Lubna mo Kordoba

Lubna mo Kordoba (Lubna Al-Qortobia, e ɗemngal Arab: لبنى القرطبية) ko ganndo, hiisiwal, yimoowo Andalusianaajo feccere ɗimmere teeminannde 10ɓiire, ganndiraaɗo moƴƴere binndol mum e ƴellitaare mum e gannde.[1] Lubna jibinaa ko e maccungaagu, o mawni ko e nder galle laamorɗo Madīnat al-Zahrā.[2] Ndeen o jokki golle e nder galle laamorɗo oo, omo jeyaa e fedde Al-Hakam II, koppiiji.[3]

 Nguurndam adanɗam 
Ko seeɗa tan anndaa e nehdi Lubna, ko ɓuri heewde e nate gonɗe heen ɗee ko miijooji daartiyankooɓe e annduɓe tuugiiɗi e geɗe rewɓe wonɓe e darnde makko wootere e nder yontaaji teeminannde 11ɓiire to Al-Andalus.[4]

Lubna jibinaa ko e nder Madīnat al-Zahrā, e les laamu kaliifa Abd al-Rahman III, puɗɗinoongu e hitaande 929. E nder laamu makko, limoore maccuɓe e nder Kordoba ɓeydiima, Lubna ina jeyaa e maɓɓe gila e jibinannde mum.[2]. [5]

José Miguel Puerta Vílchez, mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Granada, wiyi wonde baaba Lubna ko kaliifa Abdu Rahmaan III, ɗum noon ina addana mo wonde gooto e ɓiɓɓe makko rewɓe sappo e jeegom.[6] Hay so tawii binndanɗe ina kollita inɗe ɓiɓɓe makko worɓe 11, inɗe ɓiɓɓe makko rewɓe ɓee ina keddii e winndaade, so wonaa ɓiɓɓe rewɓe Hind e Wallada.[7] Ɓiɓɓe kaliifa ɓee ɓuri heewde ko yumma mum en maccuɓe e nder galle laamɗo oo; yeru gooto ko Al-Hakam II, ɓiy Abd al-Rahman III, ronooɓe jappeere laamu, jibinaaɗo e Marjan, mawni e nder galle laamorɗo, yahri yeeso e golloraade Lubna e nder defterdu.[8][9][1] 10]

Lubna ina sikka ina joginoo jaŋde moƴƴere e nder nguurndam mum fof ngam waawde wonde caggal ɗuum ganndo e ganndo e nder galle kaliifa.[5] Yanti heen, won heen ko diineeji mbaɗi ko ɓuri heewde e golle jannginde, rimɗinde, e gollinde maccuɓe e les njiimaandi juulɓe.[11]

 Kugal 
Lubna fuɗɗii ko e binndol defterdu Al-Hakam II, ummiiɗo e laamu kaliifa e hitaande 961.[12]

E wiyde daartol aarabeeɓe[ko?], e jamaanu Kaliifa Al-Hakam II, ko ina ɓura 170 debbo jannguɗo ina mbaawi taweede e won e gure wuro ngoo ; ɓeen rewɓe ngonnoo ko e waɗde koppiiji binndanɗe nafooje.[13] Ɗuum ina rokka miijo e pinal e darnde rewɓe e laamu Kaliifa.[14]

Al-Hakam II rewi e laawol baaba mum, o woppi Lubna, o toɗɗii ɗum binndoowo makko jooɗiiɗo e ganndo.[5] Ina jeyaa e golle keewɗe, Lubna kadi ina joginoo defterdu, ndu o woni karallo sabu humpito makko e binndol binndanɗe ɗe o joginoo.[15]

Lubna ina jeyaa e ko famɗi fof 100 neɗɗo ɓe Al-Hakam II rimɗini e maccungaagu hade mum e caggal maayde mum. So tawiino o rokkaama kaayitaaji bayyinooji ndimaagu makko, o jeyaa ko e renndo "ndimaagu" (mawla, mawali) renndo juulɓe. E nder teeminannde 11ɓiire Al-Andalus, ko huunde nde heewaani yiyeede, wonnooɓe maccuɓe laamɗo ina keɓa darnde laamu, tee ina keewi hoolaade ko ɓuri politikaaji nokkuuji ɗii.[4][5]

E nder defterdu Córdoba, Lubna ina joginoo fijirde, winndude e firo binndanɗe keewɗe. O janngii ɗeen binndanɗe, o winndi heen firooji e teskuyaaji nafooji. Won e binndanɗe ɗee ina njeyaa heen binndanɗe Arkimedes e Euclid.[5] E wondude e Hasdai ibn Shaprut, ko kanko woni doole sosde defterdu lollundu Madiina Azahara, ndu ko famɗi fof 400 000 deftere.[16][17]

