Al-Aqsa Mosque

De Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: جامع الأقصى, romanized: Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā, lit. 'congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa'), dem sanso know as de Qibli Mosque anaa Qibli Chapel (المصلى القبلي, al-muṣallā al-qiblī, lit. 'prayer hall of de qibla (south)'), and also  be de main congregational mosque anaa prayer hall insyd de Al-Aqsa mosque compound insyd de Old City of Jerusalem. Insyd sam sources na dem sanso name de building al-Masjid al-Aqṣā,1936 Survey of Palestine map of the Old City of Jerusalem buh dis name primarily dey apply to de whole compound insyd wich de building dey tap, wich einself dem sanso know as "Al-Aqsa Mosque". De wider compound be known as Al-Aqsa anaa Al-Aqsa mosque compound, dem sanso know as al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf (الحرم الشريف, lit. 'De Noble Sanctuary').Sway, Mustafa A. (2015), "Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!", Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 20/21 (4): 108–113, ProQuest 1724483297, archived from the original on 19 July 2023, retrieved 28 July 2022 – via ProQuest, Ahmed ibn Hanbal (780–855): "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel (muhdatha)." Mustafa Sway: More than 500 years ago, when Mujir Al-Din Al-Hanbali offered the above definition of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the year 900 AH/1495, there were no conflicts, no occupation and no contesting narratives surrounding the site.

During de rule of de Rashidun caliph Umar (r. 634–644) anaa de Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), na dem erect a small prayer house for de compound near de mosque ein site. De present-day mosque, locate for de south wall of de compound, na de fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik originally build  (r. 685–705) anaa ein successor al-Walid I (r. 705– 715) (anaa both) as a congregational mosque for de same axis as de Dome of de Rock, a commemorative Islamic monument. After e be destroyed insyd an earthquake insyd 746, na dem rebuild de mosque insyd 758 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. Na dem further expand am upon insyd 780 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi, after wich e consist of fifteen aisles den a central dome. However, na dem san destroy am during de 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake. Na de mosque be rebuilt by de Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036), wey reduce am to seven aisles buh dem adorn ein interior plus an elaborate central archway dem cover insyd vegetal mosaics; de current structure dey preserve de 11th-century outline.

During de periodic renovations dem undertake, na de ruling Islamic dynasties construct additions to de mosque den win precincts, such as ein dome, façade, minarets, den minbar den interior structure. Upon ein capture by de Crusaders insyd 1099, na dem use de mosque as a palace; na e sanso be de headquarters of de religious order of de Knights Templar. After de area be conquered by Saladin insyd 1187, na dem restore de structure ein function as a mosque. Na dem undertake more renovations, repairs, den expansion projects insyd later centuries by de Ayyubids, de Mamluks, de Ottomans, de Supreme Muslim Council of British Palestine, den during de Jordanian occupation of de West Bank. Since de beginning of de ongoing Israeli occupation of de West Bank, de mosque remain under de independent administration of de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf.

 Definition 

De "Al-Aqsa Mosque" dey translate into "de Farthest Mosque" insyd English.

De Arabic term "Al-Aqsa Mosque" be de translation of both al-Masjid al-Aqṣā (ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ) den Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā (جَامِع ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ), wich get distinct meanings insyd Arabic.Warren, Charles; Conder, Claude Reignier (1884). The survey of Western Palestine. Jerusalem. Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. London. p. 119 – via Internet Archive. De former (al-Masjid al-Aqṣā) dey refer to de Quran ein Surah 17 – "de furthest mosque" – den thus be used for whole compound of de Temple Mount, dem sanso know as de Haram al-Sharif, while de latter name (Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā) be used for de subject of dis article – de silver-domed congregational mosque building. Arabic den Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi, 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw, 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi Also at  den 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din, as well as 19th-century American den British Orientalists Edward Robinson, Guy Le Strange den Edward Henry Palmer explain dat de term Masjid al-Aqsa dey refer to de entire esplanade plaza dem sanso know as de Temple Mount anaa Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. de entire area wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, de fountains, de gates, den de four minarets – secof none of dese buildings exist for de time na dem wrep de Quran. Al-Muqaddasi refer to de southern building (de subject of dis article) as Al Mughattâ ("de covered-part") den Nasir Khusraw refer to am plus de Persian word Pushish (sanso be de "covered part", exactly as "Al Mughatta") anaa de Maqsurah (a part-for-the-whole synecdoche).

