History of slavery in the Muslim world

Na de history of slavery in the Muslim world be thru out de history of Islam plus slaves wey dey serve insyd chaw social den economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Na slaves be widely insyd labour insyd irrigation, mining, den animal husbandry, buh most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers.Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 2001: p.4 De use of slaves for hard physical labor early on insyd Muslim history lead to chaw destructive slave revolts, na de most notable be de Zanj Rebellion of 869–883. Na chaw rulers sanso use slaves insyd de military den administration to such an extent wey slaves fi seize power, as na de Mamluks do.

Na chaw import slaves from outsyd de Muslim world. Na slavery insyd de Muslim world no get a racial foundation in principle, although na dis no be always de case in practise.Bernard Lewis, Race and Color in Islam, Harper and Yuow, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis. Na de Arab slave trade be most active insyd West Asia, North Africa (Trans-Saharan slave trade), den Southeast Africa (Red Sea slave trade den Indian Ocean slave trade), den rough estimates place de number of Africans dem enslave insyd de twelve centuries prior to de 20th century at between six million to ten million.[Total of Black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 10,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983).Raymond Mauny estimates a total of 6 million Black slaves were traded in Islam through the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard, 1970)] Na de Ottoman slave trade cam from raids into eastern den central Europe den de Caucasus dem connect to de Crimean slave trade, while slave traders from de Barbary Coast raid de Mediterranean coasts of Europe den as far afield as de British Isles den Iceland.

Historically, na de Muslim Middle East be more anaa less united for chaw centuries, wey na slavery hence reflect insyd de institution of slavery insyd de Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), slavery insyd de Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), slavery insyd de Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), slavery insyd de Mamluk Sultanate (1258–1517) den slavery insyd de Ottoman Empire (1517–1922), before na slavery be finally abolished insyd one Muslim country after anoda during de 20th century.

Insyd de 20th century, na de authorities insyd Muslim states gradually outlaw den suppressed slavery.Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam Na dem abolish slavery insyd Zanzibar insyd 1909, wen na slave concubines be freed, wey na dem close de open slave market insyd Morocco insyd 1922. Na dem abolish slavery insyd de Ottoman Empire insyd 1924 wen na dem disband de new Turkish Constitution de Imperial Harem wey dem make de last concubines den eunuchs free citizens of de newly proclaimed republic. Na dem abolish slavery insyd Iran den slavery insyd Jordan insyd 1929. Insyd de Persian Gulf, na dem first abolish slavery insyd Bahrain insyd 1937, wey slavery insyd Kuwait follow insyd 1949 den slavery insyd Qatar insyd 1952, while Saudi Arabia den Yemen abolish am insyd 1962,Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, p. xxii,  den Oman follow insyd 1970. Mauritania cam be de last state to abolish slavery, insyd 1981. Insyd 1990 na de Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declare dat "no one has the right to enslave" anoda human being. As of 2001, however, instances of modern slavery persist insyd areas of de Sahel,Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 1568: p.206Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 2001: p.222 den chaw 21st-century terroristic jihadist groups attempt to use historic slavery insyd de Muslim world as a pretext for reviving slavery insyd de 21st century.

Scholars point to de various difficulties insyd studying dis amorphous phenomenon wich dey occur over a large geographic region (between East Africa den de Near East), a lengthy period of history (from de seventh century to de present day), wey wich only receive greater attention after de abolition of de Atlantic slave trade.Miran, J. (2022). Red Sea Slave Trade. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.Emmer, P. (2005). Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, Les Traites Négrières: Essai d'Histoire Globale. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2004. 468 pp. . Itinerario, 29(2), 107–108.Hogg, P. (2014). The African Slave Trade and Its Suppression: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography of Books, Pamphlets and Periodical. Routledge. De terms "Arab slave trade" den "Islamic slave trade" (den oda similar terms) be invariably used to refer to dis phenomenon.

 References 

 Sources 











 Read further 

 Insyd print 

 Freamon, Bernard K.. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Netherlands, Brill, 2019.
 Akande, Habeeb. Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam (Ta Ha 2012)




  - First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992.








 Sikainga, Ahmad A. "Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898–1939", The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24



 Online 

 Race and Slavery in the Middle East by Bernard Lewis
 Slavery in Islam (BBC (2009))

 External links 

Category:Islam-related controversies

Category:Islam den government