2008 Summer Olympics

De 2008 Summer Olympics (Chinese: 2008年夏季奥运会; pinyin: Èr Líng Líng Bā Nián Xiàjì Àoyùnhuì), officially de Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Chinese: 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì)  wey dem officially brand am as Beijing 2008 (Chinese: 北京2008; pinyin: Běijīng èr líng líng bā), na ebe international multisport event dem hold from 8 to 24 August 2008, insyd Beijing, China. Total of 10,942 athletes wey komot 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) compete insyd 28 sports den 302 events, one event more dan those dem schedule give de 2004 Summer Olympics."Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics Games". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Na dis be de first time China host de Olympic Games, den de third time dem hold de Summer Olympic Games insyd East Asia, dey follow de 1964 Olympics insyd Tokyo, Japan, den de 1988 Olympics insyd Seoul, South Korea. Na dese sanso be de second Summer Olympic Games make dem hold insyd communist state, de first be de 1980 Summer Olympics insyd de Soviet Union (plus venues insyd Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, den Estonia).

Na dem award Beijing de 2008 Games over four competitors for 13 July 2001, dem win majority of votes from members of de International Olympic Committee (IOC) after two rounds of voting.Longman, Jere (14 July 2001). "OLYMPICS; Beijing Wins Bid for 2008 Olympic Games". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2011. De Government of de People's Republic of China promote de 2008 Games wey e invest heavily insyd fresh facilities den transport systems. Na dem use 37 venues make dem host de events, wey dey include twelve dem construct specifically give de 2008 Games. Na dem hold de equestrian events insyd Hong Kong, dey make dese de third Olympics for wich na dem hold de events under de jurisdiction of two different NOCs.Na dem contest de sailing events insyd Qingdao, while de football events take place across chaw different cities.

De official logo give de 2008 Games, dem title "Dancing Beijing" (舞动北京), Guo Chunning wey create am (郭春宁), dem feature de Chinese character give capital (京, dem stylize into de shape of human being) for reference to de host city. Na 3.5 billion people worldwide watch de 2008 Olympics, wey e feature de longest distance give Olympic Torch relay."Longest distance for an Olympic torch relay". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.Fixmer, Andy (5 September 2008). "Beijing Olympics Attracted Most Viewers, Nielsen Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2011. De 2008 Games sanso set chaw world den Olympic records, wey na ebe de most expensive Summer Olympics of all time, den de second most expensive overall, after de 2014 Winter Games insyd Sochi.Rabinovitch, Simon. "Beijing Games to be costliest, but no debt legacy". U.S. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018."#1: 2008 Beijing Games - $40 billion - pg.2". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Na de opening ceremony be lauded by spectators den chaw international presses as spectacular, spellbinding, den by chaw accounts, "the greatest ever in the history of Olympics"."Press hails 'greatest ever' Olympic opening show". Agence France-Presse. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008."World records set in Beijing Olympics". chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018."China to showcase art performance directed by Zhang Yimou at Pyeongchang Winter Olympics". The Straits Times. 27 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Beijing host de 2022 Winter Olympics, wey make am de first city ever make e host both de Summer den Winter Games.

Unprecedented 87 countries win at least one medal during de 2008 Games. Host nation China win de most gold medals (48), wey e cam turn de seventh different team make e top overall Summer Olympics medal tally, dey win total of 100 medals overall. De United States place second insyd de gold medal tally buh dem win de highest number of medals overall (112). Na Russia achieve de third place insyd de gold medal tally.

Dis Olympic Games mark de return of de Summer Olympic Games to Asia after de 1988 Olympics insyd South Korea. Na ebe de first Olympics give Serbia as separate state since 1912 den de first give Montenegro, as dem separate from Serbia insyd 2006. Na e sanso be de first Olympics give Nepal as republic, de Marshall Islands den Tuvalu. Mongolia den Panama each win dema first Olympic gold medal. For addition, Afghanistan, Mauritius, Serbia, Sudan, Tajikistan den Togo win dema first Olympic medals for dese Games. North Korea, dem symbolically march plus South Korea as one team for de opening ceremonies of de preceding three Games wey na e enter (2000 insyd Sydney, 2004 insyd Athens, den 2006 insyd Turin), dem parade separately dis time.

 Organization 

 Bid 
Under de direction of Liu Qi, na dem elect Beijing as de host city give de 2008 Summer Olympics for 13 July 2001, during de 112th IOC Session insyd Moscow, dem defeat bids from Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, den Osaka. Prior to de session, na five oda cities (Bangkok, Cairo, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, den Seville) submit bids to de IOC, buh dem fail make dem make de short list dem choose by de IOC Executive Committee insyd 2000. After de first round of voting, Beijing hold significant lead over de oda four candidates. Osaka receive six votes per wey n dem eliminate am. Insyd de second round, na majority of voters support Beijing, wey eliminate de need for subsequent rounds."Beijing 2008: Election". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2006. Na Toronto ein bid be ein fifth failure since 1960 (fail bids for 1960, 1964, 1976 den 1996 Games, wey e loose to Rome, Tokyo, Montreal den Atlanta).Peter Edwards (24 July 2015). "Toronto has made 5 attempts to host the Olympics. Could the sixth be the winner?". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.

