Dholuu

Ethnologue report for Luo Dholuo dialect (ɗemngal [d̪ólúô]Tucker 25) walla Nilotic Kavirondo, ko ɗemngal Luo nder Ɗemɗe nilotɗe, ko Yimɓe Luo miliyoŋ 4.2 e nder Kenya e Tanzania, ɓe njogii yoga e ɓesngu fuunaaŋge nguurndam nguurndamaaku nguurndema Victoria e leyɗeele to woyla. Ɗum huutoroo ngam haɓɓugo nder Ramogi TV e KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, ko haɓɓooɓe Voice of Kenya).

Dholuo ɗon mari nanki bee Alur, Acholi, Adhola e Lango nder Uganda. Dholuu e ɗemɗe Uganda ɗe mbi'eteeɗe dow fuu e ɗemngal ngal e dholuo nder Sudaan worgo e Anuak nder Etiophiya ngam ɓaawo ɓesngu fulɓe ɓurɓe wolde Luo.

Ɗum haani Dholuo ina woodi 90% nanndal leksikal e Leb Alur (Alur), 83% e Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% e Leb Lango e 93% e Dhopadhola (Adhola). Ammaa, ɗeen ɗemɗe ɗon kaɓɓa bana ɗemɗe feere-feere, koo nde ɗemɗe fuɗnaande e ɗemɗe ɗe ɗemɗe ɗemɗe nganndi ɗe geɗe geɗe.

 Limti (Looɓe daga Nyanza worgo)  (Looɓe nder lesdi Nyanza)  
Fedde nde Dholuo winndi e ɗemngal binndi e ɗamngal binndi Dholuo hannde, e ɓamtaare Yimɓe Jaluo nder Kenya, fuɗɗii e 1907 e ardeede misiyonarɗo Adventist Day Seventh-day mo Kanada Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, mo golle misiyonarɗe mum nder duuɓi 14 e dow fuɗnaange fuɗnaande maayo Victoria taƴii.  (Ɗum ɗon nafata tan to Luo nder Nyanza worgo, je ɗon haa fuunaaŋge maayo Victoria). Tawi taƴuki ɗu'um haa hannde e nder saare Obama nder Kenya e haandi Adventist haandiwol jeeɗiɗiɗam to Obama e Jaluo'en feere feere feere ceertu nder fuɗɗoode karnijum 20 nder nder nokkuure nde Carscallen neldi ngam haandi. Obama'en Kenya'en ngoni ardiiɓe hooreejo lesdi Amerika Barack Obama.Peter Firstbrook, The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family. Crown Publishers, 2011. p. 106.

Daga 1906 haa 1921, Carscallen laati ardiiɗo Misiyonji Lindiya Lindiya British ha nder Lindiya, ha nder jama'aare Adventist ha nder nyalnde jeeɗiɗam, nden o waɗi darnde haɓɓugo dabareji misiyonji ha fuunaaŋge Kenya ha ɓaawo maayo Victoria e haɓɓugo yimɓe nder nokkuure nden. Ɗee dabare'en hawti e Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kissi (Nyanchwa), e Kamagambo. Nder hitaande 1913, o heɓi masin masin masin masin ngam Misiyon nden o waɗi masin masin masin nder Gendia ngam wurtina defte diina, ammaa o naftiri bee masin ngam huutugo jannguki e jannguki nder nokkuure nden.

Nder duuɓi jowi, Carscallen waɗi jaɓugo haalde Jaluo, o heɓii anndal ɗemngal Dholuo, o waɗi ko o ardiiɗo jaɓugo ɗemngal ngol haa o winnda, o wurtini ɗemngal ngal e ɗemngal Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), e woɓɓe ɗemɗe nafɗe, e ɗemɗe ɗemngal Engele-Kavirundo e Kavirondo-Ingele, e yoga e kuugal ngal eɗi haandi e ɗemnga nder hitaande 1910. Nden, ɓaawo duuɓi ɗiɗi, misiyonol ngol maɓɓini limɗe New Testament diga Farayse to Dholuo, ɗi ɓaawo maajum British and Foreign Bible Society wurtini. Firstbrook, Ibid., p. 126; Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo), together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same. London: St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, 1910.; Dictionary of African Christian Biography — Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen.

Nder hitaande 2019, Goomu Baabiraawo Yahuwah wurtini New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures nder ɗemngal Luo. Fuuɗugo Bibel ɗon ɗaɓɓa haala laaɓtuɗum, ɓurɗum anndugo. Ɗuum ɗon hokka yimɓe feere feere, ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗofta e ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon ɗofta nder internet.

