فشار بخار عناصر (صفحه اطلاعات)

<< منابع اطلاعاتی عناصر شیمیایی

 فشار بخار 
 فشار/(Pa) 1 10 100 200 1 k 2 k 5 k 10 k 20 k 50 k 100 k 101325 منبع  1 H هیدروژن use (T/K)                15      20   CRC.a (T/°C)                -258.6      -252.8   KAL (T/K)        10 (s)  11.4 (s)  12.2 (s)  13.4 (s)  14.5  16.0  18.2    20.3  2 He هلیوم use (T/K)                3      4   CRC.b (T/°C)                -270.6      -268.9   KAL (T/K)        1.3  1.66  1.85  2.17  2.48  2.87  3.54    4.22  3 Li لیتیوم use (T/K)  797  885  995    1144      1337      1610   CRC.f،k (T/°C)  524.3  612.3  722.1    871.2      1064.3      1337.1   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K)  797.4  885.4  995.3                   KAL (T/K)        1040  1145  1200  1275  1345  1415  1530    1630 SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K)  777  867  981                    4 Be برلیوم use (T/K)  1462  1608  1791    2023      2327      2742   CRC.b (T/°C)  1189 (s)  1335  1518    1750      2054      2469   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K)  1461.8                       CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K)    1606.5  1789.2                   SMI.c،g (T/K)  solid، 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K)  1504                       SMI.c،g (T/K)  liquid، 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K)    1647  1828                    5 B بور use (T/K)  2348  2562  2822    3141      3545      4072   CRC.b (T/°C)  2075  2289  2549    2868      3272      3799   SMI.c (T/K)  solid، 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K)  1612  1744  1899                    6 C کربن (گرافیت) use (T/K)    2839  3048    3289      3572      3908   CRC.h (T/°C)    2566 (s)  2775 (s)    3016 (s)      3299 (s)      3635 (s)    7 N نیتروژن use (T/K)  37  41  46    53      62      77   CRC.a،d (T/°C)  -236 (s)  -232 (s)  -226.8 (s)    -220.2 (s)      -211.1 (s)      -195.9   KAL (T/K)        48.1 (s)  53.0 (s)  55.4 (s)  59.0 (s)  62.1 (s)  65.8  71.8    77.4  8 O اکسیژن use (T/K)          61      73      90   CRC.a،i (T/°C)          -211.9      -200.5      -183.1   KAL (T/K)        55.4  61.3  64.3  68.8  72.7  77.1  83.9    90.2  9 F فلوئور use (T/K)  38  44  50    58      69      85   CRC.a،d (T/°C)  -235 (s)  -229.5 (s)  -222.9 (s)    -214.8      -204.3      -188.3   KAL (T/K)        53  58  61  65.3  68.9  73.0  79.3    85.0  10 Ne نئون use (T/K)  12  13  15    18      21      27   CRC.b (T/°C)  -261 (s)  -260 (s)  -258 (s)    -255 (s)      -252 (s)      -246.1   KAL (T/K)        16.3 (s)  18.1 (s)  19.0 (s)  20.4 (s)  21.6 (s)  22.9 (s)  24.9    27.1  11 Na سدیم use (T/K)  554  617  697    802      946      1153   CRC.f،k (T/°C)  280.6  344.2  424.3    529      673      880.2   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K)  553.8  617.3  697.4                   KAL (T/K)        729  807  846  904  954  1010  1095    1175 SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K)  557  620  699                    12 Mg منیزیوم use (T/K)  701  773  861    971      1132      1361   CRC.b (T/°C)  428 (s)  500 (s)  588 (s)    698      859      1088   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K)  700.9  772.7  861.2  892.0                 KAL (T/K)        891  979  1025  1085  1140  1205  1295    1375 SMI.a (T/K)  solid، 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K)  707  778  865                    13 Al آلومینیوم use (T/K)  1482  1632  1817    2054      2364      2790   CRC.b (T/°C)  1209  1359  1544    1781      2091      2517   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K)  1484.9  1634.7  1818.0                   KAL (T/K)        1885  2060  2140  2260  2360  2430  2640    2790 SMI.c،l (T/K)  liquid، 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K)  1406  1545                      14 Si سیلیسیوم use (T/K)  1908  2102  2339    2636      3021      3537   CRC.b (T/°C)  1635  1829  2066    2363      2748      3264   KAL (T/K)        2380  2590  2690  2840  2970  3100  3310    3490 SMI.c (T/K)  solid، 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K)  1600                       SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K)    1738  1917                    15 P فسفر (سفید) use (T/K)  279  307  342    388      453      549   CRC.c،e (T/°C)  6 (s)  34 (s)  69    115      180      276   KAL (T/K)        365  398  414  439  460  484  520.5    553.6  15 P فسفر (قرمز) use (T/K)  455  489  529    576      635      704   CRC.b،c (T/°C)  182 (s)  216 (s)  256 (s)    303 (s)      362 (s)      431 (s)    16 S گوگرد use (T/K)  375  408  449    508      