Transhumance

Transhumance yɛ mboayɛn anaadɛ etubrafo bi, mboa a wɔdze hɔn kɔ mbea fofor wɔ awɔw ber na awɔw ber mu edzidzibea ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ntsam. Wɔ mbepɔw do mbea (vertical transhumance) no, ɔkyerɛ dɛ wɔbɛkɔ edzidzibea a ɔkorɔn wɔ awɔw ber mu na bon a ɔba fam ntsam wɔ awɔw ber mu. Mboahwɛfo wɔ fie a ɔtra hɔ daa, mpɛn pii no wɔ nkoko mu. Mpɛn pii no, nguankuw no nkotsee na wotu kwan, na nyimpa dodow bi a wohia na wɔahwɛ hɔn, ber a nyimpa dodow no ara tra ase. Dza ɔnye eyi bɔ abira no, ɔyɛ mberɛw dɛ wim tsebew, sikasɛm, anaa amanyɔsɛm mu nsakrae bɛsɛe horizontal transhumance.Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

 Asɛmfua na nkyerɛase 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Nguan a wɔdze hɔn kɔ sor wɔ karkafo kwan bi do wɔ Massif Central, France (Moving sheep up along a drovers' road in the Massif Central, France)link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Transhumance wɔ Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France
Asɛmfua transhumance fi Franse kasa mu na efi Latin nsɛmfua trans "across" na humus "ground" mu. Transhumance nyaa nkɔdo wɔ asasepɔn biara a nyimpa tse do. Ɔwom dɛ nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ amambra na mfirdwuma mu dze, nanso ndzeyɛɛ a ɔhyɛ ase a wɔdze nya edzidzibea a ɔwɔ ekyirkyir a ɔwɔ mber mu no dzi dwuma no tse dɛ dza ɔtse dɛm ara."transhumance - pastoral society". Encyclopedia Britannica.Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23, ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11, ISBN9780130336781

 Wɔ abakɔsɛm a odzi kan mu 
Nna wɔyɛ transhumance wɔ Europa wɔ mber a edzii abakɔsɛm enyim no mu. Isotope nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛɛ wɔ mboa mbiew (bones) ho no kyerɛ dɛ ɔtɔ da bi a na wɔdze mboa tu kɔ mbea fofor wɔ ber biara mu.Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018). Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-21337-0.: 27 Nanso ɔyɛ adze a ɔkɔ do wɔ wiadze nyinara.

Koko sofo (Hill people) nya aborɔfo nyimdze na ɔbɛyɛ dɛ wɔtraa ase awo ntoatoado pii mbrɛ ahokokwaw a ɔdɔɔso a wonyae na ama wɔatum edzi yie wɔ koko na mbepɔw do mbea do. Hɔn a wɔka kar dodow no ara nyim kuayɛ a wɔdze hwɛ hɔn asetradze, Mboahwɛ na kwaa na nsu a awɔw wom na nsu a ɔkɔ ntsɛmntsɛm sohwɛ. Nsɛm pii esi wɔ wim nsakrae ho ansa na abakɔsɛm reba a ɔkaa amambra a ɔtsetse dɛm,"Transhumance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com.

 Europe 

 Alps 
Main article: Alpine transhumance

 Balkanfo (Balkans) 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|right|thumb|500x500px|Romania na Vlach a wɔdze hɔn ho hyɛ nyimpa mu wɔ Balkan aman mu (Romanian and Vlach transhumance in Balkans)
Wɔ Balkan aman mu no, Albaniafo, Helafo Sarakatsanifo, Epuei Fam Romancefo (Romaniafo, Aromaniafo, Megleno-Romaniafo na Istro-Romaniafo) na Turkeyfo Yörükfo fi tsetse dze dzii ahohuru ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ mbepɔw do na wɔsan kɔ asasetaw a ɔba fam do wɔ awɔw ber mu.

 Britain 

 Wales 
Wɔ Wales mbea dodow no ara no, na mfuw mu edwumayɛfo na ɔtɔ mber bi a okuafo no dze ahohur ber mu bosoom ahorow no tra ahohur ber mu fie bi a ɔwɔ bepɔw do, anaa hafod (wɔbɔ no [ˈhavɔd]), baabi a na mboa no dzidzi. Wɔ osutɔber ewie no na ekuafo ebusua na edwumayɛfo no pam nguankuw no sian kɔ mbɔnsa (valleys) mu, na wɔtra atrae tsitsir anaa hendref ([ˈhɛndrɛv]).Gwynn, Eirwen. "On the land – yesterday and today" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2010."History of Hafod Elwy Hall". Hafodelwyhall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.

