Islannda

Islannda ko leydi duunde Nordik hakkunde maayo worgo Atlantik e Arktik, e dow ŋorol hakkundeewol Atlantik hakkunde Amerik worgo e Yuroopu. Nde jokkondiri e Yuroopu to bannge pinal e politik, ko nde leydi ɓurndi famɗude yimɓe e nder diiwaan hee.[12] Laamorde mayre e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Reykjavík, ko ina tolnoo e 36% e hoɗɓe e leydi ndii fotde 380 000 hoɗɓe. Ɗemngal kuuɓtodinngal leydi ndii ko Islande.

E nder ŋorol hakkunde ŋorol tektonik, golle leydi Islande ina mbaɗi geyseruuji e ɓuuɓol keewngol.[13][14] Nder mum ina waɗi ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko gese ceene e laana ndiwoowa, koɗli, e ɓulli, e maayooji ɓulli keewɗi ina njillondiri e maayo rewrude e nokkuuji lesɗi. Islande ina ɓuuɓna e maayo Golf, ina jogii weeyo ɓuuɓngo, hay so tawii noon ko latitude to fuɗnaange-rewo cirkel Arktik. Latitude mum toownde e batte mum e nder maayo ina addana ndunngu nguu ɓuuɓde, ko ɓuri heewde e duuɗe mum ina njogii weeyo ɓuuɓngo.

E wiyde binndol ɓooyngol ngol Landnámabók, koɗki Islande fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 874 caggal iisa nde laamɗo Norwees biyeteeɗo Ingólfr Arnarson wonti koɗdiiɗo gadano duumotooɗo e duunde ndee.[15] E nder teeminanɗe garooje ɗee, Norweesnaaɓe, e ko famɗi fof Skandinaavinaaɓe woɗɓe, ngummii Islande, ngaddi thralls (ɗum woni maccuɓe walla serfs) iwdi Gael.

Duunde ndee laaminoo ko no dental keeriiɗo e les njiimaandi parlemaa jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii, hono Althing, gooto e depiteeji ɓurɗi ɓooyde e winndere ndee. Caggal yonta hareeji nder leydi, Islande naati e laamu Norwees e teeminannde 13ɓiire. E hitaande 1397, Islande rewi e naatgol Norwees e nder Dental Kalmar wondude e laamlaamuuji Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Suwed, ɓe ngari e les njiimaandi Danemark de facto caggal nde ɓe ndartini e hitaande 1523. Laamu Danemark naatni Lutheranism e doole e hitaande 1550,[16] e Islande woni e dow laawol to Danemark e hitaande 1814 e nanondiral Kiel.

E nder ballal miijooji ngenndiyaŋkaagal caggal Rewolison Farayse, hare Islande ngam heɓde ndimaagu mum ƴetti mbaadi, ɗum joofniri ko e sariya Dental Danemark-Island e hitaande 1918, e sosde Laamu Islande, renndinde e nder dental hoore mum laamɗo Denmark jooni oo. E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Islande suɓiima no feewi ngam wontude republique e hitaande 1944, ɗum noon joofniri jokkondiral gonngal hakkunde mum e Dental Dowlaaji Amerik. Hay so tawii Althing dartinaama tuggi 1799 haa 1845, republique duunde ndee ina jogii heen miijo jogaade gooto e parlemaaji ɓurɗi juutde e winndere ndee.

Haa teeminannde 20ɓiire, Islande ɓuri tuugnaade ko e liɗɗi e ndema. Industrialisation liɗɗi e ballal Marshall Plan caggal wolde adunaare ɗimmere addi jawdi, Islande wonti gooto e leyɗeele ɓurɗe alɗude e ƴellitaade e nder winndere nde. Ndi jeyaa ko e nokku faggudu Yuroopu e hitaande 1994 ; ɗum ɓeydii feewnude faggudu nduu e fannuuji ko wayi no kaalis, karallaagal nguurndam, e peewnugol.

