Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi

Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi (aarabeere: جميل صدقي الزهاوي, ALA-LC: Jamīl Ṣidqī al-Zahāwī ; 17 suwee 1863 – lewru janvier 1936) ko jimoowo e filosof Iraknaajo lolluɗo. Omo jeyaa e yimooɓe mawɓe hannde e nder winndere aarabeeɓe, omo anndiranoo kadi daranaade hakkeeji rewɓe.

O jibinaa ko e galle Bagdaadi iwdi kurde, o janngii binndol e mbaydiiji keewɗi firooji e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe, omo anndi ɗemɗe keewɗe. O golliima e laamuuji Ottomaan en keewɗi, o jannginii filosofi e nder diiwanuuji keewɗi. Sifaama wonde miijotooɗo liberal e "agnostique", o woniino luulndiiɗo sabu makko wallitde ƴellitgol gannde hirnaange, miijooji, jamaanu, e ndimaagu ngenndi, kam e darnde makko e hakkeeji rewɓe.[1] Al-Zahawi ina jeyaa e tato mawɓe yimooɓe Iraaknaaɓe mawɓe e nder al-Rusafi, e al-Jawahiri.[2]

 Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol 
Jamil Sidqi alzahawi jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 korse hitaande 1863 to Bagdaad. O iwdi ko e galle mawɗo iwdi Kurde,[3][4] Baaba makko ko Mufti Irak, o jeyaa ko e leñol annduɓe Baban. Jibnaaɓe makko ceerti ko juuti caggal nde sukaaɓe ɓee njibinaa, yumma sukaaɓe ɓee arti e galle mum, ina yahdi e sukaaɓe mum. Baaba makko, mo feccere e hakkille Jamil e jaawɗo tikkere, felliti nehde suka oo e hoore mum. Baaba makko jannginii mo yimre gila omo famɗi no feewi, o hirjini mo e ƴellitde hakkille naamnitooɗo.[5][6]

Nde tawnoo o mawni ko to Bagdaad Ottomaan, ɗo o fuɗɗii janngude ko e kuttab (duɗal Qur’aana), o heɓaani jaŋde toownde ; e oon sahaa baaba makko ina joginoo jannginooɓe keeriiɗo ngam jannginde mo ganndal, ƴoƴre e grammar. Ina gasa tawa o dañii heen jaŋde toownde e nder sariyaaji, e nder logic, e nder astronomie e exegesis, hay so tawii noon detaayuuji ɗii ina pamɗi. Kono tan ina laaɓi ko kanko ɓuri jannginde hoore makko, omo huutoroo defte, haa teeŋti noon e firooji golle Oropnaaɓe jowitiiɗe e ganndal e filosof. E nder baaba makko, o tawtoraama renndo binndol Bagdaad, o tawtoraama majalis (moɓondiral renndoyankeewal binndol) ngam yeewtidde e toɓɓe keewɗe. Sifaa jaŋde makko nde wonaa laamuyankoore ndee, kam e jokkondiral makko e renndooji jeewte, addani mo yiɗde jeewte e jikku makko naamniiɗo.[7]

