Nigra filmo

eta|301x301ra|Fred McMurray kaj Barbara Stanwick en la klasika nigra filmo "Double Indemnity" (duobla vivasekuro), reĝisorita de Billy Wilder en 1944
eta|297x297ra|Famaj aktoroj ĉe Nigra filmo
Nigra filmo aŭ nigra kino estas kina termino uzita ĉefe por priskribi stilajn krimdramojn de Holivudo, partikulare tiuj filmoj kiuj emfazas cinikajn sintenojn kaj seksajn kondutojn. La periodo de klasika nigra filmo de Holivudo estas ĝenerale konsiderata kiel etenda el komenco de la 1940-aj jaroj al la fino de la 1950-aj jaroj. La nigra filmo de tiu epoko estas asocia kun vida stilo por serĉi nigrablankan efikon similan al Chiaroscuro kiu havas radikojn en la germanekspresionisma kino.

Multaj el la prototipaj historioj kaj multo de la sinteno de klasika nigra kino derivas el la kortuŝa skolo de krimfikcio kiu aperis en Usono dum la Granda depresio; kaj ankaŭ en la detektiva ĝenro (), kreita fare de verkistoj kiel Dashiell Hammett kaj Raymond Chandler, sed ĝiaj pli profundaj radikoj reiras al germana ekspresionismo de la 1920-aj jaroj kaj al la brita "gotika romano" de la 18-a kaj 19-a jarcentoj.

La termino "nigra filmo" estis elpensita de franca filmkritikisto Nino Frank nur en 1946, post serĉado de difino, kiu kunigus iuj filmoj kiel The Maltese Falcon, Laura (Reĝisoro: Otto Preminger, 1944), Murder, My Sweet (murdo, mia kara, reĝisoro: Edward Dmytryk, 1944), Double Indemnity (Billy Wilder), The Woman in the Window (reĝisoro: Joe Wright, 1944) kaj Scarlet Street (1945) (reĝisoro: Fritz Lang), kaj ne estis konataj al la kreintoj de la "nigra filmo" kiuj funkciis ekde la fruaj 1940-aj jaroj. Tiu stilo estis difinita retrospektivo fare de filmakademiuloj kaj kritikistoj. Multaj tiuj produktoroj koncedis ke kreante ili estis nekonsciaj ke ili kreis tiun karakterizan stilon de kinematografio.

La nigra filmo prezentas siajn protagonistojn en nihilisma kaj ekzistadisma mondo. La protagonisto en la nigra filmo, same kiel la fiulo, estas ofte cinika, sobra-rezignacieca, ofte soleca, kaj rilata al terura okazaĵo en sia pasinteco.

Laŭ kinematografia stilo kaj tekniko, la nigra filmo temigas noktajn scenojn, emfazante kaj ombrojn kaj nekutimajn fotatajn angulojn. Fotado estas kutime en nigrablankaĵo.

 Kelkaj ekzemploj 
 Citizen Kane (1941)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941)
 Double Indemnity (1944)
 Ebria Anĝelo (1948)
 The Third Man (1949)
 Sunset Boulevard (1950)
 The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
 711 Ocean Drive (1950)
 Don't Bother to Knock (1952)
 Les Diaboliques (1955)
 The Killing (1956)
 Vertigo (1958)
 Touch of Evil (1958)

 Influoj kaj sekvo 
Spite la precizan klasikan epokon de la nigra kino en la periodo post la Dua Mondmilito, tiu stilo foje reaperas laŭlonge de la tuta 20a jarcento kaj eĉ al la 21a, ne nepre retenante la nigrablankecon kiel ĉe Basic Instinct (1992) kun devojiĝoj ekzemple al sciencfikcio, parodioj ktp.

Tamen el la niga filmo naskiĝis substilojn, kiuj estas konataj hodiaŭ kiel "Post-nigra", "Nov-nigra", kaj "Tek-nigra".

Inter la filmoj rekte asociitaj kun la heredaĵo de la nigra filmo estas verkoj kiel ekzemple Chinatown (1974) reĝisorita fare de Roman Polanski, Blue Velvet (1986) de David Lynch, L.A. Confidential de de Curtis Hanson (1997), Batman de Tim Burton (1989) kaj Memento (2000) de Christopher Nolan, same kiel sciencfikciaj filmoj kiel ekzemple Blade Runner (1982), The Terminator (1984). Kaj eĉ postmodernaj parodioj kiel Miller's Crossing (1990) kaj The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) de la Fratoj Coen.

