Michif

O michif (tamén escrito mitchif, mechif, michif-cree, métif, métchif ou cree francés) é un das linguas do pobo métis do Canadá e os Estados Unidos, os cales son descendentes das Primeiras Nacións (principalmente cree, nakota, e ojibwa) e comerciantes europeos de peles (principalmente franceses). O michif xurdiu a comezos do século XIX como unha lingua mixta e adoptou unha forma consistente entre 1820 e 1840. O michif está clasificada como en perigo crítico polo Libro Vermello das Linguas Ameazadas da UNESCO.

miniatura|250px|Gravado michif en Batoche, Saskatchewan.
O michif combina cree e o francés dos métis (Rhodes 1977, Bakker 1997:85), unha variedade do francés canadense con algúns préstamos do inglés e varias linguas indíxenas de América, como o ojibwa e o assiniboine. En xeral, a fonoloxía, o léxico, a morfoloxía e a sintaxe dos substantivos derivan do francés métis, mentres que os verbos derivan do cree das chairas (un dialecto occidental do cree). Os artigos e adxectivos tamén son de orixe francesa métis mais os demostrativos son cree das chairas.

 Notas 

 Véxase tamén 

 Bibliografía 

 Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion e Audreen Hourie. Métis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways. Métis legacy series, v. 2. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2006. 
 Barkwell, L.J., (Editor). 2004. La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin, The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis, Volume One, Language Practice Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications. 
 Barkwell, L.J., (Editor). 2004. La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin, The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis, Volume Two, Language Theory. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications. 
 Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion e Darren Prefontaine. "Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography". Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. 
 Bakker, Peter: Spelling systems for Michif: an overview. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadá: pp. 11‑28, 2004. 
 Bakker, Peter: The Michif language of the Métis. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadá: pp. 5‑9, 2004. 
 Bakker, Peter: The verb in Michif. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadá: pp. 63‑80, 2004. 
 Bakker, Peter: What is Michif? In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 1: Language Practice. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadá: pp. 5‑7, 2004. 
 Bakker, Peter; Barkwell, Lawrence: Storytelling and Mythology. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canadá: pp. 83‑96, 2004. 
 Bakker, Peter. 1997.  A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis.  New York, Oxford University Press.
 Bakker, Peter e Robert Papen. 1997. Michif: A mixed language based on Cree and French. In S. Thomason (ed.) Contact languages: A wider perspective. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 295–363.
 Bloomfield, Leonard (1984) Cree-English Lexicon Human Area Relations Files, New Haven, CT.
 Crawford, John. "Speaking Michif in four Métis communities." Canadian Journal of Native Studies 3.1 (1983): 47–55.
 Crawford, John. "What is Michif? Language in the Metis tradition." Jennifer S.H. Brown e Jacqueline Peterson, eds. The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America (1985): 231–241.
 Crawford, John. "Linguistic and sociolinguistic relationships in the Michif language." Proceedings of the Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota 3 (1973): 8–22.
 Evans, Donna. 1982. "On coexistence and convergence of two phonological systems in Michif." Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, 26, p. 158–173.
 Fleury, N. e L. J. Barkwell. 2000. La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin: The Canadian Michif Language Dictionary. Winnipeg: Metis Resource Centre.
 Gillon, Carrie e Nicole Rosen. 2016. Critical mass in Michif. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31: 113–140.
 Papen, Robert. 2003. "Michif: One phonology or two?" In Y. Chung, C. Gillon e R. Wokdak (eds) University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 12, Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Language of the Americas, p. 47–58.
 Papen, Robert. 2004. "Michif spelling conventions: Proposal for a unified Michif writing system. In L. Barkwell (ed.) La lawng: Michif peekishkwewin. Winnipeg, MB: Pemmican Publications, p. 29–53.
 Rhodes, Richard A. 1977. French Cree—a case of borrowing. Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 6–25.
 Rhodes, Richard A. 1986. Métif—a second look. Actes du Septième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 287–296.
 Rhodes, Richard A. 1987. Les Contes Metif—Metif Myths. Papers of the Eighteenth Algonquian Conference. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 297–301.
 Rhodes, Richard A. 1992. Language Shift in Algonquian. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 93:87–92.
 Rhodes, Richard A. 2001. Text Strategies in Métchif. Papers of the Thirty-second Algonquian Conference. H. C. Wolfart (ed.), Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. p. 455–469.
 Rosen, Nicole. 2006. Language Contact and Stress Assignment. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 59:170–190.
 Rosen, Nicole. 2007. Domains in Michif Phonology. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Linguistics. University of Toronto.
 Papen, Robert. 2005. Le mitchif: langue Franco-crie des Plaines. In A. Valdman, J. Auger & D. Piston-Hatlen (eds). Saint-François, QC: Presses de l'Université Laval, p. 327–347.
 Weaver, Deborah. 1982. Obviation in Michif. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, 26, p. 174–262.
 Weaver, Deborah. 1983. The effect of language change and death on obviation in Michif. In W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du Quatorzième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, p. 261–268.
Zoldy, Grace. 2003. The Lord's Prayer. In Li Liivr Oche Michif Ayamiiawina – The Book of Michif Prayers. Camperville Michif Cree Ritual Language Project.

Categoría:Lingua cree
Categoría:Linguas crioulas e pidgins de base nativa americana
Categoría:Linguas do Canadá
Categoría:Linguas dos Estados Unidos de América