United Nations

De United Nations (UN) be an intergovernmental organization dem establish by de signing of de UN Charter on 26 June 1945 plus de stated purpose of make e dey maintain international peace drn security, make e develop friendly relations among states, make e promote international cooperation, dem make e serve as a centre for harmonizing de actions of states insyd achieving those goals.

De United Nations headquarters dey locate insyd New York City, plus chaw oda offices wey locate insyd Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, den The Hague. De UN dey comprise six principal organizations: de General Assembly, de Security Council, de Economic and Social Council, de International Court of Justice, de Secretariat, den de Trusteeship Council wich, togeda plus chaw specialized agencies den related agencies, make up de United Nations System.

Na de UN primarily focus on economic den social development, particularly insyd de wave of decolonization insyd de mid-20th century. Na dem praise de UN as a leader of peace den human development, plus na dem award chaw officers den agencies de Nobel Peace Prize, buh na dem sanso criticize am for perceived ineffectiveness, bias, den corruption.

 History 

 Background (pre-1941) 
Insyd de century prior to de UN ein creation, na dem form chaw international organizations such as de International Committee of the Red Cross make e ensure protection den assistance for victims of armed conflict den strife.

During World War I, na chaw major leaders, especially U.S. presido Woodrow Wilson, advocate for a world body make e guarantee peace. Na de winners of de war, de Allies, meet make dem decide on formal peace terms at de Paris Peace Conference. Na dem approve de League of Nations wey e start operations, buh na de United States never join. On 10 January 1920, na de League of Nations formally cam into being wen na de Covenant of the League of Nations, ratify by 42 nations insyd 1919, take effect. Na de League Council act as an executive body wey dey direct de Assembly ein business. Na e begin plus four permanent members—de United Kingdom, France, Italy, den Japan.

 Declarations by de Allies of World War II (1941–1944) 

Na de first step towards de establishment of de United Nations be de Inter-Allied Conference insyd London wey lead to de Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941. By August 1941, na American Presido Franklin Roosevelt den British Prime Minister Winston Churchill draft de Atlantic Charter; wich define goals for de post-war world. At de subsequent meeting of de Inter-Allied Council insyd London on 24 September 1941, na de eight governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation, togeda plus de Soviet Union den representatives of de Free French Forces, unanimously adopt adherence to de common principles of policy set forth by Britain den de United States.

 Founding (1945) 

By 1 March 1945, na 21 additional states sign de Declaration by de United Nations. After months of planning, na de UN Conference on International Organization open insyd San Francisco on 25 April 1945. Na e be attended by 50 nations dema governments den a number of non-governmental organizations. Na de delegations of de Big Four chair de plenary meetings. Previously, na Churchill urge Roosevelt make he restore France to ein status of a major power after de liberation of Paris insyd August 1944. Na dem plete de drafting of de Charter of the United Nations over de following two months, wey na dem sign am on 26 June 1945 by de representatives of de 50 countries. Na de UN officially cam into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of de Charter by de five permanent members of de Security Council: de United States, de United Kingdom, France, de Soviet Union den China — den by a majority of de oda 46 nations.

 Cold War (1947–1991) 
Though na de UN ein primary mandate be peacekeeping, de division between de United States den de Soviet Union often paralyse de organization; generally wey dey allow am make e intervene insyd conflicts per distant from de Cold War. Na two notable exceptions be a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 wey dey authorize a US-led coalition make e repel de North Korean invasion of South Korea, dem pass insyd de absence of de Soviet Union, den de signing of de Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.

 Post-Cold War (1991–present) 
After de Cold War, na de UN see a radical expansion insyd ein peacekeeping duties, dey take on more missions insyd five years dan na get insyd de previous four decades. Between 1988 den 2000, na de number of adopted Security Council resolutions more dan doubled, wey na de peacekeeping budget increased more dan tenfold. Na de UN negotiate an end to de Salvadoran Civil War, wey dem launch a successful peacekeeping mission insyd Namibia, wey dem oversee democratic elections insyd post-apartheid South Africa den post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. Insyd 1991, na de UN authorize a US-led coalition wey repulsed Iraq ein invasion of Kuwait. Brian Urquhart, de under-secretary-general of de UN from 1971 to 1985, later describe de hopes raised by dese successes as a "false renaissance" for de organization, given de more troubled missions wey dem follow.

Dey begin insyd de last decades of de Cold War, na critics of de UN condemn de organization for perceived mismanagement den corruption. Insyd 1984, na American Presido Ronald Reagan withdraw de United States ein funding from de United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (anaa UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, follow by de United Kingdom den Singapore. Na Boutros Boutros-Ghali, de secretary-general from 1992 to 1996, initiate a reform of de Secretariat, somewat dey reduce de size of de organization. Na ein successor, Kofi Annan, initiate further management reforms insyd de face of threats from de US make e withhold ein UN dues.