E hitaande 1896, o noddaa Istambul. Hakkunde 1896 e 1898, o jooɗii ko to Istanbul kono kadi o yahi Yemen e dow yamiroore laamɗo, e nder delegaasiyoŋ ngam waɗde peeje. To Istanbul, o toɗɗaama porfeseer ganndal lislaam to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Malakki, o woni porfeseer binndol aarabeeɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Istanbul.[4] E nder oon sahaa, o jokkondiri e renndo binndol Turki, o hawri e ɓeen yimooɓe Turki jarriborɓe yimre jamaanu, yiɗɓe rimɗinde golle mum en e caɗeele meeteer e jimɗi. O dañii kadi fartaŋŋe janngude firooji aarabeere golle Shakespeare e yimre hirnaange. Ɗee kawre peeñninii mo miijooji kesi jowitiiɗi e yimre hannde ndee e darnde mum e nder jeewte politik, kadi maa ɗum humpit golle makko to bannge mbaadi mum e suɓaade ko woni e mum koo.[8][9]
Al-Zahawi warti Bagdaad ko juuti, kono o riiwaa ngam miijooji makko laaɓtuɗi, e juuɗe Sultan Abdul Hamid II, o dogi o hooti Istanbul hedde hitaande 1908.[10] To Istanbul, o golliima e Goomu Dental e Yahrude yeeso (CUP), anndiraangu kadi Sukaaɓe Turki en, ɗo o hawri e terɗe maantinirɗe dille Dental ngal. O wonti politikyanke no feewi e jokkondire baɗɗe e oon sahaa, o woni e ƴellitde renndo e nder nguurndam makko fof. E nder ɗuum, o woni ko e waɗde binndanɗe keewɗe e nder binndanɗe ceertuɗe to Irak e to Istanbul.[11]

 Golle e nder yimre e politik 
Caggal nde o arti Bagdaad, o joginoo golle keewɗe e nder laamu : o woni tergal e Diiso Jaŋde Bagdaad, ɗo o daranii jaŋde rewɓe, o woni kadi gardiiɗo jaaynde wootere to Bagdaad, wiyeteende al-Zawra.[4] O toɗɗaa porfeseer sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bagdaad, kono golle makko juutaani. Winndannde luulndiinde ko fayti e ndimaagu rewɓe, nde wiyi ina ɗaɓɓi nde rewɓe ɓee ngoppirta mbaydi ndii, ina ɗaɓɓi kadi waylude sariyaaji ceergal gonɗi ɗii, addani yimɓe heewɓe ƴattaade, ɗum addani galle makko ɓuuɓde fotde yontere timmunde. Ngam weltinde jamaanu nguu, al-Zahawi woppitaa e golle mum jaŋde e hitaande 1910. Caggal nde o waɗi ndee ɗoo yeewtere, o dogi o hoɗi ko adii fof to Ejipt, caggal ɗuum to Turki.[4][5]

Gartugol makko gadiingol to Bagdaad ko caggal nde Mandat Angalteer sosaa e hitaande 1920.[4][5] Caggal nde Irak heɓi jeytaare mum e hitaande 1921, o suɓaama e nder parlemaa laabi ɗiɗi, o toɗɗaa e suudu sarɗiiji toowndu (1925–29).[12] E nder waktuuji makko limtilimtinɗi, omo waawi taweede e nder cafrirɗe pinal Bagdaad, ɗo o tawtortee e jeewte e yimooɓe e yimɓe binndol.[13]

E nder nguurndam makko, al-Zahawi wonnoo ko ƴaañoowo Wahhabi en, diine peewnitoowo, woni sosngo Laamu Arabi Sawdit. O ñiŋii haala maɓɓe wonde ko kamɓe tan ngoni juulɓe goonga sabu golle maɓɓe radikal. Al-Zahawi ina anndaa kadi ina haɓa e toɓɓere hakkeeji rewɓe, ina ñiŋa ɓoornaade comci, e golle worɓe mawɓe resde sukaaɓe rewɓe tokosɓe, dewgal doole tawa anndaaka ko adii, dewgal keewngal, e martabaaji worɓe.[14]

O jeyaa ko e winndooɓe mawɓe e nder winndere aarabeeɓe, omo yaltina e jaayɗe mawɗe e jaayɗe Beyruut, Kayhayru, e Bagdaad. E siftinde nguurndam makko e nder deftere jimɗi makko, o winndi, "E nder cukaagu am, miɗo sikki ko mi eccentric sabu geɗe am ɗe keewaani; e nder cukaagu am, ko mi feckless sabu sifaa am ebullient, ŋakkeende seertude, e fijirde ɓurtunde; in duuɓi am hakkundeeji ko cuusal ngam haɓaade njiyaagu, e nder duuɓi am mawɗi ko mi murtuɗo sabu miɗo ƴetta miijooji am filosof.”[15]