Islande ina jogii faggudu luumo, tawi njoɓdi mum ina famɗi no feewi, so yerondiraama e leyɗeele goɗɗe OCDE,[17] kam e leydi ɓurndi heewde terɗe senndikaaji e nder winndere ndee.[18] Ina joginoo njuɓɓudi wellitaare renndo Nordik, ndi rokkata ɓiɓɓe leydi ndi cellal e jaŋde toownde.[19] Islande ina jogii darnde mawnde e nder nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele e golle ngenndiije, ko wayi no nguurndam, jaŋde, reende ndimaagu siwil, laaɓal laamu, e ndimaagu faggudu. Islande ina jogii yimɓe ɓurɓe famɗude e kala tergal OTAN, ko kañum tan alaa konu dariiɗo, ina jogii tan konu nguu ina jogii kaɓirɗe seeɗa.[20]

 Etimoloji 
Sagaaji Islanndanaaɓe ina mbiya wonde Norweesnaajo gooto ina wiyee Naddodd (walla Naddador) woni Norweesnaajo gadiiɗo yettaade Islande ; e teeminannde jeenayaɓere, o inniri nde Snæland walla « leydi nees » sabu ko ɗoon nees woni. Caggal Naddodd, Suwednaajo biyeteeɗo Garðar Svavarsson ari, ko ɗuum waɗi duunde ndee inniraa ndeen Garðarshólmur, ɗum firti ko «Duunde Garðar».[21]

Ndeen arii wiyeteeɗo wiyeteeɗo Flóki Vilgerðarson; ɓiyiiko debbo yani e laawol, ndeen jawdi makko maayi e heege. Sagaaji ɗii mbiyi wonde Flóki mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa ŋakkere ndee, ƴetti koɗorɗe, yiyi fjord (Arnarfjörður) keewɗo ƴiye, ɗum addani mo rokkude duunde ndee innde mum hesere, jooni ndee.[22] Miijo wonde koɗdiiɗo Viking en to Islande cuɓiima ndeen innde ngam haɗde koɗki e duunde mum en verdannde ko huunde nde wonaa goonga.[22]

 Tariya 

 874-1262: koɗki e Dental 

E wiyde Landnámabók e Íslendingabók fof, rewɓe anndiraaɓe Papar ina nguurnoo e Islande hade koɗdiiɗo Skandinaavi arde, ina gasa tawa ko terɗe fedde Hiberno-Ecosse. Ko ɓooyaani koo, wiɗtooji arkewolosi kollitii wonde ko ɓuuɓri galle gooto to Hafnir to duunde Reykjanes. Date karbon hollitii wonde nde woppitaa won e sahaaji hakkunde 770 e 880.[23] E hitaande 2016, annduɓe arkewolosi njiyti galle juutɗo to Stöðvarfjörður mo nganndu-ɗaa ko ina wona duuɓi 800.[24]

Garðar Svavarsson, wiyoowo Viking mo Suwed, woni gadiiɗo taartude leydi Islande e hitaande 870, o holliti wonde ko duunde.[25] O wonii e ndunngu, o mahi galle to Húsavík. Garðar ummii e ndunngu arooru nduu, kono gooto e yimɓe makko, hono Náttfari, felliti jokkude caggal e maccuɓe ɗiɗo. Náttfari hoɗi ko e nokku biyeteeɗo hannde Náttfaravík, kanko e maccuɓe makko ɓe ngoni ko adii fof ko hoɗɓe e leydi Islande haa abada, ɓe mbinnditaa.[26][27]

Laamɗo Norwees-Norse biyeteeɗo Ingólfr Arnarson mahii galle mum to Reykjavík hannde oo e hitaande 874. Ingólfr rewi heen ko hoɗɓe heewɓe woɗɓe, ko ɓuri heewde heen ko Skandinaavi en e maccuɓe mum en, heewɓe heen ko Irlanndanaaɓe walla Ecoppinaaɓe.[28] E hitaande 930, ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema e nder duunde ndee, ko ko ƴaañii ; the Althing, woni dental sariya e ñaawoore fuɗɗii ngam yuɓɓinde Dental Islande. Sokla leydi ndema kadi waɗii doole koɗki Greenland fuɗɗoraade e hitaande 986.[29] Wakkati ɗii ɗoo koɗkiiji puɗɗiiɗi hawri ko e sahaa nguleeki hakkundeejo, nde nguleeki nanndi e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire.[30] E oon sahaa fotde 25% e leydi Islande ina waɗi ladde, so yerondiraama e 1% hannde.[31] Kerecee’en njaɓaama e nanondiral hedde hitaande 999–1000, hay so tawii noon paganism Norse ina jokki e nder feccere e yimɓe ɓee duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗuum.[32]

