Cíocáid

Gimnispeirm thrópaiceach nó fhothrópaiceach,Cycadales. (n.d.). The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://www.conifers.org/zz/Cycadales.php cosúil le pailm.Biswas, C., & Johri, B. M. (1997). Cycadales. In The Gymnosperms (pp. 44-81). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. An stoc gan ghéaga de ghnáth, armúrtha le seanbhuin duilleog nó iarmhair cosúil le coilm, le coróin duilleog crua cleiteach. Na bláthanna iompartha ar chóin scoite fhireanna is bhaineanna, agus na cóin bhaineanna an-mhór. Tuigtear gurb iad na gimnispeirmeacha na plandaí síl beo is ársa dá bhfuil ann, a tháinig chun cinn déanach sa ré Phailéasóch. Meastar go bhfuil gaol acu le raithneach síl, grúpa plandaí iontaisithe a bhí ceannasach sa tréimhse Thriasach. Fásann na stoic go mall, agus bíonn smúsach mór stáirseach ina gcroíleacáin a tháirgeann ság i gcuid de na speicis. 

Cur síos
Saintréith fásúil
Is toir nó crainn iad na cíocáidí,University of Florida. (n.d.). Cycads. Gardening Solutions. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/trees-and-shrubs/palms-and-cycads/cycads/ agus iad 0.25–Zamia pygmaea: The Pygmy Zamia. (2024, December 4). Guildford Cycads. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.guildfordcycads.com.au/zamia-pygmaea-the-pygmy-zamia/20 m ar airde.Queensland Government’s Department of Environment and Science. (n.d.). Cycads. Wet Tropics Management Authority. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.wettropics.gov.au/cycads Is éipifít é speiceas amháin.Lavaud, S. (2023, May 25). Zamia pseudoparasitica care sheet. Cycadales. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://cycadales.eu/2023/05/25/zamia-pseudoparasitica-care-sheet/?lang=en Bíonn duilleoga móra, righin, cleiteach ag cíocáidí i róiséad.Cycads. (n.d.). Botanická Zahrada Praha. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.botanicka.cz/en/odborna-cinnost/plant-collections/cycads Tá na fréamhacha chrapthach.New paper explores the roots of Cycad growth. (2019, May 30). Montgomery Botanical Center. Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://www.montgomerybotanical.org/publications/roots-of-cycad-growth/

Saintréith giniúnach
Is plandaí dé-éiciach iad na cíocáidí. Is buaircíní iad na struchtúr atáirgthe.

Tacsanomaíocht
Rinne Friedrich von Berchtold agus Jan Svatopluk Presl cur síos ar an ord Cycadales sa bhliain 1820, bunaithe ar obair a rinne Christiaan Hendrik Persoon roimhe sin.Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Cycadales Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/50324775Cycadales Pers. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. (n.d.). WFO. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000149;jsessionid=383D7A7766F6AE7C15389F1F30E61196 Is é Cycas L. an cineál tacsanomaíoch. Tá thart ar 300–350 speiceas de cíocáid i dhá fhine san ord Cycadales:

Tá gineas amháin sa fine Cycadaceae Pers.:Cycadaceae Pers. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126770-1
Cycas L.
Tá 9 ghéineas sa fine Zamiaceae Horan.:Zamiaceae Horan. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003843-2
Bowenia Hook.f.
Ceratozamia Brongn.
Dioon Lindl.
Encephalartos Lehm.
Lepidozamia Regel
Macrozamia Miq.
Microcycas (Miq.) A.DC.
Stangeria T.Moore
Zamia L.

Uaireanta cuirtear na géinis Stangeria agus Bowenia sa fine Stangeriaceae.The Stangeriaceae. (n.d.). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved February 23, 2026, from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/cycadophyta/stangeriaceae.html Ní monaifíléiteach an fine seo agus tá sé faoi iamh sa fine Zamiaceae.Rai, H. S. (2008). Molecular phylogenetic studies of the vascular plants (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia). Is comhchiallach é le Zamiaceae.United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Family Stangeriaceae Schimp. & Schenk. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Retrieved February 23, 2026, from https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=1059
Fíligineacht
Léiríonn an crann fíliginiteach seo an gaol idir géinis de cíocáidí, bunaithe ar ADN an núicléas agus an clóraplast.Condamine, F. L., Nagalingum, N. S., Marshall, C. R., & Morlon, H. (2015). Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating. BMC evolutionary biology, 15(1), 65.

