Decolonization

Decolonization be de undoing of colonialism, de latter be de process wer by imperial nations dey establish den dey dominate foreign territories, often overseas.Note however discussion of (for example) the Russian and Nazi empires below. De meanings den applications of de term be disputed. Sam scholars of decolonization dey focus especially on independence movements insyd de colonies den de collapse of global colonial empires.John Lynch, ed. Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins (1995).

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from dema respective metropoles, na decolonization begin insyd 1775 plus de American Revolution insyd North America against de British Empire. Na de Napoleonic Wars insyd de 19th century see de French colonial empire, de Spanish Empire, den Portugal face decolonization plus de Haitian Revolution, de Spanish American wars of independence, den de independence of Brazil from Portugal. Na a major wave of decolonization occur insyd de aftermath of de First World War, wey dey include insyd de United States den de Empire of Japan. Na anoda wave of decolonization occur after de Second World War, wey na chaw countries gain dema independence insyd de following years.

Seventeen territories remain under de United Nations classification of non-self-governing territories.

 By area 

 American Revolution 
Na Great Britain ein Thirteen North American colonies be de first to declare independence, wey dey form de United States of America insyd 1776, wey dem defeat Britain insyd de Revolutionary War.Robert R. Palmer, The age of the Democratic Revolution: a political history of Europe and America, 1760–1800 (1965)Richard B. Morris, The emerging nations and the American Revolution (1970).

 Haitian Revolution 

 Spanish America 
alt=Map of Spanish Colonial Empire|thumb|Map of Spanish Colonial Empire

 Portuguese America 

 British Empire 

 Violence, civil warfare, den partition 

 French Empire 

 After 1918 

 United States 

 Japan 

 After 1945 

 Planning for decolonization 

 U.S. den Philippines 

 Portugal 

 Belgium 

 Netherlands 

 United Nations trust territories 

 De emergence of de Third World (1945–present) 

 Decolonization of Africa 

 United Kingdom: Sudan (1956); Ghana (1957); Nigeria (1960); Sierra Leone den Tanganyika (1961); Uganda (1962); Kenya den Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963); Malawi den Zambia (1964); Gambia den Rhodesia (1965); Botswana den Lesotho (1966); Mauritius den Swaziland (1968); Seychelles (1976)
 : Morocco den Tunisia (1956); Guinea (1958); Cameroon, Togo, Mali, Senegal, Madagascar, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon den Mauritania (1960); Algeria (1962); Comoros (1975); Djibouti (1977)
 Spain: Equatorial Guinea (1968)
 Portugal: Guinea-Bissau (1974); Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe den Angola (1975)
 : Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960); Burundi den Rwanda (1962)

 Decolonization insyd de Americas after 1945 

 United Kingdom: Newfoundland (formerly an independent dominion buh under direct British rule since 1934) (1949, union plus Canada); Jamaica den Trinidad and Tobago (1962); Barbados den Guyana (1966); Bahamas (1973); Grenada (1974); Trinidad and Tobago (1976, removal of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, transition to republic); Dominica (1978); Saint Lucia den St. Vincent and the Grenadines (1979); Antigua and Barbuda den Belize (1981); Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983); Barbados (2021, removal of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, transition to republic).
 Netherlands: Netherlands Antilles, Suriname (1954, both cam be constituent countries of de Kingdom of the Netherlands), 1975 (independence of Suriname)
 Denmark: Greenland (1979, cam be an autonomous territory of de Kingdom of Denmark).

 Decolonization of Asia 

 United Kingdom: Transjordan (1946), British India den Pakistan (1947); British Mandate of Palestine, Burma den Ceylon (1948); British Malaya (1957); Kuwait (1961); Kingdom of Sarawak, North Borneo den Singapore (1963); Maldives (1965); Aden (1967); Bahrain, Qatar den United Arab Emirates (1971); Brunei (1984); Hong Kong (1997)
 : French India (1954) den Indochina wey dey comprise Vietnam (1954), Cambodia (1953) den Laos (1953)
 Portugal: Portuguese India (1961); East Timor (1975); Macau (1999)
 : Philippines (1946)
 Netherlands: Indonesia (1949)

 Decolonization insyd Europe 

 Decolonization of Oceania 

 United Kingdom: Tonga den Fiji (1970); Solomon Islands den Tuvalu (1978); Kiribati (1979)
 United Kingdom den : Vanuatu (1980)
 Australia: Nauru (1968); Papua New Guinea (1975)
 New Zealand: Samoa (1962)
 : Marshall Islands den Federated States of Micronesia (1986); Palau (1994)