 Duuɓi hakkundeeji 
Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Islande duumii haa e teeminannde 13ɓiire nde njuɓɓudi politik ndi koɗdiiɗo asliijo oo ƴetti ndii holliri wonde waawaano haɓaade ɓeydagol doole laamɓe Islande.[33] Hareeji nder leydi e fitinaaji hakkunde yimɓe e jamaanu Sturlung en ngaddi siynude nanondiral ɓooyngal e hitaande 1262, ngal joofni Commonwealth, ngal addani Islande les laamu Norwees. Jeyi leydi Islande ummorii ko e Laamu Norwees (872–1397) fayde e Dental Kalmar e hitaande 1415, nde laamlaamu Norwees, Danemark e Suwed kawri. Caggal nde dental ngal feccii e hitaande 1523, ngal woni ko e njiimaandi Norwees, e nder Dental Dowlaaji Amerik–Norwees.

Leydi ndi ɓuuɓnataa, ɓuuɓol, ɓuuɓgol laddeeji, e weeyo ngo yaafataa, waɗi nguurndam tiiɗam e nder renndo ngo nguurndam fawii ko e ndema. Maayde ɓaleere ndee yani e leydi Islande laabi ɗiɗi, gadano oo e hitaande 1402-1404, kadi e hitaande 1494-1495.[34] Feccere adannde ndee warii 50% haa 60% e yimɓe leydi ndii, ɗiɗmere ndee warii 30% haa 50%.[35]

 Reformaasiyoŋ e jamaanu keso 

Hedde cakkital teeminannde 16ɓiire, e nder mbayliigu Protestan en, laamɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik biyeteeɗo Christian III fuɗɗii fawde diine Lutheran e dow yimɓe mum fof. Jón Arason, bismaango katolik cakkitiiɗo to Hólar, taƴaa hoore mum ko e hitaande 1550 wondude e ɓiɓɓe mum ɗiɗo. Leydi ndii caggal ɗuum wonti diine Lutheran e dow laabi, gila ndeen Lutheran ina heddii e diine ɓurɗo mawnude.

E teeminannde 17ɓiire e 18ɓiire, Dental Dowlaaji Amerik fawi kuule tiiɗɗe ngam haɗde Islande njulaagu. Musibbaaji tago, haa arti noon e ɓuuɓol e ñawuuji, addani yimɓe ustaade. E nder ndunngu 1627, Barbary Pirates mbaɗii kewuuji ganndiraaɗi e nokku hee « Abductions Turkies » , tawi teemedde hoɗɓe e Afrik worgo mbaɗtaa e maccungaagu, teemedde ujunnaaje mbaraama ; ko ɗum tan woni wolde e nder daartol Islande nde waɗi maayɓe.[36][37] Ñawu nguu e hitaande 1707–08 ina hiisa wonde ñawu nguu warii feccere haa tataɓal yimɓe leydi ndii.[38][39] E hitaande 1783, wulnde Laki yani, waɗi batte bonɗe.[40] E nder duuɓi garooji caggal nde ɓuuɓol ngol yani, anndiraango « Caɗeele ɓuuɓɗe » (e ɗemngal Islande: Móðuharðindin), ko ina ɓura feccere e jawdi leydi ndii fof maayi. Hedde feccere e yimɓe ɓee maayi e heege e nder heege ngo.[4]

 Joografi 
Kartal topografi kuuɓtodinngal

Islande woni ko e nokku ɗo geec Atlantik worgo e geec Arktik kawri. Duunde mawnde ndee fof woni ko e fuɗnaange cirko Arktik, nde rewata ko e duunde tokosere Islande wiyeteende Grímsey, to bannge worgo duunde mawnde ndee. Leydi ndii ina woni hakkunde latitude 63 e 68°N, e njuuteendi 25 e 13°W.