Na members of de IOC no disclose dema votes, buh news reports speculate say broad international support lead to China ein selection, especially from developing nations wey na receive assistance from China make dem construct stadiums. De size of China, ein increased enforcement of doping controls, den sympathy wey dey concern ein loss of de 2000 Summer Olympics to Sydney na all be factors insyd de decision. Eight years earlier, na Beijing lead every round of voting give de 2000 Summer Olympics before dem loose to Sydney by two votes insyd de final round.Riding, Alan (24 September 1993). "Olympics; 2000 Olympics Go to Sydney In Surprise Setback for China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2009.

Na de delegates consider human rights concerns express by Amnesty International den politicians insyd both Europe den North America, according to IOC Executive Director François Carrard. Carrard den odas suggest say de selection fi lead to improvements insyd human rights for China insyd. For addition, chaw IOC delegates wey na dem formerly be athletes express concern about heat den air quality during de Games, dey consider de high levels of air pollution insyd Beijing. China outline plans make dem address dese environmental concerns insyd ein bid application.
+2008 Summer Olympics bidding resultsCityCountryRound12BeijingChina4456TorontoCanada2022ParisFrance1518IstanbulTurkey179OsakaJapan6—

 Costs 

For 6 March 2009, de Beijing Organizing Committee for de Olympic Games report say na total spending give de Games be "generally as much as that of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games", wich na ebe equivalent to about US$15 billion. Dem go on make dem claim say surplus revenues from de Games go exceed de original target of $16 million."Surplus of Beijing Olympic Games exceeds 16 million USD". People's Daily Online. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009. Oda reports, however, estimate de total costs from $40 to $44 billion, wich go make de Games "far and away the most expensive ever".Rabinovitch, Simon (5 August 2008). "Beijing Games to be costliest, but no debt legacy". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009."Beijing Olympics to cost China 44 billion dollars". Pravda. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012."The cost of the Beijing Olympics". The Guardian. London. 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2009. Na ein budget later exceed by de 2014 Winter Olympics insyd Sochi, wich suffer from major cost overruns; de 2014 Winter Olympics cost roughly US$50 billion insyd public funding.Paul Farhi (10 February 2014). "Did the Winter Olympics in Sochi really cost $50 billion? A closer look at that figure". Washington Post. De Oxford Olympics Study 2016 dey estimate de outturn cost of de Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics for US$6.8 billion insyd 2015-dollars. Dis dey include sports-related costs per, such as those dem incur by de organizing committee anaa those dem incur by de host city, country, den private investors make dem build structures dem require make dem host de Games. Indirect capital costs—those wey no directly relate to staging tde Games—dem no include. De Beijing Olympics ein cost of US$6.8 billion dey compare plus costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016 den US$15 billion for London 2012.Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 18–20. arXiv:1607.04484. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804554. ISSN 1556-5068. SSRN 2804554.

 Venues 
By May 2007 na dem begin de construction of all 31 Beijing-based Olympic Games venues."All Beijing-based Olympic venues under construction". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 11 May 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2007. De Chinese government renovate den construct six venues outsyd Beijing, wey dem construct 59 training facilities. Na de largest structures dem build be de Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing National Aquatics Center, Peking University Gymnasium, Olympic Green Convention Center, Olympic Green, den Beijing Wukesong Culture & Sports Center. Na dem fund almost 85% of de construction budget for de six main venues by $2.1 billion (RMB¥17.4 billion) insyd corporate bids den tenders. Na dem expect investments from corporations wey dey seek ownership rights after de Olympics."Beijing Olympics funding exceeds $43 bn". NDTV.com. 4 August 2008. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2008. Na dem hold sam events outsyd Beijing, namely football insyd Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, den Tianjin; sailing insyd Qingdao; den, secof de "uncertainties of equine diseases and major difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone", na dem hold de equestrian events insyd Hong Kong."Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008. Na dem build sam stadiums for de former site of hutong neighbourhoods, wey dey include Qianmen Subdistrict.Yardley, Jim (12 July 2006). "Olympics Imperil Historic Beijing Neighborhood". New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2023.

Na de showpiece of de 2008 Summer Olympics be de Beijing National Stadium, dem nickname am "The Bird's Nest" secof ein nest-like skeletal structure. De stadium host both de opening den closing ceremonies, as well as de athletics competition."Supporters, protesters greet Olympic torch's arrival in Beijing". CBC News. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Construction of de venue begin for 24 December 2003. Na dem originally plan, construct, den plete Guangdong Olympic Stadium insyd 2001 make dem help host de Games, buh na dem make decision make dem construct fresh stadium insyd Beijing.Libby, Brian (1 May 2002). "China's Banner Stadium". Architecture Week. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009. Insyd 2001, de city hold bidding process make e select de best arena design. Na dem require several criteria of each design, wey dey include flexibility for post-Olympics use, retractable roof, den low maintenance costs.Lubow, Arthur (6 May 2006). "The China Syndrome". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2009. Dem narrow de entry list to thirteen final designs."Presentation of Competation". Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008. De bird ein nest model dem submit by architects Jacques Herzog den Pierre de Meuron in collaboration plus Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG) na dem select dem as de top design by both professional panel den by broader audience during public exhibition. De selection of de design cam turn official insyd April 2003. Na construction of de stadium be joint venture among de original designers, project architect Stefan Marbach, artist Ai Weiwei, den group of CADG architects lead by Li Xinggang. Na dem fund ein $423 million cost by de state-owned corporate conglomerate CITIC den de Beijing State-Owned Assets Management Company.Pasternack, Alex; Clifford A. Pearson (July 2008). "National Stadium". Architectural Record: 92–9. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.

