Portuguese Angola

Insyd southwestern Africa, na Portuguese Angola be a historical colony of de Portuguese Empire (1575–1951), de overseas province Portuguese West Africa of Estado Novo Portugal (1951–1972), den de State of Angola of de Portuguese Empire (1972–1975). Na cam be de independent People's Republic of Angola insyd 1975.

Insyd de 16th den 17th century na Portugal rule along de coast wey na e engage insyd military conflicts plus de Kingdom of Kongo, buh insyd de 18th century Portugal gradually manage to colonise de interior highlands. Na oda polities insyd de region include de Kingdom of Ndongo, Kingdom of Lunda, den Mbunda Kingdom. Na dem no achieve full control of de entire territory til de beginning of de 20th century, wen agreements plus oda European powers during de Scramble for Africa fix de colony ein interior borders.

 History 

Na de history of Portuguese presence on de territory of contemporary Angola last from de arrival of de explorer Diogo Cão insyd 1484 til de decolonization of de territory insyd November 1975. Over dese five centuries, na chaw different situations exist.

 Colony, 1575–1951 
Wen insyd 1484 Diogo Cão den oda explorers reach de Kongo Kingdom at de end of de 15th century, na ein present territory comprise a number of separate peoples, sam organized as kingdoms anaa tribal federations of varying sizes. Na de Portuguese be interested insyd trade, principally insyd slave trade. Na dem therefore maintain a peaceful den mutually profitable relationship plus de rulers den nobles of de Kongo Kingdom. Na Kings such as João I den Afonso I study Christianity wey na dem learn Portuguese, in turn wey dem Christianise dema nation wey dem share de benefits from de slave trade. Na de Portuguese establish small trading posts on de lower Congo, insyd de area of de present Democratic Republic. Na dem erect a more important trading settlement on de Atlantic coast at Soyo insyd de territory of de Kongo Kingdom. E now be Angola ein northernmost town, apart from de Cabinda exclave.

 Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of de colonial war 
Insyd 1951, na de Portuguese Colony of Angola cam be an overseas province of Portugal. Insyd de late 1950s na de National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) den de People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin dey organize strategies den action plans make dem fight Portuguese rule den de remunerated system wich na e affect chaw of de native African people wey komot de countryside, wey na dem relocate from dema homes wey na dem make dem perform compulsory work, almost always unskilled hard labour, insyd an environment of economic boom. 



 Campaign insyd de Eastern Front, 1971 
Insyd 1971, na de Portuguese Armed Forces start a successful counter-insurgency military campaign wey expel de three guerrilla movements wey dey operate insyd de East to beyond de frontiers of Angola, de Frente Leste. Na de last guerrillas lost hundreds of soldiers wey e lef tons of equipment behind, disbanding chaotically to neighbouring countries anaa, insyd sam cases, dey join anaa dey surrender to de Portuguese. In order make dem gain de confidence of de local rural populations, den make dem create conditions give dema permanent den productive settlement insyd de region, na de Portuguese authorities organise massive vaccination campaigns, medical check-ups, den water, sanitation den alimentary infrastructure as a way to better contribute to de economic den social development of de people den dissociate de population from de guerrillas den dema influence. On 31 December 1972, na de Development Plan of the East (Plano de Desenvolvimento do Leste) include insyd ein first stage 466 development enterprises (na dem plete 150 wey na dem build 316). Na dem build nineteen health centres wey na dem construct 26. Na dem dey operate 51 new schools wey na dem dey construct 82.António Pires Nunes, Angola Vitória Militar no LesteAntónio Pires Nunes, Angola, 1966–74: vitória militar no leste, , 9789728563783, Publisher: Prefácio, 2002 By 1972, after de Frente Leste, complemente by a pragmatic hearts den minds policy, na de military conflict insyd Angola effectively be won for de Portuguese.

 Federated state status, 1972 
Insyd June 1972, na de Portuguese National Assembly approve a new version of ein Organic Law on Overseas Territories, in order make e grant ein African overseas territories a wider political autonomy den to tone down de increasing dissent both internally den abroad. Na e change Angola ein status from an overseas province to an autonomous state plus authority over sam internal affairs, while na Portugal for retain responsibility give defense den foreign relations. However, na de intent be by no means to grant Angolan independence, buh na instead be make e "win de hearts den minds" of de Angolans, wey dey convince dem make dem remain permanently a part of an intercontinental Portugal. 

 Carnation Revolution, 1974 den independence, 1975 
However, na de Portuguese authorities be unable make dem defeat de guerrillas as a whole during de Portuguese Colonial War, particularly insyd Portuguese Guinea, wey na dem suffer heavy casualties insyd de 13 years of conflict. Thru out de colonial war na Portugal face increasing dissent, arms embargoes den oda punitive sanctions from most of de international community. Na de war dey becam even more unpopular insyd Portuguese society secof ein length den costs, de worsening of diplomatic relations plus oda United Nations members, den de role na e play as a factor insyd de perpetuation of de Estado Novo regime. Na e be dis escalation wey go lead directly to de mutiny of members of de Portuguese armed forces insyd de Carnation Revolution of April 1974 – an event wey go lead to de independence of all of de former Portuguese colonies insyd Africa.

