Ghana

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Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana, be country wey dey West Africa insyd."Ghana country profile". BBC News. 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast for de west, Burkina Faso for de north, den Togo for de east.Jackson, John G.; Clarke, John Henrik (1994). Introduction to African civilizations. Internet Archive. New York : Carol Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8065-0420-9. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi),"Ghana country profile". BBC News. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from  coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus ova 31 million people.Ghana a country to study. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. 1995. p. 63. De capital den largest city be Accra; other major cities be Kumasi, Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi. Ghana be second country wey produce cocoa. 

De first permanent state for present-day Ghana be de Bono state for de 11th century. Chaw kingdoms den empires emerge ova de centuries, na de most powerful be de Kingdom of Dagbon for de northMeyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana. Red Candle Press. ISBN 9780608390352.Danver, Steven L (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. den de Ashanti Empire for de south insyd."Asante Kingdom". Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden. 15 June 2002. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.

De 15th century ein beginning, de Portuguese Empire, then chaw oda European powers, contest de area for trading rights, until de British ultimately establish control for de coast by de late 19th century. Dem follow over century of colonisation, Ghana in current borders take shape, wey encompass four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, de Northern Territories den British Togoland. Dem unify dis as independent dominion for de Commonwealth of Nations for 6 March 1957, wey come turn de first colony for sub-Saharan Africa insyd wey achieve sovereignty.Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957). Universal Newsreel. 1957. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2012."First For Sub-Saharan Africa". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012."Exploring Africa – Decolonization". Exploring Africa - Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Ghana subsequently come turn influential for decolonisation efforts den de Pan-African movement insyd.Ateku, Abdul-Jalilu (7 March 2017). "Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

Ghana be multi-ethnic country plus diverse population, linguistic den religious groups;"2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020". Ghana Statistical Service. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018. while de Akan be de bola ethnic group, dem dey constitute plurality per. De majority of Ghanaians be Christian (71.3%), plus close to fifth be Muslim den tenth dey practice traditional faiths anaa no get religion."2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. President wey be both head of state den head of government dey lead Ghana wey be unitary constitutional democracy."Ghana". CIA World FactBook. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Since 1993, ein maintain one of de freest den most stable governments for de continent top den dey perform relatively well for metrics of healthcare insyd, economic growth, den human development."Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report". World Bank. Retrieved 19 December 2023. Ghana consequently dey enjoy significant influence for West Africa insydKacowicz, Arie M. (1998). Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa. SUNY Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7914-3957-9. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. wey dem highly integrate am for international affairs insyd, e be member for de Non-Aligned Movement, de African Union, de Economic Community of West African States, de Group of 24, den de Commonwealth of Nations."Ghana-US relations". United States Department of State. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.

 Etymology 
Ghana dey mean "strong warrior king" den esan be de title dem take give kings wey dey den tyms Ghana Empire for de West Africa—so you no go conf plus Ghana today, for de empire dey further north, in modern-day Mali, Senegal den southern Mauritania, as well as in de region of Guinea."Ghana | Etymology of the name Ghana by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 28 February 2024. Dem know Ghana for ein large gold usage den, dem later name am de Land of Gold."Ghana: Land of Gold". Kids Discover Online. Retrieved 28 February 2024.

 History 

 Medieval kingdoms 
Most of wat be now Ghana na dem inhabit insyd de Middle Ages den de Age of Discovery by different ethnic groups. De earliest known kingdoms to emerge for de modern Ghana be de Mole-Dagbani states. De Mole-Dagomba cam plus de horse ein back from de present-day Burkina Faso under single leader, Naa Gbewaa. Wid dema advanced weapons den based for central authority, dey easily invade den occupy de lands of de local people wey dem dey ruled by de Tindaamba (singular: tindana),"Tradition and Religion in Africa: Exploring the Changing Roles of the Tindana in Dagbon". established dema selves as de rulers ova de locals, wey dem make Gambaga dema capital. De death of Naa Gbewaa cause succession among ein kiddies, sam of dem break off wey dem found dema separate states wey dey include Mamprugu den Nanung. While Gbewaa dey still alive, ein daughter Yennenga travel north den found de Mossi Kingdoms, wey constitute de majority of present day Burkina Faso. Oda kingdoms dat emerge from Dagbon dey include de Bouna Kingdom of Ivory Coast, den de Dagaaba states of de Upper West Region.

