Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons

Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons (jibinaa ko ñalnde 9 ut 1944 e innde Gwendolyn Robinson) ko Ameriknaajo daraniiɗo golle, ganndo pentiiɗo. O wonii jannginoowo mawɗo emerita to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Florida gila o woppi golle e hitaande 2019. Wiɗtooji makko ina njiyloo feminism lislaam e batte sariya sharia e rewɓe juulɓe.[2] Ko o daraniiɗo hakkeeji siwil, o woniino tergal e Goomu toppitiingu ko fayti e almudɓe (SNCC) e ngenndi lislaam (NOI).[3]

O heɓi ballal keewngal, ina jeyaa heen ballal Fulbright, ballal USAID, e ballal to nokku wiɗtooji fuɗnaange to Amerik.[4][5]

 Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol 
Gwendolyn Robinson jibinaa ko e hitaande 1944 to Memphis, to Tennessee, ɗo o jibinaa e neene makko Baptist (mo wonnoo ko jom jawdi en, yumma mum ko maccuɗo),[6][7] Robinson jibinaa ko e ganndal ɓesngu mum daartol e laabi ɗi maccungaagu e ndonu mum toɗɗii.[8] Ɓesngu makko ina teddini mo, ina hirjina mo ngam jokkude jaŋde, o woni gadano e nder galle makko yahde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde.[9]

Simmons winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Spelman e hitaande 1962. Caggal nde o fuɗɗii janngude, o noddiraa ko gardiiɗo almudɓe, o miijii wonde gaasa makko ko huunde "hersiniinde" e duɗal ngal e ko ngal ɗaminii wonde almudɓe ina poti "waɗde no moƴƴi".[ 10] Ɗuum wonata ko gooto e luure keewɗe ɗe Simmons heɓi e laamu Spelman nde tawnoo naatgol makko e golle almudɓe fuɗɗiima ɓeydaade. E hitaande 1989, Simmons timmini B.A. to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Antioch, ɗo o janngi ko faati e golle aadee. O yahi haa o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Temple, o heɓi M.A. e Ph.D. e nder diine tawa ina teskaa e lislaam, e seedantaagal jaŋde leslesre e nder jaŋde rewɓe. O winndi deftere makko ko fayti e "Batte sariya shari'a e nguurndam rewɓe e nder leydi Jordani e Palestiin."[4]