 Transport 

Make e prepare for Olympic visitors, na dem expand Beijing ein transportation infrastructure. Beijing ein airport undergo major renovation plus de addition of de fresh Terminal 3, design by architect Norman Foster.Jo Baker. "Beijing Terminal 3 by Foster". Architecture Week. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2008. Within de city einself, na dem double Beijing ein subway for capacity den length insyd, plus de addition of seven lines den 80 stations to de previously four lines den 64 stations wey dey exist. Na dem include insyd dis expansion be fresh link wey dey connect to de city ein airport. Fleet of thousands of buses, minibuses, den official cars transport spectators, athletes, den officials between venues."38 public transit routes to the Olympic venues". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2007.AUSmotive.com (2 August 2008). "Volkswagen claims 'Green' medal at 2008 Olympic Games". Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.

For effort make dem improve air quality, de city place restrictions for construction sites den gas stations top wey dem limit de use of commercial den passenger vehicles insyd Beijing.Andrew Jacobs (14 April 2008). "Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2008. From 20 July thru 20 September, na dem place restrictions for passenger vehicle restrictions for alternative days wey dey depend for de terminal digit of de car ein license plate top. Na dem anticipate say dis measure go take 45% of Beijing ein 3.3 million cars off de streets. Na dem expect de boosted public transport network make e absorb de demand dem create by dese restrictions den de influx of visitors, wich na dem estimate for more dan 4 million additional passengers per day."Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban". ABC news. Reuters. 23 June 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.

 Marketing 

Na dem know de 2008 Summer Olympics emblem as Dancing Beijing. De emblem combine traditional Chinese red seal den representation of de calligraphic character give "capital" (京, sanso be de second character of Beijing ein Chinese name) plus athletic features. De open arms of de calligraphic word symbolize de invitation from China to de world make dem share for ein culture insyd. Na IOC presido Jacques Rogge rather be pleased plus de emblem, wey dey say, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people.""Rogge's Message for Beijing Olympics Emblem Unveiling". People's Daily Online. 3 August 2003. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.

Na de official motto for de 2008 Olympics be "One World, One Dream" (同一个世界 同一个梦想)."'One World One Dream' selected as the Theme Slogan for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 25 December 2005. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2007. E call upon de whole world make dem join insyd de Olympic spirit den build better future give humanity, wey na dem choose am from over 210,000 entries dem submit from around de world."New Olympic slogan: One World, One Dream". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 April 2005. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Dey follow de announcement of de motto, na dem use de phrase by international advocates of Tibetan secession. Na banners dem unfurl dey read "One World, One Dream, Free Tibet" from various structures around de globe insyd de lead up to de Beijing Olympics, such as from de San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge den de Sydney Opera House insyd Australia.Yardley, Jim (13 August 2007). "Beijing Olympics: Let the politics begin". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2012.

Na de mascots of Beijing 2008 be de five Fuwa, each of wich represent both color of de Olympic rings den symbol of Chinese culture. Insyd 2006, de Beijing Organizing Committee for de Olympic Games release pictograms of 35 Olympic disciplines (however, for sam multidiscipline sports such as cycling, na dem release single pictogram)."Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008."Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games unveiled". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 7 August 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Na dem name dis set of sport icons the beauty of seal characters, secof each pictogram ein likeness to Chinese seal script.

 Mascots 
Na de mascots of de 2008 Summer Olympics be de Fuwa, Han Meilin (韩美林) create am. De mascots consist of Beibei, fish, Jingjing, panda, Huanhuan, Olympic flame, Yingying, Tibetan antelope, den Nini, sand martin kite. Wen dem combine dema Chinese characters, dem form 北京欢迎你, anaa "Beijing Welcomes You". Year before de Games insyd 2007, na dem release de 100-episode The Olympic Adventures of Fuwa wey dey feature de mascots.

 Media coverage 
Na de 2008 Games be de first make dem produce den broadcast entirely insyd high definition by de host broadcaster.Beaumont, Claudine (1 August 2008). "The first high-definition Olympics". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011. For comparison, American broadcaster NBC broadcast half per of de Turin 2006 Winter Olympics insyd HD.Dickson, Glen (4 August 2008). "Network goes to great lengths to pump Beijing Olympic Games action to myriad pipes". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2008."Seeing clearly: Panasonic ushers in first HDTV Game". China Daily. 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008. For dema bid for de Olympic Games insyd 2001, Beijing state to de Olympic Evaluation Commission say der go be "no restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games.""Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2003. Retrieved 10 June 2009. However, some media outlets claim say organizers ultimately fail make dem live up to dis commitment.Stelter, Brian (21 July 2008). "Networks Fight Shorter Olympic Leash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2008.