Although de present-day Ghana has experienced bonch population movements, de Akan-speaking manners began dema move toward de end of de 15th century."Pre-European Mining at Ashanti, Ghana" (PDF) (PDF). Pdmhs.com. October 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015. By de early 16th century, na de Akans be firmly establish for de Akan state wey dem bell am Bonoman, for which de Bono den Ahafo regions wey dem name am.Tvedten, Ige; Hersoug, Bjørn (1992). Fishing for Development: Small Scale Fisheries in Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-91-7106-327-4. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. From de 17th century, de Akans komot from wat dem dey believe to be de Bonoman area, to create several Akan states, mainly as dem dey do gold trading.Dennis M. Warren, The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: An Ethnography of an Akan Society. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1975. Dese states dey include Bonoman (Bono den Ahafo regions), Ashanti (Ashanti Region), Denkyira (Western North region), Mankessim Kingdom (Central region), den Akwamu (Eastern region). By de 19th century, de territory for de southern part of Ghana dey include de Kingdom of Ashanti, ebe one of de influential states for de sub-Saharan Africa prior to de begining of colonialism. De govament of de Ashanti Empire operate first as loose network den dem eventually centralise am wid an advanced, highly specialise bureaucracy centre for dema capital city wey ebe Kumasi."Pre-Colonial Period". Ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010. Prior to Akan contact plus de Europeans, de Akan manners create dema advanced economy wey edey base principally for gold den gold bar commodities den trade plus de states for Africa."A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights". Rubens.anu.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2015.

De Ga-Dangme den Ewe migrate westward from south-western Nigeria secof de pressure wey dey from incessant tribal wars. De Ewe migrate wid dema Gbe-speaking kinsmen den ein transition, dem settled for Ketou insyd Benin Republic, Tado insyd Togo den wid Nortsie insyd Togo as dema final dispersal point. Dema dispersal from Nortsie be necessitated by dema high handed rule of King Agorkorli (Agor Akorlie). De Ga- Dangme occupy de Greater Accra Region den parts of de Eastern Region, while de Ewe occupy de Volta Region as well as dema neighbouring Togo, Benin Republic den Nigeria (around Badagry area).

 European contact den colonialism 
De Akans trade plus European states as dem begin after de contact plus de Portuguese insyd de 15th century."History of the Ashanti People". Modern Ghana. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Early European contact by de Portuguese manners who came to de Gold Coast region insyd de 15th century to cam trade den san establish de Portuguese Gold Coast (Costa do Ouro), dis dey focus on de extensive availability of gold. De Portuguese build trading lodge for de coastal settlement wey dem call am Anomansah (de perpetual drink) wey dem renamed am São Jorge da Mina. Insyd 1481, King John II for Portugal commission Diogo de Azambuja make he cam build de Elmina Castle, wey dem plete am in three years tym. By 1598, de Dutch join de Portuguese for de gold trade, as dem establish de Dutch Gold Coast (Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea) wey dem build forts for de Fort Komenda den Kormantsi.Levy, Patricia; Wong, Winnie (2010). Ghana. Marshall Cavendish. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7614-4847-1. Insyd 1617, de Dutch capture de Elmina Castle from de Portuguese den Axim insyd 1642 (Fort St Anthony).