591      717   CRC.c (T/°C)  102 (s)  135  176    235      318      444   KAL (T/K)        462  505.7  528.0  561.3  590.1  622.5  672.4    717.8  17 Cl کلر use (T/K)  128  139  153    170      197      239   CRC.a (T/°C)  -145 (s)  -133.7 (s)  -120.2 (s)    -103.6 (s)      -76.1      -34.2   KAL (T/K)        158 (s)  170 (s)  176.3  187.4  197.0  207.8  224.3    239.2  18 Ar آرگون use (T/K)    47  53    61      71      87   CRC.a،d،l (T/°C)    -226.4 (s)  -220.3 (s)    -212.4 (s)      -201.7 (s)      -186.0   KAL (T/K)        55.0 (s)  60.7 (s)  63.6 (s)  67.8 (s)  71.4 (s)  75.4 (s)  81.4 (s)    87.3  19 K پتاسیم use (T/K)  473  530  601    697      832      1029   CRC.f،k (T/°C)  200.2  256.5  328    424      559      756.2   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K)  473.3  529.6  601.1                   KAL (T/K)        633  704  740  794  841  894  975    1050 SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K)  475  531  602                    20 Ca کلسیم use (T/K)  864  956  1071    1227      1443      1755   CRC.b (T/°C)  591 (s)  683 (s)  798 (s)    954      1170      1482   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K)  864.2  956.4  1071.5  1112.0                 KAL (T/K)        1105  1220  1280  1365  1440  1525  1650    1765 SMI.a (T/K)  408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K)  869  961  1075                    21 Sc اسکاندیوم use (T/K)  1645  1804  (2006)    (2266)      (2613)      (3101)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1372 (s)  1531 (s)  1733 (i)    1993 (i)      2340 (i)      2828 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K)-3 CR2  liquid، m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K) SMI.c (T/K)  1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K)  1678  1845  2049                    22 Ti تیتانیوم use (T/K)  1982  2171  (2403)    2692      3064      3558   CRC.b (T/°C)  1709  1898  2130 (e)    2419      2791      3285   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K)  2001.7  2194.8                     SMI.c (T/K)  solid، 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K)  1797  1988                     SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K)      2209                    23 V وانادیوم use (T/K)  2101  2289  2523    2814      3187      3679   CRC.b (T/°C)  1828 (s)  2016  2250    2541      2914      3406   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K)  2099.6                       CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K)    2287.2  2517.5                   SMI.c (T/K)  1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K)  2139  2326                      24 Cr کلر use (T/K)  1656  1807  1991    2223      2530      2942   CRC.b (T/°C)  1383 (s)  1534 (s)  1718 (s)    1950      2257      2669   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)-3 KAL (T/K)        2020  2180  2260  2370  2470  2580  2730    2870 SMI.c،l (T/K)  solid، 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K)  1463  1596  1755                    25 Mn منگنز use (T/K)  1228  1347  1493    1691      1955      2333   CRC.b (T/°C)  955 (s)  1074 (s)  1220 (s)    1418      1682      2060   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K)  1229.2  1346.6  1490.0                   KAL (T/K)        1560  1710  1780  1890  1980  2080  2240    2390 SMI.c (T/K)  717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K)  1240  1359  1504                    26 Fe آهن use (T/K)  1728  1890  2091    2346      2679      3132   CRC.b (T/°C)  1455 (s)  1617  1818    2073      2406      2859   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K)-3 CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K)    1890.7  2092.8                   KAL (T/K)        2110  2290  2380  2500  2610  2720  2890    3030 SMI.c،f (T/K)  solid، 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K)  1701                       SMI.c،f (T/K)  liquid، 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K)    1855  2031                    27 Co کبالت use (T/K)  1790  1960  2165    2423      2755      3198   CRC.b (T/°C)  1517  1687  1892    2150      2482      2925   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K)  1790.3  1960.9  2167.5                   SMI.c (T/K)  1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K)  1900  2081  2298                    28 Ni نیکل use (T/K)  1783  1950  2154    2410      2741      3184   CRC.b (T/°C)  1510  1677  1881    2137      2468      2911   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K)  1779.0  1945.7  2146.9                   KAL (T/K)        2230  2410  2500  