According to Nielsen Media Research, 4.7 billion viewers worldwide tune insyd sam of de television coverage, one-fifth larger dan de 3.9 billion wey watch de 2004 Olympic Games insyd Athens.  American broadcaster NBC produce two hours per of online streaming video give de 2006 Winter Games buh e produce approximately 2,200 hours of coverage give de 2008 Summer Games. CNN report say, for de first time, "live online video rights in some markets for the Olympics have been separately negotiated, not part of the overall 'broadcast rights.'" Na dem say de fresh media of de digital economy dey grow "nine times faster than the rest of the advertising market.""Olympics enter the '2.0' era". CNN. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
De international European Broadcasting Union (EBU) provide live coverage den highlights of all arenas per give certain territories for dema website top, Eurovisionsports.tv."Beijing LIVE". Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008. Chaw national broadcasters likewise restrict de viewing of online events to dema domestic audiences."Delighted Cooke gets gold medal". BBC News. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008. De General National Copyright Administration of China announce say "individual (sic) and websites will face fines as high as 100,000 yuan for uploading recordings of Olympic Games video to the internet",Wallace, Lydia. "100,000 yuan fine for uploading Olympic videos?". Danwei.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010. part of extensive campaign make dem protect de pertinent intellectual property rights.Robertson, Campbell. "For Olympics, China Ramps Up Copyright Infringement Campaign – Rings Blog". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2011.我国启动打击网络侵权盗版专项行动 为期四个月 (insyd Chinese). News.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010. De Olympic Committee sanso set up separate YouTube channel for Beijing 2008."beijing2008". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2015.

 Theme song 
Na de theme song of de 2008 Summer Olympics be "You and Me", wich na ebe compose by Chen Qigang, de musical director of de opening ceremony. Na dem perform am during de opening ceremony by Chinese singer Liu Huan den British singer Sarah Brightman."刘欢莎拉布莱曼演唱奥运会主题歌《我和你》". The 2008 Olympic Report. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2024."Beijing Ceremony Introduces Olympic Theme Song". 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015 – via Billboard. Na de theme song originally for be song dem bell "So much love, so far away (Tanto amor, tan lejos)" Cuban singer-songwriter Jon Secada den Peruvian singer-songwriter Gian Marco wrep am under production from Cuban producer Emilio Estefan Jr. from EMI."El Sonido De Miami". El Nuevo Herald. 7 August 2001. p. 29.

 Torch relay 

Na de design of de 2008 Olympic Torch dey base for traditional scrolls top wey dem use traditional Chinese design dem know as de "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). Na dem design de torch make e remain lit insyd 65 km/h (40 mph) winds, den insyd rain of up to 50 mm (2 in) per hour."The Image and Look – The Torch". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014.

Na dem meet de relay, plus de theme "Journey of Harmony", plus protests den demonstrations by pro-Tibet supporters thru out ein journey. E last 130 days wey dem carry de torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi)—de longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since de tradition begin for de 1936 Berlin Games."Beijing 2008: BOCOG Announces Olympic Torch Relay Route". International Olympic Committee. 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.Bowley, Graham; Sullivan, John (9 April 2008). "Officials Expect Olympic Torch to Continue on Route". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2011. Na dem describe de torch relay as "public relations disaster" give China by USA Today,"Vietnamese cheer torch, last int'l stop". USA Today. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009. plus protests against China ein human rights record, particularly dem focus for Tibet top. De IOC subsequently bar future Olympics organizers from make dem stage international torch relays.Zinser, Lynn (27 March 2009). "I.O.C. Bars International Torch Relays". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

De relay begin 24 March 2008, insyd Olympia, Greece. From der, e travel across Greece to Panathinaiko Stadium insyd Athens, den then to Beijing, wey e arrive for 31 March. From Beijing, de torch follow route wey dey pass thru every continent except Antarctica. De torch visit cities for de Silk Road top, wey dey symbolize ancient links between China den de rest of de world. Na dem select total of 21,880 torchbearers from around de world by various organizations den entities."Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay Planned Route and Torch Design unveiled". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2007.

Na de international portion of de relay be problematic. De month-long world tour encounter wide-scale anti-Chinese protests. After trouble insyd London wey dey involve attempts by protesters make dem put out de flame, na dem extinguish de torch insyd Paris de day wey dey follow.Samuel, Henry (7 April 2008). "Olympic torch extinguished three times". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009. Na dem alter de American leg insyd San Francisco for 9 April widout prior warning make dem avoid such disturbances, although na der still be demonstrations along de original route."Confusion strikes US torch relay". BBC News. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011. Na dem delay den simplify de relay after de 2008 Sichuan earthquake hit western China."Organizers not saying why torch's arrival in Tibet delayed". ESPN. 16 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2009.

Na dem carry de flame to de top of Mount Everest for 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" wey dey scale de Tibetan side of de mountain, dem build especially give de relay. De $19.7 million blacktop project span from Tingri County of Xigazê Prefecture to de Everest Base Camp."China to build highway on Mt Everest for 2008 Olympics". The Hindu. India. 20 June 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2007. Insyd March 2008, China ban mountaineers from make dem dey climb ein side of Mount Everest, den later dem persuade de Nepalese government make dem close dema side as well, officially dey cite environmental concerns.McCarthy, Michael; Geldard, Jack (17 March 2008). "Climbers banned from Everest as China seeks to stop protests on summit". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008. E sanso reflect concerns by de Chinese government sat Tibet activists fi try make dem disrupt ein plans make dem carry de Olympic torch up de world ein tallest peak."Nepal: Everest pro-Tibet protesters may be shot". CNN. 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2009.

