Chadian Arabic

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Arab Shuwa,[a] Arab Sudaan Hirnaange, walla Arab Sudaan Hirnaange (WSA),[2] ko ɗemngal Arab keewngal e ɗemngal gadanal 1,6 miliyoŋ neɗɗo,[3] ko hoɗɓe e gure e durooɓe jawdi njilluuji. Ko ɓuri heewde e haalooɓe mayri koɗi ko cakaare e fuɗnaange leydi Caad. Dingiral maggal ko oval fuɗnaange-rewo e nder Saahal. Fotde ndeeɗoo leydi fof ko e nder leydi Caad e Sudaan woni. Ina haalee kadi e nokkuuji goɗɗi saraaji maayo Caad e nder leyɗeele Kamaruun, Niiseer e Niiseer. E joofnirde, ina haalee e nder slivers e nder leydi Afrik hakkundeejo. Yanti heen, ngalɗoo ɗemngal ina huutoree e ko ɓuri heewde e diiwaan hee. E nder ko ɓuri heewde e mbaydiiji mum, ina jeyaa e ɗemɗe nokkuuje keewɗe, tee ina heewi wonde ɗe ngonaa e ɗemɗe mawɗe ɗee.

 Innde e senngo 
Ngal ɗemngal alaa innde ngenndiire nde haalooɓe ɗum fof ndenndi, caggal "Aarabeeɓe". Nde ummii ko e ɗemngal neeniwal durooɓe jawdi (baggāra, e ɗemngal Arab baqqāra بَقَّارَة, firti ko ‘jawdi’, ummoraade e baqar[4]).

E hitaande 1913, gardiiɗo koloñaal Farayse to Caad, biyeteeɗo Henri Carbou, winndi grammar ɗemngal nokkuure toownde Ouaddaï, diiwaan fuɗnaange Caad to keerol Sudan.[5] E hitaande 1920, gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer to Nijeer, biyeteeɗo Gordon James Lethem, winndii grammar ɗemngal Borno, o teskiima heen wonde ɗemngal gootal ina haalee e Kanem (to hirnaange Caad) e Ouaddaï (to fuɗnaange Caad).[6] Gila nde yalti,[7] ndee ɗemngal ina yaaji e nder jaŋde, ko "Aarabeeɓe Shuwa" ; kono helmere "Shuwa" ndee ina huutoree tan e nder yimɓe ɓe ngonaa aarabeeɓe e nder diiwaan Borno, to leydi Najeriya. Hedde hitaande 2000, helmere « Arab Sudaan hirnaange » ndee, ko ganndo ɗemngal ngal, hono Jonathan Owens, ƴetti ɗum.[8] Senngo geographic "Sudaan" ngo Owens noddi ngo wonaa leydi Sudaan hannde ndii, kono ko Sahel e nder kuuɓal, diiwaan mo aarabeeɓe mbiyata bilad al-sudan, ‘leydi ɓaleeɓe’, gila e yontaaji hakkundeeji. E jamaanu koloñaal Angalteer e nder Afrik, laamuuji koloñaal ɗii kadi kuutortonoo ko « Sudaan » ngam firtude Sahel fof.

 Feccere e ceertugol 
Ɓoornugol baggara

Ɓoornugol baggara.

Ɗemɗe

Ɗemɗe ɗiɗi laaɓtuɗe e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe hirnaange Sudaan ina teskaa:[10]

Bagirmi Arab - haalaama diga fuunaange lesdi Naajeeriya haa lesdi Caad haa lesdi lesdi man. Sifaa mum ko teskuyaaji cakkitiiɗi e nder mbaydiiji ko wayi no katáb “o winndi”

Feereeji wuro Caad - kaaleteeɗi e Ndjamena e Abbeche, e sifaa e mbaydiiji hoybinde.

