Winndannde fahtunde e mboros

Mboros ( e pulaar) ko helmere eggaande e haala geregnaabe. Mboros noon ko ñaw bonndo, jaawdo '' haytaade'' e leydi walla diiwaan. Panndemi ene seerti e epidemi ene seerti kadi e anndemi. Epidemi ko rafi raaboowo himbe heewbe e diiwan kono ko dumunna dabbo. Anndeminoon raabgol mum ene hakindi teene huuptitinta Aduna fof e saha gooto, yeru mum ko mabbo Principles of Epidemiology, Third Edition (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.

 Ko woni mboros holdum haajirta 
Mboros ko rafi jaawdo raabde; jaado soorade e leydeele e huuptidinde AdunaPorta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.. Wonaa rafi fof woni mboros. Gaa-gaa yaawde saraadende; mboros ko ñawu libbowu lelnoowu neddo, burkas Kanseeer ene wara heewbe kono noon wona mboros , sibu : ene leeli koyngal, raabata teene yaawaani libde burkas.A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.

Jawngol ndaaboor epidemic e mboros ene jogi no anndirte eno betirte. Betirgal ndii rafiiji tuugnoto ko e gede didi: no foti yimbe daaba e ñialawma, e nder yontere wala lewru immam dum e nder hitaade. So tawii rafi o ene ''haylo'' ene ''ruba'' o diidante diidol laabtiniingol, kolliroogol taabaande e bosande makko.

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Ko adiifof ciifol mako ngol ene not hollira no rafi fuddorto. 

 hokki yero e kovid-19 e tuma nde moytotoonde; e on wktu no jimbe seedabe tan hebbno ñawugu.
 reftini heen tuma nde ñaw tolnotoo e '' hebni-hebni''.Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020 Ko e oon saha daabondiral yaajata tuma nde heewbe ndaaba.
 gasniri saha nde rafi hebinda, foola darii kak, danana safaara e kaptorde.

 Daranaade cellal 
Leydeele, laamuuji ene mbaawi darnude peejengam fadaade ummogol mboros. E hitaande 2005. Fedde Adunayankoore daraniide cellal (OMS) darni naawooje kese e ko fahte cellal.See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en Deen naawooje kese ko ngam reentaade, ummanaade e daranaade cellal aduna e fof ko adi rafiiji ene caro walla caaako e nder leydeele O.M.S winndi kadi deftere jowitiingel e mboros mabbo. Ndeen deftere muula saakta ko e hitaande 1999. Ndeen deftere saattaama kadi hesditinz kitaale 2005 e 2009.ibid Koburi heewde e kaptorde e safaruuji habaade kovid-19 ngitta ko e naawooje ndeen deeftere 2005 ngam safrude mabboji jeftudi mbaadi mboros

Yeewtere yaajnannde wadaama e ko fahti e ko wyete feere 3T ( betde, safrude e rewindaade rafi). The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020 http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-headDuum ko feere ngam ummanaade rafi gila law, safrude dum e wadde keerol hakkunde ñawde e sellube. Ndeen feere ko adii fof yiiloto ko badoondirnoobe e gondudo e mboro ngam surdebe e yimbe sellube be. Ndeen feere hebtineeɗe holeeɗe dum ummori koto kore mo worgo kanum e Singaapuur. Hatta noon leydeele ene mbaawno hebtanaaɗe dum fof caggal nde SArS bonnani aduna.

Woɗɗondirɗe himbe saha raabo-raabo ko, huunde e feere mojjere sabu ene wallita yimbe no feewi.Biyeteedo Dr Miikaayel J. Ryan gardinaado darnɗe O.M.S wi e yeewtere mum e lewru , mars 2019 ''woddondirde yimbe e saha rafi daabowo ene nafa mojji kono yonata''. Maa safara tigi-rigi ummane, darne take e goddondiral ngal.World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020 https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s Dr Miikayel. J. Ryan anndini wonɗe goɗɗondiral ngal tan yonatah z mboros gondaado o.

 Mboros ngondaado o 

 HIV/AIDS 
Binndi e ko yowti e anndude HIV/AIDS

O.M.S ene wiya VIH ko '' epidemi'' udunayannkeere'' kono noon ko dum pandemi tigi."WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". Retrieved 12 April 2020 E hitaande 2018 ko abbe 37,9 miliyon ndeddo kebii SIDA e nder Aduna oo fof.Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019. E hitaande 2018 SIDA wari ko abbee 770 000 neddo. "UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.E nder limoore Afrik worgo Sahara buri heen bonireede. E 2019 ko abi 61 e p c hebbe SIDA njeyaa e con diiwan.See endnote ‘xi’.

