રાષ્ટ્રપ્રમુખિય ગણતંત્ર, જે સંસદને દોરવણી આપે છે, જે રાષ્ટ્રપતિ દ્વારા નિયુક્ત થાય છે.
  ઔપચારિક/ગૈર-વહિવટી પ્રમુખ સાથે સંસદીય પ્રજાસત્તાક, જ્યાં એક અલગ વડા અધિકારી કાર્યકારીઓની દોરવણી કરે છે.

Monarchical forms of government:  Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial/non-executive monarch, where a separate head of government leads the executive
  Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial monarch, but where royalty still hold significant executive and/or legislative power
  Absolute monarchies where the monarch leads the executive

  One-party states where the dominant role of a political party is codified in the constitution
  Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military dictatorship)
  Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations)
     Parliamentary republics where parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state.
     Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature.
     Constitutional monarchies in which authority is vested in a parliament.
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

 List of modern parliamentary republics 
Parliamentary RepublicsCountryHead of State Elected ByCameral StructureParliamentary Republic AdoptedFormerlyParliament, by majorityUnicameral1991One-party stateParliament, by absolute majorityUnicameral2018Changed after the 2015 referendum.Semi-presidential republicDirect election, by second-round systemBicameral1945One-party state (as part of Nazi Germany, see Anschluss)ParliamentUnicameral1991Was, previously, a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.Presidential republicDirect election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post voteBicameral1991One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) BulgariaDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral1991One-party state CroatiaDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral2000Semi-presidential republicDirect election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)Bicameral1993One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)link=|alt=|border|23x23px DominicaParliament, by majorityUnicameral1978Associated state of the United KingdomEstoniaParliament, by two-thirds majorityUnicameral1991Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1919 and 1934 when the government was overthrown by a coup d'état. In 1938, Estonia adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.One-party state (part of Soviet Union)EthiopiaParliament, by two-thirds majorityBicameral1991One-party stateFijiParliament, by majorityUnicameral2014Military dictatorshipFinlandDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral2000Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ), he quotes  as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendements reduced the powers of the president even further.Semi-presidential republicGermanyFederal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majorityBicameral1949In the case of the former West German states, including former West Berlin, the previous one-party state is Nazi Germany, but in the case of the New Länder and former East Berlin it is East Germany. Please note that German reunification took place on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin was united into a single city-state. Therefore, this date applies to today's Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, although the area of former East Germany was no part of that parliamentary republic until 1990.One-party stateGreeceParliament, by majorityUnicameral1975Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchyHungaryParliament, by absolute majorityUnicameral1990One-party stateIcelandDirect election, by first-past-the-post voteUnicameral1944Constitutional monarchy (part of Denmark)IndiaParliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff voteBicameral1950Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)IraqParliament, by two-thirds majorityUnicameralOfficially bicameral, upper house never entered into functions, to present day.2005One-party stateIrelandDirect election, by instant-runoff voteBicameral1919Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949.Constitutional monarchy (Part of the British Empire)IsraelParliament, by majorityUnicameral2001Semi-parliamentary republicItalyParliament, by absolute majorityBicameral1946Constitutional monarchyKosovoParliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot,if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballotsUnicameral2008UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia)LatviaParliamentUnicameral1991Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a coup d'état. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.One-party state (part of Soviet Union)LebanonParliamentUnicameral1941Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon) MacedoniaDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral1991One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia)MaltaParliament, by majorityUnicameral1974Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)MauritiusParliament, by majorityUnicameral1992Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)MoldovaDirect election, by second-round system(since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)Unicameral2001Semi-presidential republicMontenegroDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral1992One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)NepalParliament and state legislatorsBicameralConstitution of Nepal 2015Had a transitional government between 2008 and 2015.Constitutional monarchyPakistanParliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff voteBicameral2010Semi-presidential republicSamoaParliamentUnicameral1960Trust Territory of New ZealandSerbiaDirect election, by second-round systemUnicameral1991One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)SingaporeDirect election (since 1993)Unicameral1965State of MalaysiaSlovakiaDirect election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)Unicameral1993One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)SloveniaDirect election, by second-round systemBicameral1991One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)SomaliaParliamentBicameral2012Had a transitional government between 1991 and 2012.One-party stateTrinidad and TobagoParliamentBicameral1976Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)VanuatuParliament and regional council presidents, by majorityUnicameral1980British–French condominium (New Hebrides)Parliamentary Republics with a "Mixed-Republican" SystemCountryHead of State Elected ByCameral StructureParliamentary Republic AdoptedFormerlyBotswanaParliament, by majorityUnicameral1966British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)KiribatiDirect election, by first-past-the-post voteUnicameral1979ProtectorateMarshall IslandsParliamentBicameral1979UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)MicronesiaParliament, by majorityUnicameral1986UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)MyanmarParliament, by an electoral collegeBicameral2010Military dictatorshipNauruParliamentUnicameral1968Australian Trust TerritorySan MarinoParliamentUnicameral301Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire)South AfricaParliament, by majorityBicameral1961Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realmMore than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
શ્રેણી:Pages with citations having redundant parameters)SurinameParliament, by majorityUnicameral1987Military dictatorshipSwitzerlandFederal Assembly (parliament and canton delegates), by absolute majorityBicameral1848Confederation

