شکل برگ‌ها

شکل ظاهری برگ‌ها بسیار متنوع است. آن‌ها به شکل‌های دایره ٬بیضی ٬نیزه٬پر٬پنجه٬قلب و بسیاری شکل‌های دیگر هستند، اما در مجموع می‌توان آن‌ها را به سه گروه تقسیم کرد: برگ‌های پهن، برگ‌های باریک و برگ‌های سوزنی. غیر از این سه گروه برخی گیاهان مانند سرو کوهی برگ‌های پولک مانند دارند. شگل برگ گیاهان یکی از راه‌های مهم شناسایی نوع گیاه است. طول بیشتر برگ‌ها میان ۵/۲ تا ۳۰ سانتی‌متر است. اما برگ برخی از گیاهان بسیار بزرگ است، برای مثال طول بعضی از برگ‌های نوعی نخل آفریقایی به ۲۰ متر هم می‌رسد یا قطر نوعی از برگ‌های شناور که در مرداب‌های آمریکای جنوبی می‌رویند، به ۸/۱ متر می‌رسد، همچنین در مرداب انزلی، قطر برگ‌های دایره‌ای نیلوفر آبی گاه به بیش از ۵۰ سانتیمتر نیز می‌رسند. تعداد برگ‌ها در گیاهان گوناگون نیز متفاوت است. گیاهانی مانند گندم و ذرت دارای تنها چند برگ هستند. درختان کهنسال نارون صدها هزار برگ دارند. بعضی از گیاهان تنها یک برگ دارند. برگ‌ها یا ساده هستند یا مرکب. برگی که یک پهنک داشته باشد برگ مرکب است و پهنک‌های برگ مرکب را برگچه می‌نامند. برگچه‌های برگ مرکب به صورت پر یا پنجه روی ساقه قرار می‌گیرند. در آرایش نوع پر، برگ‌ها شبیه شانه‌ای در دو طرف رگبرگ اصلی جای می‌گیرند، مانند برگ درخت گردو و زبان گنجشک. برگچه‌های برگ‌های مرکب پنجه‌ای از انتهای دمبرگ می‌رویند، مانند برگ شبدر. در برخی از گیاهان، برگچه‌ها به برگچه‌های کوچک‌تری تقسیم می‌شوند و این برگ‌ها را برگ مرکب دوگانه می‌نامند مانند برگ هویج و شبت (شوید). لبه و طرح رگبرگ‌های پهنک برگ‌ها گوناگون است. بعضی پهنک برگ‌ها دارای لبه صاف، بعضی دانه‌دار و بعضی کنگره‌دار هستند. لبه بیشتر برگ‌های باریک و سوزنی صاف است. لبه پهنک بیشتر گیاهانی که در منطقه اقلیمی استوایی و نیمه استوایی می‌رویند نیز صاف است. لبه پهنک درختانی مانند، پرتقال، نارون و گیلاس دانه‌دار است و همچنین روی آن‌ها روزنه‌هایی نیز وجود دارد که بخشی از آب اضافی گیاه از راه این روزنه‌ها خارج می‌شود. لبه برگ برخی از گیاهان، مانند توت سفید و بلوط جنگلی، کنگره‌دار است.