O jokki e kuule makko laaɓtuɗe e nder yimre e reentaade artifice e fenaande, nde wonnoo ko yimooɓe aadaaji. O teeŋtini kadi nafoore yimre nde wonnoo ko oto ngam firo renndo. Kono tan, golle makko ngaddiino ƴaañgal binndol e nder yontaaji caggal wolde adunaare adannde, nde mbaydi ngenndiyaŋkaagal fuɗɗii ƴellitde naalankaagal. E oon sahaa, ɗemngal makko laaɓtungal e aaya makko nannduɗo e binndol, puɗɗii yiyeede ko aldaa e softinde, ko ɓooyɗo. Yanti heen, kuutoragol makko aaye ɓaleejo, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko jarribo, fuɗɗii nanndude e naafigaagal e ŋakkere. Hay so tawii o dañii weltaare e ƴeewooɓe, o woni ko e yiɗde yimɓe ɓee sabu dokke makko e haaldude e heɓde binndol makko.[16]

Miñiiko debbo Al-Zahawi, Asma al-Zahawi, woni sosɗo fedde wiyeteende Women’s Awakening Club, nde luulndiima, nde tiiɗnoo ko e jannginde sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe nganndaa janngude, e wallitde sukaaɓe rewɓe waasɓe, e waɗde kewuuji ballitooji, e wallitde bursiiji, e dogginde kilinikuuji cellal.[17]

 Kafe Al-Zahawi 
Winndannde mawnde: Kafe Al-Zahawi

Yaasi kafe Al-Zahawi gila 2023

E wiyde daartol gootol, al-Zahawi meeɗii noddude ko gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Irak, hono Nuri al-Said, to suudu kafe ɓuuɓndu, inniraandu « kafe al-Amin » sabu ŋakkeende nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e oon sahaa. Al-Zahawi ƴetti yiɗde kafe oo, o woni e waɗde ɗum nokku makko ɓurɗo mawnude. Kafe oo yaawi wontude dental winndooɓe e miijiiɓe. Kafe oo caggal mum inniraa ko "Al-Zahawi Café" e innde yimoowo oo.[18] Kafe oo wonti nokku ɗo "hareeji binndol" mbaɗata hakkunde al-Zahawi e al-Rusafi sabu yeewtere tiiɗnde e toɓɓe keewɗe.[19] Hay so tawii kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe nanondirii e haala hakkeeji rewɓe.[20] Al-Rusafi meeɗiino noddude suka gorko gooto biyeteeɗo al-Jawahiri e nder gootal e ɗeen hareeji ɗi suka gorko yimoowo oo hawri e sikkitaare al-Zahawi e tagɗo aduna. E nder heen, al-Zahawi fooli al-Jawahiri e dow tiiɗnaare ngam noddude baaba mum "monkey" mo al-Jawahiri jaabii "mi wi'i, jibnaaɓe makko ko monkey."[18]

 Nguurndam caggal 
Janngo Al-Zahawi e hitaande 1936. Ma'ruf al-Rusaafi ina yiyee ina jooɗii e caggal.

Al-Zahawi waɗi duuɓi mum cakkitiiɗi ɗii ko e woɗɗitaade dille pinal binndol renndo ɗe o walli ngam ƴellitde. O seerti e galle makko e almuɓɓe makko e sehil makko ina njoɓa mo njilluuji. Ɗuum haɗaani mo e golle makko yimre nde tawnoo o woniino yimoowo mo yimɓe heewɓe ngari heɗaade ko ɓuri heewde sabu neɗɗo makko ɓurɗo yiɗeede e nder renndo, e dokke makko e haaldude.[21] Kadi e nder joofnirde nguurndam makko, o ɓuri heewde ko ƴaañde mo e nder binndol kesol ngol.[22] E nder kitaale 1930, sabu miijooji makko politik, al-Zahawi kadi ina ƴaañii e estaad politik. O mettini heen no feewi e no o waɗirtee nii, o waɗti hoore makko no "yimoowo/filosof mo faamaani, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum wonnoo gaañanɗe haa abada."[4]