Oda European traders san join for de gold trading by de mid-17th century, most notably de Swedes, dem establish de Swedish Gold Coast (Svenska Guldkusten), den Denmark–Norway, establishing den Danish Gold Coast (Danske Guldkyst or Dansk Guinea)."History of Ghana". ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011. In addition to de gold trade, European traders san participate insyd de Atlantic slave trade for dis area.Emmer, Pieter C. (2018). The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880: Trade, Slavery, and Emancipation (Variorum Collected Studies). Variorum Collected Studies (Book 614) (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-86078-697-9. More dan 30 forts den castles wey na dem build by de merchants for dat tym. De Germans san establish de Brandenburger Gold Coast anaa Groß Friedrichsburg)."Bush Praises Strong Leadership of Ghanaian President Kufuor". iipdigital.usembassy.gov. 15 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010. Insyd 1874, de Great Britain establish control over sam parts for de country, wey dem assign dese areas as dema status for de British Gold Coast.MacLean, Iain (2001), Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair, p. 76, ISBN 0-19-829529-4. Plenty military engagements occur for der between de British colonial powers den de various Akan nation-states. De Kingdom for Ashanti defeat de British few tyms for de 100-year-long Anglo-Ashanti wars buh dem eventually lost plus de War of de Golden Stool insyd 1900.Puri, Jyoti (2008). Encountering Nationalism. Wiley. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-470-77672-8. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to AD 1973, Part 1973, Rowman & Littlefield, 1975, ISBN 0-87471-765-5.

 Transition to independence 
Insyd 1947, de newly formed United Gold Coast Convention wey na "The Big Six" lead dey call for "self-government widin de shortest possible tym" as de 1946 Gold Coast legislative election dey cam.Gocking, Roger (2005). The History of Ghana. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-0-313-31894-8. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanaian nationalist wey lead Ghana from 1957 to 1966 as de country ein first prime minister den presido, dem form de Convention People's Party insyd 1949 wid dema motto "self-government now". De party com initiate "positive action" campaign wey dey involve non-violent protests, strikes den non-cooperation plus de British authorities. Dem arrest Nkrumah den sentence am go one year imprisonment as dat tym. Insyd de Gold Coast ein 1951 general election, dem elect am go to Parliament den release am from prison wey he cam turn de leader for govament business. He cam turn de prime minister insyd 1952. He improve de infrastructure for de country, wey he begin policy of Africanisation.

On 6 March 1957 at midnight, de Gold Coast, Ashanti, de Northern Territories, den British Togoland cam unify as one single independent dominion widin de British Commonwealth under de name Ghana.GTonline (3 March 2023). "Should 6th March, 1957 be celebrated as Ghana's Independence Day?". Ghanaian Times. Retrieved 24 February 2024. Dis dem do am under de Ghana Independence Act 1957. De current flag of Ghana, wey dey consist for colours red, gold, green, den black star, dey date back to ein unification."Ghana flag and description". worldatlas.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Theodosia Okoh wey design am;"Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh, Biography". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024. de red dey represent de blood wey dem shed towards independence; de gold dey rep de industrial minerals wealth for Ghana; de green dey symbolize de rich grasslands for Ghana, den de black star dey symbolize for Ghanaian people den African emancipation.

Insyd 1 July 1960, dey follow de Ghanaian constitutional referendum den Ghanaian presidential election, Nkrumah declare Ghana republic wey he assume de presidency."Exploring Africa – Decolonization". Exploring Africa - Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2012. 6 March be de nation ein Independence Day, den 1 July celebrate as Republic Day."5 Things To Know About Ghana's Independence Day". Africa.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.Oquaye, Mike (10 January 2018). "What is Republic Day in Ghana?". GhanaWeb. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018. At de tym of independence Nkrumah declare, "My first objective be say I go abolish from Ghana poverty, ignorance, den disease. We for measure wona progress by de improvement for de health of wona people; by de number of kiddies for school insyd, den by de quality for wona education; by de availability of water den electricity insyd wona towns den villas; den by de happiness wey wona people take to manage wona own affairs. De welfare of wona people be wona chief pride, den ebe dat wey my govament go take ask to be judged"."Kwame Nkrumah | Biography, Education, | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.

