Kaliforniako genozidioa

Kaliforniako genozidioa Estatu Batuetako gobernuko agenteek eta herritar batzuk XIX. mendean egindako ekintzak izan ziren, Kaliforniako (Mexiko) konkista estatubatuarraren ondoren, Kaliforniako populazio indigenaren beherakada dramatikoa eragin zuena. 1849 eta 1870 bitartean, Estatu Batuetako kolonoek Kaliforniako 9.500 biztanle inguru hil zituztela uste da modu kontserbadorean, eta esklabotza, bahiketa, bortxaketa, haurren banantzea eta lekualdatze ekintzak orokortu, bultzatu, gauzatu eta onartu egin zituzten estatuko agintariek eta miliziek.

1925eko "Handbook of the Indians of California" liburuak Kaliforniako indigenen populazioa 1848an 150.000 pertsonatik 1870ean 30.000 pertsonara jaitsi zela kalkulatu zuen, eta 1900ean 16.000 pertsonara jaitsi zela. Gaixotasunek, goseak eta sarraskiek eragin zuten murrizketa. Kaliforniako amerikarrak, batez ere urrearen sukarraren garaian, hilketen jomuga izan ziren. Kolonoek 24.000 eta 27.000 amerikar artean ere hartu zituzten lan behartuetarako. Kaliforniako estatuak bere erakundeak erabili zituen kolono zurien alde egiteko, eta bertakoen gonozidioaren arduraduna izan zen.

2000ko hamarkadatik hona, Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako hainbat erakunde akademiko eta aktibistak AEBek Kalifornia konkistatu ondorengo garaia lurraldean bizi ziren amerikarren aurkako genozidio gisa definitu dute, estatu mailako gobernuek eta gobernu federalak egindakoa. 2019an, Gavin Newsom Kaliforniako gobernadoreak barkamena eskatu zuen genozidioagatik, eta ikerketa talde bat osatzea eskatu zuen, gaia hobeto ulertzeko eta etorkizuneko belaunaldiei informazioa emateko.

 Aurrekariak 

 Herri indigenak 
Espainiarrak iritsi baino lehen, Kalifornia 300.000 indigenen bizilekua zela kalkulatzen da. Talderik handiena Chumash herria izan zen, 10.000 biztanle inguru zituena. Eskualdea oso anitza zen eta hizkuntza ezberdin asko hitz egiten ziren. Eremu honetan aniztasun handia egon zen arren, aurkikuntza arkeologikoek tribuen arteko gatazken ebidentzia gutxi erakusten dute.

Taldeak eremu eta lurralde partikularretara egokituta zeuden. Kaliforniako habitatek eta klimak bizitza basati ugari sostengatu zuten, untxiak, oreinak, arrain barietateak, frutak, sustraiak eta ezkurrak barne. Bertakoek, neurri handi batean, ehiztari-biltzaile bizimodua jarraitzen zuten, euren lurraldean zehar, urtaroetan zehar mugitzen zirelarik, elikagai mota ezberdinen bila.thumb|331x331px| Kaliforniako talde etniko eta linguistiko indigenak europarrak iritsi aurretik.