2630  2740  2860  3030    3180 SMI.c،q  solid، 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K) SMI.c،q (T/K)  liquid، 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K)  1764  1930  2129                    29 Cu مس use (T/K)  1509  1661  1850    2089      2404      2836   CRC.b (T/°C)  1236  1388  1577    1816      2131      2563   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K)  1512.2  1665.7  1853.8                   KAL (T/K)        1940  2110  2200  2320  2420  2540  2710    2860 SMI.c،f  solid، 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K) SMI.c،f (T/K)  liquid، 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K)  1529  1684  1875                    30 Zn روی use (T/K)  610  670  750    852      990      (1185)   CRC.b (T/°C)  337 (s)  397 (s)  477    579      717      912 (e)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K)  610.0  670.4                     CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K)      749.8                   KAL (T/K)        780  854  891  945  991  1040  1120    1185 SMI.a (T/K)  solid، 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K)  609  670                      31 Ga گالیوم use (T/K)  1310  1448  1620    1838      2125      2518   CRC.b (T/°C)  1037  1175  1347    1565      1852      2245   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K)  1307.4  1444.4  1613.8                   KAL (T/K)        1665  1820  1900  2000  2100  2200  2350    2480 SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K)  1347  1499  1688                    32 Ge ژرمانیوم use (T/K)  1644  1814  2023    2287      2633      3104   CRC.b (T/°C)  1371  1541  1750    2014      2360      2831   SMI.c (T/K)  897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K)  1505  1671  1878                    33 As آرسنیک use (T/K)  553  596  646    706      781      874   CRC.c (T/°C)  280 (s)  323 (s)  373 (s)    433 (s)      508 (s)      601 (s)   KAL (T/K)        656 (s)  701 (s)  723 (s)  754 (s)  780 (s)  808 (s)  849 (s)    883 (s)  34 Se سلنیوم use (T/K)  500  552  617    704      813      958   CRC.c (T/°C)  227  279  344    431      540      685   KAL (T/K)        636  695  724  767  803  844  904    958  35 Br بروم use (T/K)  185  201  220    244      276      332   CRC.a (T/°C)  -87.7 (s)  -71.8 (s)  -52.7 (s)    -29.3 (s)      2.5      58.4   KAL (T/K)        227 (s)  244.1 (s)  252.1 (s)  263.6 (s)  275.7  290.0  312.0    332.0  36 Kr کریپتون use (T/K)  59  65  74    84      99      120   CRC.d (T/°C)  -214.0 (s)  -208.0 (s)  -199.4 (s)    -188.9 (s)      -174.6 (s)      -153.6   KAL (T/K)        77 (s)  84.3 (s)  88.1 (s)  93.8 (s)  98.6 (s)  103.9 (s)  112.0 (s)    119.7  37 Rb روبیدیوم use (T/K)  434  486  552    641      769      958   CRC.f،k (T/°C)  160.4  212.5  278.9    368      496.1      685.3   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K)  433.6  485.7  552.1                   KAL (T/K)        583  649  684  735  779  829  907    978 SMI.d (T/K)  liquid، 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K)  433  484  548                    38 Sr استرانسیوم use (T/K)  796  882  990    1139      1345      1646   CRC.b (T/°C)  523 (s)  609 (s)  717 (s)    866      1072      1373   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K)  795.7  882.0  989.9  1028.0                 KAL (T/K)        1040 (s)  1150  1205  1285  1355  1430  1550    1660 SMI.c (T/K)  solid، 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K)  812  899  1008                    39 Y ایتریوم use (T/K)  1883  2075  (2320)    (2627)      (3036)      (3607)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1610.1  1802.3  2047 (i)    2354 (i)      2763 (i)      3334 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K)  1883.3  2075.4                     SMI.c (T/K)  1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K)  1901  2081  2299                    40 Zr زیرکونیوم use (T/K)  2639  2891  3197    3575      4053      4678   CRC.b (T/°C)  2366  2618  2924    3302      3780      4405   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K) CR2  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K) SMI.c (T/K)  solid، 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K)  2249                       SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K)    2457  2698                    41 Nb نیوبیوم use (T/K)  2942  3207  3524    3910      4393      5013   CRC.b (T/°C)  2669  2934  3251    3637      4120      4740   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K) SMI.n  2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K)  42 Mo مولیبدن use (T/K)  