 Koronawiris 
Koronawirisuuji (Cov) njeyaa ko e fodde mawnde wirisaaji caaboto ci raaji tuggude mabbo haa yetti ñabbuji bonci nanngojoji foofaande to leydeele funnaange-Hakkundejejo(MERS-COV). Ene jeeya d dien ñiabbo e foofaandu , cengogol cattungol(SARS-CoV-2). Ko waylo-waylooru onn caabiido Koronawiris 2019, ganndiraado covid-19.McArdleColumnistBioBioFollowFollowColumnist, Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Yogaaji e mborosaaji Koronaaji ngonata e nokku gooto. Ko Cuum wadi dum Koronaaji ndaabondirta ko hakkunde yimbe e jawdi( Kulnon). Wittooji teentudi kolliri wonde mboros SARS-CoV o ummi ko e ''civettes'' faya e yimbe. " civette" namndi ko e : kero, daga wala cewngel jaawee. Ko noon kadi MERS-COV ummorte e geloodi fahya e yimbe. Koronawirisaaji ene heewi jeese. Mborosaaji Koronawirisaaji heewdi nena njirlo hakkunde kulle diin ndaabani yimbe tawo

Koronawiri hikka o , hono korona-wiris 2019 (ganndiraado Covid-19) ummori aduna o ko e wuro."WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020. Sine wiyeteengo Wuhan e diiwaan biyeteedo Hubei. Oon mboros Koronawiris 2019( COVID-19) fuddi ko e mayiirde lewru desammburu 2019. Oon mboros senoto ko e foofaandu ñiawma poofirde. E tuuknaade e duttorde Iniwersite Johns Hopkins,COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd 2020: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Ko abbe leydeele 200 e diwanuuji mum loriima e oo mboros COVID-19. Leydeele denndudi Amerik, leydi Siin, hirnaange Orop e leydi Iran ene ."Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020. Njeeya e burbe loraade e co mboros. ñande 11 mars 2020, O.M.S anndini wonde no COVID-19 yahratani wonti mboros. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020."Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ñande 23 awiril 2020, COVID-19 raabi 2,63 miliyon neddo e nder aduna O. E oon saha maaybebe ngoni 184 249 neddo. sellube be ngoni 722 055."Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.

 Raboo-raboo 

 Paawre jontinooje 
Jontinooje hayloto ko e leydeede nguleeki lombidi hakkande njori toropik. Jontinoojo ene tabiti e nder huunde e Amerik, Asi e Afrik. Hitaande fof, jontinojo ene ñawna ko tolni 350 haa 500 miliyon neddo."Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Yoge e ledde walla safaruuyi natti waa-wande . Jotinooje tuggi 21 teemedannde ko ledde(safaaruji) jowitiide e artemisia a tan mbaawanie jotinooje.White, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.

E jamanuuji bennudi jotinoojje ene tawetenoo Orop wala bange rewo Amerik. Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.Kononoon hannde jotinooje njatii diin diiwanuuji. DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001. Jotinooje ene jeya eko libi laamu Roman. "Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.Ko duum wadi rafi o ene wiya "rafi Roman". Palasmodioom falsiparom ko noo siyaas wiyata bondi. Jotinooje naati Amerik bannge rewo ko e saha  dahateegol baleebe nawanoobe toon."The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.

 Mabbo Español 
Mabbo Español (1918 haa 1920) raabi 500 miliyon neddo e nder aduna . Nguum ñawu yettima haa e duundeedli joñidi to maayo pasifik e Arkatik.Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017. "Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013. Toon ngoo mabbo wari 20 haa 100 miliyon neddo. Ko heewi e mboros mabboji mbarata ko buri heewde ko sukaabe walla nayyebe . Oon rafi bonanaani sagataabe. Kono mabbo español buri bonande ko sukaabe e sagataabe. Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526.Mabbo español buri warde e geer gadano Aduna. E nder jonte 25 ngoon mabbo wari ko buri ko warno SIDA e nder duubi 25. Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu. No eggu-eggooru soldateebe oon geer yante guddogue yimbe beydu donannde oon rafi.Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427. No yimbe dannorto hannde e aduna aduna o ene jeya ko beydata ndaabor rafiiji mboros.Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010

