African Romance

African Romance, African Latin anaa Afroromance be an extinct Romance language wey na dem dey speak am insyd de chaw provinces of Roman Africa by de African Romans under de later Roman Empire den ein various post-Roman successor states insyd de region, wey dey include de Vandal Kingdom, de Byzantine-administered Exarchate of Africa den de Berber Mauro-Roman Kingdom. Na dem poorly attest African Romance as na e be mainly a spoken, vernacular language.Scales 1993, pp. 146–147. Der be little doubt, however, dat by de early 3rd century AD, na dem fully establish sam native provincial variety of Latin insyd Africa.Loporcaro 2015, p. 47. 

After de conquest of North Africa by de Umayyad Caliphate insyd 709 AD, na dis language survive thru to de 12th century insyd chaw places along de North African coast den de immediate littoral, plus evidence say na e fi persist up to de 14th century,Prevost 2007, pp. 461–483. den possibly even de 15th century, anaa later insyd certain areas of de interior. 

 Characteristics 

 Berber vocabulary 
EnglishBerberLatinSardinianItalianCorsicanSicilianMaltesesin / sickness / little child (lit., "without sin")abekkaḍu / abăkkaḍ / war-abekkadu / war-ibekkadenpeccatum ("sin" ; "error"; "fault")pecadu / pecau ("sin")peccato ("sin")pecatu ("sin")piccatu ("sin")wether (castrated ram)This is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not provided in the cited source.aberkusvervex / berbex > *berbecus(?)berbeghe / berveghe / barveghe / barbeghe / verveche / berbeche / erveghe / ilveghe/ barbei / brabei / brebei / erbei / arbei / brobei / ebreiberbiceceleryabiwapium ("celery" ; "parsley")àpiu / àppiuacciaroad / pathabrid / tabridaveredus ("fast anaa light breed of horse")ovenafarnu / affran / afferan / ufernu / ferran / afurnu / tafurnutfurnusfurru / forrufornofornu / forru / furrufurnufornchicken / chickafullus / afellus / fiǧǧus / fullispulluspuddupollopullastrupuḍḍu / pollufellusfresh curd / to curdle / curdled milkaguglu / kkal / ikkilcoagulari / coagulum ("to curdle" ; "curd" ; "bind/bonding agent" ; "rennet" ; "rennet")callu / cazu / cracu / cragu / giagu ("rennet")caglio ("rennet")caghju ("rennet")quagghiu / quagliu ("rennet")agaricagursal / arselagaric > *agaricellumagaricoboataɣeṛṛabucarabusoakakarruš / akerrušcerrus / quercuschercuquerciaquerciaquerchiaelevated part of the bedroomalektu / řeštulectus ("bed")letu ("bed")letto ("bed")lettu ("bed")lettu ("bed")oleanderalili / ilili / talilitlilium (lily)lizu / lilliu / lillu / lixu / lìgiu / gixu / gìgliu / gìsgiu ("lily")giglio ("lily")gigliu ("lily")gigghiu ("lily")ġilju ("lily")alms / religious compensationamerkidu / amarkidu / emarked / bu-imercidanmerces ("pay" ; "wages" ; "reward" ; "punishment" ; "rent" ; "bribe")merchede ("pay" ; "recompense")mercede ("recompense" ; "merit" ; "pity" ; "mercy")mercedi / mircedi  ("remuneration" ; "payment" ; "wage" ; "salary"), merci (merchandise" ; "goods")olive marcamuṛeǧamurcamorchiamùrija / muriaangel / spiritual entity / child / type of illnessanǧelus / anǧalus / anglus / ănǧălos / ăngălos / anaǧlusan / wanaǧlusan / anglusen angelusàgnelu / ànzelu / ànghelu / àngeluangeloanghjuluàncilu / ànciuluanġluto light up / illuminate / light / lamp This is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not provided.amnarlimino, liminare / lumino, luminare(large) sack / double bag/donkey's saddle / tapestryasaku / saku / sakku / sačusaccussacusaccosaccusaccusaqqudonkey / assasnusasinusàinuasinoasinuàsinubelonging to or attached to a yokeašbiyo / ašbuyosubiugiussisùja / susùjahelmaṭmun / aṭmunitemo ("pole"; "tongue of carriage"; "beam")timona / timone / timonitimonetimonetimunitmunAugustawussuaugustusagustu / austuagostoaostu / agostuAustuAwwissu / Awissubliteblitublitumjiti / ajiti / agghiti / gidi / nciti / aiti ("beet": from beta, "beet" + blitum, "blite")young boybušilpusillus ("small")pusiddu ("small boy")pusillo ("small")thrush (bird, insyd family turdidaeḍerḍus / ḍorḍusturdustordotôdulaturdularge wooden bowlduskudiscusdiscudiscodiscu(drawing) rule / vertical beam of weaving loomerriglaregula ("rule / bar / ruler")regra / arregra / rega / rega / regia / rejaregola (later borrowing)rica / rigarègula/ rèjula (later borrowing)regola (later borrowing)bearded vulture / bird of preyfalku / afalku / afelkun / fařšufalco ("falcon")falco / falcone ("falcon")falcu ("falcon")farcu / farcuni / falcuni ("falcon")falkun ("falcon")locality in TripolitaniaFassaṭofossatum(?) ("ditch", e.g. as fortification)fossato ("ditch")fussatu ("ditch")foss ("ditch")pennyroyalfleyyu / fliyu / fleggupulegium / puleium / puledium / pulleium / pullediumpoleggio / puleggioFebruaryfurarfebruāriusfreàrgiu / frearzu / fiàrzufebbraioferraghju / farraghju / frivaghjuFrivaruFrarhen-housegennayrugallinariumgallinaiogaḍḍinaru / jaḍḍinarucastle / villageɣasrucastrum (diminutive: castellum)castedducastellocastellucasteḍḍuqasar / kastellbeanibaw / awawLatin etymology is disputed in Kossmann (2013), pg. 62, who believes that the word derives from a pre-Indo-European form that is also the root of Latin faba, so as a cognate with faba but not a direct loan from Latin.fabafaa / faba / fae / favafavafava / fafaevil spiritidaymunendaemon / daemonium ("lar, household god" ; "demon, evil spirit")demone / demoniodimoniudimoniufernifilkufilixfiliche / filighe / filixi / fibixi / fixibifelcefilettafìlicifelċithreadifilufilum(?) ("thread; string; filament; fiber")Latin etymology is disputed, and may instead be linked to the Berber verb fel, "to set up the loom." See Kossmann 2013, p. 63, note 12.filufilofilufiluvultureThis is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not given in the cited source.i-gidervulturavvoltoio / avvoltore / voltore / vultore / vulturevuturu / avuturuavultunpear / pear treeifires / tfirast / tafirastpirus (feminine: pira, "pear fruit")pira ("pear fruit")peropera ("pear fruit")pirucultivated fieldiger / ižerageragruagroacruagrulaborer (to plough)ikerrezcarrus ("wagon; cart; wagonload", from Gaulish)carrucarrocarruchickpeaikikercicerchìghere / cìxiricecececciuciciriċiċrihorehoundimmerwimarrubiummarrubiumarrubiomarrubbijumarrubjasea squill / sea onion (Drimia maritima)iskilsquilla / scillaaspiddasquillaryeišenti / tāšentitcentenum ("rye; something gathered hundred each")durmastiskiraesculuseschio / ischiofig (in the stage of pollination) / artichokekarḍus (first definition) / ɣerdus / ɣerda (second definition)carduus ("thistle" ; "artichoke")cardo ("thistle")cardu ("thistle")cardu ("thistle")bug / bedbugkumsiscimexchímighecimicecimiciacìmiciawallmuṛu / maṛumurusmurumuromurumurucatqaṭṭus / takaṭṭust / yaṭṭus / ayaḍus / qeṭṭuscattusgatu / atu / batu / catugattoghjattu / gattu / ghiattujattuqattusRif (locality insyd Morocco)Rifripa(?) ("shore" ; "bank")ripa ("shore" ; "bank")feast / religious celebration / springtimetafaska / tafaske / tabaski / tfeskihpascha ("Easter" ; "Passover")Pasca ("Easter")Pasqua ("Easter")Pasqua ("Easter")Pasqua ("Easter")cauldron / iron bowl / cooking jugtafḍna / tafeḍna / tafaḍnapatina ("shallow pan or dish for cooking" ; type of cake ; "crib")patina ("patina" ; "coat" ; "film" ; "glaze" ; "size")carrottafesnaxtpastinaca ("parsnip" ; "stingray")pastinaca / pistinaga / frustinaca ("parsnip"; "carrot")pastinaca ("parsnip")pastinaccia / pastricciola ("parsnip")bastunaca / vastunaca ("parsnip")bud anaa eye of a plant / gem / jewel tagemmutgemmagemmacrowtagerfacorvusCould also derive from Arabic ġurba, cf. Blench 2018, p. 6.colbu / crobu / colvu / corbu / corvucorvocorbucorvu / corbuthroattageržumtgurga(?)(Late Latin, from gurges, "whirlpool")gorgia (archaic)gargiularugerżumathingtaɣawsa / tɣawsa / taghaussa / tghussa
|causa ("case" ; "reason/cause" ; "motive"; "condition/state" ; "justification")
|cosa (inherited from Italian; Old Sardinian, casa)
|cosa
|còsa
|cùosa
|
|-
|various toponyms
|Taɣlis / Taɣlisiya / iglazen / iglis / Tarlist|ecclesia(?) ("church")
