Jerusalɛm Afasu

Yerusalem Afasu (Hebri: חומות ירושלים, Arabic: أسوار القدس) yɛ afasu a etwa Yerusalem kurow dadaw nu ho ehyia (bɛyɛ kilomita 1). Wɔ 1535 mu, ber a na Yerusalem yɛ Ottoman Ahemman no fa no, Sultan Suleiman I hyɛɛ dɛ hɔnsan nsi kurow no afasu a asɛe no. Edwuma no gyee bɛyɛ mfe anan (4), wɔ afe 1537 na 1541 ntsam. Wohu afasu no wɔ Yerusalem asase mfonyin dadaw dodow no ara do wɔ mfe 1,500 a etwam no mu.

Afasu no tsentsen yɛ mita 4,018 (akwansin 2.4966), sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nye sorokɔ yɛ mita 12 (anammɔn 39.37) na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nye kɛse yɛ mita 2.5 (anammɔn 8.2). Ɔwɛn-abantsentsen 34 na apon akɛse ason a hɔnabue ama kar afasu no wɔ afasu no ho, na apon nketsewa ebien a hɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tsetsefo ndzɛmba mu asan ebue.

Wɔ afe 1981 mu no, wɔdze Yerusalem afasu no kaa ho, na Yerusalem Kurow Dadaw no, kaa UNESCO Wiadze Egyapadze Nhyehyɛe ho.

 Kuropɔn a Na Ɔwɔ Hɔ Ansa Na Israelfo Reba 
Wɔdze afasu etwa Yerusalem kurow no ho ehyia dze abɔ ho ban fi tsetse. Wɔ finimfin Kɔber Mber no mu, ber a wɔsan frɛ no Bible mu nsɛm dɛ Egyanom Mber no ber no, wosii kurow bi a wɔfrɛ no Yebus wɔ Yerusalem koko a ɔwɔ anafo fam epuei no do, na na ɔyɛ ketsewaa bi (mita 50,000 ahinanan) nanso na hɔn abɔ ho ban yiye. N’afasu no nkae wɔ Siloam Tuntum no etsifi. Hɔnagye Jebus a ɔnye Yerusalem no ho ekyinnye, na Niels Peter Lemche tsitsir na ɔkyerɛwee. Dza ɔfoa n’asɛm no do no, Yerusalem ho asɛm biara a ɔnyɛ Bible mu nsɛm a wohu wɔ tsetse Epuei Fam a ɔbɛn no ka kurow no ho asɛm dɛ ‘Yerusalem’. Saa kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow yi ho nhwɛdo na Amarna nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw no afeha a ɔtɔ do 14 A.Y.B ú-ru-ša10-lim) (1330 A.Y.B.). Afei nso wɔ Amarna nkrataa no mu no, wɔfrɛ no Bet-Salem, Salem fie.

 Israelfo Kuropɔn 
Sɛnea Yudafo atsetsesɛm kyerɛ no, sɛnea hɔnada no edzi wɔ Tanak no mu no, Yerusalem kɔɔ do yɛɛ Yebusfo kurow kosii dɛ Dawid sɔree, na odzii Yebus do nkonyim, sesaa nye dzin Dawid Kurow na ofii ase trɛw mu. Ná nye kurow no da do ara wɔ koko a ɔba fam a ɔwɔ anafo fam epuei no do, wɔ nnɛyi Kurow Dadaw no bea hɔ ekyi. Dawid ba Salomo sii Asɔrefie a edi kan no wɔ bepɔw no etsifi a ɔfor kɔ soro wɔ kurow a na wanya no, Asɔrefie Bepɔw no etsifi pɛɛ, na afei ɔtrɛw kurow no afasu mu sɛnea ɔbɛyɛ a ɔbɛbɔ asɔrefie no ho ban.

Wɔ Asɔredan a edi kan ber no mu no wɔtrɛw kurow no afasu no mu ma ɔka etsifi fam atɔe koko no nso ho, ɔyɛ bea a nnɛyi Yudafo na Armeniafo Mpɔtsam (Yerusalem) Mpɔtam no wɔ.

Wɔsɛee kurow no nyinara wɔ afe 587/86 A.Y.B.