Deftere ɗemngal ngal Carscallen waɗi huutoree nder duuɓi keewɗi nder fuunaaŋge Kenya, amma ko o winndi ɗum ɓurnoo seɗɗa. Ɓaawo ɗun ɓe boɗɗiti ɗum, Dho-Luo for Beginners, nden ɓe boɗɗitiiɗum nder hitaande 1936. Ha darnde ɗemngal ɗemngal ngal, Carscallen waɗi deftere mawnde "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) e Farayse, ɗum ɗon hawrata nder Sannde Fuuɗannde fuɗnaange e Afrik, University of London, UK. Walaa go'o nder kuuɗe ɗe fuɗɗii, tan ɗum ɓeydi, e ɗemɗe keso ɗe ɓe waylitii dow ɗemngal ngal Carscallen waɗi nder 1910.Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Kavirondo Dictionary. Mimeographed, n.d. 374p. (SOAS Collections). Luo and English; Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons. Scarecrow Press, 1982.

 Fonooloji 

 Vowels 
Dholuo woodi setji ɗiɗi je vowels jowi, je holli e feature <span typeof="mw:Nowiki" id="mwUw">[±ATR]</span> je ɗon jeya fuɗɗam nder arande. Nde ATR woni fonemiyya nder ɗemngal, kuuɗe feere-feere nder fonoloji haandi ko'e fonoloji ina jogii darnde mawnde e ina waawi wayla ATR haandi nder haandi. Ceerno hannde nder ɗemɗe goɗɗe nder Dholuo woni ko no ɓesnguji goɗɗi ɗon yi'a ɓe ɗon majjina ATR contrast e naftira [±ATR] nder feere feere.
+[−ATR] vowels in DholuoWinndannde yeesoFedde hakkundeereWurtinaƁure ɓureɪʊFedde hakkundee e eoololololFuliɐ
+[+ATR] vowels in DholuoWinndannde yeesoFedde hakkundeereWurtinaƁooyɗeiuFedde hakkundeeoFulia

 Kootolɗe 
Nder tabeli konsonantaji ɗo, koode orthographic ɗon hawta hakkunde kolte kolte ɓaawo koode IPA. Hokku Tucker §1.43'e: huutoreede ⁇ y ⁇ ngam /j/, ko ɓuri heewde e ɗemɗe afrikɗe; ⁇ th ⁇ , ⁇   ⁇   dh ⁇  ko ɓesngu, wonaa ɓesngu no e ɗemngal Swahili (ko e ɗemɗi /d̪/ ina waawi ɓesngu.
+Fedde ɓesngu ɓesngu nder DholuoLabiaalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalNaasolm ⁇   ⁇   m ⁇  m ⁇ n ⁇ n   ⁇   n ⁇ ɲ ⁇ ny ⁇    ⁇   ny ⁇ ⁇ ŋ ⁇   ⁇   ngʼ ⁇  Fedde ɓesngupre-nasalledmb ⁇   ⁇   mb ⁇  mbnd ⁇   ⁇   nd ⁇  ndɲɟ ⁇   ⁇   nj ⁇  ŋɡ ⁇ ng ⁇    ⁇   ng ⁇ ⁇ ngwalaa ko wolwataap ⁇ p ⁇    ⁇   p ⁇ ⁇ t̪ ⁇ th ⁇    ⁇   ⁇ th ⁇ t ⁇   ⁇   t ⁇  c ⁇ ch ⁇    ⁇   ch ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇ k ⁇    ⁇   k ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇ haalaajib ⁇ b ⁇    ⁇   b ⁇ ⁇ bd̪ ⁇   ⁇   dh ⁇  d ⁇   ⁇   d ⁇  ɟ ⁇   ⁇   j ⁇  ɡ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ♂    ⁇   g ⁇ Fricativef ⁇   ⁇   f ⁇  s ⁇ ⁇ ⁇    ⁇   s ⁇ ⁇ sh ⁇   ⁇   h ⁇  Trillr ⁇ r ⁇    ⁇   r ⁇ ⁇ Ko haaniw ⁇ w ⁇    ⁇   w ⁇ ⁇ L ⁇   ⁇   l ⁇  l ⁇ j ⁇ y ⁇    ⁇   y ⁇ ⁇ y

 Fedde fuɗnaange 
Dholuo ko ɗemngal tonal. Won ton lexical e ton grammatical, misaalu nder tagdi verbs passive.Okoth Okombo §1.3.4 Ɗum woodi haaki vowel dow ATR status: vowels nder wolde naa' hawtaade waawaa wonde fuu [+ATR] malla fuu [−ATR]. Ko haani ATR-harmoni hawti e semivokal /w/, /ɥ/.Tucker §1.3, §1.42   [faɗugo laaɓnde ngam laaɓugo] Ɗuumɗam woni ko hawti.