2742  2994  3312    3707      4212      4879   CRC.b (T/°C)  2469 (s)  2721  3039    3434      3939      4606   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K) KAL (T/K)        3420  3720  3860  4060  4220  4410  4680    4900 SMI.r (T/K)  solid، 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K)  2774                        43 Tc تکنسیوم use (T/K)  (2727)  (2998)  (3324)    (3726)      (4234)      (4894)   CRC.b (T/°C)  2454 (e)  2725 (e)  3051 (e)    3453 (e)      3961 (e)      4621 (e)    44 Ru روتنیوم use (T/K)  2588  2811  3087    3424      3845      4388   CRC.b (T/°C)  2315 (s)  2538  2814    3151      3572      4115   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K)  2597.6                       SMI.c (T/K)  1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K)  2677  2908  3181                    45 Rh رودیوم use (T/K)  2288  2496  2749    3063      3405      3997   CRC.b (T/°C)  2015  2223  2476    2790      3132      3724   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K)  2269.0  2478.9                     SMI.c (T/K)  1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K)  2398  2604  2848                    46 Pd پالادیوم use (T/K)  1721  1897  2117    2395      2753      3234   CRC.b (T/°C)  1448 (s)  1624  1844    2122      2480      2961   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K)  1721.0                       CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K)    1897.7                     SMI.c (T/K)  1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K)  1817  2006  2240                    47 Ag نقره use (T/K)  1283  1413  1575    1782      2055      2433   CRC.b (T/°C)  1010  1140  1302    1509      1782      2160   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K)  1285.3  1417.0  1578.8                   KAL (T/K)        1640  1790  1865  1970  2060  2160  2310    2440 SMI.a  solid، 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K) SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K)  1306  1440  1604                    48 Cd کادمیوم use (T/K)  530  583  654    745      867      1040   CRC.b (T/°C)  257 (s)  310 (s)  381    472      594      767   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K)  529.8  583.1                     CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K)      653.7                   KAL (T/K)        683  748  781  829  870  915  983    1045 SMI.a (T/K)  solid، 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K)  532  585                      49 In ایندیوم use (T/K)  1196  1325  1485    1690      1962      2340   CRC.b (T/°C)  923  1052  1212    1417      1689      2067   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K)  1182.7  1308.7  1464.9                   SMI.c،m (T/K)  liquid، 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K)  1208  1342  1508                    50 Sn قلع use (T/K)  1497  1657  1855    2107      2438      2893   CRC.b (T/°C)  1224  1384  1582    1834      2165      2620   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K)  1493.2  1654.3  1854.4                   KAL (T/K)        1930  2120  2210  2350  2470  2600  2800    2990 SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K)  1441  1620  1848                    51 Sb آنتیموان use (T/K)  807  876  1011    1219      1491      1858   CRC.b،c (T/°C)  534 (s)  603 (s)  738    946      1218      1585   KAL (T/K)        1065  1220  1295  1405  1495  1595  1740    1890 SMI.c (T/K)  466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K)  940  1039  1160                    52 Te تلوریوم use (T/K)      (775)    (888)      1042      1266   CRC.d (T/°C)      502 (e)    615 (e)      768.8      992.4   KAL (T/K)        806  888  929  990  1040  1100  1190    1270  53 I ید (rhombic) use (T/K)  260  282  309    342      381      457   CRC.a،b (T/°C)  -12.8 (s)  9.3 (s)  35.9 (s)    68.7 (s)      108 (s)      184.0   KAL (T/K)        318 (s)  341.8 (s)  353.1 (s)  369.3 (s)  382.7 (s)  400.8  430.6    457.5  54 Xe گزنون use (T/K)  83  92  103    117      137      165   CRC.d،m (T/°C)  -190 (s)  -181 (s)  -170 (s)    -155.8 (s)      -136.6 (s)      -108.4   KAL (T/K)        107 (s)  117.3 (s)  122.5 (s)  130.1 (s)  136.6 (s)  143.8 (s)  154.7 (s)    165.0  55 Cs سزیوم use (T/K)  418  469  534    623      750      940   CRC.f،k (T/°C)  144.5  195.6  260.9    350.0      477.1      667.0   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K)  417.6  468.7  534.1                   KAL (T/K)        559  624  657  708  752  802  883    959 SMI.e (T/K)  liquid، 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K)  420  473  