Islande ɓuri ɓadaade duunde Orop, ɓuri ɓadaade leydi Amerik worgo, hay so tawii noon ko kañum ɓuri ɓadaade Greenland (290 kiloomeeteer; 155 miil maayo), duunde Amerik worgo. Islande ina heewi naatde e Orop ngam dalillaaji geɗe leydi, daartol, politik, pinal, ɗemngal e golle.[62][63][64][65] To bannge geɗe leydi, duunde ndee ina waɗi geɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala. Geɗe leydi ɓurɗe ɓadaade Orop ko duuɗe Faroe (420 km; 225 nmi) ; Duunde Jan Mayen (570 km; 310 nmi); Shetland e Hebriid yaajɗo, ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ko hedde 740 km (400 nmi) ; e leydi Ecoppi e Orkney, ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ko hedde 750 km (405 nmi). Feccere ɓurnde ɓadaade Duunde Orop ko leydi Norwees, fotde 970 km (525 nmi), leydi Amerik worgo ndi woni ko e 2 070 km (1 120 nmi), to bannge worgo Labrador.

Leyɗeele tati tippudi Islande

Islande woni duunde 18ɓiire ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee, kadi ko duunde ɗiɗmere ɓurnde mawnude e Orop caggal Angalteer e hade Irlannda. Duunde mawnde ndee ina waɗi 101 826 km2 (39 315 miil2), kono leydi ndii fof ko 103 000 km2 (40 000 miil2), heen 62,7% ko tundra. Islande ina waɗi fotde 30 duunde tokosere, ina heen Grímsey mo yimɓe mum keewaani, e duuɗe Vestmannaeyjar. Lakeeji e geec ina njogii 14,3% e wertallo mayri ; ko 23% tan woni leɗɗe.[66] Laddeeji ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko weendu Þórisvatn : 83–88 km2 (32–34 miil2) e Þingvallavatn : 82 km2 (32 miil2); maayooji goɗɗi teeŋtuɗi ina njeyaa heen Lagarfljót e Mývatn. Jökulsárlón woni maayo ɓurngo luggiɗde, e 248 m (814 meeteer).[67]

To bannge geɗe leydi, Islande ina jeyaa e ŋorol hakkundeewol Atlantik, ŋorol ngol ŋorol geec saaktata, waɗa ŋorol kesol. Ndee feccere e ŋorol hakkunde geec ina woni dow ŋorol mantel, ɗum noon ina addana Islande wonde subaerial (dow ŋorol geec). Ko ɗoon ŋorol ngol woni keeri hakkunde ŋorol Orop e ŋorol Amerik worgo, Islande tagiraa ko e ŋorol ngol e ŋorol ngol rewrude e ŋorol ngol.[68]

Fjords keewɗi ina njuuti e daande maayo Islande, njuuteendi mum ko 4 970 km (3 088 mi), ko ɗoon kadi ɓuri heewde e koɗkiiji ngoni. Nder duunde ndee, woni Toownde Islande, ko nokku toowɗo, mo hoɗdaaka, mo njaareendi, e koɗli, e gese laana ndiwoowa. Wurooji mawɗi ɗii ko laamorgo Reykjavík, yantude e gure mum gonɗe e saraaji mum, hono Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, e Garðabær, saraaji Reykjanesbær ɗo laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele woni ɗoo, e wuro Akureyri to worgo Islande. Duunde Grímsey dow cirkel Arktik ina waɗi hoɗorde ɓurnde woɗɗude Islande, Kolbeinsey ina waɗi nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude Islande.[69] Islande ina jogii nokkuuji tati : nokkuuji Vatnajökull, nokkuuji Snæfellsjökull, e nokkuuji Þingvellir.[70] Leydi ndii ina hiisee wonde "golle tiiɗɗe" e nder ndeenka weeyo, nde tawnoo ndi woni ko e 13ɓo e nder limto golle weeyo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yale e hitaande 2012.[71]

 Jeeyoloji 

Leydi tokosiri to bannge geɗe leydi, ndi duuɓi mum tolnii e miliyoŋaaji 16 haa 18, Islande woni ko hollirta dow leydi Islande, ko diiwaan mawɗo gonɗo e ɓuuɓol, ummoriiɗo e nokku ɓuuɓɗo Islande, e dow ŋoral Mid-Atlantic, ngal ɗiɗaɓal ngal dogata ko bannge ñaamo rewrude e maggal.[72][73] Ɗum firti ko duunde ndee ina heewi geɗe leydi, ina waɗi kadi ɓulli keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen Hekla, Eldgjá, ​​Herðubreið, e Eldfell.[74] Fuɗɗoode Laki e hitaande 1783–1784 waɗi heege, wari fotde feccere e yimɓe duunde ndee.[75] Yanti heen, ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii duule ɓuuɓɗe e ɓuuɓol feeñde e ko ɓuri heewde e Orop e nokkuuji Asii e Afrik fotde lebbi keewɗi caggal ɗuum, kadi ina battina e weeyo nokkuuji goɗɗi.[76]