 Wade 
Al-Zahawi sankii ko hitaande 1936. O wirnaa ko e njillu keewngu to damal yanaande al-Khayzuran to Al-Adhamiya. Suudu mahiraa dow yanaande makko, e dow ɓiyiiko gorko, Sheek Amjad al-Zahawi, yanaande nde wirnaa sara mum. ko ɓuri haawnaade heen, Amjad tawtoraaka wirwirnde kaaw mum sabu mum yiɗde yimoowo Iraknaajo oo.[23]

 Kugal 
Al-Zahawi winndi yimre e ɗemɗe aarabeeɓe, ɗemngal perse, e ɗemngal turki e ɗemɗe kurde. Won e golle makko, ko wayi no « Fajiri goonga e nder yeddude ɓeen yedduɓe ɗaɓɓude duwaawu e kaawisaaji seniiɓe (1905) firtaama e ɗemngal Engele, kono kanko e hoore makko o meeɗaa janngude hay ɗemngal Orop.[24] Winndiyanke Ejiptnaajo biyeteeɗo Taha Hussein wiyi e makko : « Zahawi wonaa tan yimoowo ɗemngal Arab walla yimoowo Irak, o woniino kadi yimoowo Misra e leyɗe goɗɗe... ko o jimoowo hakkille... the... Ma'arri oo jamaanu... kono ko kanko woni Ma'arri jokkondirɗo e Orop, huutorii ganndal no kaɓirgal nii."

Winndiyanke Angalteer biyeteeɗo Gertrude Bell tawtoraama ñalngu nguu e hitaande 1921, nde Al-Zahawi janngi ode feewde e Faysal Ibn Huseyn. Bell winndi:[25]

"al-Zahawi ummii, o janngi ode mawnde nde o siftini laabi keewɗi wonde Faisal ko laamɗo Irak, yimɓe fof ina njuula ina mbeltii. [al-Zahawi] ƴetti yeeso...e nder limce daneeje e limce ɓaleeje e turban ɓaleejo mawɗo e... yimre nde mi faamataa hay konngol gootol, nde juuti no feewi, nde mbiyat-mi ndee, nde faamataa kono nde wonnoo ko huunde haawniinde.

Al-Zahawi woni yimoowo kurde gadano naatnude sh'ir musal (bayyinaango ngo alaa ko woni e mum; ngo alaa jimɗi, ngo alaa ko jokkondiri e jimɗi walla ngo waɗi ko jimɗi ceertuɗi) kadi ko o daraniiɗo mbaadi ndii e wiyde ina rimɗina yimooɓe ɓee ngam hakkillaaji mum en e hollirde koye mum en miijooji ɓuri cokde e njiylawu konngol walla konngol gonngol e rimre. Filoosofi makko e mbaadi makko mbaɗti mo jeyeede e yimooɓe adanɓe hannde e nder winndere aarabeeɓe kadi o yettaama no feewi e jamaanu Ottomaan en.[26]

O yaltinii kadi defte keewɗe ko fayti e anndal koode ina jeyaa heen: Aduna, Teddeendi e firo mum, Repulsion kuuɓtodinɗo e Feññinaango tagoore e koode, ɗe peeñnini miijooji ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗi ŋakki no feewi.[27]

Ina jeyaa e golle makko Thawra fil Jahim (Muurtere e nder jeynge), hollirnde batte ɗe al-Zahawi heɓi e yimoowo itaalinaajo biyeteeɗo Dante, hollirnde jeynge ko annduɓe, yimooɓe, e filosof en, murtuɓe, ɓuuɓnooɓe yiite, nannguɓe reenooɓe jeynge .[1]

 Golle cuɓaaɗe 
Golle Al-Zahawi ɓurɗe maantinde ina njeyaa heen:[28][29]