De route dem originally propose na e go fi take de torch thru Taipei after dem lef Vietnam den before dem head for Hong Kong. However, de government of Taiwan (then lead by de independence-leaning Democratic Progressive Party) object to dis proposal, wey dem claim say dis route go make de portion of de relay insyd Taiwan make e appear to be part of de torch ein domestic journey thru China, rather dan a leg for de international route top."Taiwan rejects 'domestic' Olympic torch route". Taiwan Journal. 4 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2007. Dis dispute, as well as Chinese dey demand say make dem ban de flag den de national anthem of de Republic of China along de route wey lead de government of Taiwan make e reject de proposal say e be part of de relay route. De two sides of de Taiwan Strait subsequently blame each oda for injecting politics into de event."Olympic torch will bypass Taiwan". BBC News. 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.

 De Games 

 National Olympic Committees wey dey participate 

All buh one of de 205 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) dem recognize wey exist as of 2008 participate insyd de 2008 Summer Olympics, de exception be Brunei."National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2008. Three countries participate insyd de Olympic Games for dema first time: de Marshall Islands, Montenegro den Tuvalu."Beijing 2008". Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.

While e no be full member dem recognize by de IOC den thus dem no allow make e compete formally insyd de Olympics, de Macau Sports and Olympic Committee send delegation make dem participate insyd de Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008, ebe de unrecognized National Olympic Committee per wey na e take part insyd de 2008 Summer Olympics. E sanso coordinate efforts plus de Chinese Olympic Committee make e organize de torch relay thru Macau.

De Marshall Islands den Tuvalu gain National Olympic Committee status insyd 2006 den 2007 respectively, wey na 2008 be de first Games for wich dem be eligible make dem participate."Robert Meets IOC President". ONOC. 2 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2006."Two new National Olympic Committees on board!". International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007. De states of Serbia den Montenegro, wich participate for de 2004 Games jointly as Serbia and Montenegro, compete separately for de first time since Serbia last participate insyd 1912. Montenegro make ein debut appearance, as na dem accept de Montenegrin Olympic Committee as fresh National Olympic Committee insyd 2007. Neighboring Kosovo, however, no participate. After de declaration of independence insyd Kosovo, de IOC specify requirements wey Kosovo dey hia make dem meet before dem go recognize am by de IOC; most notably, e for be recognize as independent by de United Nations."IOC: Kosovo Olympic Team 'Unlikely'". Associated Press. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2008."2008 United States Olympic Team Entered Into XXVIV Olympic Games in Beijing, China". United States Olympic Committee. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009."Host China announces biggest-ever Olympic team of 639 athletes". Xinhua News. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2012. However, dem since recognize am by de IOC insyd 2014 widout e fulfil dese criteria wey e make ein debut insyd de 2016 games."IOC grants provisional recognition to Kosovo Olympic Committee". 13 July 2021.

More dan 100 sovereigns, heads of state den heads of government as well as 170 Ministers of Sport attend de Beijing Olympic Games."IOC President to meet with world leaders". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
National Olympic Committees wey dey participate Afghanistan (4 athletes)
 Albania (11)
 Algeria (56)
 American Samoa (4)
 Andorra (5)
 Angola (32)
 Antigua and Barbuda (5)
 Argentina (132)
 Armenia (25)
 Aruba (2)
 Australia (432)
 Austria (70)
 Azerbaijan (44)
 Bahamas (25)
 Bahrain (14)
 Bangladesh (5)
 Barbados (8)
 Belarus (177)
 Belgium (94)
 Belize (4)
 Benin (5)
 Bermuda (6)
 Bhutan (2)
 Bolivia (7)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (5)
 Botswana (11)
 Brazil (268)
 British Virgin Islands (2)
 Bulgaria (70)
 Burkina Faso (6)
 Burundi (3)
 Cambodia (4)
 Cameroon (32)
 Canada (332)
 Cape Verde (2)
 Cayman Islands (4)
 Central African Republic (3)
 Chad (2)
 Chile (26)
 China (599) (host)
 Colombia (67)
 Comoros (3)
 Republic of the Congo (5)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (5)
 Cook Islands (4)
 Costa Rica (8)
 Croatia (99)
 Cuba (158)
 Cyprus (17)
 Czech Republic (134)
 Denmark (84)
 Djibouti (2)
 Dominica (2)
 Dominican Republic (24)
 Ecuador (25)
 Egypt (100)
 El Salvador (11)
 Equatorial Guinea (3)
 Eritrea (10)
 Estonia (47)
 Ethiopia (27)
 Fiji (6)
 Finland (57)
 France (309)
 Gabon (4)
 The Gambia (3)
 Georgia (35)
 Germany (420)
 Ghana (9)
 Great Britain (304)
 Greece (152)
 Grenada (9)
 Guam (6)
 Guatemala (12)
 Guinea (5)
 Guinea-Bissau (3)
 Guyana (4)
 Haiti (7)
 Honduras (25)
 Hong Kong (34)
 Hungary (171)
 Iceland (27)
 India (53)
 Indonesia (24)
 Iran (54)
 Iraq (4)
 Ireland (55)
 Israel (43)
 Italy (333)
 Ivory Coast (21)
 Jamaica (50)
 Japan (332)
 Jordan (7)
 Kazakhstan (130)
 Kenya (46)
 Kiribati (2)
 North Korea (58)
 South Korea (265)
 Kuwait (8)
 Kyrgyzstan (20)
 Laos (4)
 Latvia (47)
 Lebanon (6)
 Lesotho (5)
 Liberia (3)
 Libya (6)
 Liechtenstein (2)
 Lithuania (71)
 Luxembourg (13)
 Macedonia (7)
 Madagascar (6)
 Malawi (4)
 Malaysia (32)
 Maldives (4)
 Mali (17)
 Malta (6)
 Marshall Islands (5)
 Mauritania (2)
 Mauritius (11)
 Mexico (83)
 Federated States of Micronesia (5)
 Moldova (29)
 Monaco (5)
 Mongolia (28)
 Montenegro (19)
 Morocco (47)
 Mozambique (4)
 Myanmar (6)
 Namibia (10)
 Nauru (1)
 Nepal (8)
 Netherlands (237)
 Netherlands Antilles (3)
 New Zealand (178)
 Nicaragua (6)
 Niger (4)
 Nigeria (74)
 Norway (84)
 Oman (4)
 Pakistan (21)
 Palau (5)
 Palestine (4)
 Panama (5)
 Papua New Guinea (7)
 Paraguay (7)
 Peru (13)
 Philippines (15)
 Poland (257)
 Portugal (77)
 Puerto Rico (22)
 Qatar (20)
 Romania (101)
 Russia (454)
 Rwanda (4)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (4)
 Saint Lucia (4)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2)
 Samoa (6)
 San Marino (4)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (3)
 Saudi Arabia (14)
 Senegal (15)
 Serbia (87)
 Seychelles (9)
 Sierra Leone (3)
 Singapore (25)
 Slovakia (57)
 Slovenia (61)
 Solomon Islands (3)
 Somalia (2)
 South Africa (134)
 Spain (283)
 Sri Lanka (8)
 Sudan (9)
 Suriname (4)
 Swaziland (4)
 Sweden (123)
 Switzerland (83)
 Syria (7)
 Chinese Taipei (79)
 Tajikistan (15)
 Tanzania (9)
 Thailand (47)
 East Timor (1)
 Togo (4)
 Tonga (3)
 Trinidad and Tobago (28)
 Tunisia (26)
 Turkey (67)
 Turkmenistan (10)
 Tuvalu (3)
 Uganda (11)
 Ukraine (243)
 United Arab Emirates (8)
 United States (588)
 Uruguay (12)
 Uzbekistan (56)
 Vanuatu (3)
 Venezuela (108)
 Vietnam (13)
 Virgin Islands (7)
 Yemen (5)
 Zambia (8)
 Zimbabwe (13)

