Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), dem sanso know as clinical depression, be a mental disorder wey be characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, den loss of interest anaa pleasure insyd normally enjoyable activities. Na a group of US clinicians insyd de mid-1970s introduce am, na dem adopt de term by de American Psychiatric Association for dis symptom cluster under mood disorders insyd de 1980 version of de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), wey na e cam be widely used since. De disorder dey cause de second-most years lived plus disability, after low back pain.

De diagnosis of major depressive disorder dey base on de person ein reported experiences, behavior wey na family anaa paddies report, den a mental status examination. Der be no laboratory test for de disorder, buh dem fi do testing to rule out physical conditions wey fi cause similar symptoms. De most common time of onset be insyd a person ein 20s, wey females be affected about three times as often as males. De course of de disorder dey vary widely, from one episode wey dey last months to a lifelong disorder plus recurrent episodes.

Those plus major depressive disorder typically be treated plus psychotherapy den antidepressant medication. While a mainstay of treatment, de clinical efficacy of antidepressants be controversial. "Meta-analyses have shown small mean differences between drug and placebo arms, and the clinical significance of these differences continues to be debated." "The debate around the short‐term efficacy of antidepressants has continued..." "The efficacy of antidepressants in the acute treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe depression remains a controversial issue." Hospitalization (wich fi be involuntary) fi be necessary insyd cases plus associated self-neglect anaa a significant risk of harm to self anaa odas. Electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, den psilocybin be de most effective den safe first-line treatments for treatment-resistant depression, though regulatory approval den clinical availability dey vary by country.

Dem dey believe major depressive disorder to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, den psychological factors, plus about 40% of de risk be genetic. Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition, major life changes, kiddie time traumas, environmental lead exposure,Michael J. McFarland, Aaron Reuben, Matt Hauer. Contribution of Childhood Lead Exposure to Psychopathology in the U.S. Population over the Past 75 Years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2024 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14072 certain medications, chronic health problems, den substance use disorders. E negatively fi affect a person ein personal life, work life, anaa education, den dey cause issues plus a person ein sleeping habits, eating habits, den general health.

 References 
Category:Translated from MDWiki

 Works dem cite 












 External links 


 Jackson, S. (1986). Melancholia and depression: From Hippocratic times to modern times. Yale University Press

 Sadowsky, J. (2021). The empire of depression: A new history. Polity Press.
 Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2025). Breaking point: Job stress, occupational depression, and the myth of burnout. John Wiley


Category:Mood disorders