Dáileadh agus gnáthóg
Fásann na cíocáidí sna trópaicí agus sna fo-thrópaicí.Geelan-Small, P. (2025, October 30). Cycads – overlooked and now endangered. Australian Plants Society - NSW. Retrieved February 21, 2026, from https://resources.austplants.com.au/stories/cycads-overlooked-and-now-endangered/ Fásann cíocáidí i bhforaoisí báistí fliucha, i breacfhásach, i bhfásach féarmhar, nó i bhforaoisí a bhíonn tirim go séasúrach.Mahr, S. (n.d.). Cycads. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved February 21, 2026, from https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/cycads/ Fásann speiceas amháin i mbogacha.Calonje, M., Zárate-gómez, R. I. C. A. R. D. O., Jones, M. A., Segalla, R., Brañas, M. M., Pizango, C. G. H., & Alcázar, F. R. (2026). Zamia urarinorum (Cycadales, Zamiaceae), a new cycad species from wetland forests of Loreto, Peru. Phytotaxa, 741(1), 1-17.

Éiceolaíocht
Is iad na ciaróga a dhéanann pailniú ar na cíocáidí.Simons, P. (2026, February 18). Plantwatch: oldest known seed plants heat up for sex to attract pollinating insects. The Guardian. Mealltar na ciaróga chuig na buaircíní teirmigineach.Landau, E. (2025, December 11). These plants can heat themselves up—scientists finally know why. National Geographic. Déantar pailniú ar roinnt speiceas ag tripis nó ag leamhain.Calonje, M., Kay, J., & Griffith, M. P. (2011). Propagation of cycad collections from seed: applied reproductive biology for conservation. Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, (9), 79-96. Scaiptear síolta na cíocáidí ag an uisce agus ag ainmhithe. I Meiriceá, is plandaí óstacha iad na cíocáidí do féileacáin de ghéineas Eumaeus.Schneider, D., Wink, M., Sporer, F., & Lounibos, P. (2002). Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Naturwissenschaften, 89(7), 281-294. Itheann an mianadóir duille Liriomyza schmidti duilleoga na cíocáidí.Chen, T., Dai, X., & Eiseman, C. (2022). A checklist of gymnosperm-feeding leafminers (Arthopoda, Insecta) in North America and Europe. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10, e91313.  Bíonn siombóis ag fréamhacha na cíocáidí le cianabaictéir den ghéineas Nostoc.Lindblad, P. (2008). Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis with Cycads. In: Pawlowski, K. (eds) Prokaryotic Symbionts in Plants. Microbiology Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Caomhantas
Is plandaí faoi bhagairt iad na cíocáidí.Cycads. (2024, July 9). Endangered Wildlife Trust. Retrieved February 18, 2026, from https://ewt.org/resources/cycads/Donaldson, J.S. (ed.). (2003). Cycads. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 86 pp. Tá roinnt speiceas imithe in éag sa nádúr.Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Encephalartos woodii (errata version published in 2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41881A243434007. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41881A243434007.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Encephalartos relictus (errata version published in 2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41764A243432097. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41764A243432097.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026. Tá go leor speiceas i mbaol criticiúil.Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Zamia inermis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T42111A69833031. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T42111A69833031.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.Nguyen, T.H. 2023. Cycas fugax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T42039A68901336. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T42039A68901336.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026.Pérez-Farrera, M. & Vovides, A.P. 2022. Zamia grijalvensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T66910233A66910238. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T66910233A66910238.en. Accessed on 21 February 2026. Tá na cíocáidí cosanta faoin Coinbhinsiún maidir le Trádáil Idirnáisiúnta i Speicis Fána agus Flóra Fiáine i mBaol (CITES).

Pailéaluibheolaíocht
Fuarthas iontaisí cíocáid ar gach mór-roinn, an Antartaice san áireamh.Dykens, M., & Gillette, L. (n.d.). Cycads. San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.sdnhm.org/exhibitions/fossil-mysteries/fossil-field-guide-a-z/cycads/

Saothrú
Úsáidtear cíocáidí mar phlandaí ornáideacha i gceantair theomheasartha, fho-thrópaiceacha agus thrópaiceacha.Tang, W. (1995). Handbook of Cycad Cultivation and Landscaping. United States: Honingklip. Is féidir na plandaí a iomadú fásúil.Broome, T. (1998). Never Throw Away a Cyacd. Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida (PACSOF). Retrieved February 22, 2026, from https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cycads/neverthrowaway.htm

Tocsaineacht
Is plandaí tocsaineach iad na cíocáidí.Whiting, M. G. (1963). Toxicity of cycads. Economic Botany, 17(4), 270-302. Tá substaint néarathocsaineach i cíocáidí a d'fhéadfadh cur le forbairt galar néareolaíoch.Rivadeneyra-Domínguez, E., & Rodríguez-Landa, J. F. (2014). Cycads and their association with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Neurología (English Edition), 29(9), 517-522.

Úsáid
Úsáidtear síolta agus gais na cíocáidí mar bhia.Rutherford, C., Donaldson, J., Hudson, A., McGough, H. N., Sajeva, M., Schippmann, U., & Tse-Laurence, M. (2013). CITES and Cycads: a user’s guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Úsáidtear cíocáidí freisin mar phlandaí ornáideacha.

 Tagairtí 

Catagóir:Plandaí