540                    56 Ba باریوم use (T/K)  911  1038  1185    1388      1686      2170   CRC.e (T/°C)  638 (s)  765  912    1115      1413      1897   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K)  911.0                       CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K)    1018.7  1164.0                   KAL (T/K)        1165  1290  1360  1455  1540  1635  1780    1910 SMI.c (T/K)  418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K)  890  989  1113                    57 La لانتان use (T/K)  (2005)  (2208)  (2458)    (2772)      (3178)      (3726)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1732 (i)  1935 (i)  2185 (i)    2499 (i)      2905 (i)      3453 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K)  2001.9  2203.8  2450.9                   SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K)  1636  1799  1999                    58 Ce سریوم use (T/K)  1992  2194  2442    2754      3159      3705   CRC.g (T/°C)  1719  1921  2169    2481      2886      3432   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K)  1996.8  2204.4  2460.3                   SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K)  1562  1694  1850                    59 Pr پرازئودیمیوم use (T/K)  1771  1973  (2227)    (2571)      (3054)      (3779)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1497.7  1699.4  1954 (i)    2298 (i)      2781 (i)      3506 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K)  1770.8  1972.5                      60 Nd نئودیمیوم use (T/K)  1595  1774  1998    (2296)      (2715)      (3336)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1322.3  1501.2  1725.3    2023 (i)      2442 (i)      3063 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K)  1595.5  1774.4  1998.5                    62 Sm ساماریوم use (T/K)  1001  1106  1240    (1421)      (1675)      (2061)   CRC.c (T/°C)  728 (s)  833 (s)  967 (s)    1148 (i)      1402 (i)      1788 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K)  1002.5  1109.2  1242.2  1289.0                  63 Eu اروپیوم use (T/K)  863  957  1072    1234      1452      1796   CRC.g (T/°C)  590 (s)  684 (s)  799 (s)    961      1179      1523   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K)  874.6  968.8  1086.5                    64 Gd گادولینیوم use (T/K)  (1836)  (2028)  (2267)    (2573)      (2976)      (3535)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1563 (i)  1755 (i)  1994 (i)    2300 (i)      2703 (i)      3262 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K)  1835.6  2027.5  2264.3                    65 Tb تربیوم use (T/K)  1789  1979  (2201)    (2505)      (2913)      (3491)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1516.1  1706.1  1928 (i)    2232 (i)      2640 (i)      3218 (i)   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K)  1789.3  1979.3  2214.4                    66 Dy دیسپروزیوم use (T/K)  1378  1523  (1704)    (1954)      (2304)      (2831)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1105 (s)  1250 (s)  1431 (i)    1681 (i)      2031 (i)      2558 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K)  1382.3  1526.5                      67 Ho هولمیوم use (T/K)  1432  1584  (1775)    (2040)      (2410)      (2964)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1159 (s)  1311 (s)  1502 (i)    1767 (i)      2137 (i)      2691 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K)  1434.8  1585.2                      68 Er اربیوم use (T/K)  1504  1663  (1885)    (2163)      (2552)      (3132)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1231 (s)  1390 (s)  1612 (i)    1890 (i)      2279 (i)      2859 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K)  1504.7  1663.0                     CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K)      1873.9                    69 Tm تالیوم use (T/K)  1117  1235  1381    1570      (1821)      (2217)   CRC.c (T/°C)  844 (s)  962 (s)  1108 (s)    1297 (s)      1548 (i)      1944 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K)  1118.3  1235.5  1381.0                    70 Yb ایتربیوم use (T/K)  736  813  910    1047      (1266)      (1465)   CRC.c (T/°C)  463 (s)  540 (s)  637 (s)    774 (s)      993 (i)      1192 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K)  737.0  814.4                      71 Lu لوتسیوم use (T/K)  1906  2103  2346    (2653)      (3072)      (3663)   CRC.c (T/°C)  1633 (s)  1829.8  2072.8    2380 (i)      2799 (i)      3390 (i)   CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K)  1905.9                       CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K)    