Atmosfera elektro

La atmosfera elektro estas la dumtaga ŝanĝado de la elektromagneta reto de la atmosfero (aŭ, pli ĝenerale, ĉiu ajn elektra sistemo en la atmosfero de planedo). La surfaco de la Tero, nome la jonosfero, kaj la atmosfero estas konataj kiel la “tutmonda atmosfera elektra cirkvito”. La atmosfera elektro estas multfaka temo.

Ĉiam estas libera elektro en la aero kaj en la nuboj, kiu agas per indukto super la tero kaj super la elektromagnetaj aparatoj.Richard Spelman Culley, A Handbook of Practical Telegraphy. Longmans 1885. Paĝo 104 La eksperimentoj pruvis ke ĉiam estas libera elektro en la atmosfero, kiu foje estas negativa kaj aliaj fojoj estas pozitiva, sed plej ofte estas ĝenerale pozitiva, kaj la intenseco de tiu libera elektro estas pli granda meztage ol matene aŭ nokte kaj estas pli granda vintre ol somere. Dum bona vetero, la potencialo pligrandiĝas laŭ la alteco en unu indico, laŭ kelkaj fakuloj, de ĉirkaŭ 100 voltoj por metro.The Encyclopedia Americana; A library of universal knowledge. (1918). New York: Encyclopedia Americana Corp. Paĝo 181.

 Notoj 

 Bibliografio 
 Transcript of hand-written article de Dr. Mahlon Loomis, January 7, 1872. (el Radio News, Novembro, 1922, paĝoj 974-978 (Loomis resumo))
 "Atmospheric electricity", dge.inpe.br.
 Chree, Charles, "Atmospheric electricity", Britannica Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1926.
 Mr Wilson, On a Portable Gold-leaf Electrometer, etc.. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
 Alfred Urbanitzky, Electricity in the Service of Man. Atmospheric electricity. Cassell & Company, Limited 1886.
 Willis Isbister Milham, Meteorology, Atmospheric electricity. The Macmillan Company 1912.
 William Allen Miller, Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, Atmospheric electricity.
 Jacques Wardlaw Redway, Handbook of Meteorology: A Manual for Cooperative Observers and Students, Atmospheric electricity.. John Wiley & Sons, inc. 1921.
 Experiments on Atmospheric Electricity. By Dr. L. Weber. (Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 1889, p. 521.
 Francis Rolt-Wheeler, The Science-history of the Universe, Electrostatics - Atmospheric electricity. The Current Literature Publishing Company 1909.
 John Brocklesby Elements of Meteorology, Atmospheric electricity. Sheldon and company 1869.
 Terrestrial electricity, Year Book - Carnegie Institution of Washington.
 Karl Friedrich Peschel, Ebenezer West (Tr.), Elements of Physics, Atmospheric electricity and the electrical phenomena of life. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans 1846.
 Richard E. Orville (eld.), "Atmospheric and Space Electricity". ("Editor's Choice" virtual journal) -- "American Geophysical Union". (American Geophysical Union) Washington, DC 20009-1277 USA
 Schonland, B. F. J., "Atmospheric Electricity". Methuen and Co., Ltd., London, 1932.
 MacGorman, Donald R., W. David Rust, D. R. Macgorman, and W. D. Rust, "The Electrical Nature of Storms". Oxford University Press, March 1998. ISBN 0-19-507337-1
 Cowling, Thomas Gilbert, "On Alfven's theory of magnetic storms and of the aurora", Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 47, 209-214, 1942.
 H. H. Hoffert, "Intermittent Lightning-Flashes". Proc. Phys. Soc. London 10 No 1 (June 1888) 176-180.
 James R. Wait, Some basic electromagnetic aspects of ULF field variations in the atmosphere. Journal Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 114, Number 1 / January, 1976 Pages 15–28 Birkhäuser Basel ISSN 0033-4553 (Print) 1420-9136 (Online) DOI 10.1007/BF00875488
 Charles Chree, Observations on Atmospheric Electricity at the Kew Observatory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 60, 1896 - 1897 (1896 - 1897), pp. 96-132
 G. C. Simpson, C. S. Wrigh, Atmospheric Electricity over the Ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 577 (May 10, 1911), pp. 175-199

 Sciencaj publikaĵoj 
Artikoloj
 Anderson, F. J., kaj G. D. Freier, "Interactions of the thunderstorm with a conducting atmosphere". J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5390-5396, 1969.
 Brook, M., "Thunderstorm electrification", Problems of Atmospheric and Space Electricity. S. C. Coroniti (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 280-283, 1965.
 Farrell, W. M., T. L. Aggson, E. B. Rodgers, kaj W. B. Hanson, "Observations of ionospheric electric fields above atmospheric weather systems", J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19475-19484, 1994.
 Fernsler, R. F., kaj H. L. Rowland, "Models of lightning-produced sprites and elves". J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29653-29662, 1996.
 Fraser-Smith, A. C., "ULF magnetic fields generated by electrical storms and their significance to geomagnetic pulsation generation". Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 467-470, 1993.
 Krider, E. P., kaj R. J. Blakeslee, "The electric currents produced by thunderclouds". J. Electrostatics, 16, 369-378, 1985.
 Lazebnyy, B. V., A. P. Nikolayenko, V. A. Rafal'skiy, and A. V. Shvets, "Detection of transverse resonances of the Earth-ionosphere cavity in the average spectrum of VLF atmospherics". Geomagn. Aeron., 28, 281-282, 1988.
 Ogawa, T., "Fair-weather electricity". J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5951-5960, 1985.
 Sentman, D. D., "Schnmann resonance spectra in a two-scale-height Earth-ionosphere cavity". J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9479-9487, 1996.
 Wåhlin, L., "Elements of fair weather electricity". J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10767-10772, 1994.
Ĝenerale
 Louis Agricola Bauer, John Adam Fleming, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. University of Cincinnati 1919.

 Eksteraj ligiloj 

 Orville, Dick, "Atmospheric Electricity-related terms ". (American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology, Dua Eldono, 2000.)
 "International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity ". Commission of the International Association Of Meteorology And Atmospheric Physics.
 "Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity ". Global Hydrology and Climate Center, NASA.
 Kieft, Sandy, "The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research ". New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology.
 "Power from the Air". Science and invention (antaŭe Electrical Experimenter), Feb. 1922, no. 10. Vol IX, Whole No. 106. New York. (nuenergy.org)
 "Power from the Air". Science and invention (antaŭe Electrical Experimenter), Marto 1922. (nuenergy.org).
 "RF Energy via Ionosphere ". RF Energy Concepts Sec. 101 Rev. Nov., 2003
 Peter Winkler, "Early observations of and knowledge on air electricity and magnetism at Hohenpeißenberg during the Palatina ". German Weather Service, Meteorological Observatory. (PDF)
 "Atmospheric Electricity". Meridian International Research.
 Do cosmic rays cause lightning? Ask the Experts - sciam.com January 24, 2008
 "The Earth's Electrical Environment". CPSMA, USA National Academies Press.
 The Global Circuit , phys.uh.edu
 Soaking in atmospheric electricity  'Fair weather' measurements important to understanding thunderstorms. science.nasa.gov
 Atmospheric Electricity HomePage , uah.edu
 Tjt, Fair-weather atmospheric electricity. ava.fmi.fi

Kategorio:Klimato
Kategorio:Elektromagnetismo