Pan-African Congress

De Pan-African Congress (PAC) be a regular series of meetings wich na first take place on de back of de Pan-African Conference dem hold insyd London in 1900. 

De Pan-African Congress first gain a reputation as a peacemaker for decolonization insyd Africa den insyd de West Indies, wey e make a significant advance for de Pan-African cause. Insyd de beginning, na one of de group ein major demands be make dem end colonial rule den racial discrimination. Na e stand against imperialism wey na e demand human rights den equality of economic opportunity. De manifesto wey de Pan-African Congress give include de political den economic demands of de Congress for a new world context of international cooperation den de need make dem address de issues wey dey face Africa as a result of European colonization of chaw of de continent.

Na congresses take place insyd 1919 insyd Paris; 1921 insyd Brussels, London den Paris; 1923 insyd Lisbon den London; 1927 insyd New York City; 1945 insyd Manchester; 1974 insyd Dar es Salaam; 1994 insyd Kampala; den 2014 insyd Johannesburg.

 Background 
Na dem create Pan Africanism as a philosophy as early as de late 1700s, dem see thru de movements of abolition insyd both de United States den Britain.Geiss 1969, p. 187. Na British writers den former slaves, Ottobah Cugoano den Olaudah Equiano create de foundations for Pan Africanism insyd English literature.Geiss 1969, p. 188. Na French speakers, like Léopold Sédar Senghor, create de idea of Négritude.Geiss 1969, p. 189. Na dese ideas refute de inferiority of Black people. Na Pan Africanists believe dat na dem build both slavery den colonialism on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, wich in turn, contribute to racism. Na African Americans especially be frustrated plus dema slow progress towards racial equality insyd de United States.

 1919 Paris Congress (First) 

 Delegates 
Among de delegates be:Harrison, Jr. 1921, p. 84.

 Alfredo Andrade, Portugal.Dunstan 2016, p. 141.
 John Archer, Britain.
 Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States.Du Bois 1919.
 Eliezer Cadet, Haiti
 Gratien Candace.Dunstan 2016, p. 136.
 Louise Chapoteau, France.
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Helen Noble Curtis, United States.Moore 2018, p. 114.
 Blaise Diagne, Senegal, den French Commissioner General of de Ministry of Colonies.
 W. E. B. Du Bois, NAACP delegate.Dunstan 2016, p. 135.
 Henry Franklin-Bouillon, France.
 M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks, Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) delegate.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Tertullien Guilbaud, Minister of Haiti insyd France.Hodder 2021, p. 119.
 John Hope, United States.

 Ida Gibbs Hunt, United States.
 Addie Hunton, United States.
 George Rubin Hutto, United States.Nidi 2023, p. 7-8.
 George Jackson, United States den Congo.
 William Jernagin, United States.
 Charles D. B. King, Liberia.Dunstan 2016, p. 143.
 Joseph Lagrosillière, Gaudeloupe.
 Rayford Logan, United States.
 Robert Russa Moton, United States.
 Sol Plaatje, South Africa. (Possibly.)Geiss, The Pan-African Movement, p.238.
 Achille René-Boisneuf, Martinique.
 Charles Edward Russell, United States.
 Benjamin F. Seldon, United States.
 Roscoe Conklin Simmons, United States.
 Joel Elias Spingarn, United States.
 Cyrille Van Overbergh, Belgian Peace Commission.
 William English Walling, United States.
 Richard R. Wright

 1921 Brussels, London den Paris Congress (Second) 

 Delegates 

 Anna J. Cooper.
 Addie E. Dillard.Nidi 2023, p. 8.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 George Rubin Hutto, United States.Nidi 2023, pp. 7–8.
 Rayford Logan, United States.
 Albert Marryshow, Grenada.Bogues 2011, p. 488.

 1923 Lisbon den London Congress (Third)
Insyd 1923, na dem hold de Third Pan-African Congress insyd London den insyd Lisbon. Na Helen Noble Curtis be an important planner of de Lisbon event, wich na e be smaller dan de odas.Moore 2018, p. 125. Na dem hold de London Congress at Denison House.Hodder 2021, p. 121. Na dis meeting sanso repeat de demands such as self-rule, de problems insyd de Diaspora den de African-European relationship.Mboukou 1983, p. 276.

 1927 New York City Congress (Fourth) 
 Event 
Na dem hold de opening meeting at St. Mark's Methodist Church den de Headquarters remain at de Grace Congregational Church. Na der be about 208 delegates wey komot de United States den oda countries. Na low attendance from British den French colonies be secof government travel restrictions.

Na William Pickens give a speech on de importance of worker solidarity during de opening session. Na oda speakers at de opening session include Chief Nana Amoah, Reginald G. Barrow, Dantès Bellegarde, James Francis Jenkins, H. K. Rakhit, Adolph Sixto, den T. Augustus Toote. Na later speeches be given by W. Tete Ansa, Helen Noble Curtis, Du Bois, Leo William Hansbury, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Georges Sylvain, den Charles H. Wesley. De final speeches of de congress be given by H. H. Philips, Rayford Logan, den Y. Hikada on politics insyd Africa. and 

Na dem form committees during de event, wey dey include de creation of a resolution committee wey be headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, den Reverdy C. Ransom.
 Delegates 
Na der be 208 delegates wey komot de United States den 10 different foreign countries. Na Africa be represented by delegates wey komot de Gold Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, den Sierra Leone.

 Dantès Bellegarde, Haiti.
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Rayford Logan.
 Richard B. Moore, American Negro Labor Congress.