Dem sanso dey refer to de building as (al-)Qibli Mosque anaa (al-) Qibli Chapel (Muṣallā al-Qiblī), in reference to ein location for de southern end of de compound as a result of de Islamic qibla dem move from Jerusalem to Mecca. "Qibli" be de name dem use insyd official publications by de governmental organization wich dey administer de site, de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf (part of de Jordanian government),Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, The Administration Department of Awgaf and Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs, Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa Mosque: "Al-Aqsa Mosque is a second name for al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem; both expressions have the same meaning and refer to the same Holy Site and its components; it is the place, which Allah, Exalted be He, allocated to be Prophet Muhammad's home of al-Isra', the Holy Journey at Night, and al-Mi'raj, from which the Prophet ascended to Heavens… Al-Aqsa Mosque includes the Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa), the Marwani Mosque, the Dome of the Rock Mosque, al-Buraq Mosque, the lower Asa, Bab al-Rahmah, all grounds, prayer halls, corridors with all the historical buildings built on them…" den de Jordanian government more widely.Royal Committee for Jerusalem Affairs: "Al-Musalla Al-Qibli is the large mosque building standing in the southern side of Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, it is called so because it stands in the direction of Al-Qiblah (direction of Mecca). Its construction in its current form was commenced by the Umayyad Caliph Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan, the building was completed during the reign of his son, Al-Walid Ibn Abd Al-Malik. Again, this edifice is a part of the blessed Aqsa Mosque and must not be referred to as Al-Aqsa Mosque itself."Jordan-PLO Agreement on the Jerusalem Holy Sites - English (2013): "Recalling the unique religious importance, to all Muslims, of al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 Dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards, attached areas over and beneath the ground and the Waqf properties tied-up to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, to its environs or to its pilgrims (hereinafter referred to as "Al-Haram Al-Sharif")" E sanso be de official name dem use by de Palestine Liberation Organization. Na chaw international organizations such as de United States State DepartmentUnited States State Department, INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORTS: Israel, West Bank and Gaza, 2018: "The Waqf continued to restrict non-Muslims who visited the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif from entering the Dome of the Rock and other buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, including the Al-Qibli/Al-Aqsa Mosque." de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (wey ein role be make e act as "de collective voice of de Muslim world"),Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, 11 Jun 2015, OIC Journal - Issue 29: "As a result of its immense religious significance, the Old City is home to a number of important religious monuments, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which comprises several sacred landmarks including the Dome of the Rock, the Southern Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Qibli) and the Buraq Wall, and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher." den UNESCO, as well as various scholars den media organizations use am.For example: BBC Archived 25 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Arabiya, the Jordan Times, Al-Jazeera, Middle East Eye, Middle East Monitor.

 Architecture 

De rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque den ein precincts dey cover , although de mosque einself be about  for area insyd wey e fi hold up to 5,000 worshippers.Al-Aqsa Mosque Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Life in the Holy Land. E be  long,  wide. Unlike de Dome of de Rock, wich dey reflect classical Byzantine architecture, de Aqsa Mosque be characteristic of early Islamic architecture.Gonen, 2003, p. 95.

 Dome 

Nothing remains of de original dome wey Abd al-Malik build. De present-day dome dey mimick dat of az-Zahir, wich consist of wood dem plate plus lead enamelwork, buh wich na ebe destroyed by fire insyd 1969. Today dem make am of concrete plus lead sheeting.Al-Aqsa Mosque Restoration Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.

Al-Aqsa ein dome be one of de few domes make dem build in front of de mihrab during de Umayyad den Abbasid periods, na de odas be de Umayyad Mosque insyd Damascus (715) den de Great Mosque of Sousse (850).Necipogulu, 1998, p. 14. Na dem paint de interior of de dome plus 14th-century-era decorations. During de 1969 burning, na de paintings be assumed to be irreparably lost, buh na dem completely reconstruct am dey use de trateggio technique, a method wey dey use fine vertical lines make e distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones.

 Facade den porch 

Na de facade of de mosque be built insyd 1065 CE on de instructions of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Na dem crown am plus a balustrade wey dey consist of arcades den small columns. Na de Crusaders damage de facade, buh na ebe restored den renovated by de Ayyubids. Na one addition be de covering of de facade plus tiles.Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond BRILL. pp. 136–138. . De second-hand material of de facade ein arches dey include sculpted, ornamental material dem take from Crusader structures insyd Jerusalem.Hillenbrand, Carolle. (2000). The Crusades: The Islamic Perspective Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Routeledge, p. 382 . 

 Interior 
De al-Aqsa Mosque get seven aisles of hypostyle naves plus chaw additional small halls to de west den east of de southern section of de building.Al-Aqsa Mosque Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library. Der be 121 stained glass windows insyd de mosque from de Abbasid den Fatimid eras. Na dem restore about a fourth of dem insyd 1924.Yuvaz, 1996, pp. 149–153. De spandrels of de arch opposite de main entrance dey include a mosaic decoration den inscription wey dey date back to Fatimid period.The Encyclopaedia of Islam; By H. A. R. Gibb, E. van Donzel, P. J. Bearman, J. van Lent; p.151

 Minbar 
Na de minbar of de mosque be built by a craftsman dem name Akhtarini from Aleppo on de orders of de Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Na dem intend am to be a gift for de mosque wen na Nur ad-Din capture Jerusalem from de Crusaders wey he take six years take build (1168–74). Nur ad-Din die wey de Crusaders still control Jerusalem, buh insyd 1187, Saladin capture de city wey na he install de minbar. Na dem make de structure of ivory den carefully crafted wood. Na inscribe arabic calligraphy, geometrical den floral designs insyd de woodwork.Oweis, Fayeq S. (2002) The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Universal-Publishers, pp. 115–117. .

 Current situation 

 Administration 
Dem know de administrative body responsible for de whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound as "de Jerusalem Waqf", an organ of de Jordanian government.Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards, Khaled Abu Toameh for The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).

De Jerusalem Waqf be responsible for administrative matters insyd de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Religious authority for de site, for de oda hand, be de responsibility of de Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, wey de government of de State of Palestine appoint.Yaniv Berman, "Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings" Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Media Line, 23 October 2006.

After de 1969 arson attack, de waqf employed architects, technicians den craftsmen insyd a committee wey dey carry out regular maintenance operations. Na de Islamic Movement insyd Israel den de waqf have attempt make dem increase Muslim control of de Temple Mount as a way of countering Israeli policies den de escalating presence of Israeli security forces around de site since de Second Intifada. Sam activities include refurbishing abandoned structures den renovating.Social Structure and Geography Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.

Ownership of de al-Aqsa Mosque be a contentious issue insyd de Israel-Palestinian conflict. During de negotiations for de 2000 Camp David Summit, na Palestinians demand complete ownership of de mosque den oda Islamic holy sites insyd East Jerusalem.Camp David Projections Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. July 2000.

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