Nkrumah lead authoritarian regime for Ghana, as he dey repress oda political opposition den conduct elections dat no be free den fair.Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". Transition (26): 9–17. doi:10.2307/2934320. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2934320.Kilson, Martin L. (1963). "Authoritarian and Single-Party Tendencies in African Politics". World Politics. 15 (2): 262–294. doi:10.2307/2009376. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009376. S2CID 154624186. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.Bretton, Henry L. (1958). "Current Political Thought and Practice in Ghana*". American Political Science Review. 52 (1): 46–63. doi:10.2307/1953012. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1953012. S2CID 145766298. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023."Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah: visionary, authoritarian ruler and national hero". Deutsche Welle. 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023."Portrait of Nkrumah as Dictator". The New York Times. 3 May 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022. Insyd 1964, constitutional amendment make Ghana one-party state, wid Nkrumah as presido for life of both de nation den ein own party."VII. The Reluctant Nation", One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 219–249, 31 December 1964, doi:10.1515/9781400876563-012, ISBN 978-1-4008-7656-3

Nkrumah be de first African head of state wey go promote concept of Pan-Africanism, wey he go introduce for ein studies for Lincoln University, Pennsylvania insyd de United States, at dat tym be wen Marcus Garvey make popular for ein "Back to Africa Movement". Nkrumah merge de teachings of Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr. den naturalise am to Ghanaian scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into de formation of 1960s Ghana. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as dem cam know am, play instrumental part for de founding of de Non-Aligned Movement, den establishing de Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute wey he take teach ein ideologies for communism den socialism."Of Nkrumah's Political Ideologies: Communism, Socialism, Nkrumaism". Ghana Web. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Ein life achievements wey dem take recognise by Ghanaians during ein centenary birthday celebration, den de day wey dem institute as public holiday for Ghana (Founders' Day)."When it was made a Holiday". Modern Ghana. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.

 Operation Cold Chop den aftermath 
Na dem subsequently overthrow de govament of Nkrumah by coup by de Ghana Armed Forces wey code-named am as "Operation Cold Chop"."45 Years After "Operation Cold Chop" On 24th February 1966". GhanaWeb. -001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00. Retrieved 2024-02-26.Imoro, Issah (24 February 2015). ""The Other Side Of Operation Cold Chop'". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 26 February 2024. Dis occur while Nkrumah dey abroad plus Zhou Enlai for de People's Republic of China, for fruitless mission go Hanoi insyd Vietnam make he help end de Vietnam War. De coup take place for 24 February 1966, as Colonel Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka den Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa lead am.https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Emmanuel-Kwasi-Kotoka-120 Dem form de National Liberation Council, wey na Lieutenant General Joseph A. Ankrah chair am."The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah" (PDF). Libyadiary. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

Series of military wey dey alternate den civilian govaments, often affect by economic instabilities,David, Owusu-Ansah (1994). A Country Study: Ghana. La Verle Berry. rule Ghana from 1966 to 1981, wey end plus de ascension to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of de Provisional National Defence Council insyd 1981."Ghana: Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings (J.J Rawlings)". Africa Confidential. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Dese changes result in for de suspension of de Constitution of Ghana insyd 1981 wey dem ban political parties for de country insyd."Rawlings: The legacy". BBC News. 1 December 2000. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2013. De economy soon decline, so Rawlings negotiate structural adjustment plan, wey change chaw old economic policies, den economic growth dem recover during de mid-1980s. Fresh constitution wey restore multi-party system politics wey dem promulgate am go presidential election for de 1992; Rawlings wey dem elect am as presido of Ghana for dat tym, den again for de general election for 1996."Elections in Ghana". Africanelections.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2013.

At least 1,000 den as many as 2,000 people wey dem kill dem during de conflict between de Konkomba den oda ethnic groups such as de Nanumba, Dagomba den Gonja, while 150,000 people dem displace as part of dema tribal war for de Northern Ghana insyd 1994.Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (26 September 2000). "Refworld | Ghana: Conflict between the Konkomba and Nanumba tribes and the government response to the conflict (1994 – September 2000)". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

 21st century 
Winning de 2000 general election, na dem swear John Kufuor wey rep New Patriotic Party for office as presido for Ghana for 7 January 2001 den attain de presidency den again for de 2004 election, wey edey mean say he serve for two terms (de term limit) as presido for Ghana den thus mark am de first tym under de fourth republic wey de power transfer from one legitimately elected head of state den head of govament go anoda.