 شکل‌های برگ‌ها 
در دانش گیاه‌شناسی برگ‌ها به شکل‌های زیر دسته‌بندی می‌شوند (لاتین، به همراه توضیح انگلیسی و ترجمه پارسی آن):
 Acicular (acicularis): Slender and pointed, needle-like (سوزنی‌شکل)
 Acuminate (acuminata): Tapering to a long point (هرمی‌شکل)
 Acute: pointed, having a short sharp apex angled less than ۹۰° (دارای زاویهٔ تند کمتر از ۹۰ درجه)
 Aristate (aristata): Ending in a stiff, bristle-like point (دارای انتهای زبر و محکم)
 Asymmetrical: With the blade shape different on each side of the midrib (با اجزاء گوناگون تیغی‌شکل)
 Basal: arising from the crown, bulb, rhizome or corm, etc. as opposed to cauline (تاجی‌شکل، چراغی‌شکل)
 Bipinnate (bipinnata): Each leaflet also pinnate (پرمانند)
 Caudate: tailed at the apex (دم‌دار)
 Cauline: borne on the stem as opposed to basal (موازی با ساقه)
 Compound: Not simple; the leaf is broken up into separate leaflets, and the leaf blade is not continuous (دارای برگچه)
 Cordate (cordata): Heart-shaped, with the petiole or stem attached to the cleft (قلب‌مانند)
 Cuneate (cuneata): Triangular, stem attaches to point (مثلثی، وصل‌شده توسط سطح برگ)
 Deltoid (deltoidea) or deltate: Triangular, stem attaches to side (مثلثی، توسط کناره‌های برگ)
 Digitate (digitata): Divided into finger-like lobes (انگشت‌دار)
 Elliptic (elliptica): Oval, with a short or no point (بیضی‌شکل)
 Entire: having a smooth margin without notches or indentations (دارای یک لبه صاف و بدون شکاف و دندانه)
 Falcate (falcata): Sickle-shaped (داسی‌شکل)
 Fenestrate (fenestrata) "windowed" with holes (e.g. Monstera deliciosa or Aponogeton fenestralis), or window-like patches of translucent tissue. (cf Perforate) (پنجره‌مانند)
 Filiform (filiformis): Thread- or filament-shaped (رشته‌ای‌شکل)
 Flabellate (flabellata): Semi-circular, or fan-like (نیم‌دایره‌ای یا بادبزن‌مانند)
 Hastate, spear-shaped (hastata): Pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base (نیزه‌مانند)
 Laciniate: Very deeply lobed, the lobes being very drawn out, often making the leaf look somewhat like a branch or a pitchfork (چنگال‌مانند)
 Laminar: Flat (like most leaves) (صاف، مانند اکثر برگ‌ها)
 Lance-shaped, lanceolate (lanceolata): Long, wider in the middle (دراز و دارای میانه‌ای پهن)
 Linear (linearis): Long and very narrow (دراز و باریک)
 Lobed (lobata): With several points (دارای چندین نوک)
 Mucronate: Ending abruptly in a sharp point (دارای انتهایی تیز)
 Obcordate (obcordata): Heart-shaped, stem attaches to tapering point (قلب‌مانند)
 Oblanceolate (oblanceolata): Top wider than bottom (انتهای فوقانی عریض تر از انتهای تحتانی)
 Oblong (oblongus): Having an elongated form with slightly parallel sides (کشیده و قرینه)
 Obovate (obovata): Teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to tapering point (اشکی‌شکل)
