Sultanganj Buddha

Buddha Sultanganj ko seppo jamaanu Gupta–Pala, ko ɓuri mawnude e nate Buddha njamndi timmuɗe anndaaɗe gila e oon sahaa. Sifaa oo waɗi ko hakkunde 500 e 700 caggal Iisaa (kono ƴeew les). Toowgol mayri ko 2,3 m, njaajeendi ndii ko 1 m, teddeendi ndii ina ɓura 500 kg. Nde tawaama e wuro Sultanganj to Fuɗnaange-rewo Indiya, diiwaan Bhagalpur, Bihar[1] e hitaande 1861 e nder mahngo laawol laana njoorndi Fuɗnaange-rewo Inndo.[2] Jooni noon, ko e galle mooftirgel e galle naalankaagal Birmingham, Birmingham, Angalteer woni.

E dow mawneeki nguurndam, ɗum ko "statue njamndi tan heddii e kala mawneeki" ummoraade e naalankaagal Gupta, e nder ko wonnoo e oon sahaa ina gasa tawa ko heewi e sifaa kaaƴe walla stucco statues.[3] Njamndi Brahma ummoriiɗo Mirpur-Khas ɓuri ɓooyde, kono ko hedde feccere mawneeki. Jain Akota bronzes e won e ko yiytaa ko ɓuri famɗude haa jooni, ina gasa tawa ko limooje ngam shrines e nder galleeji alɗuɓe.[4]

To Lalitpur, Nepal, dewal Guita Bahī ina jogii Budda njamndi mboɗeeri fotde 1,8 meeter toowndi, ndi Nepal waɗi e mbaadi mum, ko ina wona teeminannde 9ɓiire walla 10ɓiire. Ɗuum ina heddii e nokku, e nder dewal, e dow mahol to bannge jokkere enɗam walla suudu juulde, ina gasa tawa Buddha Sultanganj ina joginoo e nokku nannduɗo e oo.[5]
Sifaa nate Sultanganj ina nanndi e nate Buddha kaaƴe ko adii seeɗa ummoriiɗe Sarnath e nder "attenuation rounded moussement de corps et limbères" e mbaydi ɓanndu ɓuuɓndi no feewi, jokkondirndi, hollirteendi e laabi ɓurɗi hoybude. Limre ndee ina jogii "jiyɗe nguurndam ɗe darnde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi e dille ɗe silhouette ɓuuɓɗo e mbaydi ɓuuɓndi ndii rokkata".[3]

 Limtol 
Budda Sultanganj werlaama e njamndi laaɓndi, ndi laaɓaani, e karallaagal cire perdue, walla wax majjuɗo. E nder heen ina waɗi ɓanndu loopal, jillondirndu e ɓuuɓri maaro baawndi dañde raajo-karbon.[6] Limre ndee ina darii e "Poste Fearless", junngo makko ñaamo ina ƴetta e abhayamudra (geɗe teskinɗe walla ndeenka), junngo makko nano ina jogaa les, paltoor ina yaaji, ina wiyee ina hollita rokkude moƴƴere. Ko heddii e mbaydi monastik ina waɗee hakkunde ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓri junngo ngoo e mbaadi ndi rewɓe Theravadin mbaɗata haa jooni.

Jooni noon, dow njamndi ndii ina niɓɓiɗi, tee « ina hollita e dow ko ɓuri heewde e dow mum en ɓuuɓri ɓaleeri, ndi miniraaji loowdi laaɓtundi, ko ɗum batte ɓuuɓri juutndi e geɗe weeyo e wirwirnde », so wonaa ɗo njilluuji musiiba ɗii memi koppi ɗii e junngo nano moƴƴo, ɓoornaade ndeeɗoo coftal e accude ko famɗi fof tippudi mum en ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna, ina nanndi e kaŋŋe. Ina gasa tawa ko ɗum woni sifaa adanɗo e dow leydi ndii fof so wonaa ƴiye ɗee, keɓtinaaɗe e poliseeji tiiɗɗi caggal nde njuumri ndii waɗi, ina hollita tuugnorgal e nder binndi Buddhist en gadani ɗii, ko fayti e jalbugol e mbaydi ɓanndu Budda. Nate Budda goɗɗe ɗee ko kaŋŋe.[5]