 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 
IOC Letter CodeCountryAthletesCHNChina599USAUnited States588RUSRussia467GERGermany463AUSAustralia433ITAItaly333CANCanada332JPNJapan332FRAFrance323GBRGreat Britain312ESPSpain283BRABrazil268KORSouth Korea265POLPoland257UKRUkraine243NEDNetherlands237NZLNew Zealand178BLRBelarus177HUNHungary171CUBCuba158GREGreece152CZECzech Republic134RSASouth Africa134ARGArgentina132KAZKazakhstan130SWESweden123VENVenezuela108ROURomania101EGYEgypt100CROCroatia99BELBelgium94SRBSerbia87DENDenmark84NORNorway84MEXMexico83SUISwitzerland83TPEChinese Taipei79PORPortugal77NGRNigeria74LTULithuania71AUTAustria70BULBulgaria70COLColombia67TURTurkey67SLOSlovenia61PRKNorth Korea58FINFinland57SVKSlovakia57ALGAlgeria56UZBUzbekistan56IRLIreland55IRIIran54INDIndia53JAMJamaica50ESTEstonia47LATLatvia47MARMorocco47THAThailand47KENKenya46AZEAzerbaijan44ISRIsrael43GEOGeorgia35HKGHong Kong34ANGAngola32CMRCameroon32MASMalaysia32MDAMoldova29MGLMongolia28TRITrinidad and Tobago28ETHEthiopia27ISLIceland27CHIChile26TUNTunisia26ARMArmenia25BAHBahamas25ECUEcuador25HONHonduras25SINSingapore25DOMDominican Republic24INAIndonesia24PURPuerto Rico22CIVIvory Coast21PAKPakistan21KGZKyrgyzstan20QATQatar20MNEMontenegro19CYPCyprus17MLIMali17PHIPhilippines15SENSenegal15TJKTajikistan15BRNBahrain14KSASaudi Arabia14LUXLuxembourg13PERPeru13VIEVietnam13ZIMZimbabwe13GUAGuatemala12URUUruguay12ALBAlbania11BOTBotswana11ESAEl Salvador11MRIMauritius11UGAUganda11ERIEritrea10NAMNamibia10TKMTurkmenistan10GHAGhana9GRNGrenada9SEYSeychelles9SUDSudan9TANTanzania9BARBarbados8CRCCosta Rica8KUWKuwait8NEPNepal8SRISri Lanka8UAEUnited Arab Emirates8ZAMZambia8BOLBolivia7HAIHaiti7JORJordan7MKDMacedonia7PNGPapua New Guinea7PARParaguay7SYRSyria7ISVVirgin Islands7BERBermuda6BURBurkina Faso6FIJFiji6GUMGuam6LIBLebanon6LBALibya6MADMadagascar6MLTMalta6MYAMyanmar6NCANicaragua6SAMSamoa6ANDAndorra5ANTAntigua and Barbuda5BANBangladesh5BENBenin5BIHBosnia and Herzegovina5CGORepublic of the Congo5CODDemocratic Republic of the Congo5GUIGuinea5LESLesotho5MHLMarshall Islands5FSMFederated States of Micronesia5MONMonaco5PLWPalau5PANPanama5YEMYemen5AFGAfghanistan4ASAAmerican Samoa4BIZBelize4CAMCambodia4CAYCayman Islands4COKCook Islands4GABGabon4GUYGuyana4IRQIraq4LAOLaos4MAWMalawi4MDVMaldives4MOZMozambique4NIGNiger4OMAOman4PLEPalestine4RWARwanda4SKNSaint Kitts and Nevis4LCASaint Lucia4SMRSan Marino4SURSuriname4SWZSwaziland4TOGTogo4BDIBurundi3CAFCentral African Republic3COMComoros3GEQEquatorial Guinea3GAMThe Gambia3GBSGuinea-Bissau3LBRLiberia3AHONetherlands Antilles3STPSão Tomé and Príncipe3SLESierra Leone3SOLSolomon Islands3TGATonga3TUVTuvalu3VANVanuatu3ARUAruba2BHUBhutan2IVBBritish Virgin Islands2CPVCape Verde2CHAChad2DJIDjibouti2DMADominica2KIRKiribati2LIELiechtenstein2MTNMauritania2VINSaint Vincent and the Grenadines2SOMSomalia2NRUNauru1TLSEast Timor1

