Education in Ghana

Education in GhanaframelessMinistry of Education (Ghana)  Ministry of Higher EducationNational education budget (2018)Budget18% of government expenditure"Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2023.General detailsPrimary languagesEnglishSystem typeNationalLiteracy (2018)Total79.04%Male78.3%Female65.3%Enrollment (2012/2013Ministry of Education 2013, pages 9–12; table 46 (p. 78).)Total8,329,177PrimaryPre-primary: 1,604,505, Primary: 4,105,913, Junior High School (JHS): 1,452,585SecondarySenior High School (SHS) den Technical den Vocational Institute (TVI): 904,212Post secondary261,962 (wey dey include universities: 109,278)‡‡: statistics for 2011/2012
Na Education for Ghana dey use dualistic approach wey na edey encompass both formal plus informal learning systems. Dem introduce de current formal educational system for de European colonisation tym. However, na learning systems dey exist prior to that. De University of Moliyili be one of de earliest learning centers for Ghana insyd wey na dem establish am for de 1700s."Science and Technology in 18th Century Moliyili ) Dagomba) and the Timbuktiu Intellectual Tradition"."Exploring the Golden Era Of Dagbon Kingdom: The Impact of Moliyili Scholars and Its Fall"."CAUSE AND EFFECT BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS: ANALYZING STATEMENTS THAT ADDRESS THE REGRESSION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN GHANA". During colonisation, na European settlers initially introduce formal education system wey dem address to de elites,"Schools under trees deserve national priority". Graphic Online. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2020.Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). "History of Education in Ghana | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020. while na de average citizen ein education be mainly informal, plus na e base on apprenticeship. Na de Pre-colonial Ghana ein economic activities dey mainly based on farm produce wey dem share within households plus na members wey dey each household come dey specialize for providing necessities such as cooking utilities, shelter, clothing, plus furniture so sey dem go trade am with other households give very small scale.Hymer, Stephen (Spring 2018). "Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana". Economic History Association. 30 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078578. hdl:10419/160011. JSTOR 2116722. S2CID 154689928. Secof dat na need no dey sey one for go outside ein household dey search employment. Na dis practice dey call for discipline,value plus skills through formal education system.Akurang, Kwabena-Parry (2002). ""The Loads Are Heavier than Usual": Forced Labor by Women and Children in the central province, Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana), CA. 1900–1940". African Economic History. 30 (30): 31–35. doi:10.2307/3601601. JSTOR 3601601. After colonization, Ghana ein economy come turn hybrid of subsistence plus formal economy.

Education indicators"Ghana". uis.unesco.org. 27 November 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2018. for Ghana dey reflect disparities for gender, rural plus urban areas, plus Southern den Northern parts of de country ein middle. Dese disparities dey drive public action against illiteracy plus inequities give access to education. Eliminating illiteracy come turn key objective give Ghanaian education policy pass 40 years now, wey de difficulty wey go ensure equitable access give education likewise acknowledged by authorities.Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). "Education in Ghana | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020. Public action give both domains come yield results wey judge significant but eno dey sufficient give de national experts plus de international organizations."Forum". Association of African Entrepreneurs. 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020. Increasing vocational education plus training for ICT for de education system insyd asan dey emphasize for Ghanaian education policy insyd.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022. see sey if dem dey take into consideration Ghana ein income level, de nation dey achieve 76.2% give wat for be possible based on ein resources (income) give primary education but only 65.1% give secondary education."Ghana - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

 History 
Ghana get ein independence for 1957 insyd. Nkrumah ein government describe education as de key give de future wey dem announce high-level university wey dey provide ''African point of view'' , wey dem back am up by free universal basic education.Kwame Akyeampong. "Educational Expansion and Access in Ghana: A Review of 50 Years of Challenge and Progress" (PDF). Centre for International Education, University of Sussex. Retrieved 25 September 2014. for 1961 insyd, na de Education Act introduce de principle give free plus compulsory primary education, plus na dem establish de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.Ghana Education Service (GES) (2004). "The development of Education, National report of Ghana" (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2014.Daniel, G. F. (1997–1998). "The universities in Ghana". The Commonwealth Universities Year Book. Retrieved 25 September 2014. As a result, na de enrollment  almost double dema next year.Abena D. Oduro (2000). "Basic Education in Ghana in the post-reform period" (PDF). Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA). Na e make hard sey dem go handle the expansion. Ghana come short trained teachers"International Year Book of Education" (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. 1969. p. 79. Retrieved 13 June 2014. plus na dem mention de quality wey dey de curriculum insyd (specifically for English den Mathematics insyd). Na Stronger criticisms come towards de expansion give education at de cost give ein quality as na Nkrumah fall for 1966 insyd. Despite de rapid increase of school infrastructure, na enrollment slowly come decline til 1973 insyd. Na de year 1974 see  attempt for reforms. Following de Dozbo committee dema report, dem follow two goals: reducing de length give pre-tertiary education (wey lead to de creation of primary/junior/senior school system)Nii Moi Thompson; Leslie Casely-Hayford. "The financing and outcomes of Education in Ghana" (PDF). University of Cambridge. pp. 9–14. Retrieved 13 June 2014. plus na dem modify programmes wey dem go use promote more practical lessons for school.Abena D. Oduro (2000). "Basic Education in Ghana in the post-reform period" (PDF). Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA). Dem implement dis reforms partially secof de financial limitations plus political instability. For de beginning of 1980s, na de country ein economic situation worsen. As na de country dey suffer economic downturn,na de country dey fail at solving de deficit give teachers, maintaining school infrastructure, plus how na dem go convince parents make dem send dema kiddis go school rather than de workforce. De Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) come drop sharper in response, falling below 70% for 1985 insyd.