Islande ina jogii geyseruuji keewɗi, ina heen Geysir, ɗo helmere Engele ndee ummorii, e Strokkur lolluɗo oo, mo ɓuuɓtata kala hojomaaji 8–10. Caggal faɗo ngo alaa golle, Geysir fuɗɗii fuɗde kadi caggal yerɓooji keewɗi e hitaande 2000. Gila ndeen Geysir ɓeydiima deeƴde, heewaani fuɗde.[77]

E nder yaajde semmbeeji leydi e huutoraade maayooji e ɓulli keewɗi ngam heɓde kuuraa, ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe ina njogii ndiyam ngulɗam, nguleeki, e kuuraa. Duunde ndee ina waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e basalt, woni laana ndiwoowa lowre silika jokkondirka e ɓuuɓol effusive no waɗiri kadi to Hawaii nii. Islande noon ina jogii sifaaji ɓuuɓɗi keewɗi (composite e fissure), keewɗi heen ina peewna ɓuuɓol ɓurngol ƴellitaade ko wayi no riolit e andesit. Islande ina jogii teemedde ɓulli ina njogii fotde 30 ɓulli gonɗi e golle.[78]

Surtsey, gooto e duuɗe ɓurɗe famɗude e winndere ndee, jeyaa ko e leydi Islande. Innde mum ko Surtr, nde ummii ko dow geec e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi hakkunde 8 noowammbar 1963 e 5 suwee 1968.[69] Ko annduɓe wiɗtooɓe mawnugol nguurndam kesam tan mbaawi yillaade duunde ndee.[79]

Ñalnde 21 mars 2010, wulnde to Eyjafjallajökull to fuɗnaange leydi Islande yani ko adii fof gila 1821, nde addani 600 neɗɗo dogde e galleeji mum en.[80] Ɓeydagol ɓuuɓol ñalnde 14 abriil addani teemedde yimɓe yaltude galleeji mum en.[81] Duule ɗe njibinaama ɗee, ngaddi caɗeele mawɗe e yah-ngartaa weeyo e nder Orop.[82]


Eɓɓoore mawnde woɗnde waɗii ñalnde 21 mee 2011. Oo sahaa ko ɓuuɓol Grímsvötn, ngol woni les ɓuuɓol tiiɗngol ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude e Orop, hono Vatnajökull. Grímsvötn ina jeyaa e ɓulli ɓurɗi doolnude e Islande, tee ngool ɓulli ɓuri semmbe no feewi e ɓulli Eyjafjallajökull 2010, tawi cumu e laana ndiwoowa mberlaama 20 km (12 mi) e nder weeyo, waɗi duule mawɗe.[83]

Golle ɓuuɓɗe keewɗe mbaɗii e nder duunde Reykjanes e hitaande 2020 haa e hitaande 2021, caggal fotde duuɓi 800 ɗe ngonaa golle. Caggal nde wulnde Fagradalsfjall yani ñalnde 19 marse 2021, annduɓe National Geographic teskiima wonde ɗum « ina waawi wonde fuɗɗoode duuɓi capanɗe golle wulnde ». Eɓɓoore ndee ina famɗi, ɗum addani en miijaade wonde ndeeɗoo wulnde ina waawi hulɓinaade "kala nokkuuji ɗo yimɓe ngoni".[84]

Toowgol ɓurngol toowde wonande Islande ina limtaa e 2 110 m (6 920 m) to Hvannadalshnúkur (64°00′N 16°39′H).

 Politik 
Islande ko leydi demokaraasi, ndi hooreejo leydi woni hooreejo leydi, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Islande woni hooreejo laamu e nder lanndaaji keewɗi. Terɗe parlemaa Islande ina cuɓee e nder njuɓɓudi laamu, e nder diiwaan.