Mawnugol nate ɗee firti ko "golle kalfinaaɗo werlaade 'Sultanganj Buddha' golliima e keerol mbaawkaaji mum karallaagal", e daawal feewnitagol ceertungal e "waɗde ɗiɗmere" (e tolno ɓurɗo lesɗude e... skill) mbaɗaama ngam timminde e ma a taw jogaade nate ɗee.[5]

 Nyalade 
Sifaa oo fuɗɗii ko e jamaanu Gupta, Vincent Arthur Smith holliti ko ina wona 400 e nder deftere mum hitaande 1911.[7] Ndeen ñalɗi ko 800 ngari ɓurde yiɗeede. Njeñtudi ñalɗi raajo-karbon ina hollita 600–650,[6] hay so tawii noon musiiba oo ina yiɗi haa jooni "500–700".[8]

 Yiytugol e daartol caggal ɗuum 
E. B. Harris wondude e Buuda Sultanganj. Hitaande 1861/1862

Sifaa kaaƴe Buddha ummoriiɗo Sultanganj e nder suudu defte Biritaan, to bannge nano e foto ngo dow. Ye Dharma Hetu winndaa e dow ŋoral loowdi (mawnude ngam yiyde).

E. B. Harris, injenieer laana njoorndi yiytuɗo Budda e nder wiɗtooji ɗi o waɗi e heddiiɓe ɓooyɓe sara nokku Sultanganj mo o mahi oo, yaltinii nate laaɓtuɗe e golle makko, timmuɗe e peeje nokku oo e fotooje. O siftinii yiytude koyngal Buddha ñaamowal ko ina tolnoo e meeteruuji sappo les leydi, les ɓuuɓri ndi o sikki ko ndi huutortenoo ngam suuɗde nate ɗee caggal nde ɗe njippinaa e nokku mum ɓooyɗe.[9] Harris neldi nate ɗee to Birmingham, njoɓdi nawde maggal to Angalteer ko Samuel Thornton, peewnoowo njamndi to Birmingham, yoɓata ɗum. Thornton, kanko e hoore makko wonnoo ko meer Birmingham, rokki ɗum Borough Council ngam eɓɓaande maɓɓe Art Museum e hitaande 1864. To Birmingham, wuro ngo manti ujunnaaje njulaagu, Art Museum ina fotnoo wonde yeru e ballal wonande gollotooɓe njamndi nokku oo e woɗɓe artisaneeɓe.

Duuɓi keewɗi, nde hollitaama e nokkuuji keewɗi maantiniiɗi e nder galle mooftirgel e galle ñeeñal Birmingham (BMAG) fof, nde heddii ko huunde nde alaa ko waawi holliteede. Ko ɗum woni dokkal fonndaasiyoŋ e kollirɗe ɗee, ko ɗum huunde ɓurnde teddude e BMAG.[8] Ciimtol Harris hollitii mo e Buddha e limre ɓurnde famɗude. Ina heen Buddaaji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi famɗude no feewi, dariiɗi e kaaƴe : heen gooto ina woni hannde e nder galle mooftirgel Biritaan, goɗɗo o ina woni e nder galle mooftirgel naalankaagal Aasi to San Francisco. Hoore Budda kaaƴe, kañum ne ummorii ko Sultanganj, ina woni jooni e nder galle mooftirgel Victoria e Albert, to Londres.