Nana Akufo-Addo, de ruling party candidate, go loose for very close election by John Atta Mills wey rep National Democratic Congress following de 2008 general election.Kokutse, Francis (3 January 2009). "Opposition leader wins presidency in Ghana". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2014.Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2009). "Another Step Forward for Ghana". Journal of Democracy. 20 (2): 138–152. ISSN 1086-3214. Mills die secof natural causes wey ein Vice Pee John Mahama succeed am for 24 July 2012."Atta Mills dies". The New York Times. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014. Following de 2012 general election, Mahama cam turn presido,"Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in". Sina Corp. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. wey dem describe say Ghana get "stable democracy"."Ghana - Economy: Keep calm and carry on: A strong and stable democracy has been built over the years". Oxford Business Group. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023."BTI 2016: Ghana Country Report" (PDF). BTI Transformation Index. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023. As result for de 2016 general election,"What the world media is saying about Ghana's 2016 elections – YEN.COM.GH". yen.com.gh. 7 December 2016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016. Nana Akufo-Addo cam turn presido for 7 January 2017."2016 Presidential Results". Ghana Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017. Dem san re-elect am after tightly contested election for 2020."Ghana election: Nana Akufo-Addo re-elected as president". BBC News. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

For 11 June 2021, Ghana inaugurate Green Ghana Day as edey aim say dem go plant 5 million trees in concentrating effort make dem preserve de country ein cover for de rainforest so say dem go combat deforestation."Planting of Five Million Tres on 11th June, 2021 the Green Ghana in the Bosomtwe Constituency | Bosomtwe District Assembly". www.bosomtwe.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

 Geography 
Ghana dey for de Gulf of Guinea, few degrees per north of de Equator, therefore dey give am warm climate."Ghana: Geography Physical". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013., "Ghana: Location and Size". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Ghana get area size of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi)"Ghana". August 2023. wey e get  Atlantic coastline wey dey stretch 560 kilometres (350 miles) for de Gulf of Guinea insyd de Atlantic Ocean to ein south. Dodi Island den Bobowasi Island be close plus de south coast."Ghana low plains". photius.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Edey lie between latitudes 4°45'N den 11°N, den longitudes 1°15'E and 3°15'W. De prime meridian dey pass thru Ghana, specifically thru Tema. Ghana be geographically closer to de "centre" for de Earth insyd dan any oda country, since ebe notional centre, (0°, 0°) dey locate for de Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 mi) off de south-east coast for Ghana."Prime Meridian". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

Grasslands mix plus south coastal shrublands den forests dey dominate Ghana, plus forest wey dey extend northward wey from de coast 320 kilometres (200 miles) den eastward for maximum of about 270 kilometres (170 miles) wid several locations for mining of industrial minerals den timber. Ghana be de home for five terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, Central African mangroves, den Guinean mangroves.Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869. Eget 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index wey mean say score of 4.53/10, wey dem rank am de 112th globally out of 172 countries.Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

De White Volta River den ein tributary Black Volta, flow south thru Ghana to Lake Volta, de world ein third-largest reservoir by ein volume den largest by surface area, dem form secof hydroelectric Akosombo Dam,"Top 10 biggest dams". Water Technology. 29 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021. wey dem plete am for 1965."History of Akosombo dam". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 27 February 2024. De Volta flows out of Lake Volta into de Gulf of Guinea."Profile of Major Rivers in Ghana" (PDF). Ghana Maritime Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2021. De northernmost part of Ghana be Pulmakonghttp://www.ghana.sk/about-ghana/geography den de southernmost part of Ghana be Cape Three Points.

 Landmarks, borders, den regionsCoastal Plain Accra, Apam, Cape Coast, Elmina, Kakum National Park, Kokrobite, Nzulezo, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ada Foah De Gulf of Guinea coastal plain plus de seat of government den capital city, castles den forts den rainforestAshanti-Kwahu Koforidua, Kumasi, Obuasi, Sunyani Forested hills den de Kingdom of AshantiVolta Basin Tamale Lake Volta, de river system wey dey feed am den Ghana eastern border crossingNorthern Plains Wa, Bolgatanga, Mole National Park Savanna plains den north Ghana trade route den border crossingupright=1.35|thumb|centerSettlementsAccra Seat of Government den Capital city.Bolgatanga Paga Crocodile Pond location.Cape CoastCape Coast Castle be UNESCO World Heritage Site.Elmina Coastal town with Elmina Castle.KoforiduaAburi Botanical Gardens location.KumasiTraditional centre of de Kingdom of Ashanti.ObuasiWorld ein ninth largest gold mine location; den mining town.Sekondi-TakoradiSurfing beaches such as Busua Beach,Hinson, Tamara (28 August 2014). "11 of the world's most unusual surf spots". edition.cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. den UNESCO World Heritage Sites.TamaleLargest settlement insyd de Kingdom of Dagbon den gateway to Mole National Park.YendiTraditional Capital of de Kingdom of Dagbon den seat of Yaa Naa.