Caggal wooteeji parlemaa 2021, lanndaaji ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko lannda jeytaare hakkunde-nyaamo (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), lannda ɓamtaare (Framsóknarflokkurinn) e Dillere nano-haako-ñebbe (Vinstrihreyfingin – grænt framboð). Ɗeeɗoo lanndaaji tati ngoni ko e fedde laamu e nder guwarnama leydi ndi, tawi ko Katrín Jakobsdóttir, nano, ardii ɗum. Lanndaaji dawrugol goɗɗi jogiiɗi jooɗorɗe e nder Althing (Luulndo) ko: Kawtal Demokaraasi (Samfylkingin), Lannda Yimɓe (Flokkur yimɓesins), Pirate Islande (Píratar), Lannda Reforme (Viðreisn) e Lannda Catal (Miðflokkurinn).

E hitaande 2016, Islande woni ɗiɗmo e doole juɓɓule mum demokaraasi[110] e 13ɓo e laaɓal laamu.[111] Leydi ndii ina jogii tolno toowngo e tawtoreede siwil, sibu 81,4% e wooteeji zi,[112] so yerondiraama e 72% e nder OCDE. Islande woni ɗiɗmo e nder Orop ngam hoolaare mum e juɓɓule sariya (polis, parlemaa e ñaawoore) e nder 73% hoolaare mum e hitaande 2018.[113]

Lanndaaji politik keewɗi ina keddii e salaade jeyeede e UE, ko adii fof ko sabu Islandenaaɓe waasde jogaade doole e jawdi mum en (haa teeŋti e liɗɗi).[114]

 Hakkeeji rewɓe 
Rewɓe e nder leydi Islande puɗɗiima heɓde hakke suɓaade e hitaande 1915 (e nder keeri) e ɓeydude hakke suɓaade e hitaande 1920.[115] Islande woni leydi gadani e nder winndere nde jogaade lannda politik, tawi ko rewɓe tan ardii ɗum.[116] Anndaa ko e doggol rewɓe (Kvennalistinn), ngol sosaa ko e hitaande 1983 ngam ɓamtude haajuuji rewɓe to bannge politik, faggudu, e renndo. Nde acci batte duumotooɗe e politik Islande : kala lannda mawka ina jogii 40% e rewɓe. E nder wooteeji 2021, 48% e terɗe parlemaa ko rewɓe so yerondiraama e 16% e nder winndere ndee e hitaande 2009 . E hitaande 2009, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir wonti hooreejo laamu gadano e nder winndere nde, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko LGBT.[120]

 Ngomna 
Alþingishúsið ko Althing (Luulndo leydi Islande) to Reykjavík.

Stjórnarráðshúsið ina hoɗi kabine Islande e biro gardiiɗo jaagorɗe to Reykjavík.

Islande ko demokaraasi wakilaagu, ko leydi parlemaa. Parlemaa hannde oo, hono Alþingi (Engele Althing), sosaa ko e hitaande 1845, woni fedde wasiyaaji laamɗo Danemark. Nde yi’aama no feewi e sosde dental sosaande e hitaande 930 e nder yontaaji Commonwealth, nde dartinaa ko juuti gila 1799 haa 1845. Ko ɗum waɗi, "ina gasa tawa ko nde demokaraasi parlemaa ɓurɗo ɓooyde e winndere ndee."[121] Nde jogii terɗe 63 ko ɓuri heewde e duuɓi nay.[122]

Mawɗo laamu nguu ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kanko e wondude e kabine, ko kañum halfinaa laamu kuuɓtodinngu.

Hooreejo leydi Islande, e ko feewti heen, ko hooreejo leydi keewɗo kewu, kadi ko dipolomaat, kono ina waawi woppude sariyaaji ɗi parlemaa suɓii, waɗta ɗum en e referaandoom ngenndiijo.[123][124] Ɓe cuɓetee ko e wooteeji yimɓe fof e manndaa duuɓi nay tawi alaa keerol manndaa. Hooreejo leydi oo hannde wiyetee ko Guðni Th. Johanesson. Ñalnde 1 ut 2016, o wonti hooreejo leydi Islande keso, o suɓaama kadi e ko ɓuri heewde e wooteeji e woote gardagol leydi 2020.[125]

Wooteeji hooreejo leydi, Althing, e dipiteeji kominaaji nokkuuji ɗii fof ina mbaɗee ceertuɗi e nder duuɓi nay kala.[126]