Tuggi 1998 haa 2015, Budda wonnoo ko cakkital galle to Birmingham Museum e Gallery Naalankaagal, baɗaaɗo ngam hollirde limoore Budda e geɗe jowitiiɗe heen, e Birmingham Museum ina yuɓɓina hitaande kala ‘ñalngu Budda’, nde pelle Buddha ummoriiɗe to West Midlands ummoriiɗe range aadaaji ina barkinta nate ɗee.

E nder hitaande 2015, Birmingham Museum e Gallery Art gollodiima e wakili’en pelle diine keewɗe ummoriiɗe e wuro ngoo ngam sosde ‘Galle diineeji’ keso, e Buddha Sultanganj ummiima e nokku mum gadano. Jooni noon ko ɗum hollirtee e nder galle keso ina haala daartol keewal diineeji gollorteeɗi to Birmingham.Galle

 Galle 
Sultanganj Budda
Sultanganj Budda
Musium indien, Kolkata, teeminannde 5ɓiire, ummoriiɗo Sarnath

Musium indien, Kolkata, teeminannde 5ɓiire, ummoriiɗo Sarnath

Musium indien, Kolkata, teeminannde 5ɓiire, ummoriiɗo Sarnath
Musium indien, Kolkata, teeminannde 5ɓiire, ummoriiɗo Sarnath

Budda mo Mathura, ñalngu 434

Budda mo Mathura, ñalngu 434

 Teskorɗe 
"BBC – Birmingham – Goongɗinal – Budda Sultanganj". www.bbc.co.uk.

Wingfield, Kiristofer (2010). Memde Budda: Kawral e huunde karismatik. E nder Kaɓirɗe Muuseum: Geɗe, Golle, Firooji, ed. Sandra H. Dudley, Routledge: Londres e New York. 53 haa 70.

Rowland, duuɓi 237

Rowland, 237-239

Graldi

Harle, duuɓi 212

Smith, Vinsent Artur (1911). Daartol naalankaagal laaɓtungal e nder leydi Indiya e leydi Ceylon, gila e jamaanu adanngu haa hannde. Oksford: Jaaynde Clarendon. p. 171.

"Budda – Budda Sultanganj – nokkuure kabaruuji cuuɗi defte e cuuɗi naalankaagal Birmingham". www.maagi.org.uk.

Harris, E. B. (1864) Sifaa heddiiɓe e diineeji Budisma yiytaaɗi to Sooltangunge, to Londres: yaltinaa ko e nokku gooto.

"natal | Suudu defte Biritaan". Ko suudu defte Biritaan.

"Koolol e internet e nder galle mooftirgel naalankaagal Asii". njiylawu.naalankaagal asian.org.

"Hoore Budda (Natal) | V&A Yiylo Koolol ngol". Koolol V e A. Ñalnde 16 mee 2020.

 Tuugnorgal 
Graldi, Aurora, "E yeeso ‘njamndi mboɗeeri’: humpitooji kesi dow Buddha mo Guita Bahī, Lalitpur, e waylugo yeeso man bee ɓesdugo anndal" (Eɓɓoore dow academia.edu), 2018

Harle, J.C., Naalankaagal e ñeeñal duunde Inndo, 2nd edn. 1994, jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale Taariindi Naalankaagal, ISBN 0300062176

Rowland, Benyamin, Naalankaagal e Arkitektuur Indiya: Budisma, Hinndu, Jain, 1967 (3ɓo), Taariiha Naalankaagal Pelikan, Pinguin, ISBN 0140561021

 Jokkondire yaajɗe 
Jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e Sultanganj Budda (Birmingham) to Wikimedia Commons

Categories: Seteeji teeminannde 6Seeji teeminannde7reSeteeji teeminannde1861 Yiytugol arkewolosi e nder leydi IndiyaSteeji BuddhaSeeji njamndi e nder leydi AngalteerGupta sculptureBhagalpurdistrictKoolol BirminghamMuseum e Galle NaalankaagalBiharStatues AngalteerSeppooji to Birmingham, Hirnaange MidlandsSeppooji ɓooyɗi ɗi Inndo