 1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth) 

 Attendees 
Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress dey include:

 Antigua:
 Workers' Union – R.G. Small, W.R. Austin
 Bahamas:
 R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King
 Barbados:
 Progressive League – E. de L. Yearwood
 Workers' Union – A. Mosley
 Belize:
 Workers' League – H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson
 Bermuda:
 Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards
 Gambia:
 Gambia Labour Union – I.M. Garba-Jahumpa
 National Council of Gambia – J. Downes-Thomas
 Ghana:
 Aborigines' Rights Protection Society – Ashie Nikoi
 Friends of African Freedom Society – Bankole Awoonor Renner, Mrs Renner
 Gold Coast Farmers' Association – Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould
 Railway Workers' Union – J.S. Annan
 Great Britain:
 African Progressive Association, London – Koi Larbi
 African Students' Union of Edinburgh – J.C deGraft Johnson
 Association of African Descent, Dublin – Jaja Wachuku
 Coloured Worker' Association – Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey
 International African Service Bureau – Peter Abrahams, Amy Ashwood Garvey, Kwame Nkrumah, Ras T. Makonnen, George Padmore
 League of African Peoples, Birmingham – Dr. Clarence J. Piliso
 The Negro Association, Manchester – C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine
 The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool – E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor, James Eggay Taylor, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan
 The Young African Progressive League – Adeniran Ogunsanya, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni
 United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff – Aaron Albert Mossell, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick
 West African Students' Union, London – Joe Appiah, F.O.B. Blaize, S. Ako Adjei, F.R. Kankam-Boadu

 Grenada:
 Labour Party – S.J. Andrews
 Guyana:
 African Development Association – W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard
 Trades Union Council – D.M. Harper
 Kenya:
 Kikuyu Central Association – Jomo Kenyatta.
 Jamaica:
 People's National Party – L.A. Thoywell-Henry
 Trade Union Congress – Ken Hill
 Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League – Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer
 Liberia:
 Progressive Society – J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst
 Malawi:
 Nyasaland African Congress – Dr. Hastings Banda
 Nigeria:
 Calabar Improvement League – Eyo B. Ndem
 National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons – Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph
 Nigerian Youth Movement – Obafemi Awolowo, H.O. Davies
 Trade Union Congress – A. Soyemi Coker
 Saint Kitts and Nevis:
 St. Kitts Workers' League – R. Johnson
 St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union – J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
 Saint Lucia:
 Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union – J.M. King
 Sierra Leone:
 Teachers' Union – Harry Sawyerr
 The People's Forum – Lamina Sankoh
 Trade Union Congress – I.T.A. Wallace Johnson
 West African Youth League – I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
 South Africa:
 African National Congress – Peter Abrahams, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi
 Na Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu be supposed to attend however along plus chaw of ein fellow South African delegates no fi secof issues obtaining passports.
 Tanzania:
 S. Rahinda
 Trinidad and Tobago:
 Federated Workers Trade Union – George Padmore
 Labour Party – Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
 Negro Welfare and Cultural Association – C. Lynch
 Oilfields Workers' Trade Union – John F.F. Rojas
 Trade Union Congress – Rupert Gittens
 West Indian National Party – Claude Lushington
 Uganda:
 The Young Baganda – I. Yatu
Fraternal delegates, observers den oda attendees include:

 Committee of Cyprus Affairs – L. Joannou
 Common Wealth – Miss Leeds
 Communist Party of Great Britain – Len Johnson, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine
 Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee
 Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain - Surat Alley
 Independent Labour Party - John McNair
 Lanka Sama Samaja Party – Tikiri Banda Subasinghe
 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – W. E. B. Du Bois
 Negro Welfare Association – Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine
 Somali Society – Ismail Dorbeh
 Women's International League – N. Burton

Oda Attendees include: Raphael Armattoe, Kojo Botsio, Cecil Belfield Clarke den Dudley Thompson.

 1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth) 
Na dem host de sixth Pan-African Congress, dem sanso know as "Sixth-PAC anaa 6PAC", insyd Dar es Salaam, Tanzania insyd June 1974. Na dis be de first time na de event take place insyd Africa. Na de event originally be proposed by Pauulu Kamarakafego make e challenge neocolonialism den apartheid.Levy, Hill & Claude 2008, p. 40.

 Reception 
Na de Los Angeles Times report say na de Congress be very divided wey often be too "militant".

 Attendees 
 Anna J. Cooper
 Amy Jacques Garvey
 1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh) 
Na dem hold de seventh Pan-African Congress insyd Kampala, Uganda from April 3 to April 8, 1994. Na de theme of de event be "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."Campbell 1996, p. 1.

 Planning 
Na dem call de seventh Pan African Congress by de Pan-African Movement of Nigeria wey na dem hope to hold de event insyd Lagos.Young 2011, p. 161. Na dis group, however, want to limit attendance to "African people" per, no be Arab anaa white Africans.

 Event 
Na der be more dan 2,000 participants at de event, wich na include a Women's Pre-Congress meeting.

 Delegates 
 Ronald Muwenda Mutabi, Kabaka of Buganda.Young 2011, p. 164.

 2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth) 
Na dem hold de eighth Pan-African Congress at de University of the Witwatersrand from January 14 to January 16, 2014, insyd Johannesburg.

 References 

 Sources 

































 Pardy, H.G. (1966). W.E.B. Du Bois and Pan-Africanism: His Place in its Early Development (PDF) (Thesis thesis). McMaster University.








 External links 

 1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto. From the Journal of Pan African Studies.
 SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
 B. F. Bankie, "The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress", Ghana Nsem, 2001.

Category:International conferences
Category:Anti-racist organizations insyd Africa
Category:Pan-African organizations
Category:Pan-Africanism