 Sports 
2008 Summer Olympics Sports Programme Aquatics
 Diving (8)
 Swimming (34)
 Synchronized swimming (2)
 Water polo (2)
 Archery (4)
 Athletics (47)
 Badminton (5)
 Baseball (1)
 Basketball (2)
 Boxing (11) Canoeing
 Slalom (4)
 Sprint (12)
 Cycling
 BMX (2)
 Road (4)
 Track (10)
 Mountain bike (2)
 Equestrian
 Dressage (2)
 Eventing (2)
 Jumping (2) Fencing (10)
 Field hockey (2)
 Football (2)
 Gymnastics
 Artistic (14)
 Rhythmic (2)
 Trampoline (2)
 Handball (2)
 Judo (14)
 Modern pentathlon (2)
 Rowing (14)
 Sailing (11) Shooting (15)
 Softball (1)
 Table tennis (4)
 Taekwondo (8)
 Tennis (4)
 Triathlon (2)
 Volleyball
 Beach volleyball (2)
 Volleyball (2)
 Weightlifting (15)
 Wrestling
 Freestyle (11)
 Greco-Roman (7)

 Calendar 
All dates be Beijing Time (UTC+8)
OCOpening ceremony●Event competitions1Gold medal eventsEGExhibition galaCCClosing ceremony
August 20086th
Wed7th
Thu8th
Fri9th
Sat10th
Sun11th
Mon12th
Tue13th
Wed14th
Thu15th
Fri16th
Sat17th
Sun18th
Mon19th
Tue20th
Wed21st
Thu22nd
Fri23rd
Sat24th
SunEventsCeremoniesOCCC—AquaticsDiving1111●●1●1●1●146Marathon swimming11Swimming●44444444Synchronized swimming●●1●1Water polo●●●●●●●●●●●1●1Archery●11●●114Athletics246653677147Badminton●●●●●●1225Baseball/SoftballBaseball●●●●●●●●12Softball●●●●●●●●1Basketball●●●●●●●●●●●●●●112Boxing●●●●●●●●●●●●●4611CanoeingSlalom●2●●216Sprint●●●●66CyclingRoad cycling11218Track cycling13123BMX●2Mountain biking2Equestrian●●●2●1●●●1116Fencing11112111110Field hockey●●●●●●●●●●●●112Football●●●●●●●●●●1●12GymnasticsArtistic●●1111●433EG18Rhythmic●●11Trampolining●11Handball●●●●●●●●●●●●●●112Judo222222214Modern pentathlon112Rowing●●●●●●7714Sailing●●●●●●●3222211Shooting22221212115Table tennis●●●●11●●●114Taekwondo22228Tennis●●●●●●134Triathlon112VolleyballBeach volleyball●●●●●●●●●●●●114Indoor volleyball●●●●●●●●●●●●●●11Weightlifting122222111115Wrestling2232222218Daily medal events7141319171518273718201121213212302Cumulative total72134537085103130167185205216237258290302August 20086th
Wed7th
Thu8th
Fri9th
Sat10th
Sun11th
Mon12th
Tue13th
Wed14th
Thu15th
Fri16th
Sat17th
Sun18th
Mon19th
Tue20th
Wed21st
Thu22nd
Fri23rd
Sat24th
SunEvents
 Medal table 
Of de 204 nations wey participate insyd de 2008 Games, 87 earn medals wey 54 of those win at least one gold medal, both of dese figures dey set fresh records give Olympic Games.Crary, David (24 August 2008). "The final count: China's gold rush". NBCOlympics.com. NBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009.Mochlinski, Kaz (25 August 2008). "China confirm place as leading superpower after topping Olympic Games medal table". Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. Na der be 117 countries wey dey participate wey no win any medals. Athletes wey komot China win de highest number of gold medals of any nation for dese Games, plus 48, thus dey make China de seventh nation make e rank top insyd de medal table insyd de history of de modern Olympics, along plus de United States (fifteen times), France (insyd 1900), Great Britain (insyd 1908), Germany (insyd 1936), de Soviet Union (six times), den de Unified Team (insyd 1992).