 Yudafo Kuropɔn a Wɔdze Hɔn Kɔɔ Nnommumfa Ekyi 
Wɔ Babilon nnommumfa na Persiafo a wodzii Babilon do nkonyim ekyi no, Kores II a ofi Persia no maa Yudafo no kwan ma wɔsan kɔɔ Yudea na wɔsan sii Asɔrefie no bio. Wowiee adansi no wɔ afe 516 A.Y.B. Afei, Artasasta I anaa ebia Dario II maa Esra na Nehemia kwan ma wɔsan baa kurow no afasu bio na wodzii Yudea a na wodzi do dɛ Yehud mantɔw wɔ Persiafo ase no do. Wɔ Asɔredan a ɔtɔ do ebien ber no mu, tsitsir wɔ Hasmonean ber do no, wɔtrɛw kurow no afasu mu na wosiesiee no, na ɔyɛ dza Josephus frɛ no Ɔfasu a edi kan no. Herode Ɔkɛseɛ no dze dza Josephus frɛɛ no afasu a ɔtɔ do ebien no kaa ho wɔ baabi wɔ bea a ɔda nnɛyi Jaffa Pon no na Asɔrefie Bepɔw no ntsam no. Ekyir Agripa I (r. 41–44 Y.B.) fii ase sii Ɔfasu a ɔtɔ do ebaasa no, a wowiee wɔ Yudafo–Romafo Ko a edi kan no ahyɛase pɛɛ. Saa afasu yi nkae bi wɔ hɔ nnɛ a ɔbɛn Mandelbaum Gate pɛtro edwumayɛbea no.

 Aelia Capitolina na Byzantium Yerusalem 
Romafo ber do Abobow dadaw bi a ɔwɔ Damasko Abobow no ase wɔ Yerusalem

mu, esiane Romafo a wɔkaa hɔn ho hyiae wɔ Yudafo na Romafo Ko a edzi kan no mu ntsi, ɔkame ayɛ dɛ wɔsɛee afasu no koraa. Ná Yerusalem bɛkɔ do ayɛ amamfõ bɛyɛ mfe aduesia, na na wɔrennya afasu a ɔbɔ ho ban bɛbor mfeha ebien.

Ahyɛase no, wogyaw abosonsomfo Roma kurow, Aelia Capitolina, a Ɔhemfopɔn Hadrian sii wɔ afe 130 ekyi no, na afasu a ɔbɔ ho ban biara nnyi mu. Wɔ bɛyɛ mfeha ebien a hɔn amfa afasu biara amma ekyi no, wosii dan fofor twaa kurow no ho hyiae, ebia wɔ Ɔhemfopɔn Diocletian aber do, ber bi wɔ 289 na afeha no ahyɛase ntsam hɔ. Ɔhemmaa Aelia Eudocia yɛɛ afasu no fofor kɛseɛ wɔ ber a wɔpam no kɔɔ Yerusalem (443–460).

 Finimfin Mber No Mu 
Wɔ afe 1033 mu no, asasewosow sɛee afasu a Eudokia sii no mu dodow no ara. Na ɔsɛ dɛ Fatimifo (Fatimids) no san kyekye hɔn, a wogyaw anafo fam mbea a na hɔn edzi kan aka ho no: Bepɔw Sion na n’asɔre ahorow, na koko a ɔwɔ anafo fam epuei (Dawid Kurow) a Yudafo mpɔtsam a ɔgyina Asɔredan Bepɔw no anafo fam no ka ho. Dza ɔbɛyɛ na wɔresiesie hɔn ho ama Mmeamudua Ho Akodzifo a wɔhwɛɛ kwan dɛ wɔbɛka etwa ho ehyia wɔ 1099 mu no, wɔhyɛɛ afasu no dzen bio nanso ankosi hwee. Nkonyimdzi no dze ɔsɛe bi bae a ɔno ekyi no, wɔsan sii bio, sɛnea Saladin san dzii nkonyim wɔ afe 1187. Wɔ afe 1202 kosi 1212 mu no, Saladin wɔfase, Al-Malik al-Mu’azzam ‘Isa, hyɛɛ dɛ hɔnsan nsi kurow no afasu no bio, nanso ekyir, wɔ afe 1219 mu , ɔsan susuw tebea no ho bere a wosii ɔwɛn-abantsentsen no mu dodow no ara na ɔmaa wobubuu afasu no ekyi, tsitsir osiandɛ na osuro dɛ Mmeamudua Ho Akodzifo no tumi san gye kuropɔn no a, wobenya abantsentsen no do mfaso. Wɔ mfeha ebaasa a edzi hɔ no mu no, kuropɔn no kɔɔ do yɛɛ afasu a ɔbɔ ho ban, Asɔredan Bepɔw/Haram ash-Sharif na abankɛse no nkutoo nye mbea a hɔnabɔ ho ban yiye saa ber no.

