Dukɔwo dome domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ

Dukɔwo dome domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋkɔ (IDN) nye Internet dzi ŋkɔ si me ŋkɔ ɖeka ya teti le si woɖena fiana le kɔmpiuta dɔwɔɖoɖowo me, le blibo alo eƒe akpa aɖe, le ŋɔŋlɔdzesi alo ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye latin tɔ o me[a] alo le Latingbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo wotu ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo dzi kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo alo ligatures ƒe ƒuƒoƒo. Kɔmpiutawoe ŋlɔa nuŋɔŋlɔ siawo ɖe multibyte Unicode me. Wodzraa dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔwo ɖo ɖe Domain Name System (DNS) me abe ASCII ka ene to Punycode nuŋɔŋlɔ zazã me.

DNS, si wɔa didiƒedɔ aɖe tsɔ ɖea ŋkɔ siwo zazã le bɔbɔe wu gɔme ɖe network adrɛswo me hena Internet dɔwɔnuwo didi la, le nuwɔna me[c] seɖoƒe na ASCII ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo zazã, seɖoƒe ŋutɔŋutɔ si ɖoa dzidzenu na domenyiŋkɔ siwo dzi woda asi ɖo le gɔmedzedzea me. Domenyiŋkɔwo ƒe dukɔwo dome wɔwɔ nye mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe egbɔkpɔnu si woatsɔ aɖe ŋkɔ siwo woŋlɔ ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo me gɔme ɖe ASCII nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetata si sɔ kple DNS me. Dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔwo koe woate ŋu azã kple dɔwɔnu siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le koŋ na zazã alea ko; mehiã be woawɔ tɔtrɔ aɖeke le Internet ƒe xɔtuɖoɖowo ŋu o.

Martin Dürst ye do IDN ɖe ŋgɔ le December 1987 me eye Tan Juay Kwang kple Leong Kok Yong ye wɔe le ƒe 1990 me le Tan Tin Wee ƒe mɔfiafia te.[citation needed] Le nyaʋiʋli geɖe kple aɖaŋuɖoɖo geɖe siwo le ho ʋlim megbe la, ɖoɖo aɖe si woyɔna be Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)[3] woxɔ abe dzidzenu ene, eye wowɔe le ɖoƒe kɔkɔ geɖewo me.

Le IDNA me la, nya dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔ fia koŋ domenyiŋkɔ ɖesiaɖe si me dzesideŋkɔ siwo woate ŋu azã IDNA ToASCII ƒe akɔntabubu (kpɔ ete) dzidzedzetɔe koe le. Le March 2008 me la, IETF ɖo IDN dɔwɔha yeye aɖe be woawɔ IDNA ƒe ɖoɖo si li fifia yeyee. Le April 2008 me la, UN-ESCWA kple Dukɔa ƒe Ðetsɔleme Dɔwɔƒe (PIR) kple Afilias dze Arabgbe Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi le IDNs Dɔwɔha (ASIWG) gɔme, si me DNS ŋuti nunyala bibiwo, ccTLD dɔwɔlawo, asitsatsa, agbalẽnyalawo, kpakple nutome kple... dukɔwo dome habɔbɔwo. Afilias ƒe Ram Mohan ye le edzi kpɔm, ASIWG ƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeawɔ IDN kplɔ̃ ɖekawɔwɔ na Arabgbe me nuŋɔŋlɔa, eye wònye nutoa me tɔwo ƒe nuwɔwɔ aduadu ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si kpena ɖe nutoa me kple nutome eŋutinunyalawo ŋu be woakpɔ gome le xexeame katã ƒe ɖoɖowo wɔwɔ kpakple mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe dzidzenuwo wɔwɔ me.

Le October 2009 me la, Internet Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Ŋkɔwo Kple Xexlẽdzesi Siwo De Asi Na (ICANN) da asi ɖe dukɔwo dome dukɔwo dome kɔpi ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu kɔkɔwo (IDN ccTLDs) wɔwɔ dzi le Internet dzi siwo zãa IDNA ƒe dzidzenu na gbegbɔgblɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo. Le May 2010 me la, woda IDN ccTLD gbãtɔwo ɖe DNS ke ƒe nuto me.