2103.0  2346.0                    72 Hf هافنیوم use (T/K)  2689  2954  3277    3679      4194      4876   CRC.e (T/°C)  2416  2681  3004    3406      3921      4603   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K)  73 Ta تانتال use (T/K)  3297  3597  3957    4395      4939      5634   CRC.b (T/°C)  3024  3324  3684    4122      4666      5361   CR2  solid، 248 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K)-3 SMI.o،p  solid، 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K)  74 W تنگستن use (T/K)  3477  3773  4137    4579      5127      5823   CRC.b (T/°C)  3204 (s)  3500  3864    4306      4854      5550   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K) CR2  solid، 2200 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K) KAL (T/K)        4300  4630  4790  5020  5200  5400  5690    5940 SMI.s (T/K)  solid، 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K)  3542                        75 Re رنیوم use (T/K)  3303  3614  4009    4500      5127      5954   CRC.b (T/°C)  3030 (s)  3341  3736    4227      4854      5681   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K)  76 Os اسمیوم use (T/K)  3160  3423  3751    4148      4638      5256   CRC.b (T/°C)  2887 (s)  3150  3478    3875      4365      4983   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K) SMI.c (T/K)  2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K)  2910  3158  3453                    77 Ir ایریدیوم use (T/K)  2713  2957  3252    3614      4069      4659   CRC.b (T/°C)  2440 (s)  2684  2979    3341      3796      4386   CR2  solid، 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K) SMI.c (T/K)  1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K)  2799  3050  3349                    78 Pt پلاتین use (T/K)  2330  (2550)  2815    3143      3556      4094   CRC.b (T/°C)  2057  2277 (e)  2542    2870      3283      3821   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K)-3 CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K)  2357.4                       KAL (T/K)        2910  3150  3260  3420  3560  3700  3910    4090 SMI.c (T/K)  1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K)  2339  2556  2818                    79 Au طلا use (T/K)  1646  1814  2021    2281      2620      3078   CRC.b (T/°C)  1373  1541  1748    2008      2347      2805   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K)  1663.0  1832.1  2039.4                   KAL (T/K)        2100  2290  2390  2520  2640  2770  2960    3120 SMI.a (T/K)  1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K)  1719  1895  2111                    80 Hg جیوه use (T/K)  315  350  393    449      523      629   CRC.j،k (T/°C)  42.0  76.6  120.0    175.6      250.3      355.9   CR2 (T/K)  liquid، 298 K to 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K)  315.2  349.7  392.8                   KAL (T/K)        408  448.8  468.8  498.4  523.4  551.2  592.9    629.8  81 Tl تالیوم use (T/K)  882  977  1097    1252      1461      1758   CRC.b (T/°C)  609  704  824    979      1188      1485   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K)  880.4  975.4  1093.4                   KAL (T/K)        1125  1235  1290  1370  1440  1515  1630    1730 SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K)  868  962  1078                    82 Pb سرب use (T/K)  978  1088  1229    1412      1660      2027   CRC.b (T/°C)  705  815  956    1139      1387      1754   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K)  978.2  1087.9                     KAL (T/K)        1285  1420  1485  1585  1670  1760  1905    2030 SMI.a (T/K)  liquid، 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K)  978  1089  1228                    83 Bi بیسموت use (T/K)  941  1041  1165    1325      1538      1835   CRC.b (T/°C)  668  768  892    1052      1265      1562   KAL (T/K)        1225  1350  1410  1505  1580  1670  1800    1920 SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K)  957  1060  1189                    84 Po پولونیوم use (T/K)          (846)      1003      1236   CRC.d (T/°C)          573 (e)      730.2      963.3    85 At استاتین use (T/K)  361  392  429    475      531      607   CRC.b (T/°C)  88 (s)  119 (s)  156 (s)    202 (s)      258 (s)      334    86 Rn رادون use (T/K)  110  121  134    152      176      211   CRC.d (T/°C)  -163 (s)  -152 (s)  -139 (s)    -121.4 (s)      -97.6 (s)      -62.3   KAL (T/K)        139 (s)  152 (s)  158 (s)  168 (s)  176 (s)  184 (s)  198 (s)    211  87 Fr فرانسیوم use (T/K)  (404)  (454)  (519)    (608)      (738)      (946)   CRC.b (T/°C)  131 (e)  181 (e)  246 (e)    335 (e)      465 (e)      673 (e)    88 Ra رادیوم use (T/K)  819  906  1037    1209      1446      1799   CRC.b (T/°C)  546 (s)  633 (s)  764    936      1173      1526    90 Th توریوم use (T/K)  2633  2907  3248    3683      4259      5055   CRC.b (T/°C)  2360  2634  2975    3410      3986      4782   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K) CR2  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K) SMI.c (T/K)  1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K)  2442  2672  2949                    91 Pa پروتاکتینیوم CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K) CR2  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K)  92 U اورانیوم use (T/K)  2325  2564  2859    3234      3727      4402   CRC.b (T/°C)  2052  2291  2586    2961      3454      4129   CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K)-3 CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K)  2422.6                       SMI.c (T/K)  liquid، 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K)  2149  2344  2579                    93 Np نپتونیوم use (T/K)  2194  2437                     CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K)  2194.1  2436.6                      94 Pu پلوتونیوم use (T/K)  1756  1953  2198    2511      2926      3499   CRC.b (T/°C)  1483  1680  1925    2238      2653      3226   CR2  solid، 500 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K) CR2  solid، 298 K to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K)  1920.9  2171.3                      95 Am امرسیوم use (T/K)  1239  1356                     CR2 (T/K)  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K)  1238.7  1356.1                      96 Cm کوریوم use (T/K)  1788  1982                     CR2  solid، 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K) CR2 (T/K)  liquid، m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K)  1788.2  1982.0                    

 یادداشت 
 Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure.
 Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison.
 A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR۲: ۵.۰۰۶، SMI: -۰.۸۷۵).
 Ref. SMI uses temperature scale ITS-۴۸. No conversion was done، which should be of little consequence however.
 The temperature at standard pressure should be equal to the نقطه جوش، but due to the considerable spread does not necessarily have to match values reported elsewhere.

 منابع 

 CRC.a-m 
David R. Lide (ed)، CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics، ۸۴th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton، Florida، ۲۰۰۳; Section ۶، Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure
Uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. (e) Indicates extrapolated values beyond the region of experimental data، subject to greater uncertainty. (i) Indicates values calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions. (s) Indicates the substance is solid at this temperature. As quoted from these sources:
 a - Lide، D.R.، and Kehiaian، H.V.، CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data، CRC Press، Boca Raton، FL، ۱۹۹۴.
 b - Stull، D.، in American Institute of Physics Handbook، Third Edition، Gray، D.E.، Ed.، McGraw Hill، New York، ۱۹۷۲.
 c - Hultgren، R.، Desai، P.D.، Hawkins، D.T.، Gleiser، M.، Kelley، K.K.، and Wagman، D.D.، Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements، American Society for Metals، Metals Park، OH، ۱۹۷۳.
 d - TRCVP، Vapor Pressure Database، Version ۲.۲P، Thermodynamic Research Center، Texas A&M University، College Station، TX.
 e - Barin، I.، Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances، VCH Publishers، New York، ۱۹۹۳.
 f - Ohse، R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals، Blackwell Scientific Publications، Oxford، ۱۹۹۴.
 g - Gschneidner، K.A.، in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics، ۷۷th Edition، p. ۴-۱۱۲، CRC Press، Boca Raton، FL، ۱۹۹۶.
 h - Leider، H.R.، Krikorian، O.H.، and Young، D.A.، Carbon، ۱۱، ۵۵۵، ۱۹۷۳.
 i - Wagner، W.، and de Reuck، K.M.، International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State، No. ۹. Oxygen، Blackwell Scientific Publications، Oxford، ۱۹۸۷.
 j - Marsh، K.N.، Editor، Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties، Blackwell Scientific Publications، Oxford، ۱۹۸۷.
 k - Alcock، C.B.، Itkin، V.P.، and Horrigan، M.K.، Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly، ۲۳، ۳۰۹، ۱۹۸۴.
 l - Stewart، R.B.، and Jacobsen، R.T.، J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data، ۱۸، ۶۳۹، ۱۹۸۹.
 m - Sifner، O.، and Klomfar، J.، J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data، ۲۳، ۶۳، ۱۹۹۴.