 Kulòl e ñabbuuji garòoji 

 Bakteriiji Cuusɗi lékki 
Windande Mawnde Ndee: Bakteriiji Cuusɗi Lékki

Hol heen bakteriiji ɗe nganduɗaa ko ɓikkon tokoson méttuɗe warde. A ɗi mbaawi artirde ñabbuuji ɗi nganduɗa yimɓe daɗiino heen. Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr Yeru, won heen leɗɗe cafrannooɗe “tuberculose” te jooni nafataa hay huunde, haa ɗum hulɓinii liggotoobe e bangal cafrugol. Hitaande fof, ko foti e teemeɗe jóy ujunere yimɓe ene mbaawi heɓde oo ɗoon “tuberculose” (MDR-TB).Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization. Tubercolose biyeteeɗo MDR-TB ko “Chine” e “Inde” ɓuri heewde.Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009 Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) wii hedde milyoŋaaji cappande joy yimɓe e aduna fof ene ngonɗi e ñabbu MDR TB, 79% e maɓe ngonɗi ko e  bakteriiji cuusɗi leɗɗe, won heen ne cuusi sifaaji leɗɗe tati walla ko ɓuri ɗum. E hitaande 2005, yimɓe teemedere e noogaas e nay (124)keɓiino rafi oo e leydi Amerik (Etats-Unis). Goɗɗo sifaa “tuberculose” ene wiye (XDR TB) yiyaama Afrik e hitaande 2006, te caggal ɗum yiyaama kadi e léydiiji goɗɗi, hono léydi Amerik. Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) hiisiima ko foti e capanɗe nay ujunere (400000) yimɓe ene keɓa rafi XDR-TB hitaande fof.Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?. CNN.com

E duubi noogaas jawtuɗe ɗee, bakteriiji baaɗi no Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens e Enterococcus, njéhii haa leɗɗe barooje bakteriiji hono vancomycin, aminoglycosides e cephalosporins nattii warde ɗi. Bakteriiji ɗe nganduɗaa ɗee ene métti warde ene njéyaa e sabaabuuji rafiiji ɗi neɗɗo waawi ittude opitaal (nosocomial). Kadi, e kitaale jawtuɗe ɗee ko ɓooyaani, won heen rafiiji gummotooɗi e dental yimɓe, hono sifaa Staphylococcus aureus mo nganduɗa ene suusi methicillin (MRSA), te jooni ene heewi heɓde yimɓe celluɓe ɓe.

 Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe 
Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe (“Viral hemorrhagic fevers”) ko paawngal jaawngal raaɓirde, kadi jaawngal warde. Yeru: ko wayi no rafi Ebola, paawngal Lassa, paawngal Rift Valley, rafi Marburg, e paawngal Bolivia. Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe so yimɓe ndeenaaki tan ene waawi yaade haa saroo e aduna.Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019. Kono noon ñabbu baaɗo noon heewaani saraade e aduna fof sabu waawi raaɓondireede tan ko so tawii a ɓaɗiima neɗɗo ngonduɗo e ñabbu ngu no feewi, te neɗɗo ngonduɗo e ñabbu ngu ene heewi yaawde maayde wala rafeede rafi muusɗo no feewi. Ɓayri sahaa nde neɗɗo o rafetee ndee e sahaa moo hollirta maale ene ɓaɗondiri no feewi, cafrooɓe ɓee ene mbaawi yaawnaade ɓe ceernda neɗɗo ngonduɗo e rafi o (quarantaine), mbele o waasa raaɓde woɗɓe.  

 Zika Wiris 
Saraade rafi Zika, rafi Zika, e paawngal Zika.

Rafi Zika ene fuɗɗinoo saraade e hitaande 2015, ene yaha ene ɓura ɓeyɗaade haa e hoore hitaande 2016, ko ɓuri yimɓe milyoŋ e feccere keɓiino rafi o, e ko ɓuri léydiiji sappo e goo e Amerik fof (continent Americain).  Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) réentinii yimɓe rafi Zika sabu ene waawi yaade haa saroo e aduna fof so tawii yimɓe ngummaaki heen gila e jooni."Zika virus could become 'explosive pandemic". bbc.co.uk. 28 January 2016.

 References