De United States team win de most medals overall, plus 112. Afghanistan,"Afghans win first Olympic medal". BBC. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008. Mauritius,"Mauritian delight at first ever medal". The Brunei Times. Brunei. 23 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. Sudan,Osman, Mohamed (24 August 2008). "Darfur runner wins Sudan's first Olympic medal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009. TajikistanTalmadge, Eric (11 August 2008). "Italy, Azerbaijan win golds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2009. den Togo"Togo claims first Olympic medal". BBC. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2009. win dema first Olympic medals. Mongolia (wich previously hold de record for most medals widout a gold)"Naidan wins Mongolia's first gold". BBC. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2009. den Panama"Liu out, Isinbayeva gets world record". The New York Times. 18 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2009. win dema first gold medals. Four members of de water polo team wey komot Serbia win de first medal give dema country under ein fresh name, dem previously win medals dey represent Yugoslavia den Serbia and Montenegro."Serbian PM congratulates swimmer on winning medal in Beijing Olympics". Chinaview.cn. 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2009.

American swimmer Michael Phelps win total of eight gold medals, more dan any oda athlete insyd single Olympic Games, dey set chaw world den Olympic records for de process insyd. Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt sanso set records insyd several different events, dey plete de 100m final plus time of 9.69 seconds, dey beat ein own previous world record."Bolt surges to gold in new record". BBC. 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2013. Gymnast Nastia Liukin win de all-around gold medal insyd artistic gymnastics, wey she cam turn de third American female make she do so, dey follow de footsteps of Mary Lou Retton insyd 1984 den Carly Patterson insyd 2004.Scwartz, Alison (30 August 2012). "Gabby Douglas poses with Nastia Liukin, Carly Patterson, and Mary Lou Retton". People. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2013.

Dese be de top ten nations wey win medals insyd de 2008 Games

 ‡   Changes insyd medal standings

 *   Host nation (China)
+2008 Summer Olympics medal tableRankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal1China*‡4822301002United States‡3639371123Russia‡241323604Great Britain‡191319515Germany‡161114416Australia141517467South Korea‡13118328Japan‡988259Italy‡89102710France‡716204311Netherlands7541612Ukraine‡74112213Kenya‡6461614Spain‡51131915Jamaica‡5421116Poland‡4521117Ethiopia‡421718Romania‡414919Cuba‡310173020Canada‡3982021Hungary3521022Norway‡351923Brazil‡34101724Belarus‡3471425Czech Republic‡331726Slovakia‡330627New Zealand‡324928Georgia‡322729Kazakhstan‡234930Denmark223731North Korea‡2226Thailand‡222633Mongolia220434Switzerland‡214735Argentina204636Mexico202437Belgium‡200238Zimbabwe130439Slovenia122540Azerbaijan‡1146Indonesia‡114642Bulgaria1135Turkey‡113544Chinese Taipei‡1124Finland112446Latvia111347Dominican Republic1102Estonia1102Portugal1102Trinidad and Tobago‡110251India102352Iran101253Cameroon1001Panama1001Tunisia100156Sweden‡041557Lithuania‡0325Nigeria‡032559Croatia023560Colombia‡0213Greece‡021362Armenia‡014563Uzbekistan‡013464Austria0123Ireland0123Kyrgyzstan‡0123Serbia012368Algeria0112Bahamas0112Morocco0112Tajikistan011272Chile0101Ecuador0101Iceland0101Malaysia0101Samoa‡0101Singapore0101South Africa0101Sudan0101Vietnam010181Egypt002282Afghanistan0011Israel0011Mauritius0011Moldova0011Togo0011Venezuela0011Totals (87 entries)302303353958

 Podium sweeps 
+DateSportEventNOCGoldSilverBronze9 AugustFencingWomen's sabreUnited StatesMariel ZagunisSada JacobsonRebecca Ward17 AugustAthleticsWomen's 100 metersJamaicaShelly-Ann FraserSherone Simpson
Kerron StewartNot awarded17 AugustTennisWomen's singlesRussiaElena DementievaDinara SafinaVera Zvonareva18 AugustAthleticsMen's 400 meters hurdlesUnited StatesAngelo TaylorKerron ClementBershawn Jackson21 AugustAthleticsMen's 400 metersUnited StatesLaShawn MerrittJeremy WarinerDavid Neville22 AugustTable tennisWomen's singlesChinaZhang YiningWang NanGuo Yue23 AugustTable tennisMen's singlesChinaMa LinWang HaoWang Liqin

 References 

 External links 
2008 Summer Olympics for Wikipedia ein sisto projects

 Media from Commons
 Data from Wikidata

Wikivoyage get travel guide give Beijing 2008.

Scholia get topic profile give 2008 Summer Olympics.

 "Beijing 2008". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
 "2008 Summer Olympics Official Site". Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
 Beijing Olympic Sites Four Years Later – What Remains at Modern Day Ruins
 Mallon, Bill (18 January 2019). "ALL OLYMPIC DOPING POSITIVES – THE COUNT BY GAMES". OlympStats.

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Category:2008 Summer Olympics
Category:2008 insyd Chinese sport
Category:Olympic Games insyd China
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Category:2008 insyd multi-sport events
Category:Summer Olympics by year
Category:August 2008 sports events insyd Asia