 List of former parliamentary republics 
CountryYear became a parliamentary republicYear status changedChanged toStatus changed due to First Czechoslovak Republic19201939One-party stateMunich agreement First Austrian Republic19201929Semi-presidential systemConstitutional amendmentlink=|alt=|border|22x22px Brazil19611963Presidential systemReferendum (present-day Myanmar)19481962Military dictatorship1962 Burmese coup d'état French Third Republic18701940Presidential systemWorld War II German Occupation French Fourth Republic19461958Semi-presidential systemPolitical instability19701980Presidential systemConstitutional amendment Hungary19461949One-party stateCreation of the People's Republic of Hungarylink=|alt=|border|23x23px Indonesia19451959Presidential systemConstitutional amendmentIsrael19481996Semi-parliamentary systemConstitutional amendment Second Republic of South Korea19601961Presidential systemMay 16 coupKyrgyzstan20102021 Presidential system Referendum Lithuanian First Republic19201926One-party state1926 Lithuanian coup d'étatIn June 1940, Lithuania was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.Nigeria19631966Military dictatorship(which led in 1979to the democratic, presidential  Coup d'étatPakistan19561958Military dictatorship1958 Pakistani coup d'état197319781977 Pakistani coup d'état198819991999 Pakistani coup d'état Second Polish Republic19191939One-party stateInvasion of Poland First Portuguese Republic19111926Military dictatorship(which led in 1933to the Estado Novo May 28 coup First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic)18991901Military dictatorship(De facto United States Colony)Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces Republic of the Congo19601965Military dictatorship(De facto One-party state)1965 Congolese coup d'étatRussia1991Post of President of Russia is created, and development of separation of powers is started, some of Supreme Soviet's executive powers is transferred to new post. Before that, Russia was a Soviet republic.1993Semi-presidential systemReferendumPreceded by crisis and armed dissolving of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, then-parliament of the Russian Federation.Rhodesia19701979Parliamentary systemCreation of Zimbabwe-RhodesiaSpanish Republic19311939Fascist dictatorshipLoss of Spanish Civil WarSri Lanka19721978Semi-presidential systemConstitutional amendment Syrian Republic19301958One-party stateCreation of the United Arab Republic Syrian Arab Republic19611963One-party state1963 Syrian coup d'étatTurkey19232018Presidential systemReferendumUganda19631966One-party stateSuspension of the constitutionZimbabwe Rhodesia19791979Parliamentary systemReversion to Southern RhodesiaZimbabwe19801987Presidential systemConstitutional amendment

 Notes 

 References