|chegia / cheja / creia / crèsia ("church")
|chiesa ("church")
|chiesa / ghiesgia / jesgia ("church")
|chìesa / chisa / chesa / clesia / cresia ("church")
|
|-
|wax
|takir|cera
|chera / cera
|cera
|cera
|cira
|
|-
|quince
|taktuniyt / taktunya|(malum) cydonium / cotonium / cotoneum (plural cydonium / cotonia)
|chidonza / chintonza / chitonza
|cotogno ("quince tree") / cotogna ("quince fruit")
|melacutona / melacutugnu
|cutugnu / cutugna
|
|-
|seaweed
|talga|alga
|alga
|alga
|
|àlica
|alka
|-
|file
|talima / tilima / tlimaLatin etymology is disputed, may instead be a native Berber word, compared to Zenaga täššaʔyimt ("wooden plane".) See Kossmann (2013), pg. 70, note 24.|lima
|lima
|lima
|
|lima
|
|-
|irrigation channel
|targa|*riga(?) < irrigo("to water/irrigate/flood")Latin etymology is disputed; van den Boogert (1997) instead suggests that the word is native Berber, on the basis of Tuareg tahargé
|
|irrigare ("to irrigate")
|
|irrigà ("irrigate")
|
|
|-
|weapon
|tarma|arma
|àrma
|arma
|arma
|arma
|arma
|-
|madder (red-dye)
|tarubi / tarubya / tarrubya / awrubya / tṛubya|rubia
|
|robbia
|
|
|
|-
|ladder
|taskala|scala ("ladder" ; "stairs")
|iscala / issala / scaba
|scala
|scala
|scala
|
|-
|pod (of pea or bean) / carob
|tasligwa / tasliɣwa / tisliɣwa / tasliwɣa|siliqua
|silimba / silibba / tilimba / tilidda
|
|
|
|
|-
|pair / pair of drought animals, oxen
|tawgtt / tayuga / tayugʷa / tayuggʷa / tyuya / tiyuyya / tiyuga / tǧuǧa / tguget / tiugga|iugum ("pair of drought animals" ; "yoke" ; "couple")
|jugu / giugu / giuu ("yoke")
|giogo ("yoke")
|jugu ("yoke")
|giugu ("yoke")
|
|-
|pine
|tayda|taeda ("pinewood")
|
|teda
|
|deda
|
|-
|shirt
|tekamest|camisia
|camigia / camisa
|camicia
|camisgia / camigia / camicia
|cammisa
|qmis
|-
|elbow
|tiɣammar / taɣomert / tiɣumert|camur < camur ("bent" ; "curved" ; "hooked")
|cambra ("clamp" ; "cramp")
|
|
|
|
|-
|lentil
|tilintit / tiniltit|lens
|lènte / lentìza
|lente / lenticchia
|lintichja
|lenti / linticchia
|
|-
|shoemaker's awl
|tissubla / tisubla / tsubla / tasubla / tasobla / tasugla / subla|subula
|
|subbia ("chisel")
|
|
|
|-
|catapult
|tfurka / afurk / tfurket|furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork" ; "pole" ; "stake")
|frúca / furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork")
|forca ("fork" ; "pitchfork")
|
|furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork")
|
|-
|mulberry tree
|tkilsit / tkilsa|(morus) celsa
|chersa / chessa
|gelso / moro
|
|ceusu
|
|-
|piece of paper
|tkirḍa / tkurḍa / takerḍa / takarḍe, tyerṭa|carta / charta ("paper" ; "papyrus")
|carta / calta
|carta
|carta
|carta
|karta
|-
|wooden board for making doors / irrigable field (second two forms listed)
|toḍabla / taġult / tiġula|tabula ("board" ; "tablet")
|taula ("piece of wood")
|tavola ("table" ; "slate")
|tavula ("table")
|tàvula ("table")
|
|-
|theater
|ṭyaṭir|theatrum
|teatru
|teatro
|teatru
|tiatru
|teatru
|-
|wooden board for making doors / irrigable field (second two forms listed)
|toḍabla / taġult / tiġula ("elm")
|ulmu|ulmus
|úlimu / úlumu / urmu
|olmo
|olmu
|urmu
|
|-
|stove / cooker
|θafkunt|*focone(?) < focus ("fire" ; "fireplace" ; "hearth" ; "coalpan")
|fogu / focu ("fire")
|fuoco ("fire")
|focu ("fire")
|focu ("fire")
|
|-
|rope
|θasuχa|soca
|soga
|
|
|
|
|-
|field / garden
|urṭu / urti|hortus ("garden")
|oltu / ortu / otu ("vegetable garden")
|orto ("vegetable garden")
|ortu ("garden")
|ortu ("vegetable garden")
|
|-
|white mustard (Sinapis arvensis)
|(w)ašnaf / hacenafiṭ / hacenafṭ / wayfes / waifs'''|senapi(s) / sinapi(s) / senape / sinape(?)|
|senape|
|sinapi''

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Category:Extinct Romance languages
Category:Romance languages insyd Africa
Category:Languages of Algeria
Category:Languages of Tunisia
Category:Languages dem attest from de 1st millennium
Category:Languages extinct insyd de 1st millennium
Category:Africa (Roman province)
Category:Southern Romance languages