 Ottomanfo Ber do 
Wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do duesia (16) mu, wɔ Ottoman Ɔhemman no aber do mu wɔ ɔmantɔw no mu, Sultan Suleiman Ɔkɛseɛ no sii gyinae dɛ ɔbɛsan esi kuropɔn no afasu no koraa, na nye fa bi wɔ tsetse afasu no nkae no do. Osiandɛ wosii no bɛyɛ afe 1537–1541 mu ntsi, wɔyɛ afasu a ɔwɔ hɔ ndɛ.

Nkyerɛwee bi a ɔwɔ Arabic kasa mu a efi Suleiman Ɔkɛseɛ no ahennyi mu no ka dɛ:Wahyɛ mbra dɛ wɔbɛsi afasu no ɔno a ɔdze n’ahoɔdzen na nye tsitsir abɔ Islam fie ho ban na ɔdze nye tumi na n’ahoɔdzen apopa ahonyi atsirimɔdzensɛm no, ɔno nko ara na Onyankopɔn ama watumi ayɛ ahemfo kɔn nkoa wɔ aman mu (ekyirkyir na tɛtɛɛtɛr) na ɔfata dɛ wonya Caliphate no ahengua, Sultan ba Sultan ba Sultan Sultan ba, Suleyman.

 Qasr Jalud 
Wɔ Ottoman afasu no etsifi fam atɔe ntwea do no, fam tutufo ahu abantsentsen kɛse bi nkae kakraa bi, bɛyɛ afe 1990 mu. 35x35 mita, ebia wodzii kan sii wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do dukor (11) mu wɔ Fatimid ber do, a ɔhwee ase maa Frankfo wɔ Mmeamudua Ho Akodzi a Edzi Kan no awiei wɔ 1099 mu, na ɔda edzi dɛ Ayyubidfo na wɔtrɛw mu ber a Saladin san gyee kurow no wɔ 1187 mu ekyi. Wɔfrɛ abantsents

en no wɔ Arabic kasa mu sɛ Qasr al-Jalud (Goliat Abantenten), na Mmeamudua Ho Akodifo no frɛ no Turris Tancredi (Latin kasa mu kyerɛ Tancred Abantenten), wɔ Tancred a ofi Hauteville, ɔsahene a n’asraafo buu Fatimidfo ahobambɔ ahorow no do wɔ saa bea pɔtee yi wɔ 1099 mu no dzin a hɔnaka etwa ho ehyia. Abantsentsen no na kuropɔn no afasu no nyinara nso asɛe ber tsentsen wɔ ber a Ottoman Turkeyfo sii hɔn dze no, ebia efi 1219 ber a Ayyubid sodzifo Al-Mu’azzam Isa bubuu kuropɔn no Abantsentsen dodow no ara.

 Hwɛ Iyi Nso 
 Clifford Holliday, Mandate-ber mu ɔdansifo a ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe kɛse bi maa Yerusalem na Kuropɔn Dadaw no afasu a wɔbɛsan asiesie no.
 Broad Wall (Jerusalem) – kuropɔn no afasu a ɔwɔ Yerusalem fi Hesekia ber do (bɛyɛ 700 A.Y.B.)
 Kuropɔn Abobow a ɔwɔ Yerusalem Kuropɔn Dadaw no mu (City gates of the Old City of Jerusalem)
 Anafo fam afasu (Southern Wall) a ɔwɔ Asɔrefie Bepɔw no do
 Atɔe fam afasu (Western Wall) – a wɔsan frɛ no Wailing Afasu, Asɔredan Bepɔw no atɔe fam afasu a ɔkora do no fa a wotumi kɔ hɔ no 
 Yerusalem Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea no afasu (Walls of Jerusalem National Park) – ɔman mmɔntsen do  (national park) atrae bi a ɔwɔ Tasmania Australia a wɔdze Yerusalem Afasu no dzin too do osiandɛ na ɔwɔ abɔdze mu abotsan a ɔtse dɛ Afasu no ntsi.

Nkyekyεmu:World Heritage Sites in Danger