The climate of Ghana be tropical, wey der be wet season den dry season."UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana". ncsp.undp.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Ghana dey tap for de intersection of three hydro-climatic zones. Changes insyd rainfall, weather conditions den sea-level rise dey affect de salinity of coastal waters. Dem dey expect dis make e negatively affect both farming den fisheries."Climate Risk Profile: Ghana". Climatelinks. USAID. January 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

Insyd 2015, de government produce document dem title "Ghana's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution". Dey follow dat, Ghana sign de Paris Climate Agreement insyd 2016.
Politics
Foreign relations
Military 
Law enforcement
 Human rights 
Economy

upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of exports, 2019
 Transport 
De trans-African automobile route – de Dakar-Lagos Highway dey pass thru Ghana.

Der be several airports insyd Ghana.

Rail transport insyd Ghana get gauge of 1067 mm (Cape gauge). Dem dey develop sea transportation.

Science den technology
Tourism
Volta Region: Longest mountain range for Ghana-Akwapim Togo ranges
 Mt Afadja- highest mountain for Ghana

 Wli waterfall - de highest waterfall for Ghana

 Amedzofe- Mt Gemi- waterfall den canopy walk.

 Golden sandy beaches wey dey stretch from Anyanui to Aflao

 Aflao: de eastern gateway to Ghana wey dey border Lome, de Togolese capital

 Keta- Fort Prizenstein, de former Danish slave trading post. Site wey dem proposed for Keta Port. De town plus de most promising den expanding tourism potential for Ghana
 Demographics 
As of 2024 United Nation ein reports, Ghana get population of 34,581,288."Ghana Population (2024) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 28 September 2024. As of 2018, around 29% of de population be under de age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 dey make up 57.8% of de population."Health Nutrition and Population Statistics – DataBank". databank.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018. De 2010 census report say de largest ethnic groups be de Akan (47.3%), de Mole-Dagbani (16.6%), de Ewe (13.9%), de Ga-Dangme (7.4%), de Gurma (5.7%) den de Guan (3.7%)."2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2014. As of 2024 United Nations ein reports, de median age of Ghanaian citizens be 21 years old."Median age of population". United Nations Data Portal Population Division. Retrieved 28 September 2024. Ghana dey contribute 0.42% to de total world population.
Largest cities anaa towns insyd Ghana

2021 Ghana censusRankNameRegionPop.1AccraGreater Accra1,964,2642KumasiAshanti Region1,468,6093Tamale, GhanaNorthern Region (Ghana)360,5794TakoradiWestern Region (Ghana)232,9195SunyaniBono Region202,9326TeshieGreater Accra176,5977Cape CoastCentral Region (Ghana)143,0158Sekondi-TakoradiCentral Region (Ghana)138,8729ObuasiAshanti Region137,85610KoforiduaEastern Region (Ghana)130,810

Languages
English be de official language of Ghana."The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL". Ghana Embassy Washington DC, USA. 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.Bernd Kortmann Walter de Gruyter (2004). A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5. Retrieved 11 November 2013. Additionally, eleven languages dey wey get de status of government-sponsored languages:

 Akan languages (Asante Twi, Akuapem Twi, Fante wey get high degree of mutual intelligibility, den Nzema, wey be less intelligible plus de above)
 Dangme
 Ewe
 Ga
 Guan
 Kasem
 Mole-Dagbani languages (Dagaare den Dagbanli)"The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL". National Commission on Culture. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013."Study of Ghanaian Languages". africa.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