Haalooɓe e leydi

Caad

Ko ɓuri heewde e haalooɓe ɓee nguuri ko e fuɗnaange leydi Caad hakkunde 10 e 14 degereeji to bannge worgo. To Caad, ko ɗemngal nokkuure laamorgo leydi ndii, hono N'Djamena, e nokkuuji mum ina hawra e gure mawɗe goɗɗe ko wayi no Abéché, Am Timan, e Mao. Ko kamngal woni ɗemngal neeniwal 12% Caadnaaɓe. Ɗemngal Arab Caad jokkondirngal[11] ina heewi haaleede e nder Caad, haa arti noon e ɗemngal Caad e ɗemngal mum tawa ina hawra e nokkuuji hakkunde 40% e 60% e yimɓe Caad.[12][13]

Sudaan

E nder leydi Sudaan, ene haalee funnaange-rewo, to fuɗnaange Kordofaan e fuɗnaange Darfuur, kono nde woɗɗitaa gure Al-Ubayyid e al-Fashir.

Naajeeriya

To leydi Najeriya, 10% e yimɓe Maiduguri, laamorgo Borno, ina kaala ɗemngal ngal, ko famɗi fof 100 000 gure e nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder Borno.

Feere

Ƴeew kadi: Aarabeeɓe Diffa

Ko woni e nder leyɗeele Afrik goɗɗe ɗee, ina jeyaa heen feccere e leydi Afrik hakkundeejo, feccere worgo leydi mum Vakaga, sara Caad e Sudaan ; sliver Sudaan worgo to keerol mum e Sudaan ; e saraaji maayo Caad ina taarii leyɗeele tati goɗɗe, woni feccere e leydi Niiseer (Dowla Borno), Diiwaan Fuɗnaange Kamerun, e nder Departemaa Diffa e nder Diiwaan Diffa Niiseer. Limoore haalooɓe ɗemngal ngal e nder leydi Niiseer ina hiisaa e 150 000 neɗɗo.

 Tariya 
Hol no ngal ɗemngal aarabeeɓe ummorii anndaaka. E hitaande 1994, Braukämper hollitii wonde nde ummii ko e leydi Caad fuɗɗoraade e hitaande 1635, nde tawnoo ko nde yimɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal aarabeeɓe kawri e yimɓe Fulɓe.[15] [4] (Fulani en ko leñol, walla dental leƴƴi, ummoriiɗi e daande maayo Atlantik walla saraaji mum kono ɓe njaajnii ko ɓuri heewde e Saahal e nder teeminanɗe.)

E jamaanu koloñaal, sifaa aarabeeɓe pidgin ganndiraaɗo Turku[16] ina huutoree no ɗemngal gonngal e nder leydi nii. Haa hannde ina woodi pidginuuji aarabeeɓe e nder leydi Caad, ko wayi no aarabeeɓe Bongor, kono ko ɓuri heewde e majji cifaaka, ɗum noon anndaaka so tawii ko ɗi iwdi Turku.[17]

 Fonoloji 
Konnguɗi[10]

Dental Labial/Alveolar Palatal Velaar Uvular Glotal

emph laaɓɗo. emph laaɓɗo.

Nofru m m ̤ n ɲ ŋ

Plosiif/

Afrikaaji ɗi ngalaa daande p t tʃ k q ʔ

daande b d d ̤ dʒ ɡ

ɗ ̤ ɓuuɓɗo

Daande frikatif f s s ʃ x h

daande z

Tappu/Trill r r ˤ

Ko ɓadii l l ̤ j w

Woni [18] [19]

Yeeso Caggal

Uddit i iː u uː

Hakkunde e eː o oː

Uddit aː

 Tesko: 
Arab ɓooyɗo */ġ/ > /q/, /x/

Arab ɓooyɗo */ḥ/ > /h/

Arab ɓooyɗo */ʿ/ > /ʾ/ ([ʔ])

Arab ɓooyɗo */ṭ/ > /ɗ/ ([ɗˤ])

Ina sikkaa ko majjugol ƴiye [ħ] e [ʕ], frikatiifuuji hakkunde dente [ð], [θ] e [ðˤ], e diftonguuji.[20][21] Kono kadi ina jogii /l ̤/, /r ̤/ e /m ̤/ ko ɓuri teeŋtude e fonetik. Won e yeruuji ɗiɗi tokoosi ngam teeŋtinde hono ɗeen ko /ɡallab/ "o galoppi", /ɡalˤlˤab/ "o tikkani"; /karra/ "o teppii", /karˤrˤa/ “o jokki”; /amm/ "kaaw", /amˤmˤ/ “yumma”.[20] Yanti heen, Naajeeriyaajo