Geography

 Cities 
Na de capital of de territory be Luanda,Angola antes da Guerra, a film of Luanda, Portuguese Angola (before 1975), youtube.comLuandaAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Luanda, Portuguese Angola (before 1975), youtube.com dem officially call São Paulo de Luanda. Na oda cities den towns be:Angola no outro lado do tempo 🇦🇴, Angola – O Outro Lado do Tempo

 Porto Amboim
 Vila Teixeira da Silva
 São Felipe de BenguelaBenguelaAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Benguela, Overseas Province of Angola, before 1975.
 Vila Robert Williams
 Duque de Bragança
 Vila General Machado
 Vila João de Almeida
 Vila Mariano Machado
 Nova LisboaNovaLisboaAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Nova Lisboa, Overseas Province of Angola, before 1975.
 Silva Porto
 Vila da Ponte
 LobitoLobitoAnosOuro.wmv, a film of the Lobito in Portuguese Angola, before independence from Portugal.
 Sá da BandeiraSáDaBandeiraAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Sá da Bandeira, Overseas Province of Angola, before 1975.
 Vila Luso
 MalanjeMalanjeAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Malanje, Overseas Province of Angola (before 1975).
 Forte República
 São Salvador do Congo
 Serpa Pinto
 Moçâmedes(insyd Portuguese) Angola de outros tempos Moçamedes, Moçâmedes under Portuguese rule before 1975, youtube.com
 Vila Salazar
 Vila Pereira d'Eça
 Vila Henrique de Carvalho
 Santo António do Zaire
 Novo Redondo
 Porto Alexandre
 CarmonaAngola-Carmona (Viagem ao Passado)-Kandando Angola, a film of Carmona, Portuguese Angola (before 1975).
Na de exclave of Cabinda dey to de north.CabindaAnosOuro.wmv, a film of Cabinda, Portuguese Angola (before 1975). Na dem establish Portuguese Congo (Cabinda) a Portuguese protectorate by de 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco. Sam time during de 1920s, e cam be incorporated into de larger colony (later de overseas province) of Portuguese Angola. Na de two colonies initially be contiguous, buh later e cam be geographically separated by a narrow corridor of land, wich na Portugal cede to de Congo Free State, wey dey allow am access to de Atlantic Ocean. Dey follow de decolonisation of Portuguese Angola plus de 1975 Alvor Agreement, na de short-lived Republic of Cabinda unilaterally declare ein independence. However, na dem soon overpower Cabinda wey na dem re-annex am by de newly proclaimed People's Republic of Angola wey e never achieve international recognition.

Famous people
 António da Silva Porto
 Anthony Johnson
 Agostinho Neto
 Armando Gama
 Assunção Cristas
 Bonga
 Carlos Castro
 Carlos Cruz
 Daniel Chipenda
 Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida
 Eduardo Nascimento
 Fernando Nobre
 Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem
 Fernando Peyroteo
 Francisca Van Dunem
 Graça de Freitas
 Henrique Galvão
 Holden Roberto
 Horácio Roque
 Isabel dos Santos
 Jacinto João
 Joana Amaral Dias
 João Carqueijeiro
 Jonas Savimbi
 Jordão
 José Águas
 José Eduardo Agualusa
 José Eduardo dos Santos
 José Norton de Matos
 José Quitongo
 Mário Pinto de Andrade
 Marcolino Moco
 Miguel Arcanjo
 Miguel Relvas
 Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova of Mbunda
 Nzinga of Ndongo den Matamba
 Paula Teixeira da Cruz
 Paulo Maló
 Paulo Kassoma
 Pedro Passos Coelho
 Pepetela
 Raul Águas
 Viriato da Cruz
 Waldemar Bastos
 Zeca Afonso
 References 

Bibliography


 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angola". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.
 Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Angola" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45.


 Pimenta, Fernando Tavares (2016). "White Settler Politics and Euro-African Nationalism in Angola, 1945-1975". In Edward Cavanagh & Lorenzo Veracini (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism. London: Routledge. pp. 277–290. ISBN 9780367581480.


 External links 


Category:Former colonies insyd Africa
Angola
Angola
Category:Portuguese colonisation insyd Africa
Category:History of Central Africa
Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1575
Category:States den territories dem disestablish insyd 1975
Category:1570s establishments insyd Angola
Category:1975 disestablishments insyd Angola
Category:1575 establishments insyd Africa
Category:1975 disestablishments insyd Africa
Category:1575 establishments insyd de Portuguese Empire
Category:1975 disestablishments insyd de Portuguese Empire
Category:1570s insyd Angola
Category:1970s insyd Angola
Category:2nd millennium insyd Angola