 Obtuse (obtusus): With a blunt tip (دارای لبهٔ بی‌نوک)
 Orbicular (orbicularis): Circular (دایره‌ای)
 Ovate (ovata): Oval, egg-shaped, with a tapering point (تخم‌مرغی‌شکل)
 Palmate (palmata): Consisting of leaflets or lobes radiating from the base of the leaf. (پنجه‌ای)
 Pedate (pedata): Palmate, with cleft lobes (نخلی‌شکل)
 Peltate (peltata): Rounded, stem underneath (دوار)
 Perfoliate (perfoliata): Stem through the leaves (ساقه از میان برگ ردشده)
 Perforate (perforata): marked with patches of translucent tissue, as in Crassula perforata and Hypericum perforatum, or perforated with holes (cf "Fenestrate") (مشخص‌شده با تکه‌های بافت شفاف)
 Pinnate (pinnata): Two rows of leaflets (شانه‌ای)
 Odd-pinnate, imparipinnate: Pinnate with a terminal leaflet (شانه‌ای فرد یا شانه‌ای بسته)
 Paripinnate, even-pinnate: Pinnate lacking a terminal leaflet (شانه‌ای زوج یا شانه‌ای باز)
 Pinnatifid and pinnatipartite: Leaves with pinnate lobes that are not discrete, remaining sufficiently connected to each other that they are not separate leaflets. (دارای برگچه‌های پیوسته و پرمانند)
 Bipinnate, twice-pinnate: The leaflets are themselves pinnately-compound (دوشانه‌ای یا شانه‌ای مضاعف)
 Tripinnate, thrice-pinnate: The leaflets are themselves bipinnate (سه‌شانه‌ای)
 Tetrapinnate: The leaflets are themselves tripinnate. (چهارشانه‌ای)
 Pinnatisect (pinnatifida): Cut, but not to the midrib (it would be pinnate then) (برش‌خورده)
 Serenoa repens showing pleated elliptic leaves of seedling and pleated palmate leaves of mature plant (بیضوی‌شکل)
 Plicate (plicatus, plicata): folded into pleats, usually lengthwise, serving the function of stiffening a large leaf. (تاشده به شکل بیضی)
 Pungent: Having hard, sharp points. (دارای انتهای تیز و زبر)
 Reniform (reniformis): Kidney-shaped (کلیه‌مانند)
 Retuse: With a shallow notch in a broad apex (با یک شکاف کم‌عمق در انتهای فوقانی عریضش)
 Rhomboid (rhomboidalis): Diamond-shaped (الماس‌مانند)
 Round (rotundifolia): Circular (گرد یا دایره‌مانند)
 Sagittate (sagittata): Arrowhead-shaped (تیرکمانی)
 Simple: Leaf blade in one continuous section, not divided into leaflets (not compound) (به شکل یک تیغ کلی)
 Spear-shaped (نیزه‌مانند)
 Spatulate, spathulate (spathulata): Spoon-shaped (قاشق‌مانند)
 Subulate (subulata): Awl-shaped with a tapering point (درفش‌مانند)
 Subobtuse (subobtusa): Somewhat blunted, neither blunt nor sharp (نیمه‌تیز)
 Sword-shaped (ensiformis): Long, thin, pointed (دراز، باریک و ریز)
 Trifoliate (or trifoliolate), ternate (trifoliata): Divided into three leaflets (سه‌برگچه‌ای)
 Tripinnate (tripinnata): Pinnately compound in which each leaflet is itself bipinnate (سه‌شانه‌ای)
 Truncate (truncata): With a squared off end (با انتهای مربعی‌شکل)
 Unifoliate (unifoliata): With a single leaf (تک‌برگی)

