Bludorsa parulio

La Bludorsa parulio aŭ Nigragorĝa parulio, Dendroica caerulescens, estas birdospecio de la familio de Paruliedoj kaj granda genro Dendroica.

 Aspekto 
Masklaj plenkreskuloj havas blankajn subajn partojn kun nigraj gorĝo, vizaĝo kaj flankoj; la supraj partoj estas tre malhelbluaj; inter nigraj flankoj kaj bluaj supraj partoj videblas la du blankaj flugilmakuloj. Nematuraj maskloj estas similaj kun supraj partoj pli verdecaj. Inoj havas olivecbrunajn suprajn partojn kaj helflavajn subajn partojn kun pli malhelaj flugiloj kaj vosto, griza krono kaj bruna makulo en vango. Ĉiuj birdoj havas du malgrandajn blankajn flugilmakulojn (en ŝultro kaj meze de flugilplumoj) kiuj ne ĉiam estas videblaj, kaj fajnan pintakran bekon. Kiel multaj parulioj, tiu birdo havas koloran plumaron dum printempo kaj somero, sed ties aŭtuna plumaro estas senkolora kaj malpli distinga. Aŭtune ĝi povas esti ankoraŭ identigita el aliaj similaj parulioj pro siaj malgrandaj blankaj flugilmakuloj.

 Kutimaro 
Ili reproduktigas en interno de deciduaj kaj miksitaj arbaroj en orienta Nordameriko. Ties nestoj estas malfermaj tasformoj situaj en dikaj arbustoj. La proksimeco de ties nestoj al grundo permesas ke la Bludorsa parulio estas favorata specio por la studo de la kutimoj de parulioj en naturo.

Tiuj nearktisaj birdoj migras al insuloj de Karibio kaj Centrameriko. Ili defendas sian teritorion kontraŭ aliaj birdoj de la sama specio kaj pro la nestumado kaj pro la vintra habitato. La Bludorsa parulio estas tre rara vaganto al Okcidenta Eŭropo.

Tiuj birdoj manĝas aktive en malalta vegetaĵaro, foje ŝvebe foje kaptante insektojn dumfluge. Bludorsaj parulioj ofte manĝas en unu areo kaj tuj moviĝas al la venonta. Tiuj birdoj manĝas ĉefe insektojn, inklude raŭpojn kaj tipuledojn kaj araneojn. Semoj, beroj kaj fruktoj povas esti aldonata al ties dietoj en vintro.

La kanto de tiu birdo estas zuma zii-zii-ziii kun suprena evoluo. La alvoko estas ebena ctuk.

Ĉar tiu birdo postulas grandajn kaj seninterrompitajn arbarajn areojn por nestumado, ties nombroj malpliiĝas.

 Referencoj
  Malplej Zorgiga.

 Eksteraj ligiloj 

 Bludorsa parulio, Informaro - Suddakotaj Birdoj kaj Birdumo
 Bludorsa parulio - Dendroica caerulescens  - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
 Bludorsa parulio, Speciinformaro – Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
 Poŝtmarkoj
 Filmetoj de Bludorsa parulio ĉe Internet Bird Collection

 Plia legado 
 Libroj 
 Holmes, R.T., N. L. Rodenhouse and T. S. Sillett. (2005). Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). In The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology

 Tezoj 
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 Harris RJ. Ph.D. (2001). The effects of fragmentation by forestry on behavior, movement, and reproductive success of black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). Tufts University, United States, Massachusetts.

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 Sillett TS. Ph.D. (2001). Long-term demographic trends, population limitation, and the regulation of abundance in a migratory songbird. Dartmouth College, United States, New Hampshire.

 Steele BB. Ph.D. (1989). Habitat selection by breeding black-throated blue warblers: Different patterns at two spatial scales and the use of habitat for foraging and nesting. Dartmouth College, United States, New Hampshire.

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 Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds. Dartmouth College, United States, New Hampshire.

 Artikoloj 
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 Graves GR. (2004). Testicular volume and asymmetry are age-dependent in black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). Auk. vol 121, no 2. p. 473-485.

 Graves GR, Patten MA & Dunn JL. (1996). Comments on a probable gynandromorphic Black-throated Blue Warbler. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 1. p. 178-180.

 Graves GR, Romanek CS & Navarro AR. (2002). Stable isotope signature of philopatry and dispersal in a migratory songbird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol 99, no 12. p. 8096-8100.

 Groffman PM, Driscoll CT, Likens GE, Fahey TJ, Holmes RT, Eagar C & Aber JD. (2004). Nor gloom of night: A new conceptual model for the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Bioscience. vol 54, no 2. p. 139-148.

 Gunn JS, Desrochers A, Villard M-A, Bourque J & Ibarzabal J. (2000). Playbacks of mobbing calls of Black-capped Chickadees as a method to estimate reproductive activity of forest birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 71, no 3. p. 472-483.

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 Harris RJ & Reed JM. (2002). Effects of forest-clearcut edges on a forest-breeding songbird. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 80, no 6. p. 1026-1037.

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 Herbert J & Nollenberger EL. (2006). Population trends in six bird species: Black-throated Blue Warbler; Pileated Woodpecker; Grey Catbird; Wood Thrush; Eastern Towhee; and Golden-crowned, Kinglet; in a 5 hectare oak-hickory woodlot in southcentral Pennsylvania. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. vol 79, p. 110-111.

 Holmes RT. (1994). Black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens). Birds of North America. vol 0, no 87. p. 1-22.

 Holmes RT, Black CP & Sherry TW. (1979). Comparative Population Bio Energetics of 3 Insectivorous Passerines in a Deciduous Forest. Condor. vol 81, no 1. p. 9-20.

 Holmes RT, Marra PP & Sherry TW. (1996). Habitat-specific demography of breeding black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens): Implications for population dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 65, no 2. p. 183-195.

 Holmes RT & Sherry TW. (1988). Assessing Population Trends of New Hampshire USA Forest Birds Local Vs. Regional Patterns. Auk. vol 105, no 4. p. 756-768.

 Holmes RT & Sherry TW. (2001). Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change. Auk. vol 118, no 3. p. 589-609.

 Holmes RT, Sherry TW, Marra PP & Petit KE. (1992). Multiple Brooding and Productivity of a Neotropical Migrant the Black-Throated Blue Warbler Dendroica-Caerulescens in an Unfragmented Temperate Forest. Auk. vol 109, no 2. p. 321-333.

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 Holmes SB & Pitt DG. (2007). Response of bird communities to selection harvesting in a northern tolerant hardwood forest. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 238, no 1-3. p. 280-292.

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Kategorio:Paseroformaj
Kategorio:Paruliedoj
Kategorio:Nearktisa faŭno
Kategorio:Birdoj de Ameriko