Of dese, Asante Twi be de most widely spoken."Introduction to the Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan" (PDF). ling.hf.ntnu.no. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013.thumb|upright=1.2|Map of Ghana ein ethno-linguistic areas.Ghanaian Pidgin English, dem sanso know am as Kru English (anaa insyd Akan, kroo brofo), be variety of West African Pidgin English dem dey speak insyd Accra den insyd de southern towns.Magnus Huber, Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context (1999), page 139 Dem fi divide am into two varieties, dem refer to as "uneducated" anaa "non-institutionalized" pidgin den "educated" anaa "institutionalized" pidgin, de former associate plus uneducated anaa illiterate people den de latter acquire den used insyd institutions such as universities.Huber (1999), pp. 138–153

Religion
Christianity be de largest religion insyd Ghana, plus 71.3% of de population be members of various Christian denominations as of de 2021 census."2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022. Islam be practised by 20% of de total population. According to 2012 report by Pew Research, 51% of Muslims be followers of Sunni Islam, while approximately 16% belong to de Ahmadiyya movement den around 8% identify plus Shia Islam, while de remainder be non-denominational Muslims.The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center, Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. 29–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society". Der be "no significant link between ethnicity den religion insyd Ghana"."International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor". USA state.gov. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

Ghana get around 150,000 Jehovah's Witnesses."2023 Country and Territory Reports". Jehovah's Witnesses. Retrieved 20 September 2024.

 Universal health care den life expectancy 
Education
 Culture 
Chow den drink
Literature
 Clothing 
Music den dance
Media
Architecture
Sports
 References 

You fi read further
 Arhin, Kwame, The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah (Africa Research & Publications, 1995)
 Babatope, Ebenezer, The Ghana Revolution: From Nkrumah to Jerry Rawlings (Fourth Dimension Publishing, 1982)
 Birmingham, David, Kwame Nkrumah: Father Of African Nationalism (Ohio University Press, 1998)
 Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State (Zed Books, 2007)
 Briggs, Philip, Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide) (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010)
 Clark, Gracia, African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2010)
 Davidson, Basil, Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah (James Currey, 2007)
 Falola, Toyin, and Salm, Stephen J, Culture and Customs of Ghana (Greenwood, 2002)
 Grant, Richard, Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana (Syracuse University Press, 2008)
 Hadjor, Kofi Buenor, Nkrumah and Ghana (Africa Research & Publications, 2003)
 Hasty, Jennifer, The Press and Political Culture in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)
 James, C.L.R., Kwame Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution (Allison & Busby, 1977)
 Kuada, John, and Chachah Yao, Ghana. Understanding the People and their Culture (Woeli Publishing Services, 1999)
 Miescher, Stephan F, Making Men in Ghana (Indiana University Press, 2005)
 Milne, June, Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography (Panaf Books, 2006)
 Nkrumah, Kwame, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (International Publishers, 1971)
 Utley, Ian, Ghana – Culture Smart!: the essential guide to customs & culture (Kuperard, 2009)
 Various, Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited (Peter E. Randall Publisher, 2007)
 Younge, Paschal Yao, Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching (Mcfarland & Co Inc., 2011)
 Burke, Laura; Armando García Schmidt (2013). Ghana: Staying on Track in a Challenging Environment. Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh. pp. 127–147. ISBN 978-3-86793-491-6.

External links

Government
 Ghana site
 The Parliament of Ghana site
 National Commission on Culture site

General information
 Country Profile from BBC News
 Ghana from Encyclopædia Britannica
 Ghana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
 Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
 Ghana profile from Africa.com
 Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana
 The African Activist Archive Project website has photographs of the All Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, 5–13 December 1958 including Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, addressing the conference, the American Committee on Africa delegation meeting with Nkrumah, and of Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson of South Africa at the conference.
 Key Development Forecasts for Ghana from International Futures

Trade
 Ghana 2012 Summary Trade Statistics

Category:Countries for Africa insyd
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Category:1957 establishments insyd Ghana
Category:West African countries
Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1957
Category:Economic Community of West African States
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Category:Member states of de African Union
Category:Countries den territories wer English be official language