 Lenengo harremanak 

 Kaliforniako estatua eta genozidioa 

 Dokumentatutako sarraskien zerrenda 

UrteaDataIzenaOraingo kokapenaDeskribapenaBiktimak1846Apirilak 6Sacramento River massacreCaliforniaJohn C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek Kaliforniako Sacramento ibaian zegoen indiar talde bati (Wintun ziurrenik) eraso zioten, 120 eta 200 indiar artean hilez.120–2001846Maiatzak 12Klamath Lake massacreCaliforniaJohn C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek, Kit Carson buru zutela, Klamath indiar herrixka bati eraso zioten Klamath lakuaren ertzean, gutxienez 14 pertsona hilez.14+1846EkainaSutter Buttes massacreCaliforniaJohn C. Frémont kapitainaren gizonek Sacramento ibaiaren ertzean zegoen arrantxeria bati eraso zioten Sutter Buttesetik gertu, zenbait indigena Patwin hilez.14+1846AbenduaPauma massacreCalifornia11 Californio Rancho Pauman harrapatuak izan ziren, indiarrek zaldi lapur bezala hil zituztenak Warner Springsen, Kalifornian, Temeculako sarraskia eragin zuena.11 (kolono)1846AbenduaTemecula massacreCalifornia33 to 40 Luiseño Indians killed in an ambush in revenge for the Pauma Massacre east of Temecula, California.33–401847MartxoaRancheria Tulea massacreCaliforniaEsklabista zuriek errepresaliak hartzen dituzte esklabo baten ihesagatik, Tulea Arrantxerian bost indiar sarraskituz.51847Martxoak 29Kern and Sutter massacresCaliforniaIn response to a plea from White settlers to put an end to raids, U.S. Army Captain Edward Kern and rancher John Sutter led 50 men in attacks on three Indian villages.201847Ekainaren amaiera/uztailaren hasieraKonkow Maidu slaver massacreCaliforniaSlavers kill 12–20 Konkow Maidu Indians in the process of capturing 30 members of the tribe for the purpose of forced slavery.12–201850Maiatzak 15Bloody Island massacreCaliforniaNathaniel Lyon and his U.S. Army detachment of cavalry killed 60–100 Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti island near Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killed two Clear Lake settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo people. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo.) This incident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killing of native people all over Northern California. The site is now California Registered Historical Landmark #427.60–1001851Urtarrilak 11Mariposa WarCaliforniaThe gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer militia. Some Native American tribes fought back, beginning with the Ahwahnechees and the Chowchilla in the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Valley leading a raid on the Fresno River post of James D. Savage, in December 1850. In retaliation Mariposa County Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851 on a mountainside near present-day Oakhurst, California.40+1851Old Shasta TownCaliforniaMiners killed 300 Wintu Indians near Old Shasta, California and burned down their tribal council meeting house.3001852Apirilak 23Bridge Gulch massacreCalifornia70 American men led by Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than 150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliation for the killing of Col. John Anderson.1501852AzaroaWright massacreCaliforniaWhite settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wright massacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley".411853Howonquet massacreCaliforniaCalifornian settlers attacked and burned the Tolowa village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people.701853Yontoket MassacreCaliforniaA posse of settlers attacked and burned a Tolowa rancheria at Yontocket, California, killing 450 Tolowa during a prayer ceremony.4501853Achulet MassacreCaliforniaWhite settlers launched an attack on a Tolowa village near Lake Earl in California, killing between 65 and 150 Indians at dawn.65–1501853Abenduaren 31 baino lehen"Ox" incidentCaliforniaU.S. forces attacked and killed an unreported number of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in what was referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received".1855Urtarrilak 22Klamath River massacresCaliforniaIn retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in Humboldt County, California.1856MartxoaShingletownCaliforniaIn reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred at least 20 Yana men, women, and children near Shingletown, California.201856–1859Round Valley Settler MassacresCaliforniaWhite settlers killed over a thousand Yuki Indians in Round Valley over the course of three years in an uncountable number of separate massacres.1,000+1859–1860Jarboe's WarCaliforniaWhite settlers calling themselves the "Eel River Rangers", led by Walter Jarboe, killed at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They were reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign.283+1859IrailaPit RiverCaliforniaWhite settlers massacred 70 Achomawi Indians (10 men and 60 women and children) in their village on the Pit River in California.701859Chico CreekCaliforniaWhite settlers attacked a Maidu camp near Chico Creek in California, killing indiscriminately 40 Indians.401860Ez da ezagutzenMassacre at Bloody RockCaliforniaA group of 65 Yuki Indians were surrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in Mendocino County, California.651860Otsailak 26Indian Island massacreCaliforniaIn three nearly simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot, at Indian Island, Eureka, Rio Dell, and near Hydesville, California, white settlers killed between 80 and 250 Wiyot in Humboldt County, California. Victims were mostly women, children, and elders, as reported by Bret Harte at Arcata newspaper. Other villages were massacred within two days. The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States #66000208.80–2501863Apirilak 19Keyesville massacreCaliforniaAmerican militia and members of the California Volunteers cavalry killed 35 Tübatulabal men in Kern County, California.351863Abuztuak 28Konkow Trail of TearsCaliforniaIn August 1863 all Konkow Maidu were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the Round Valley Reservation at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached the Round Valley on 18 September 1863.1841864Oak Run massacreCaliforniaCalifornia settlers massacred 300 Yana Indians who had gathered near the head of Oak Run, California for a spiritual ceremony.3001865Owens Lake massacreCaliforniaTo avenge the killing of a woman and child at Haiwai Meadows, White vigilantes attacked a Paiute camp on Owens Lake in California, killing about 40 men, women, and children.401865Three Knolls massacreCaliforniaWhite settlers massacred a Yana community at Three Knolls on the Mill Creek, California.1868Campo SecoCaliforniaA posse of white settlers massacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California.331871Kingsley Cave massacreCalifornia4 settlers killed 30 Yahi Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles from Wild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacre left only 15 members of the Yahi tribe alive.30

 Biztanleriaren beherakada 
eskuinera|thumb| Kaliforniako jatorrizko biztanleriaren kalkulua Handbook of the Indians of California (1925) oinarritzat hartuta (Cook 1978)

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 Barkamena Kaliforniako gobernadorearen eskutik 

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Kategoria:Genozidioa
Kategoria:Kaliforniako historia