Historically black colleges and universities

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) be higher learning schools for U.S. wey dem build before de Civil Rights Act for 1964. Demma main aim for wey dem start am be to serve Black people (African Americans) wey no dey get access to proper education dat time.20 U.S. Code sec.1061, [1] Archived December 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machinehttps://USCode.house.gov For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, & De'Sha S. Wolf, Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Honoring the Past, Engaging the Present, Touching the Future, 76 Journal of Negro Education, pp. 263–280 (2007). Chaw of de HBCU schools dey de Southern part of America, wey dem start bunch of dem for de Reconstruction era (1865–1877) after de American Civil War end.Anderson, J.D. (1988). The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. University of North Carolina Press. De main reason wey dem build dem schools be say ego give African-Americans chance to go school at dat time, secof na chaw of de universities den colleges for de U.S. no dey allow Black people register."White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". U.S. Department of Education. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2008.Wooten, Melissa E. (2016). In the face of inequality. State Univ of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5690-4. OCLC 946968175.

For de reconstruction era insyd, chaw of de old-time Black schools (HBCUs) wey dem build back then, na Protestant churches den religious groups start dem. Dis whole thing change for 1890 wen de U.S. Congress pass de Second Morrill Act. De law talk say any Southern state wey still dey separate Black den White gees for build public higher schools for Black people if dem wan enjoy de benefits under de Act. For de 19th century, some schools wey start include Black people anaa later get recognition as schools wey dey serve minorities, come turn into Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs).Jones, Brandy. "Predominantly Black Institutions: Pathways to Black Student Educational Attainment" (PDF). Center for Minority Serving Institutions.

 Dema History 
Some HBCU schools wey dem build before the American Civil War dey include Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, wey start for 1837,For detail of the university's early history from its origins as the Institute for Colored Youth, see Milton M. James, The Institute for Colored Youth, 21 Negro History Bulletin p. 83 (1958) University of the District of Columbia (wey dem dey call Miner School for Colored Girls that time) wey begin for 1851, and Lincoln University wey start for 1854.Initially chartered as the Ashmun Institute, it changed its name in 1866. It was the first degree-granting HBCU. See Lincoln University "History", Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. . See also Andrew E. Murray, The Founding of Lincoln University, 51 Journal of Presbyterian History p. 392 (1973). Wilberforce University too be one of de schools wey dem establish before de war start.Originally proposed as Ohio African University, the founders changed the name to Wilberforce University, to honor the English abolitionist William Wilberforce, before its corporate charter was granted. Frederick Alphonso McGinnis, A History and Interpretation of Wilberforce University p. 33 (1941). See also Charles Killian, Wilberforce University: The Reality of Bishop Payne's Dream, 34 Negro History Bulletin p. 83 (1971). Dem build de university for 1856 thru collaboration between de African Methodist Episcopal Church for Ohio den de mainly white Methodist Episcopal Church.Marybeth Gasman, Envisioning Black Colleges: A History of the United Negro College Fund (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).ISBN978-0-8018-8604-1

For de early days, na people dey argue plenty about HBCUs. For de 1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, some prominent Black speakers like Frederick Douglass, Henry Highland Garnet, den Alexander Crummell debate whether dem really need those kind schools. Crummell talk say HBCUs be important so say Black people go get freedom from discrimination. Buh Douglass den Garnet talk say if Black people separate demma body a, e go rather harm de community. Las las, majority of de people for de meeting vote say make dem support HBCUs. After de American Civil War, chaw HBCUs come start for de Southern part of U.S., den religious missionary groups from de North, especially de American Missionary Association, help build plenty of dem. De Freedmen’s Bureau too play big role by giving money to support dese new schools.Robert C. Lieberman, "The Freedmen's Bureau and the politics of institutional structure." Social Science History 18.3 (1994): 405–437.Ronald E. Butchart, "Freedmen's education during reconstruction." New Georgia Encyclopedia 13 (2016): 4-13 online.

 Predominantly Black institutions 
Predominantly Black institutions (PBI) be institutions wey no dey meet de legal definition of HBCUs, buh primarily serve African Americans. Some examples of PBIs be Georgia State University, Chicago State University, Trinity Washington University, den de Community College of Philadelphia.

