Carole Clark

Carle Clark Zimmerman (10 abriil 1897 - 7 feebariyee 1983) ko ganndo renndo Ameriknaajo, kadi ko tergal gadanal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard to bannge renndo.

Ko Zimmerman waɗi ko ɓuri teeŋtude ko Galle e Siwil. Golle makko njaɓaaka no feewi e nder fannu sosiyoloji, ina yejjitee no feewi. Darnde Zimmerman e fannu sosiyoloji ko daawe ŋakkeende, njulaagu e ŋakkeende renndo jokkondirnde e ŋakkeende siwil. Zimmerman hollitii kadi wonde ɗe peeñata ko e mbaydi galle e ko feeñde e mbaydi galle ina waawi firtude.[2]

Nguurndam e golle
Carle Clark Zimmerman jibinaa ko e nder galle Almaañnaajo-Ameriknaajo ñalnde 10 abriil 1897, to diiwaan Cass, to Missouri. Jibnaaɓe makko ɗiɗo fof ko jannginooɓe duɗe ganndal, hay so tawii noon baaba makko heɓiino golle ɓurɗe yoɓde, hono gardiiɗo mail ladde. E hitaande 1914, Zimmerman fuɗɗii janngude to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Westminster to Fulton, Missouri, tawi ko janngoowo lesleso. Jaŋde makko taƴaa ko e musibbaaji ɗiɗi galleeji ɗi njiidaani. Ko adii fof, e hitaande 1915, miñiiko sankii sabu gaañiiɓe e aksidaa oto. Ndeen, hitaande rewtunde ndee, baaba makko dañii gaañiiɓe no feewi nde o jokkondiri e puccu ladde. Kewuuji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ina mbaɗi batte bonɗe e golle Zimmerman e nder duɗal.[5]

Ngam heɓtude waktuuji ɗi o majji, o winnditii e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Missouri e nder ndunngu 1916, ɗo gooto e porfeseeruuji makko, hono Luther Lee Bernard, naatni mo e fannu sosiyoloji. E nder lewru ut hitaande 1916, Zimmerman artiri golle mum timmuɗe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Missouri ngam timminde golle mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to bannge renndo. Kono jaŋde makko taƴaa kadi nde o naati e konu Amerik e nder wolde adunaare adannde, o heɓi darnde sarwisaaji kono o meeɗaa yiyde hare. Ngam wallitde hoore makko caggal nde o yalti e hitaande 1919, Zimmerman ƴetti jaŋde stenograf e binndol, o timmini ɗum e lewru Yarkomaa 1920. E oon hitaande kadi, o arti to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Missouri ngam golloraade binndol to gardiiɗo departemaa sosiyoloji , Charles A. Elwuud. Hay so tawii o timminaani tawo golle makko leslese, Ellwood waɗi mo balloowo makko jannginoowo caggal nde o woni tan e golle ɗee.[6]

E hitaande 1920, Zimmerman winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde North Carolina, ɗo o janngi duuɓi tati e Charles C. Taylor, gooto e jannginooɓe makko ɓooyɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Missouri, mo o wuurdunoo kadi, o gollodii e mum e oon sahaa. E nder hitaande makko adannde e nder diiwaan Carolina worgo, Zimmerman wonnoo ko balloowo Taylor, o tawtoraama fedde nde yahrata ko e projektor, ina addana renndooji laddeeji e nder diiwaan Wake, North Carolina. O huutoriima ko o yi’i ko adii fof ko o moofti e oon sahaa ngam winndude etnogaraafi diiwaan oo, mo o yaltini e Taylor e nder binndol gootol e tiitoonde Yuɓɓo ladde: Janngugol pelle puɗɗaaɗe e nder diiwaan Wake, N.C. (1922), a golle juutɗe ɗe ngari ko limteede e nder fannu sosiyoloji ladde.[7] E nder hitaande makko ɗiɗmere to North Carolina State, o golliima e sahaa gooto, o woni jannginoowo faggudu e sosiyoloji, o waɗii ko heewi e golle ladde ngam janngude Taylor e ngonka remooɓe to North Carolina, nde o yaltini e tiitoonde Economic and Social Conditions of Remooɓe to Karolina worgo. E hitaande makko tataɓere, o gollodiima e fedde remooɓe tuubakooɓe to Virginia, to Karolina worgo e to Karolina worgo. E hitaande 1922, e gardagol Taylor, o timminii deftere makko master, tiitoonde mum ko "Toɓɓere nguurndam remooɓe North Carolina".[8]

Zimmerman fellitii jokkude jaŋde mum Ph.D. e hitaande 1923 o fuɗɗii waɗde jaŋde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Chicago, ɗo o janngi e les njiimaandi Robert E. Park e Ellsworth Faris fotde dumunna gooto e nder ndunngu. O naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Minnesota e lewru lewru nduu e dow wasiyaaji gonnooɗo jannginoowo makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Missouri, hono L.L. Bernard. Bernard hollitii Zimmerman e John D. Black, ganndo faggudu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Minnesota, gardinooɗo binndol Zimmerman, mo Zimmerman wonnoo balloowo wiɗto. O timminii sarɗiiji ngam heɓde doktoraa makko. e hitaande 1925.[9]

Ko ina wona joofnirde sahaa makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Minnesota, Zimmerman waɗii yeewtere ko fayti e renndo ladde e Pitirim Sorokin, eggiyanke Riisi, ganndo renndo, mo Zimmerman wonti gollodiiɗo mum keewɗo e sehil mum.[10][11] E wondude e Sorokin e Talcott Parsons, Zimmerman ko tergal sosngal fedde ganndal renndo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard. Departemaa oo sosaa ko e hitaande 1931. Zimmerman naati e hitaande 1932, o woni e golle makko e hitaande 1933. E nder dumunna mo o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard, o hoɗi ko sara Sorokin to Winchester, to Massachusetts.

E nder golle makko, o waɗii golle ladde ngam janngude ɓesngu nguu to Japon, Siin, Siam, Kubaa, Meksik, e Orop, kam e ko ɓuri heewde e Dowlaaji Amerik. O woniino mawɗo e nder konu Amerik e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere.[16]

Zim