 Natal 
Ko teskini heen ko waylude mbaydi aarabeeɓe gonndi e mbaydi V ummoraade e tafaʕʕal(a) fayde e alfaʕʕal ; yeru, helmere taʔallam(a) ndee wontata ko alʔallam. Neɗɗo gadano gooto timmuɗo gollal ina seerti e mbaydi mum e nder ɗemɗe aarabeeɓe goɗɗe sabu ngal alaa t timmuɗo. Nii woni, neɗɗo gadano e nder gollal katab ko katáb, teeŋti noon e alkulal ɗiɗaɓal konngol ngol, tawi noon neɗɗo tataɓo oo ko kátab, teeŋti noon e alkulal gadanal ngal.[20]

 Ngewte 
Ko ɗoo woni yeru kelme:[22]

Konnguɗi iwdi Arab

Caad Arab Maanaa Iwdi

أدان ʔadān noppi diga آذان ʔāḏān, ɗuuɗal أذن ʔuḏn

المي ʔalmi ndiyam ummoraade e ماء māʔ e article laaɓtuɗo ɓuuɓɗo

إيد ʔīd junngo gila يد yad

عيد ʔīd juulde, mawningol gila عيد ʕīd e waylude ʕ haa ʔ

جدادة jidāde cowgal (gooto) ummoraade e دجاجة dajāja e metatesis

شدراي lekki šadarāy (gooto) ummoraade e شجرة šajara e diisnondiral

Konnguɗi iwdi jananndi

بعشوم baʔashōm jaal mo Beja ba'aashoob

بيك bīk binndol ummoraade e ɗemngal Farayse bic

وتير watīr oto ummoraade e Farayse voiture

 Ƴeew kadi 

 Ɗemɗe leydi Caad
 Ɗemɗe leydi Kameruun
 Feereeji Arab

 Teskorɗe 
Helmere "Shuwa Arabic" e nder maanaa mum tiiɗɗo, ina hollita tan ko ɗemɗe Naajeeriya ɗe ɗemngal ngal, kono ɓeen haalooɓe ɓee e koye mum en kuutortaako ɗum.

 Tuugnorgal 
Karbu, Henri (1954) [1913]. Laawol kuuɓtodinngol ngam janngude ɗemngal aarabeeɓe haa Ouaday e fuɗnaange Caad [Laawol kuuɓtodinngol ngam janngude ɗemngal Arab kaaleteengal to Waddai e fuɗnaange Caad]. Pari: Geuthner, defterdu fuɗnaange. Tappirde 1954 ndee ina waɗi binndol 1913 ngol, ina heen hello tiitoonde asliijo ngoo.

Fox, Andere (oktoobar 1988). "Saggitorde Aarabeeɓe-Engeleere Naajeeriya nde Alan S. Kaye winndi, ƴeewndo deftere". Wolde. 64 (4). Ɗemngal, Vol. 64, Nokku 4: 836. Doy:10.2307/414603. JSTOR 414603.

Kaye, Alan S. (1976). Arab Caad E Sudan E Annoore Dialectologie Arab Njiylawu. Mouton.

Kaye, Alan S. (1987). Saggitorde Arab-Engele Naajeeriya. Deftere Afroasiyatik. Vol. 2. Malibu: Undena.

Owens, Yonatan (2007). "Kawral ɓadiiɗo e sifaa ceertuɗo: Nokkuuji ɗiɗi naatgol e nder waylude kodde Arab Naajeeriya". E nder Miller, Katariin G. (moƴƴinoowo). Arab e nder wuro : geɗe jokkondirɗe e ɗemɗe e mbayliigu ɗemɗe. Londres: Ruutlej. ISBN 978-0-415-77311-9.

Owens, Yonatan (2003). "Taariindi ɗemngal aarabeeɓe e daartol ɗemɗe". Jaaynde fedde fuɗnaange Amerik. 123 (4): 715-740. Doi:10.2307/3589965. JSTOR 3589965.

Owens, Yonatan (2006). Daartol ɗemngal Arab. Jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford.

Pommerol, Patris Juliyen de. (1997). L'arabe tchadien: feeñde e ɗemngal otooji. Kartala. ISBN 9782865378043. 174 p.

Pommerol, Patris Juliyen de. (1999). Nate