Doktoor Joyce E. Salisbury, mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wisconsin, to Green Bay, siftinii jokkondiral Lubna e renndo ngo caggal mahe galle laamorɗo. O janngini sukaaɓe hiisa, nde o arti e nder galle laamorɗo, ɓe njokka e makko e janngude taƴe limto.[5]

O jeyaa kadi ko e saggitorde nguurndam annduɓe Espaañ lislaam, ‘Jokkude daartol ganndal al-Andalus’ (Kitāb al-ṣila fī taʾrīkh aʾimmat al-Andalus, Arab: كتفق وأحدلسدهم )اريخ أثائمة .[18] Ɗoo o siforaama ko "winndiyanke hakkille, ganndo grammar, jimoowo, ganndo hiisa, kuuɓtodinɗo e jaŋde makko; hay gooto e nder galle laamorɗo oo wonaano tedduɗo no makko nii...",[4] ko o jogiiɗo "ganndal mawngal e hiisa e gannde goɗɗe kadi",[11] e wonde ganndo gannde laaɓtuɗe, e mbaawka safrude "caɗeele joometiri e aljebra ɓurɗe saɗtude anndaaɗe e jamaanu makko."[19]

 Naamne ko faati e anndinde 
Naamne keewɗe ina ngoodi jowitiiɗe e ngonka Lubna e darnde mum e nder defterdu e galle laamorɗo Madīnat al-Zahrā.

Hay so tawii noon mbaydiiji innde makko ina tawee e nder daartol ceertungol, ina kawri no feewi to bannge sahaa, nokku, e darnde e nder galle laamorɗo.[4] Lubna tawaama kadi e inɗe Labna, Labanna/Labana,[19] Libana,[20] e Labona[21] e nder daartol ceertungol.

No winndiyanke Kamila Shamsie holliri nii, "Ko nanndi e laaɓal e Lubna mo Cordoba ko wonde o jokkondirii e galle laamorɗo oo e aduna defte ɗee fof e laamu al-Hakam II, kadi o wonnoo ko maantiniiɗo haa o siftortee e makko."

hakkille e janngude."[4] O hollitii kadi wonde Lubna ɓuri waawde wonde ko maccuɗo e nder galle laamorɗo, o seerti e miijo ngo Lubna woni Faatimiyanke noddaango e galle laamorɗo ngam heɓde defte keertiiɗe.

Ko o binndoowo keeriiɗo Al-Hakam II, daartol Lubna wonde kam e golle defterdu nduu e keɓgol defte to Kayhayɗi, Damas e Bagdaad, wonata ko huunde nde waawataa waɗde, sibu o foti ko yaltude defterdu nduu e ɓanndu makko e nder dumunna juutɗo e wakkati yahdu.[5]

Shamsie wiyi wonde Lubna ina waawi wonde rewɓe ɗiɗo ceertuɓe, Lubna e Faatima – ɓe kawri e debbo gooto sabu daartoowo toppitiiɗo oo waawaano faamde wonde ina woodi rewɓe ɗiɗo annduɓe e nder ñaawirdu wooturu.[22] Lubna e Faatima ina ciforee wonde yimɓe ɗiɗo ceertuɓe e nder daartol keewngol, ko wayi no e nder daartol Espaañ lislaam ngol Syed Azizur Rahmad winndi [23] e “La corteza de la letra” ngol Marietta Gargatagli winndi.

 Njawdi 
Laabi gooto to Kordoba inniraama e hitaande 2019, Avenida Escriba Lubna, ngam siftorde golle makko e koppi. O jeyaa ko e rewɓe capanɗe tato e tato anndiraaɓe e nder eɓɓoore porfeseer Inmaculada Serrano Hernández, "Mujeres en las Calles de Córdoba" (‘Rewɓe e nder laabi Kordoba’).[25] Eɓɓoore ndee sosaa ko e ballondiral e Casa Árabe, e Catal jannginooɓe Kordoba, e Duɗal Andaluz e Mujer, e Ayuntamiento Kordoba ƴelliti ɗum.[26][27]

Naalanke oo, hono Jose Luis Munoz, waɗii natal mum Lubna. Sereeji makko ina njokki e yimɓe jeegom teeŋtuɓe e jamaanu Al-Andalus.[28] Natal Lubna ina tawee e koolol duumingol La Casa de Sefarad to Kordoba.[29]

Essay to BBC Radio 3 hollirii yeewtere ko faati e yonta kaŋŋe lislaam. E nder yeewtere wootere, winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Kamila Shamsie ina yuurnitoo nguurndam Lubna mo Kordoba [30].