Kabinee e nder laamu leydi ndii, ko hooreejo leydi ndii ɓuri toɗɗaade ɗum caggal wooteeji mawɗi to Althing. Kono toɗɗagol ngol ina heewi kaaldigal e ardiiɓe lanndaaji ɗii, ɓe pelliti hakkunde maɓɓe hol lanndaaji baawɗi sosde kabine oo e hol no ɓe peccirta jooɗorɗe maɓɓe, so tawii ina jogii ballal ɓurngal heewde e nder Althing. So tawii ardiiɓe lanndaaji ɗii mbaawaano nanondirde e nder dumunna potɗo, hooreejo leydi ndii toɗɗata ko e hoore mum. Ɗum waɗaani gila republique oo sosaa e hitaande 1944, hay so tawii noon e hitaande 1942 regent oo, hono Sveinn Björnsson, toɗɗiima laamu ngu wonaa parlemaa. Sveinn ina joginoo darnde hooreejo leydi e oon sahaa, caggal ɗuum o wonti hooreejo leydi gadano e hitaande 1944.

Laamuuji Islande ko laamuuji denndinɗi, tawi ko lanndaaji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum, sibu hay lannda gooto meeɗaa heɓde ko ɓuri heewde e jooɗorɗe e nder Althing e nder yontaaji republique ɗii fof. Alaa fof nanondiral sariya jowitiingal e tolno doole politik ɗe biro hooreejo leydi jogii ; kuule keewɗe e doosɗe leydi ina nanndi e rokkude hooreejo leydi won e mbaawkaaji teeŋtuɗi, kono kuule goɗɗe and aadaaji ina kollita ko seerti.[127] E hitaande 1980, Islandenaaɓe cuɓii Vigdís Finnbogadóttir hooreejo leydi, woni debbo gadano e winndere ndee toɗɗaaɗo to bannge hooreejo leydi. O woppi laamu e hitaande 1996. E hitaande 2009, Islande wonti leydi gadani ndi hooreejo laamu nguu woni gaynaako, nde Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir wonti gardiiɗo jaagorɗe.[128]

 Feccere njuɓɓudi 
Islande ina feccii e diiwanuuji, e diwanuuji, e kominaaji. Diiwanuuji jeetati ɗii ɓuri huutoreede ko e limtooji. Juɓɓule ñaawirɗe diiwanuuji ina kuutoroo kadi mbaydi ɓooyndi e ndee feccere.[69] Haa e hitaande 2003, diiwanuuji wooteeji parlemaa ɗii ko gooti e diiwanuuji ɗii, kono e waylo-waylo doosgal leydi ndii, ɗi mbayliima wonti diiwanuuji jeegom jooni ɗii :

 Reykjavík Fuɗnaange e Reykjavík Fuɗnaange (diiwanuuji wuro);
 Fuɗnaange-rewo (nokkuuji nay gonɗi e saraaji Reykjavík ɗi ngonaa jokkondirɗi);
 Fuɗnaange-rewo e Fuɗnaange-rewo (feccere worgo Islande, feccii); be
 Fuɗnaange (feccere fuɗnaange Islande, tawa Reykjavík e gure mum ina heen).

Waylo-waylo redistricting ngoo waɗiraa ko ngam ballondiral e teddeendi diiwanuuji ceertuɗi e nder leydi ndii nde tawnoo ko adii ɗuum wooteeji baɗaaɗi e nokkuuji ɗi yimɓe mum en keewaani e nder leydi ndii ina limta ko ɓuri wooteeji baɗaaɗi e nokkuuji wuro Reykjavík. Ko ŋakkere hakkunde diiwanuuji ɗii ustii e nder njuɓɓudi kesiri ndii kono ina woodi haa jooni.[69]

Municipaluuji capanɗe jeegom e jeenay e nder leydi Islande ina laamii geɗe nokkuuje ko wayi no duɗe, yah-ngartaa, e zoning.[129] Ko ɗeen ngoni tigi rigi diwanuuji to bannge tolno ɗiɗaɓo Islande, sibu diwanuuji ɗii ngalaa ko njogii so wonaa e wooteeji e ngam limde. Reykjavík woni wuro ɓurngo heewde yimɓe, fotde laabi nay ɓuri Kópavogur, ɗiɗaɓo.[69]

 Nate 

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Catégorie:Leydi
Catégorie:Yuroopu