 En Esperanto 
 Angoroj (1964), la unua longdaŭra filmo originale parolata en Esperanto.
 Incubus (1965), la unua horora filmo plene en Esperanto.

 Fontoj 

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 Hayde, Michael J. (2001). My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized But True Story of Dragnet and the Films of Jack Webb. Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland House. ISBN 978-1-58182-190-1
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 McGilligan, Patrick (1997). Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast. New York and London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19375-2
 Muller, Eddie (1998). Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir. New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-18076-8
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 Silver, Alain (1996 [1975]). "Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style", rev. ver., in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], pp. 209–35 (available online ).
 Silver, Alain (1996). "Introduction", in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], pp. 3–15 (available online ).
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 Williams, Linda Ruth (2005). The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34713-8

 Bibliografio 
 Auerbach, Jonathan (2011). Film Noir and American Citizenship. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4993-8
 Chopra-Gant, Mike (2005). Hollywood Genres and Postwar America: Masculinity, Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-838-0
 Cochran, David (2000). America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-813-7
 Dickos, Andrew (2002). Street with No Name: A History of the Classic American Film Noir. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2243-4
 Dimendberg, Edward (2004). Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01314-8
 Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2009). Film Noir and the Cinema of Paranoia. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4521-9
 Grossman, Julie (2009). Rethinking the Femme Fatale in Film Noir: Ready for Her Close-Up. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23328-7
 Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (1998). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0429-2
 Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (2003). Bad Boys: The Actors of Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1484-0
 Hare, William (2003). Early Film Noir: Greed, Lust, and Murder Hollywood Style. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1629-5
 Hogan, David J. (2013). Film Noir FAQ. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-55783-855-1
 Kaplan, E. Ann, ed. (1998). Women in Film Noir, new ed. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-85170-666-5
 Keaney, Michael F. (2003). Film Noir Guide: 745 Films of the Classic Era, 1940–1959. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1547-2
 Mason, Fran (2002). American Gangster Cinema: From Little Caesar to Pulp Fiction. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-67452-9
 Mayer, Geoff, and Brian McDonnell (2007). Encyclopedia of Film Noir. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33306-4
 McArthur, Colin (1972). Underworld U.S.A. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01953-3
 Osteen, Mark. Nightmare Alley: Film Noir and the American Dream (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 336 pages; interprets film noir as a genre that challenges the American mythology of upward mobility and self-reinvention.
 Palmer, R. Barton (1994). Hollywood's Dark Cinema: The American Film Noir. New York: Twayne. ISBN 978-0-8057-9335-2
 Palmer, R. Barton, ed. (1996). Perspectives on Film Noir. New York: G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-1601-0
 Pappas, Charles (2005). It's a Bitter Little World: The Smartest, Toughest, Nastiest Quotes from Film Noir. Iola, Wisc.: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-58297-387-6
 Rabinowitz, Paula (2002). Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11481-3
 Schatz, Thomas (1997). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-684-19151-5
 Selby, Spencer (1984). Dark City: The Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-89950-103-1
 Shadoian, Jack (2003). Dreams and Dead Ends: The American Gangster Film, 2d ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514291-4
 Silver, Alain, and James Ursini (1999). The Noir Style. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-0-87951-722-9
 Spicer, Andrew (2002). Film Noir. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-43712-8
 Starman, Ray (2006). TV Noir: the 20th Century. Troy, N.Y.: The Troy Bookmakers Press. ISBN 978-1-933994-22-2

 Vidu ankaŭ 
 Krimfilmo
 Krimfilmo

 Eksteraj ligiloj 

 Film Noir  eseo de historiisto Eddie Muller; parto de retejo GreenCine
 Film Noir: A Bibliography of Materials  and Filma Videografio  de Biblioteko de UC Berkeley
 Film Noir: An Introduction essay with links to discussions of ten important noirs; part of Images: A Journal of Film and Popular Culture
 Film Noir Studies verkoj de John Blaser
 A Guide to Film Noir Genre  el Roger Ebert
 An Introduction to Neo-Noir  eseo de Lee Horsley
 The Noir Thriller: Introduction  resumo de libro de 2001 de Lee Horsley
 What Is This Thing Called Noir?: Parts I, II  kaj III  eseo de Alain Silver kaj Linda Brookover
 Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival , kun-sponsorita de la Kultura Centro de Palm Springs, Kalifornio


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