1987 be de beginning give new series of reforms: de military coup of Jerry Rawlings for 1981 insyd come follow period of relative political stability wey come open de way make dem broaden international support. Rawlings ein government come gather enough fund comot chaw countries plus international organizational organizations(Wey dey include de world bank) so sey dem go change de education system. Na de 1987 education act aim make e turn de 1974 Dozbo committe's ein ,measures to reality. Dem launch a national literacy campaign Dem able reduce pre-tertiary education komot 12 go 12 years plus na dem include vocational education for junior high school dema curriculum. dem make education compulsory give kiddies wey 6 go 14 years.De reform come succeed as de impose de new education structure wey dem sana increase enrollment plus de school ein numbers. Na dem no fulfil de universal access give basic education yet.Joshua J.K. Baku, ERNWACA (2003). "Critical Perspectives on Education and skills in eastern Africa on basic and post-basic Levels". NORRAG. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Dem sana consider vocational education a failure.Nii Moi Thompson; Leslie Casely-Hayford. "The financing and outcomes of Education in Ghana" (PDF). University of Cambridge. p. 26. Retrieved 13 June 2014. As dem return to de contitution rule for 1992 insyd for Rawling ein government under. De local government Act of 1993 come transfer power go district assemblies as dem initiate de decentralization for education administration insyd. Na de free compulsory plus universal basic education provide action plan give de period 1996-2005 wey dey focus for de bridging of gender gap for primary schools,so sey ego improve teaching materials den sanso improve teachers dema living condition. Dem later complete am through acts like de creation of de council give technical plus vocational education den training for 2006(so sey dem go promote vocational education),plus na dem sana found de national accreditation board for 2007 insyd wey dem introduce national accreditation give all tertiary level institutions."World Data on Education" (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. September 2010. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2014. For 2007–08 insyd, dem add de two years wey dey kindergarten to de FCUBE (wey now be  ages of 4 to 14).
+Evolution of enrollment den infrastructures for compulsory education insyd since 19681968 (public sector per)D. K. Mereku (2000). "Demand and supply of basic school teachers in Ghana" (PDF). University College of Education of Winneba. Retrieved 25 September 2014.19882001"National Profile – 2001 / 2002 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.2007"National Profile – 2007 / 2008 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.2012"National Profile – 2012 / 2013 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.Pupils1,397,026x4,154,3745,024,9447,465,208Teachers47,88097,920155,879229,144268,619Schoolsxx32,50146,61056,919

 Statistics 
+Enrollment and GER in pre-tertiary(2012/2013)[62]KGPrimJHSSHSTVETEnrollment1,604,5054,105,9131,452,585842,58761,496GER in %113.8105.082.236.82.7
+Number of structures in pre-tertiary education (2012/2013)[63]KGPrimJHSSHSTVETPublic13,30514,1128,818535107Private5,9725,7423,61829374Total19,27719,85412,436828181

 Structure of formal education 

 Overview 
 ICT in education 
For de past decade insyd, government ein attention shift go de use of computer technology for teaching and learning.De ICT (Information communication technology) standard for de education policy for Ghana dey require de use of ICT for teaching and learning give all levels for de education system. De Ministry of Education attempt make dem support institutions for de teaching of ICT literacy. Most secondary plus some primary schools get computer laboratories. Despite de federal interest give ICT, computer access dey very limited plus staff wey dey carry electronic devices around to ensure sey no body steal am.Marshall, Lillie (24 February 2010). "Fun Facts about Ghana's School Systems". Around the World L. Retrieved 17 May 2016.

Recent study for de pedagogical integration of ICTs for de year 2009 go 2011 for 10 Ghanaian schools dey indicate sey gap dey between policy directives plus actual practices for schools insyd. de emphasis wey dey de official curricula dey on de development of students’ skills for operating ICT equipment, but not necessarily sey dem using technology aas means make dem learn subjects other than sey dem dey use de devices. de study sanso see sey de Ministry of Education currently dey attempt deploy sufficient ICT resources to develop de needed ICT literacy wey dem require for computer skills make dem integrate am  teaching/learning.

 References 

 External links 

 Ministry of Education (July 2013). "Education Sector Performance Report" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Republic of Ghana. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
 Atuahene, Ansah (23 July 2013). "A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana". SageOpen. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
 NUFFIC (January 2013). "Country Module: Ghana" (PDF). Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
 Nyarko, J. & Serwornoo (19 May 2022). "COVID-19 and Mass Media Education: An Evaluation of the Transition from Brick-and-Mortar Learning to Virtual Space". Journal of Creative Communications. 17 (3). SageOpen: 251–269. doi:10.1177/09732586221096346. S2CID 248953692. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
State-Institutions
 Ministry of Education- Responsible for initiating, formulating, coordinating and reviewing all education policies in Ghana
 List of the "Agencies" attached to the Ministry of Education – includes the Ghana Education Service (GES), the National Accreditation Board (NAB), the National Council for Tertiary Education(NCTE)...

Data den reports from external institutions
 "Country Module: Ghana", NUFFIC(2013) – Overview of the Educational system by the Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education.
 "Vocational Education" in Ghana, UNESCO-UNEVOC (2012) – Overview of the vocational Education system
 "Education in Ghana: A fact sheet", UNICEF(2012) – A 2-page analysis backed by numerous data.
 Review of Education Sector Analysis in Ghana 1987–1998, WGESA
Category:Education for Ghana insyd