Fula people

De Fula, Fulani, anaa Fulɓe people be ethnic group insyd Sahara, Sahel den West Africa, dem widely disperse across de region.Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.  Dem dey inhabit chaw countries, dem dey live mainly insyd West Africa den northern parts of Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur, den regions near de Red Sea coast insyd Sudan. De approximate number of Fula people be unknown, due to clashing definitions wey dey regard Fula ethnicity. Various estimates dey put de figure between 45Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. den 65 million people worldwide."Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (insyd German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

Significant proportion of de Fula–third, anaa dem estimate 7 to 10 millionDavid Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.–be pastoralists, wey dema ethnic group get de largest nomadic pastoral community for de world insyd.Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN  978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice. De majority of de Fula ethnic group consist of semi-sedentary people, as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, den nobility.Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. As ethnic group, dem bound dem togeda by de Fula language, dema historyRichard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.D Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7. den dema culture. De Fula be almost completely Muslims though tiny majority be Christians anaa even animists."Religion and expressive culture – Fulani". www.everyculture.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020."Fulani | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-27.

Chaw West African leaders be of Fulani descent, wey dey include de former Presido of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari; de first presido of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo; de former Presido of Senegal, Macky Sall; de Presido of Gambia, Adama Barrow; de Presido of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; de Vice Pee of Sierra Leone, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; de Prime Minister of Mali, Boubou Cisse den de Wifey of Vice Pee of Ghana Samira Bawumia. Dem sanso dey occupy positions for major international institutions insyd, such as de Deputy Secretary-General of de United Nations, Amina J. Mohammed; de 74th Presido of de United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; den de Secretary-General of OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.

 Geographic distribution 
Main Fulani sub-groups, national den subnational locations, cluster group den dialectal varietyFulbe Adamawa
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢 Nigeria: Adamawa State, Taraba State, Borno State, Yobe State
 Cameroon: Adamaoua Region, Northern Region, Far North Region, Centre Region
 Chad: Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region, Logone Oriental, Logone Occidental Etc.
 Central African Republic: Nana-Mambéré, Ouham-Pendé, Mambéré-Kadéï
 SudanFulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare)EasternFulbe Bagirmi
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭 Central African Republic
 Chad: Chari Bagirmi Region, Mandoul Region, Moyen ChariFulbe Sokoto
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮 Nigeria: Sokoto State, Kebbi State, Katsina State, Kano State, Zamfara State, Jigawa State, Niger State, Kwara State
 Niger: Tahoua Region, Maradi Region, Dosso Region, Zinder RegionFulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare)Fulbe Gombe
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫Nigeria: Gombe State, Bauchi State, Yobe State, Borno State, Plateau StateFulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitionalFulbe Mbororo
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮 Nigeria: All across de northern, central den sam southern states of de country as transient herders
 Cameroon: All over de country for 9 of de country ein 10 regions/provinces insyd as transient herders
 Chad: All across southern den central Chad as herders
 Central African Republic: Ubiquitous across de countryside
 Niger: All across de country south of de Sahara as herders den nomads. Note say de Woɗaaɓe be dema bodies even smaller subgroup of de Mbororo'en. Thus: All Woɗaaɓe be Bororos, buh no be every Bororo be Boɗaaɗo (Woɗaaɓe person)
 SudanFulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)Fulbe Borgu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵 Nigeria: Niger State, Kebbi State, Kwara State
 Benin: Borgou, Atakora, Alibori, Donga
 Togo: Savanes Region, Kara Region, Centrale RegionFulfulde Borgu & JelgooreCentralFulbe Jelgooji
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭 Mali
 Niger: Tillabéri Region, Dosso Region
 Burkina Faso: Sahel Region, Est Region, Centre-Nord Region, All across de country, most especially insyd de countrysideFulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore)Fulbe Massina
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢 Mali: Mopti Region, Gao Region, Segou Region, All over De country
 Ivory Coast: Mostly dem concentrate insyd de Northern regions
 Ghana: insyd de northern den central regionsFulfulde MassinakooreFulbe Nioro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮 Mali: Kayes Region, Koulikoro Region
 Senegal: Tambacounda Region
 Mauritania: Assaba RegionPulaar – Fulfulde
Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitionalWesternFulbe Futa Jallon
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅 Guinea: Labé Region, Mamou Region, Boké Region, Kindia Region, Faranah Region, Conakry, All across de country as traders den merchants
 Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Tombali Region, Bafatá Region
 Sierra Leone: North-West, Northern Province, Western Area, All across de country ein major urban centres as trading population
 Mali: Extreme southwest of country insyd de Kéniéba CerclePular Fuuta JallonFulbe Futa Tooro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮 Senegal: Matam Region, Saint-Louis Region, Louga Region, Tambacounda Region, Kaffrine Region, All over de country
 Mauritania: Trarza Region, Gorgol Region, Guidimaka Region, Brakna Region, NouakchottPulaar Fuuta TooroFulbe Fuladu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵 Senegal: Kolda Region, Sédhiou Region, South of Tambacounda Region
 Guinea Bissau: Gabu Region, Bafatá Region, Oio Region
 Gambia All across de countryPulaar – Pular
Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional

 History 
Timeline of Fulani history
TimeEvents4th centuryDe Ghana Empire emerge insyd modern-day southeastern Mauritania den western Mali, as de first large-scale Sudano-Sahelian empire5th centuryDe Ghana Empire cam turn de most important power insyd West Africa5th century (?)De Fulbe migrate southwards den Eastwards from present-day Morocco den Mauritania9th centuryDem found Takrur for de lower Senegal River top (present-day Senegal) upon de influx of Fulani from de east den north dey settle insyd de Senegal River valley11th centuryKingdoms of Tekruur den de Gao Empire flourish insyd West Africa due to gold trade1042Almoravids, Berber Muslims from southern Morocco den Mauritania, attack Takrur, after dem defeat de Sanhaja insyd 10391050sIslam gain strong foothold insyd West Africa1050–1146Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, den part of al-Andalus; dem invade Ghana insyd 1076 den establish power der.1062Almoravids found capital for Marrakesh1100De Empire of Ghana start dey decline insyd influence den importance1147De Almohad Caliphate, rule by Berber Muslims dem oppose to de Almoravids, seize Marrakesh den go on make dem conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, den Tripoli1150Unprecedented resurgence of de Ghana Empire dey see am make e reach ein height, dey control vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes insyd gold den salt1200Empire den dema bodies set out for road of conquest top, dem take ein capital Koumbi Saleh insyd 12031235Great warrior leader Sundiata Keita of de Mandinka people found de Mali Empire insyd present-day Mali, West Africa; e expand under ein rule1240–1250Mali absorb Ghana, Tekruur132410th Emperor of Mali, Musa I of Mali dem regard as de richest individual for history dem record insyd, go for ein famous pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Ein procession report dey include 18,000 workers wey each carry 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dress insyd silks wey bore gold staffs, organize horses den handle bags. Musa provide all necessities give de procession, dey feed de entire company of men den animals. Insyd de train be 80 camels, wich dey vary reports dem claim dey carry between 50 den 300 pounds (23 den 136 kg) of gold dust each1325De Empire of Mali reach ein height of power, dey cover much of Northern West Africa.1352Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travel across Africa den wrep account of all he see1462Sonni Ali cam turn ruler of de Songhai people den go on build de Songhai Empire1490De Mali empire dey overshadow by de Songhai Empire16th centurySonghai Empire enter period of massive expansion den power under Askia Mohammad I. Askia Mohammad strengthen ein country den make am de largest contiguous territory ever insyd West African history. For ein peak, de Empire encompass de Hausa states as far as Kano (insyd present-day Nigeria) den much of de territory belong to de Songhai empire insyd de west neighbouring Bornu Empire of de Kanuri1515De Songhai Empire reach ein zenith den pinnacle of power1590Dem defeat Songhai Empire by invading Moroccans from further North1650Another wave of Fulbe migrations see dem penetrate even further insyd de Southern Senegal den Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea1670Fulani people gain control of Bhundu insyd Senegal plus Malick Sy, den de Sissibhe1673First unsuccessful Fulani jihad insyd de Fuuta Tooro1808Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces1893De French conquer de Fouta-Toro1903De British conquer de Sokoto Caliphate"Time line". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

 References 

 Notes 

 Almanach de Bruxelles (now be site dem dey bia)
 Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006.
 Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
 Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

 Read further 

 Can an Alphabet Save a Future? – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked
 Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography, accessed 25 March 2008.
 Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.
 LONCKE, Sandrine Geerewol (1 September 2015) Musique, danse et lien social chez les Peuls nomades wodaabe du Niger ISBN 9782365190091
 Morel, E.D. (1902). Affairs of West Africa. London: William Heinemann., chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152.
 Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil.
External links

Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to Fula people.

Scholia get topic profile for Fula people.
 fulfulde social learning network fulfulde Nigeria Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
 missionafrica.org.uk
 Portal of Fulɓe history and culture 
 Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde
 Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde
 Online magazine in Fulfulde
 Online fulfulde Dictionary Archived 2017-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
 Fulfulde online news site l Archived 2021-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
 Portal of Fulɓe Fuuta Jaloo history and culture
Geerewol, by Sandrine Loncke (Website about Woɗaaɓe ritual celebrations, with annotated music recordings and short videos featuring dance and ritual sequences. Supplement to the book of the same author)
Online musical archives dedicated to Fulɓe Jelgooɓe (Burkina Faso) and Fulɓe Woɗaaɓe (Niger) musics and singings (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS)

Category:Fula people
Category:Fula
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Burkina Faso
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Cameroon
Category:Ethnic groups insyd de Central African Republic
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Chad
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Ivory Coast
Category:Ethnic groups insyd the Gambia
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Guinea
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Mali
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Mauritania
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Niger
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Nigeria
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Senegal
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Sierra Leone
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Sudan
Category:Ethnic groups insyd Togo
Category:Muslim communities insyd Africa
Category:Muslim ethnoreligious groups insyd Africa
Category:Afroasiatic peoples
Category:West African people