Daartoowo e winndiyanke Espaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Jorge Lorente Pérez ina siftina nguurndam Lubna mo Kordoba e nder daartol mum « Tablo keewal ngal alaa keerol » (LORENTE PÉREZ, Jorge : « La tabla de multiplicaire infinite », 101 relatos de la enseñanza, Vinatea, Valencia420 -48, 978-84-127468-6-0).

 Tuugnorgal 

 Olivier Gaudefroy: Lubna, koppi kordo. Turki, 2019.
 Shabbas, Odri (1991). Renaissance gadano e nder Orop: Espaañ lislaam. AWAIR.
 Fletcher, R (1993). Espaañ moori. Los Angeles: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kaliforni. p. 71.
 Shamsie, Kamila (3 mars 2016). "Defterdu, murtuɓe, jom jawdi en, jiyaaɓe: Rewɓe e nder al-Andalus". Jaaynde binndol caggal koloñaal. 52 (2): 178-188. Doi: 10.1080/17449855.2016.1164968. ISSN 1744-9855. S2CID 147845243.
 Salisbury, Joyce E. "Konooɓe, laamɓe, e annduɓe: rewɓe mawɓe 36 ko adii hitaande 1400". Haawnaaki.
 Puerta Vilches, Jose Miguel (2013). Miijooji e Qurtuba e Teeminannde 21ɓiire. Casa Arabe. pp. 29-68.
 Imamuuddin, S. M. (1962). "'ABD AL-RAḤMĀN AL-NĀṢIR ƊAƊƊI ƊAƊƊI: ƊAƊƊI ƊI ƊI ƊI ƊI ƊAƊƊI". Jannde Lislaam. 1 (3): 105-115. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20832645.
 Ansonson, Glaire D. (2015). Perle e dow ŋoral: Naalankooɓe, Patrons, e Yimɓe to Ñaawirɗe Lislaam mawɗe. Jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington. pp. 29-45. ISBN 9780295995243.
 Ruggles, D. F. (2004). "Yumma'en Laamu Hibriid: Iwdi, Taariindi, e Aadaaji nder al-Andalus". Jaaynde ganndal hakkundeewal e fuɗɗoode jamaanu. 34 (1): 65-94. Doi:10.1215/10829636-34-1-65. ISSN 1082-9636. S2CID 170890527.
 "'Abd al-Rahmaan III | Jaŋde taariindi goonga". dbe.rah.es. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 8 abriil 2022.
 Ismaa’il, Rabiya (lewru mee 2019). "Lislaam e Jaŋde". Jaaynde UCG (45489): 375-377 – rewrude e damal wiɗto.
 Kassis, Hanna (1 lewru Yarkomaa 1999). Gorko mo kaɓirɗe keewɗe, mo ƴaañii Full Laabi Keewɗi. Budapest, Hong Kong: Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Orop hakkundeejo. 160 haa 166. ISBN 978-963-9116-67-2.
 Belle, Jo (2021). Ñalnde heen o : waɗtude rewɓe e daartol, ñalawma gooto e sahaa gooto. Tania Hershman, Ailsa Hollande. Londres. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-78946-271-5. OCLC 1250378425.
 Martos, A (2008). Daartol jamaanu hakkundeejo ko fayti e jikkuuji e erotism. Madriid: Jooni noon.
 Pilarska, ko Justina; Seler, Alisiya; Urbanek, Arkadiyus (22 suwee 2016). Atomisaasiyoŋ walla Naatgol? Geɗe hakkunde keeri e nder Multipedagogi. Jaaynde annduɓe Cambridge. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4438-9543-9.
 Martos, A (2013). Daartol juutngol Al-Andalus. Madriid: Jooni noon.
 Suzuki, Jeff (27 ut 2009). Hiisawal e nder daartol. MAA. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-88385-570-6.
 Tomaa, D.; Mallett, A. (1 lewru Yarkomaa 2011). Ibnu Baskuwaal. Brill. 10.1163/ej.9789004195158.i-804.270. ISBN 978-90-04-21616-7.
 Alhassani, Salim (11 feebariyee 2020). "Darnde rewɓe e nder siwil lislaam ɓooyɗo: ganndal, safaara e politik". Ndonu juulɓe. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 30 mars 2022.
 "LIBAANA - Ko fayti e Libanaa". libana.com. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 11 abriil 2022.
 "Rewɓe e ganndal - Oxford Jannde Islaam e internet". 1 feebariyee 2018. Arsiwiraa ko e asli mum ñalnde 1 feebariyee 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 11 lewru abriil 2022.
 Hersman, Tania; Hollande, Ailsa; Bell, Jo (18 lewru feebariyee 2021). E Oo Ñalawma O: Waɗde Rewɓe E Daartol, Ñalawma gooto E Wakkati. John Bilaak. LATI