 Structure 
 General Assembly 
Draft resolutions fi be forwarded to de General Assembly by ein six main committees:
 First Committee (Disarmament den International Security)
 Second Committee (Economic den Financial)
 Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, den Cultural)
 Fourth Committee (Special Political den Decolonization)
 Fifth Committee (Administrative den Budgetary)
 Sixth Committee (Legal)
As well as by de two committees wey dey follow:

 General Committee – a supervisory committee wey dey consist of de assembly ein presido, vice-pees, den committee heads
 Credentials Committee – responsible for determining de credentials of each member nation ein UN representatives

 UN Secretariat 

Secretaries-general of de United Nations No.  Name  Country of origin  Take office  Lef office  Notes –Gladwyn JebbUnited Kingdom24 October 19452 February 1946He serve as acting secretary-general til Lie ein election 1  Trygve Lie  Norway  2 February 1946  10 November 1952  He resign 2  Dag Hammarskjöld  Sweden  10 April 1953  18 September 1961  He die insyd office 3  U Thant  Burma  30 November 1961  31 December 1971 First non-European to hold office 4  Kurt Waldheim  Austria  1 January 1972  31 December 1981  5  Javier Pérez de Cuéllar  Peru  1 January 1982  31 December 1991  6  Boutros Boutros-Ghali  Egypt  1 January 1992  31 December 1996 He serve for de shortest time 7  Kofi Annan  Ghana  1 January 1997  31 December 2006  8  Ban Ki-moon  South Korea  1 January 2007  31 December 2016  9  António Guterres  Portugal  1 January 2017Incumbent

 Specialized agencies 
 Specialized agencies of de United Nations No. Acronym  Agency  Headquarters  Head  Established 1  FAO  Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy  Qu Dongyu  1945 2  ICAO  International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal, Quebec, Canada Juan Carlos Salazar 1947 3  IFAD  International Fund for Agricultural Development  Rome, Italy Alvaro Lario 1977 4  ILO  International Labour Organization Geneva, Switzerland Gilbert Houngbo 1946 (1919) 5  IMO  International Maritime Organization London, United Kingdom Arsenio Dominguez 1948 6  IMF  International Monetary Fund  Washington, D.C., United States  Kristalina Georgieva 1945 (1944) 7  ITU  International Telecommunication Union Geneva, Switzerland  Doreen Bogdan-Martin 1947 (1865) 8  UNESCO  United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris, France Audrey Azoulay 1945 9  UNIDO  United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna, Austria Gerd Müller 1967 10  UNWTO World Tourism Organization Madrid, Spain Zurab Pololikashvili 1974 11  UPU  Universal Postal Union Bern, Switzerland  Masahiko Metoki  1947 (1874) 12  WBG  World Bank Group Washington, D.C., United States Ajay Banga  1945 (1944) 13  WHO  World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948 14  WIPO  World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva, Switzerland Daren Tang 1974 15  WMO  World Meteorological Organization  Geneva, Switzerland Celeste Saulo  Abdulla Al Mandous  1950 (1873)
 Funds, programmes, den oda bodies 
 Programmes den funds of de United NationsAcronymsAgencyHeadquartersHeadDem establishUNDPUnited Nations Development Programme New York City, United States Achim Steiner1965UNICEFUnited Nations Children's Fund New York City, United States Catherine M. Russell1946UNCDFUnited Nations Capital Development Fund New York City, United StatesMarc Bichler1966WFPWorld Food Programme Rome, Italy Cindy McCain1963UNEPUnited Nations Environment Programme Nairobi, Kenya Inger Andersen1972UNFPAUnited Nations Population Fund New York City, United States Natalia Kanem1969UN-HABITATUnited Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeNairobi, KenyaMaimunah Mohd Sharif1978UNVUnited Nations Volunteers Bonn, Germany Toily Kurbanov1978
 Membership 
All de world ein undisputed independent states be members of de United Nations. South Sudan, wich na join insyd 14 July 2011,be de most recent addition, wey dey bring a total of 193 UN member states. De UN Charter dey outline de membership rules:

In addition, der be two non-member observer states: de Holy See den Palestine. De Cook Islands den Niue, both states insyd free association plus New Zealand, be full members of chaw UN specialized agencies wey na dem get dema "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by de Secretariat.
 References 

 Bibliography 




















 Read further 

 Mazower, Mark (2009). No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.

 External links 

 Records of the UN Registry Archived 31 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine at the United Nations Archives

 Official websites 
 Official website (insyd English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, den Russian)
 The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
 United Nations Volunteers
 United Nations Documentation Research Guide
 Official YouTube channel (English)
 Multilingualism at the United Nations

 Odas 

 Searchable archive of UN discussions and votes
 United Nations Association of the UK – independent policy authority on the UN
 Website of the Global Policy Forum – independent think tank on the UN
 UN Watch – NGO monitoring UN activities

 Works by or about United Nations at the Internet Archive
 Works by United Nations at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
 United Nations on Nobelprize.org 


Category:Intergovernmental organizations dem establish by treaty
Category:Organizations dem award Nobel Peace Prizes
Category:Organizations wey base insyd New York City
Category:Organizations dem establish insyd 1945
Category:1945 establishments insyd de United States
Category:Peace organizations
Category:Sakharov Prize laureates