 CR۲ 
David R. Lide (ed)، CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics، ۸۴th Edition، online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton، Florida، ۲۰۰۳; Section ۴، Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements
The equations reproduce the observed pressures to an accuracy of ±۵% or better. Coefficients from this source:
 Alcock، C.B.، Itkin، V.P.، and Horrigan، M.K.، Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly، ۲۳، ۳۰۹، (۱۹۸۴).

 KAL 
National Physical Laboratory، Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section ۳.۴.۴، D. Ambrose، Vapour pressures from ۰.۲ to ۱۰۱.۳۲۵ kPa. Retrieved Jan ۲۰۰۶.

 SMI.a-s 
W.E. Forsythe (ed.)، Smithsonian Physical Tables ۹th ed.، online version (۱۹۵۴; Knovel ۲۰۰۳). Table ۳۶۳، Evaporation of Metals
The equations are described as reproducing the observed pressures to a satisfactory degree of approximation. From these sources:
 a - K.K. Kelley، Bur. Mines Bull. ۳۸۳، (۱۹۳۵).
 b - R.W. Ditchburn، J.C. Gilmour، Rev. Mod. Phys.، vol. ۱۳، p. ۳۱۰، (۱۹۴۱).
 c - Brewer، The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements، Report for the Manhattan Project، (۱۹۴۶).
 d - T.J. Killian، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۲۷، p. ۵۷۸، (۱۹۲۶).
 e - J.B. Taylor، I. Langmuir، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۵۱، p. ۷۵۳، (۱۹۳۷).
 f - A.L. Marshall، R.W. Dornte، F.J. Norton، Amer. Chem. Soc.، vol. ۵۹، p. ۱۱۶۱، (۱۹۳۷).
 g - R. Schumann، A.B. Garret، Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc.، vol. ۶۶، p. ۴۴۲، (۱۹۴۴); vol. ۶۷، p. ۲۲۷۹، (۱۹۴۵).
 h - E. Rudberg، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۴۶، p. ۷۶۳، (۱۹۳۴).
 i - J.A.M. Van Liempt، Rec. Trav. Chem. d. Pays-Bas، vol. ۵۵، p. ۴۶۸، (۱۹۳۶).
 j - E. Rudberg، J. Lempert، Journ. Chem. Phys.، vol. ۳، p. ۶۲۷، (۱۹۳۵).
 k - Int. National Critical Tables، vol. ۳، p. ۳۰۶، (۱۹۲۸).
 l - E. Baur، R. Bruner، Hev. Chim. Acta، vol. ۱۷، p. ۹۵۸، (۱۹۳۴).
 m - J.S. Anderson، Journ. Chem. Soc. (London)، vol. ۱۴۱، (۱۹۴۳).
 n - A.L. Reimann، C.K. Grant، Philos. Mag.، vol. ۲۲، p. ۳۴، (۱۹۳۶).
 o - D.B. Langmuir، L. Malter، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۵۵، p. ۷۴۸، (۱۹۳۹).
 p - M.D. Fiske، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۶۱، p. ۵۱۳، (۱۹۴۲).
 q - H.L. Johnston، A.L. Marshall، Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc.، vol. ۶۲، p. ۱۳۸۲، (۱۹۴۰).
 r - H.A. Jones، I. Langmuir، G.M.J. Mackay، Phys. Rev.، vol. ۳۰، p. ۲۰۱، (۱۹۲۷).
 s - H.A. Jones، I. Langmuir، Gen. Electric Rev.، vol. ۳۰، p. ۳۵۴، (۱۹۲۷).

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رده:صفحه‌های داده‌های شیمیایی