Charlotte Maria Toynbee

Charlotte Maria Toynbee, jibinaaɗo ko Charlotte Maria Atwood (30 marse 1841 – 8 lewru mbooy 1931) ko gardiiɗo kolees Angalteer, kadi ko golloowo laamu nokku. Mahdi Toynbee to Lady Margaret Hall ina anndina darnde makko e jaŋde rewɓe to Oxford.

 Ngendam 
Toynbee jibinaa ko to Muswell Hill, to Buckinghamshire e hitaande 1841. Jibnaaɓe makko ko Charlotte Maria (jibinaa ko Hodgskins) e William Atwood. Baaba makko ko ganndo ɗemngal golloowo caggal leydi ko ɗum waɗi o waɗii sahaaji keewɗi e nder leydi hee ngam heɓde jaŋde makko e nder duɗe Farayse haa ɓesngu makko arti to leydi Angalteer. Ndeen ɓesngu makko Anglican e Liberal ina hoɗi to Wimbledon, o janngi to Londres. O haali ko seeɗa e moƴƴere, kono o wiyaama omo jogii daande yamiroore.[1]

Nde o heɓi duuɓi 32 o resi gorko mo duuɓi sappo e go’o ɓuri mo famɗude mo o anndunoo duuɓi jeegom. O fuɗɗiima yiɗde Arnold Toynbee e miijooji makko.[1] O woniino almuudo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford nde ɓe kawri. O wayliino kolees, o dañii Benjamin Jowett ngam wonde balloowo, kono o ƴettii dipolom pass sabu rafi makko. Ko wonaa ɗuum ko o jannginoowo to Oxford.[2]

Jom suudu makko maayi ko adii nde o naatata e hitaande 1883 e ñawu nguu[1], caggal ɗuum e oon hitaande o jaɓi wonde gardiiɗo kaalis Lady Margaret Hall. Ɓe ngalaa ɓiɓɓe.[2] E hitaande 1884, kanko e yumma makko ɓe ngummii e galle keso, kanko e Alfred Milner ɓe mbaɗi deftere jom suudu makko e dow mbayliigu njulaagu to Angalteer.[3] O golliima kadi e goomu nguu yiɗde sosde koɗorɗe to Oxford, ko ɗum waɗi, Toynbee Hall, inniraa ko jom suudu makko.[1] Woɗɓe teskinɓe e dille gollondiral to Oxford ina njeyaa heen Sybella Gurney mo Toynbee addi. Gurney gollodiima e Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse.[4]

Toynbee woniino Poor Law Guardian fotde duuɓi capanɗe tati e nder njuɓɓudi ndi o yiɗi lomtaade. O wiyi wonde waawataa ñaawde tolno ballal miskineeɓe ɓee ina poti waɗde, tee ina famɗi ɗo ɓe naamndii kaalis tokooso. O yiɗiino yiyde system o lomtinaama e pension e moƴƴitingol goɗɗol.[1]

Toynbee ina toppitii njuɓɓudi, ina wallita e kaalis Lady Margaret Hall (LMH) fotde duuɓi capanɗe nay. LMH rokki galle wonande rewɓe janngooɓe nde ɓe njanngata. Kono o jaɓaani rewɓe ndokkee woote ɗee e hitaande 1895 o jeyaa ko e terɗe diiso LMH ɓe keɓi heen miijo wonde rewɓe ina poti rokkeede dipolomaaji BA to Oxford.[1]

 Maayde e ndonu 
E hitaande 1915 Lady Margaret Hall teddini mo nde o inniri gooto e cuuɗi maɓɓe kesi ɗii, cuuɗi Toynbee, e innde makko. E hitaande 1921 sehilaaɓe makko ndokki LMH £600 ngam teddinde mo. Toynbee acci LMH ndonu nde o maayi to Oxford e hitaande 1931 ngam mahde suudu dewal.[1] O wirnaa ko e yanaande St Sepulchre to Oxford,[5] nde yimɓe heewɓe keewi duuɓi capanɗe ko adii ɗuum.[6] Mahdi Toynbee ko mahdi limtaaɗi e hitaande 1954.[7]

 Tuugnorgal 

 Maatiyo, H. C. G.; Harison, B., binndol. (23 lewru nduu). "Saggitorde Oxford ngam taariiha ngenndi". Saggitorde Oxford ko faati e nguurndam ngenndi (ed. e internet). Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. pp. ƴeewndo: 48428. Doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48428. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 20-03-2023. (Abonnement walla jeyeede e defterdu renndo UK ina ɗaɓɓiree.)
 "Archives Balliol - Binndanɗe jamaanu - Koolol teskuyaaji". defte binndaaɗe.balliyol.nagge.ac.uk. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 20-03-2023.
 Toynbi, Arnold (1894). Lectures ko faati e waylo-waylo weeyo e nder teeminannde 18ɓiire to Angalteer, konnguɗi yimɓe, teskuyaaji e pecce goɗɗe, ɗe Arnold Toynbee maayɗo ... [C.M. Toynbee e Alfred Milner.] Wondude e deftere juutnde B. Jowett ... Ɗemngal nayaɓal, e Appendix [: "Nafoore e baasal", ko ƴaañorgal Mr. Henry George, ko ɗiɗo yeewtereeji ɗi ɓe mbaɗi ñalnde 11 e 18 lewru Yarkomaa 1883]. . Longmans, Green e Sosiyetee.
 Maatiyu, H. C. G.; Harison, B.; Goldman, L., binndi. (23 lewru nduu). "Saggitorde Oxford ngam taariiha ngenndi". Saggitorde Oxford ko faati e nguurndam ngenndi (ed. e internet). Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. pp. ƴeewndo: 97274. Doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/97274. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 20-03-2023. (Abonnement walla jeyeede e defterdu renndo UK ina ɗaɓɓiree.)
 "Yimɓe teskaaɓe mberlaaɗi e nder yanaande". www.yanaande.org.uk. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 20-03-2023.
 "Cemetery keewɗo yimɓe" (PDF). Jaaynde New York. 1887. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 20 marse 2023.
 "SAAL MARGARET, SUUDU TOYNBEE, Parroisse mo wonaa siwil - 1046695 | Angalteer daartol". leydi taariindi.org.uk. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 20-03-2023.