Equality in Age yimre nde Sivar Qazaz firti e ɗemngal Arab e ɗemngal Engele- ñaawoore dewgal worɓe juulɓe mawɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe

Fajiri Goonga e Yeddude Yiɗde Duwaawu e Kaawisaaji Seniiɓe, 1905 - deftere, deftere jimɗi e binndanɗe, firo Jaŋde Ahl al-Sunna e dille 'Salafi', ISBN 1-871031-47- 8, firti ɗum e ɗemngal Engele ko Sheek Muhammadu Hisham Kabbaani, Fedde As-Sunna Amerik, 1996.

Al-Kalim al-Manzum [Haalaaji jimɗi, e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe], yaltinaaɗi e Beyruut e hitaande 1909, kadi ko defterdu Leopold yaltini ɗum e hitaande 2016

Rubayiyyat al-Zahawi [Kuutrain Zahawi, e ɗemngal Arab], deftere binndol, 1924

Diwan [Golle mooftaaɗe], binndol, 1924

Al-Lubab [Ko woni heen koo, e ɗemngal Arab], hitaande 1928

Thawra fil Jahim [Muurtere e nder jeyngol], jimɗi juutɗi, 1931 caggal ɗuum naatnaa e deftere jimɗi, Aushal, yaltunde e hitaande 1934

Aushal [Ɓoornugol, e ɗemngal Arab], hitaande 1934

Al-Thumala [Toɓɓe cakkitiiɗe, e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe], 1939 (jom suudu makko feewni ɗum, yaltini ɗum caggal maayde mum).

 Ƴeew kadi 
Wikimedia Commons jogii ko jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi.

Naalankaagal Irak

Yimre lislaam

Doggol naalankooɓe Irak

 Tuugnorgal 
^ Juppude haa: a b 2013, p. 675.

^ Kayni 2013, h. 40-41.

^ Zubaida, S. (2012). Irak: Daartol, Siftorde, Pinal. Jaaynde winndereyankoore jannde Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, 44(2), 333-345. Doi:10.1017/S0020743812000116

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f Khoury, Dina R. (2001). "Yiylaade ko jamaanu". E nder Fay, Mariyam Ann (moƴƴinoowo). Auto/Biography e mahngo identite e renndo e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo. New York: Palgrave Makmilan. 109 haa 124. Doi:10.1007/978-1-349-62114-9_8. ISBN 978-1-349-62116-3.

^ Juppu haa: a b c Badawi 1975, p. 45.

^ Fay 2002, h. 111-112.

^ Fay 2002, h. 112-113.

^ Moreh, S., Yimre aarabeere hannde: 1800 - 1970; ƴellitaare mbaadiiji mum e tiitooɗe mum e les njiimaandi binndol hirnaange, Brill, 1976, pp 136-137

^ Fay 2002, h. 117-118.

^ Mo woni kala e nder Irak, 1936, p. 587

^ Moreh, S., Yimre aarabeeɓe hannde: 1800 - 1970; ƴellitaare mbaadiiji mum e tiitooɗe mum e les njiimaandi binndol hirnaange, Brill, 1976, pp 136-137; Na Na, Nguurndam hoore mum e mahngo mbaydi e renndo e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, Springer, 2016. pp 117-118

^ Mo woni kala e nder Irak, 1936, p. 587

^ Omar, O., "Aduna waylotooɗo e kafeeji pinal Bagdaad", Jaaynde aarabeeɓe, 3 abriil 2016, e internet:

^ Schwartz, S., "Model juulɓe moƳƳuɓe", Jaaynde Huffington, 5 Duujal 2015, Enternet:; Noga, E., "'Ummitgol' goɗɗol e nder Irak: Dille rewɓe e nder feccere adannde e teeminannde noogas:, Jaaynde Angalteer ko faati e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2004, pp 153-173

^ Najim, Mohammed Yuusif, binndoowo. Diwan jamil sidqi alzahawi, vol. 1. Beyrut: Daar Kitaab Al Arabi, hitaande 1971.

