Quran

De Quran,/kʊˈrɑːn/, kuurr-AHN; vocalized Arabic: ٱلْقُرْآن‎, Quranic Arabic: ٱلۡقُرۡءَان‎, al-Qurʾān [alqurˈʔaːn], lit. 'the recitation' or 'the lecture' dem sanso romanize am Qur'an anaa Koran,"Alcoran". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1888. p. 210."Google Books Ngram Viewer". Google Books. Retrieved 16 February 2021."Koran". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1901. p. 753. be de central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims say e be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). Ebe organized insyd 114 chapters (surah, pl. suwer) wich dey consist of individual verses (āyah). Besides ein religious significance, ebe widely regarded as de finest work insyd Arabic literature, wey e significantly influence de Arabic language. Ebe de object of a modern field of academic research dem know as Quranic studies.

Muslims dey believe na de Quran be orally revealed by God to de final Islamic prophet Muhammad thru de angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of sam 23 years, wey dey begin for de Laylat al-Qadr, wen na Muhammad be 40, wey e conclude insyd 632, de year of ein death. Muslims dey regard de Quran as Muhammad ein most important miracle, a proof of ein prophethood, den de culmination of a series of divine messages wey dey start plus those dem reveal to de first Islamic prophet Adam, wey dey include de holy books of de Torah, Psalms, den Gospel insyd Islam.

 Etymology den meaning 
De word qur'ān dey appear about 70 times insyd de Quran einself, wey dey assume chaw meanings. Ebe a verbal noun (maṣdar) of de Arabic verb qara'a (قرأ‎) wey dey mean 'he read' anaa 'na he recite'. De Syriac equivalent be qeryānā (), wich dey refer to 'scripture reading' anaa 'lesson'. While sam Western scholars dey consider de word e be derived from de Syriac, de majority of Muslim authorities dey hold de origin of de word be qara'a einself.Nasr 2007 Regardless, na e cam turn an Arabic term by Muhammad ein lifetime. An important meaning of de word be de 'act of reciting', as dem reflect insyd an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qur'ānahu)."Quran 75:17

Insyd oda verses, de word dey refer to 'an individual passage [Muhammad] recite'. Ein liturgical context be seen insyd a number of passages, for example: "So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent."Quran 7:204 De word sanso fi assume de meaning of a codified scripture wen dem mention plus oda scriptures such as de Torah den Gospel.See "Ķur'an, al-", Encyclopedia of Islam Online and 9:111

 Academic research 
Studies for de Qur'an rarely go beyond textual criticism.Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe – 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the Quran."Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice – Page 278 Samia Mehrez – 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218–222; Issues 224–225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) – 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands Til de early 1970s,Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008: p.30 non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while dem no dey accept traditional explanations for divine intervention— accept de above-mentioned traditional origin story insyd chaw details.
University of Chicago professor Fred Donner dey state dat:[T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.Although dem cease make dem transmit chaw variant readings of de text of de Quran, sam still be.Ibn Warraq, Which Koran? Variants, Manuscript, Linguistics, p. 45. Prometheus Books, 2011.  Na der no be no critical text dem produce for wich dem fi base a scholarly reconstruction of de Quranic text.Gilliot, C. (2006). "Creation of a fixed text". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.

 Significance insyd Islam 

 Insyd worship 

Surah Al-Fatiha, dem dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, in full for every rakat of salah insyd den for oda occasions. Dis sura, wich dey consist of seven verses, be de most often recited surah of de Quran:
Dem dey read oda sections of de Quran of choice insyd daily prayers. Sura Al-Ikhlāṣ be second in frequency of Qur'an recitation, for according to chaw early authorities, Muhammad say dat Ikhlāṣ be equivalent to one-third of de whole Quran.Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, p. 1578.

 Insyd Islamic art 
De Quran sanso inspire Islamic arts den specifically de so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy den illumination. 

 References 

 Sources 
























 External links 

 Reference material 

 The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Islam Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine

 Manuscripts 

 Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library
 2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn
 Digitised Manuscripts Sorted by Verses at Corpus Coranicum

 Quran Pdf
 Al-Quran.info Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
 Quran Archive – Texts and Studies on the Quran
 Quran text and translation at Tufts University
 Tanzil – Online Quran Navigator
 Quran.com
 Previous.quran.com –  By clicking Settings and selecting The Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings
 Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian)
 Latin script transliterated Qur'an. Hans Zirker. University of Frankfurt.

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