ImageTermLatinRefers principally toDescriptionپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_acicular.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafSlender and pointed, needle-likeپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_acuminate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipTapering to a long point in a concave mannerپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Acute.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tip or basePointed, having a short sharp apex angled less than 90°پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Apiculate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipTapering and ending in a short, slender pointپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_aristate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipEnding in a stiff, bristle-like pointwhole leafWith the blade shape different on each side of the midribپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Attenuate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf baseHaving leaf tissue taper down the petiole to a narrow base and always having some leaf material on each side of the petioleپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_base_auriculate_(cropped).png|100x100پیکسلleaf baseHaving ear-shaped appendages reaching beyond the attachment to the petiole or stem (in case of a seated leaf)پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Caudate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipTailed at the apex, leaf tipHaving a rachis that extends beyond the leaf blade or leaflets into a long whip-like extension or cirrus (common in climbing palms); antonym: ecirrateپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_cordate.png|100x100پیکسل, whole leaf or baseHeart-shaped, with the petiole or stem attached to the notchپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_cuneate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf baseTriangular, wedge-shaped, stem attaches to pointwhole leafNarrowly triangular, widest on the opposite end from the stem, with the corners at that end roundedپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipWith a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cuspپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_deltoid.png|100x100پیکسل, whole leafShaped like the Greek letter delta; triangular with stem attached to sideپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_digitate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafA palmately compound leaf with leaflets, similar to palmateIndex of Garden Plants, Mark Griffiths, Timber Press, 1992leaf tipWithout a cirrus; antonym: cirrateپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_elliptic.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafShaped like an ellipse (widest at mid-blade and with similar convex tapering towards apex and base), with a short or no pointپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_apex_emarginate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipSlightly indented at the tipپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_ensiforme.PNG|100x100پیکسلwhole leafShaped like a sword; long and narrow with a sharp pointed tipپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_falcate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafSickle-shapedپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Fenestrate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf surface featuresLarge openings through the leaf; see perforate; sometimes used to describe leaf epidermal windowsپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_morphology_solid_filiform.png|154x154پیکسلwhole leafThread- or filament-shapedپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_flabelate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafSemi-circular or fan-likeپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_hastate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leaf or baseSpear-shaped: pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the baseپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_division_laciniate.png|100x100پیکسلlacinatuswhole leafVery deeply lobed with the lobes being very drawn out and often making the leaf look somewhat like a branch or a pitchfork3-D shapeFlat (like most leaves)پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_lanceolate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafLong, wider in the middle, shaped like a lance tipپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_linear.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafLong and very narrow like a blade of grassپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_lobed.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafBeing divided by clefts; may be pinnately lobed or palmately lobedپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Lorate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafHaving the form of a thong or strapپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Lyrate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafShaped like a lyre, pinnately lobed leaf with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. See also List of lyrate plants.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Mucronate.png|100x100پیکسلmucronatusleaf tipEnding abruptly in a small sharp point as a continuation of the midribMucronate , Answers.com, from Roget's Thesaurus.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_multifide.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafCleft into many parts or lobesپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_obcordate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafHeart-shaped, stem attaches at the tapering endپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_oblanceolate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafMuch longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip; reversed lanceolateپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_oblique.png|100x100پیکسلleaf baseAsymmetrical leaf base, with one side lower than the otherپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_oblong.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafHaving an elongated form with slightly parallel sides; roughly rectangularپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_obovate.png|72x72پیکسلwhole leafTeardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end; reversed ovatewhole leafReversed trullate; the longer sides meet at the base rather than the apex.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_obtuse.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tip or baseBlunt, forming an angle > 90°پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_orbicular.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafCircularپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf morphology ovate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafEgg-shaped, with a tapering point and the widest portion near the petioleپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_palmate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafPalm-shaped, i.e. with lobes or leaflets stemming from the leaf baseپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmatilob%C3%A9.svg|100x100پیکسلwhole leafLobes spread radially from a pointپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmatifide.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafPalm-shaped, having lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway toward the petioleپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmatipartite.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving palmate lobes with incisions that extend over halfway toward the petioleپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmatis%C3%A9qu%C3%A9e.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving palmate lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_pandurate.png|100x100پیکسلpanduratuswhole leafFiddle-shaped; obovate with a constriction near the middle.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_pedate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafPalmate, with cleft lobesپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_peltate.png|100x100پیکسلسپروارstem attachmentA round leaf where the petiole attaches near the center, e.g. a lotus leafپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_attachment_connate-perfoliate.png|100x100پیکسلstem attachmentWith the leaf blade surrounding the stem such that the stem appears to pass through the leafپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_Perforate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf surface featuresMany holes, or perforations, on leaf surface. Compare with fenestrate.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennatilob%C3%A9.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving lobes pinnately arranged on the central axisپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennatifide.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway to the midribپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennatipartite2.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving lobes with incisions that extend more than halfway to the midribپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennatis%C3%A9qu%C3%A9e.svg|100x100پیکسل + whole leafHaving lobes with incisions that extend almost to, or up to, the midribپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_posture_plicate.png|100x100پیکسل3-D shapeFolded into pleats, usually lengthwise, serving the function of stiffening a large leafپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_reniform.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafShaped like a kidney, with an inward curve on one sideپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_apex_retuse.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipWith a shallow notch in a round apexپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_rhomboid.png|100x100پیکسل, whole leafDiamond-shapedپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_apex_rounded.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tip or baseCircular, no distinct pointsemiterete3-D shapeRounded on one side and flat on the otherپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_division_sinuate.png|100x100پیکسل3-D shapeCircularly-lobed leavesپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_spear-shaped.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafArrowhead-shaped with the lower lobes folded, or curled downwardپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_spatulate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafSpoon-shaped; having a broad flat end which tapers to the baseپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_hastate.png|100x100پیکسل-shapedwhole leafSee hastate.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_subobtuse.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tip or baseSomewhat blunted; neither blunt nor sharpپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_subulate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tipAwl-shaped with a tapering pointپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_morphology_solid_terete.png|154x154پیکسل3-D shapeCylindrical with a circular or distorted circular cross-section and a single surface wrapping around it with no grooves or ridges. Subterete means the leaves are not completely terete, as seen in various lichens and succulents.پیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_trullate.png|100x100پیکسلwhole leafShaped like a masonry trowelپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_truncate.png|100x100پیکسلleaf tip or baseWith a squared-off end3-D shapeWave-likeپیوند=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_unifoliate.png|100x100پیکسلcompound leavesWith a single leaflet; it is distinct from a simple leaf by the presence of two abscission layers and often by petiolules and stipels.

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 منابع 


 پیوند به بیرون 

 The Description of Leaves, University of Rochester
 Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
 Vplants
 Botany 115 
 The seed site

رده:برگ
رده:ریخت‌شناسی گیاه
رده:واژه‌نامه‌های گیاه‌شناسی