 Anti-colonialist leaders dem assassinate 
A non-exhaustive list of assassinated leaders go include:
LeaderTitleAssassinPlace of deathDate of deathTiradentesColonial Brazilian revolutionaryPortuguese colonial admiministrationRio de Janeiro, Portuguese Colony of Brazil21 April 1792Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaLeader of de Mexican War of IndependenceSpanish colonial admiministrationChihuahua, Nueva Vizcaya, Viceroyalty of New Spain30 July 1811Ruben Um NyobéGabriel Périès and David Servenay, Une guerre noire: Enquête sur les origines du génocide rwandais (1959-1994) (A Black War: Investigation into the origins of the Rwandan genocide (1959-1994)), Éditions La Découverte, 2007, p. 88. (Another account claims, without supporting citation, that Nyobe "was killed in a plane crash on September 13, 1958. No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash. Assassination has been alleged with the French SDECE being blamed.")"Power of the dead and language of the living: The Wanderings of Nationalist Memory in Cameroon", African Policy (June 1986), pp. 37-72Leader of de Union of the Peoples of CameroonFrench armyNyong-et-Kellé French Cameroon13 September 1958Barthélemy BogandaLeader of de independence movement in the Central African RepublicPlane crash. Sam believe say na de crash be deliberate wey dem suspect say expatriate businessmen, possibly be aided by de French secret service, na dem be responsible.Boda District, Central African Republic29 March 1959Félix-Roland Moumié.Jacques Foccart, counsellor to Charles de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou and Jacques Chirac for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to Jeune Afrique review. See also Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard, Fayard – Jeune Afrique (French) and also "The man who ran Francafrique – French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle – Obituary" in The National Interest, Fall 1997Leader of de Cameroon's People UnionFrench secret police SDECEGeneva, Switzerland3 November 1960Patrice LumumbaFirst Prime Minister of de Democratic Republic of the CongoDe separatist Katangan authorities of Moïse Tshombe execute am after Joseph-Désiré Mobutu hand am over.Élisabethville, Democratic Republic of the Congo17 January 1961Louis RwagasoreBurundi nationalistDem assassinate am at de direction of leaders of a rival political party (PDC) plus potential support from de Belgian Resident insyd Burundi.Usumbura, Ruanda-Urundi13 October 1961Pierre NgendandumweRwandan Tutsi refugeeBujumbura, Burundi15 January 1965Sylvanus OlympioFirst presido of TogoDem assassinate am during de 1963 Togolese coup d'état.Lomé, Togo13 January 1963Mehdi Ben BarkaLeader of de Moroccan National Union of Popular Forces (UNPF)Moroccan secret serviceParis, France29 October 1965Ahmadu BelloFirst premier of Northern NigeriaDem kill am during de 1966 Nigerian coup d'état.Kaduna, Nigeria15 January 1966Eduardo MondlaneLeader of FRELIMOUnknown. Possibly de Portuguese secret police (PIDE)Dar es Salaam, Tanzania3 February 1969Mohamed BassiriLeader of de Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el DhahabSpanish LegionEl Aaiun, Spanish Sahara18 June 1970Amílcar CabralLeader of PAIGCPortuguese secret police DGS/PIDEConakry, Guinea20 January 1973

 References 

 Read further 

 Bailey, Thomas A. A diplomatic history of the American people (1969) online free
 Betts, Raymond F. Decolonisation (2nd ed. 2004)
 Betts, Raymond F. France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 (1991)

 Chafer, Tony. The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonisation (Bloomsbury, 2002).
 Chamberlain, Muriel E. ed. Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2014)
 Clayton, Anthony. The wars of French decolonisation (Routledge, 2014).

 Darwin, John. "Decolonisation and the End of Empire"  in Robin W. Winks, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 5: Historiography  (1999) 5: 541–557.
 Gerits, Frank. The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966) (Cornell University Press, 2023). ISBN13: 9781501767913.  Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. see online reviews and reply by author

 Grimal, Henri. Decolonisation: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963 (1978).

 Ikeda, Ryo. The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
 Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. Decolonisation: A Short History (Princeton UP, 2017). online
 Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42#5 (2014): 787–825.
 Klose, Fabian (2014), Decolonization and Revolution, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (pdf).
 Lawrence, Adria K. Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism:  Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire (Cambridge UP, 2013) online reviews

 MacQueen, Norrie. The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997).
 Milford, Ismay. African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966 (Cambridge University Press, 2023) online reviews of this book

 Monroe, Elizabeth.  Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956 (1963)

 O'Sullivan, Christopher. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012).
 Rothermund, Dietmar. The Routledge companion to decolonisation (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp
  Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
 Shepard, Todd. The Invention of Decolonisation: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France (2006)
 Simpson, Alfred William Brian. Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2004).
 Smith, Simon C. Ending empire in the Middle East: Britain, the United States and post-war decolonisation, 1945–1973 (Routledge, 2013)


 Strayer, Robert. "Decolonisation, Democratisation, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective," Journal of World History 12#2 (2001), 375–406. online Archived 2015-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
 Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. Crises of Empire: Decolonisation and Europe's imperial states (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015)


 External links 

 Works related to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 at Wikisource
 Works related to United Nations Trusteeship Agreements listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing at Wikisource
 Works related to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 at Wikisource
 Works related to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 at Wikisource

 James E. Kitchen: Colonial Empires after the First World War/Decolonisation, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Category:History of colonialism
Category:Sovereignty
Category:Decolonization
Category:Aftermath of World War II