 Scotland 
Wɔ Scotland mbea pii a koko na mbepɔw wɔ do no, na kuayɛ edwumayɛfo dze awɔw ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ bothiesPennant, T. "Tour in Scotland 1769". dsl.ac.uk. Dictionary of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Bothay, a dairy-house, where Highland shepherds, or graziers, live during summer with their herds and flocks, and during that season make butter and cheese. anaa shielings mu (àirigh anaa ruighe wɔ Scotland Gaelic kasa mu). Akwan atsitsir a karkafo fa do wɔ Scotland epuei fam no bi nye Cairnamounth, Elsick Mounth na Causey Mounth. Dɛm adzeyɛ yi egyae kɛse, nanso wɔdze dzii dwuma wɔ nkae a ɔtse ase mu (living memory) wɔ Hebrides na Scotland Mbepɔw do. Ndɛ wɔdze lɔɔre (truck) na ɔyɛ transhumance pii, na wɔdze nguankuw (flock) a ɔwɔ mbepɔw do kɔ agistment ase kɔ edzidzibea a ɔba fam wɔ awɔw ber mu.

 Afrika 

 Afrika Etsifi (North Africa) 
Nna Berberfo (Berber people) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi fam no yɛ ekuafo fi tsetse, na wɔtse mbepɔw a ɔbɛn Mediterranea mpoano kakra do, anaadɛ wɔtse oasis. Mbom, Tuaregfo (Tuareg) na Zenagafo (Zenaga) a wɔwɔ Sahara kɛsee fam no yɛ etubrafo a wɔdan hɔn nyimpa. Ekuw afofor tse dɛ Chaouisfo yɛɛ transhumance a otsim hɔ (fixed transhumance).

 Afrika Abɛn (Horn of Africa) 
Wɔ nkuraase no, Somaliafo (Somali) na Afarfo (Afar) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi Epuei nso yɛ etubrafo a wɔdze hɔn kɔ nyimpa fofor mu. Hɔn mboayɛn no gyina yoma (camel) a wɔyɛn hɔn do, na wɔdze nguan na apɔnkye a wɔhwɛ hɔn fofor ka ho.Cattle breeds, milk production, and transhumance in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geotrekking in Ethiopia's tropical mountains, Chapter 28. Cham: SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28. S2CID 199323600.

 Afrika Epuei (East Africa) 
Pokotfo no yɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wohu hɔn tsitsir wɔ Kenya etsifi fam atɔe na Amudat mansin mu wɔ Uganda. Apaamu hɔfo yɛ etubrafo transhumance, a mber mu akwantu kɔ do wɔ sare a ɔwɔ Kenya (North Pokot sub-county) na Uganda (Amudat, Nakapiripirit na Moroto mansin) ntam (George Magak Oguna, 2014).

Maasaifo (Maasai) yɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wɔwɔ Kenya na Tanzania etsifi fam tsitsir a wɔwɔ amambra a ɔfa nyimpa a wɔsakra hɔn ho a ɔfa hɔn anantwi ho.

 Nigeria 
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fulani_herdsman.jpg|thumb|Fulani mboahwɛfo bi ka n’anantwi. (A Fulani herder drives his cattle.)
Fulani yɛ Hausa asɛmfua a ɔkyerɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Nigeria a wɔka Fulbefo (Fulbe) a wotu kɔtra mbea fofor no mu. Fulanifo tsetse Nigeria anantwi dodow no ara, a wɔkyerɛ dɛ 83% yɛ mboahwɛfo, 17% yɛ ekuraase anantwi na 0.3% kurom).Ducrotoy, Marie Julie; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Bagulo, Husein; Musa, Usman Baba; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel Madu; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Susan C. (1 December 2016). "Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria". Pastoralism. 6 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13570-016-0072-y. hdl:20.500.11820/207dc3db-5f84-4b1d-b340-2dcf239f45ea. ISSN 2041-7136. S2CID 9938353.

 Hwɛ iyi so 

 Altitudinal migration
 Kuchis
 Rarámuri
 Sarakatsani
 Seasonal human migration
 Yaylak

 Adanse ahorow (Sources) 

 Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 2005.
 Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.). Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe Routledge, London, 2018.
 Jones, Schuyler. Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.

 Mboaedze