Florida's Black junior colleges
After de landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, de legislature of Florida, plus support from various counties, dem open eleven junior colleges wey dey serve de African-American population. Na dema purpose be make dem show wey na separate but equal education dey work insyd Florida. Prior to dis, na der be only junior college per insyd Florida wey dey serve African Americans, Booker T. Washington Junior College, insyd Pensacola, dem found insyd 1949. Na de new ones be Gibbs Junior College (1957), Roosevelt Junior College (1958), Volusia County Junior College (1958), Hampton Junior College (1958), Rosenwald Junior College (1958), Suwannee River Junior College (1959), Carver Junior College (1960), Collier-Blocker Junior College (1960), Lincoln Junior College (1960), Jackson Junior College (1961), den Johnson Junior College (1962).
 HBCUs Current Status 
Every year, de U.S. Department of Education choose one week for fall season as "National HBCU Week." During dat week, dem dey do conferences and events wey focus on talking about den celebrating HBCUs. Dem sanso take dem chance honor top scholars den past students (alumni) from those schools."2015 HBCU Week Conference – White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". Sites.ed.gov. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Racial diversity post-2000
As na chaw HBCUs make a concerted effort make dem maintain enrollment levels den often offer relatively affordable tuition, na de percentage of non–African-American enrollment rise."More Non-Black Students Attending HBCUs" Archived July 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Newsone.com (2010-10-07). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.Marybeth Gasman, Andrés Castro Samayoa, & Michael Nettles (Eds.). The Return on Investment for Minority Serving Institutions. (San Francisco, California: Wiley Press, 2017). Marybeth Gasman, Andrés Castro Samayoa, William Casey Boland, & Paola Esmieu (Eds.), Educational Challenges and Opportunities at Minority Serving Institutions (New York: Routledge Press, 2018) . De following table dey highlight HBCUs plus high non–African American enrollments:
+Racial diversity at HBCUs, 2016–2017 school yearCollege nameStatePercentageAfrican
AmericanNon-African
AmericanBluefield State UniversityWest Virginia892West Virginia State UniversityWest Virginia892Kentucky State UniversityKentucky4654University of the District of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia5941Delaware State UniversityDelaware6436Fayetteville State UniversityNorth Carolina6040Winston-Salem State UniversityNorth Carolina7129Elizabeth City State UniversityNorth Carolina7624Xavier University of LouisianaU.S. News & World Report Best Colleges, 2011 ed. Directory p. 182Louisiana7030North Carolina A&T State UniversityNorth Carolina8020Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)Pennsylvania8416
Oda HBCUs plus relatively high non–African American student populations

According to de U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2011 edition, na de proportion of White American students at Langston University be 12%; at Shaw University, 12%; at Tennessee State University, 12%; at de University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 12%; den at North Carolina Central University, 10%. De U.S. News & World Report ein statistical profiles dey indicate say chaw oda HBCUs get relatively significant percentages of non–African American student populations wey dey consist of Asian, Hispanic, white American, den foreign students.U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges, 2011 ed. Directory p. 129
Notable HBCU alumni
HBCUs get a rich legacy of matriculating chaw leaders insyd de fields of business, law, science, education, military service, entertainment, art, den sports.

 Ralph Abernathy, civil rights activist, minister – Clark Atlanta University, Alabama State University
 Ed Bradley, first black White House correspondent for CBS News - Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
 Toni Braxton, Grammy-winning R&B artist plus over 70 million records sold - Bowie State
 Edward Brooke, first African-American dem elect by popular vote to United States Senate den to serve as Massachusetts Attorney General - Howard University
 Roscoe Lee Browne, prolific actor den director - Lincoln University
 James Clyburn, US Congressman from South Carolina's 6th congressional district den Majority Whip of de 116th United States Congress – South Carolina State University
 Medgar Wiley Evers, civil rights leader - Alcorn State University
 NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson attend West Virginia State University.
 Althea Gibson, de first African American to win a Grand Slam title get a full athletic scholarship to Florida A&M University
 Nikki Giovanni, poet – Fisk University
 Alcee Hastings, US Congressman from Florida's 20th congressional district – Fisk University, Howard University, Florida A&M University
 Randy Jackson, original judge on American Idol - Southern University
 Lonnie Johnson, inventor, NASA engineer – Tuskegee University
 Tom Joyner, first African-American dem induct into de National Radio Hall of Fame - Tuskegee University
 Reginald Lewis, first African-American to build den own a billion dollar company - Virginia State
 Claude McKay, poet, Tuskegee University
 Astronaut Ronald McNair graduate from North Carolina A&T State University.
 Rod Paige, first African-American to serve as de U.S. education chief - Jackson State University
 Walter Payton, dem consider am one of de greatest running backs insyd NFL history – Jackson State University
 Anika Noni Rose, de original voice of de first African American Disney princess (Tiana) - Florida A&M University
 Jerry Rice, dem consider am de greatest NFL wide receiver of all-time - Mississippi Valley State
 Stephen A. Smith, well-known sports journalist den television personality - Winston-Salem State University
 Megan Thee Stallion, Grammy-winning rapper den actress - Texas Southern
 Leon H. Sullivan, developer of de Sullivan Principles dem use to end apartheid insyd South Africa, attend West Virginia State University.
 Wanda Sykes, Emmy-winning comedian, novelist, writer, and actress – Hampton University
 André Leon Talley, first African-American editor-at-large of Vogue - Virginia State
 Na de Tuskegee Airmen be educated at Tuskegee University.
 Alice Walker, novelist den poet – Spelman College
 Ben Wallace, former 4-time NBA All-Star den NBA Defensive Player of de Year - Virginia Union University
 Doug Williams, first black NFL quarterback to win a Super Bowl - Grambling State
 Tramell Tillman, actor - Xavier University of Louisiana

 References 

Read further


 Boonshoft, Mark. "Histories of Nineteenth-Century Education and the Civil War Era."  Journal of the Civil War Era  12.2 (2022): 234–261.


















 Primary sources 




External links

 National Center for Education Statistics' College Navigator information about HBCUs
 HBCU Sports history
 National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education (NAFEO)—national membership association of all of the nation's HBCUs and Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs)


Category:African Americans den education
Category:Universities den colleges insyd de United States by subject