 Grammar 
Dholuo ina famɗi ngam ko'e mum'en fuɗɗam'en fuɗnaande, ɗi naftiraama, ha nder feere feere, nder nanondiral jogorɗe ɗe'e e ɗe'e. Misaalu arande ɗum haala jogorgal ɓooyngol, ngam bone naa' ɗum je dogol.

Ammaa ɗo'o misaalu dow laamuuji ɗi walaa ko'e maɓɓe, ngam bone je ɗon je'a nder go'o:

 Ɗe ceedeeji 
Ɗemngal FarayseLuohellomisawa (ber) Hol no woni?Ko honɗun waɗi? Intie nade?Mi ɗonno.Adhi maber.Hol innde maaɗa?Nyingi ng'a?Innde am...Nyinga en...Miɗo yi'a on.Amor neni.Ɗume on ɗon ƴiwo?Nder jaakanye?go'o subakaoyaworejemma bonoimoreAllah barkiɗini on.Nyasaye ogwedhi.golle mawngetich maberKisndamresruokGood-byeoritiMi yiɗi ndiyam.Adwaro pi.Mi marɗo.Riyo deya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.Mawndeerokamanoɓikkoynyathijannginoowo (jannginoowo jaŋde) nyathi skul, japuonjre (ja mbalariany) wonnabiyahudhiyojaɓɓokaw kawwarugodwokwarugodwogijooɗorteebedi bedijooɗorgal / stopchung' / weenyaamdukechMi ɗon nyaama.Kech kaya.baabawuoro [Dinka] wurmaamamiyo [Dinka] mor merAllah ɗonNyasaye, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o (Naaɗe feere feere hawti e kuuɗe Allah feere feere) Allah Jawmiraawo monRuoth (Nyasaye) Allah ɗon wooɗugoNyasaye berwalludekony [Dinka] ba konyman man man mandichuodebbodhakoboy boy boy boywuoyi (wuowi) debbonyako [Dinka] nyadefterebuk, [Alego/Seme] bugeɓeynguurerawerapenndurandikiɓorɗeonyasɓalndulong'dowremesalaatotaolootirarind, ralorhooreejojatelowurtinakel kelWolo ɗon.Dog kucha.Wota haa ɗo.Duog ka.ƴam / ƴampenjjaabawolpenjohuutoreringi [Dinka]yahugowuothijaɓɓudedum / chikri [Alego/Seme]ndiyamkothnaangeko'n ɗonlewrudwe / dueekoodesulwetikuugalkalluɗe[Dinka]ɓerndekoyo koyoMi yiɗi nyaamugo.Adwaro chiemo.Mi woodi ko mbi'i'miAn gi wachmawɗokwaro [Dinka] / kwarmawɗodayo [Dinka] / dayneɗɗo laamiiɗoja rachar / ombogo / ja wagundacow / beefdwasi / dhiang'haani haaniwer [Dinka]songko wonigoɗɗum, booɗeejeber, jaberbonderachdewgalkend [Dinka], "keny" woni laawol, "thick" woni guurgalwareekendojanndekiinihanndekawuonoɗoka / kaeɗon (jo ɓadii) kacha / kochaɗon (goɗɗi) kuchoɓikkoynyathiceedeomenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesahuundebundehuɓɓugo huɓɓugomaj bundefuɗɗamchakikootoojilekidowchung'nder lesdilokahaalankiwuwujooɗorteebedi bediteddungalpakkinyaamugochiemyiitemaakiMi yiɗi ugali.Adwaro kuon.corn, corn, maizeoduma, bandocorn beansnyoyoyotaksimatatu (Swahili) manndaandipuodho (Alego-Ndalo) huutugo / haɓɓugopur / kunyfuɗugo (e dow) fuyoɓale (beɗeeje) Lwang'nikooki (waldi) aoralaakenamndiyamatarotoondeeasayi

 Bibliography 

 Gregersen, E. (1961). Luo: Ɗuum woni ɗemngal ɗemngal. Deftere: Yale University.
 Stafford, R. L. (1965). Ɗuum ko ɗemngal Luo ngal e ɗemngal. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
 Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Ɗe ɓurɗe ɓurɗe fahinugo nder Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
 Tucker, A. N. (e nder Chet A. Creider) (1994). Ɗuum ko ɗemngal Kenya Luo (Dholuo). 2 firooji. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 Okoth Okombo, D. (1997). Grammar functional of Dholuo. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Deftere ɗemngal Farayse-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu.   ISBN 9966-48-781-6. 
 Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' e Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Deftere darnde Dholuo. Nairobi.
 Capen, Carole Jamieson. 1998. Ɗemngal ɗiɗi Dholuo-Ingeleese Dictionary, Kenya. Tucson (Arizona): Wondiri hoore mum. Kurasa IX, 322. [  ] 

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