^ Fay 2002, h. 121-122.

↑ 2013, p. 657.

^ Juppude haa: a b Al-Kashtini, Khaled (22-02-2014). "Al-zahawii al-zarif" (e ɗemngal Arab). Arsiif ko gila e asli mum ñalnde 22-02-2014. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 24-05-2024.

^ Kayni 2013, h. 44.

^ Zeidan, Yuusuf (1995). Rewɓe aarabeeɓe winndooɓe defte : duuɓi mbayliigu e ko fayi arde | Aduna.org. Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde New York. pp. 23-24. ISBN 9780791421727. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 24/05/2024.

^ Fay 2002, h. 122.

^ Badawi hitaande 1975, p. 51-52.

^ وليد، الاعظمي، (2001). أعيان الزمان وجيران العمان في مقبرة الخيزران: ١٤٦ - ١٤٠٠هج ٧٦٣-١٩٨٠م تراجم للاعلام المدفونين في مقبرة الخيزران الملاصقة لجامع الامام الأعظم في حنيفة النعمان بغمان بن ث الابتكو). مطبعة الاخوان،. p. 138.

^ Moreh, S., Yimre aarabeeɓe hannde: 1800 - 1970; ƴellitaare mbaadiiji mum e tiitooɗe mum e les njiimaandi binndol hirnaange, Brill, 1976, p. 136

^ Gertrude Bell, ɓataakeeji ummoriiɗi Bagdaad cifaaɗi e: Muhanna, E., "Ko ɓataakeeji Gertrude Bell ciftini en e sosde Irak", jaaynde New Yorker, 14 suwee 2017, e internet:

^ Sperl, S., Aadaaji ɓooyɗi e maanaaji hannde, BRILL, 1996, p.11; Moreh, S., Yimre aarabeere hannde: 1800 - 1970; ƴellitaare mbaadiiji mum e tiitooɗe mum e les njiimaandi binndol hirnaange, Brill, 1976, pp 133-135

^ Mo woni kala e nder Irak, 1936, p. 587

^ Badawi hitaande 1975, p. 48-49.

^ Sperl, S., Aadaaji ɓooyɗi e maanaaji hannde, BRILL, 1996, p.11; Moreh, S., Yimre aarabeere hannde: 1800 - 1970; ƴellitaare mbaadiiji mum e tiitooɗe mum e les njiimaandi binndol hirnaange, Brill, 1976, pp 133-135; Hol ko woni e nder Irak, 1936, p. 587

 Defte cifaaɗe 
Dougherti, Bet; Gaarib, Edmund (2013). Saggitorde daartol leydi Irak. Lanham: Jaaynde hulɓiniinde. ISBN 9780810868458.

Caiani, Fabiyo (23 ut 2013). Deftere Irak: Winndooɓe teeŋtuɓe, binndanɗe teeŋtuɗe (Jannde Edinburgh e binndol aarabeeɓe hannde) (1st ed.). Jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh. ISBN 9780748685233.

Fay, Mariyam Ann (2002). Taariindi e mahngo anndinde e renndo e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo. Palgrave, to leydi New York. ISBN 9780312219666.

Badawi, Muhammadu (1975). Yimre Arab hannde. Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Cambridge, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521206990.

Janngugol jokkungol

windugo

Al-Rashudi, Abdul-Hamid, al-Zahawi: Dirasat wa-Nusus [al-Zahawi: Jannde e binndi], Beyrut, Matba’at al-Hayat, 1966

Sami Zubaida, « Ciftorɗe Iraaknaaɓe e Ottomaan en e Aarabeeɓe : Maruf al-Rusaafi e Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi », e nder: Ozdalga, Elisabeth, Ozervarli, Sait, e Tansug, Feryal (eds), Istanbul no yiyraa e woɗɗude, Istanbul, Duɗal wiɗto Suwed, 2011, pp 193-202