 Domenyiŋkɔwo ƒe Dukɔwo Dome Dɔwɔɖoɖowo Me 
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) nye mɔnu si woɖe fia le ƒe 2003 me hena dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔ siwo me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye ASCII o le la gbɔ kpɔkpɔ.

Togbɔ be Domain Name System doa alɔ ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye ASCII o hã la, dɔwɔwɔwo abe e-mail kple web browsers xea mɔ na ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo woateŋu azã abe domenyiŋkɔwo ene hena taɖodzinuwo abe hostname ene. Ne míagblɔe tututu la, network protocol siwo dɔwɔnu siawo zãnae nye esiwo ŋu mɔxexeɖenu le ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo woateŋu azã le domenyiŋkɔwo me ŋu, ke menye dɔwɔwɔ siwo si seɖoƒe siawo le alo DNS ŋutɔ o. Be woalé megbedede ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ kple gɔmeɖoanyi si woda ɖe eme la me ɖe asi la, IETF IDNA Dɔwɔha tso nya me be ele be woatrɔ dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔwo woazu ASCII-dzidzenu ƒe nɔnɔme si sɔ si ŋu nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo kple zãla ƒe dɔwɔɖoɖo bubuwo ate ŋu akpɔ. IDNA gblɔ alesi wowɔa tɔtrɔ sia le ŋkɔ siwo woŋlɔ kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye ASCII o kple woƒe nɔnɔmetata si wotu ɖe ASCII dzi dome.

Dɔdamɔnu si ŋu IDNA le te ŋu trɔna le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo wowɔ le dukɔwo dome kple ASCII dome. Ezãa ASCII ƒe agbalẽvia hena DNS didi gake ateŋu atsɔ dukɔwo dome nɔnɔmetata la afia zãla siwo wosusu be wodi be yewoaxlẽ domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo ahaŋlɔ wo le ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye ASCII o abe Arabgbe alo Hiragana ene me. Dɔwɔwɔ siwo medoa alɔ IDNA o la mateŋu akpɔ domenyiŋkɔ siwo me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye ASCII o le gbɔ o, gake woateŋu akpɔ domenyinyi mawo kokoko ne wona (zi geɖe la, nya ɣaɣla boŋ) ASCII si sɔ kplii.

ICANN ɖe mɔfiamewo ɖe go ku ɖe IDNA zazã ŋu le June 2003 me, eye wòanya wɔ xoxo be woade .jp domenyiŋusẽfianuwo agbalẽ me to ɖoɖo sia zazã me le July 2003 me kple .info domenyiŋusẽfianuwo le March 2004. Domenyinyi ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe kɔkɔtɔ bubu geɖewo dze ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ gɔme le ƒe 2004 kple 2005 me .Wowɔ IDN Mɔfiamewo zi gbãtɔ le June 2003 me, eye wotrɔ asi le wo ŋu be woatsɔ akpɔ ameflunyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ƒe dzitsitsiwo gbɔ le November 2005. Woɖo ICANN ƒe dɔwɔha aɖe si léa fɔ ɖe dukɔwo ƒe ŋkɔwo ƒe ŋkɔwo ŋu le ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ le November 2007 me eye dukɔa ƒe sedede doe ɖe ŋgɔ ɖekae habɔbɔ si doa alɔe kple Dziɖuɖua ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, ICANN doa alɔ Universal Acceptance Steering Group si nutoa me tɔwo kplɔna, si dina be yeado IDNwo kple gTLDS yeye bubuwo zazã ɖe ŋgɔ le dɔwɔɖoɖowo, mɔ̃wo kple ɖoɖowo katã me.

Mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, kple Opera 7.11 nye dɔwɔnu gbãtɔ siwo do alɔ IDNA la dome. Browser ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ aɖe li na Internet Explorer 6 be wòana IDN ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu. Internet Explorer 7.0 kple Windows Vista ƒe URL APIwo naa kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ na IDN.

 ToASCII kple ToUnicode dzi 
Wowɔa tɔtrɔ siwo le ASCII kple esiwo menye ASCII o ƒe nɔnɔmewo dome le domenyinyi ŋkɔ me to akɔntabubu eve siwo woyɔna be ToASCII kple ToUnicode dzi. Womezãa akɔntabubu siawo ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ bliboa ŋu o, ke boŋ wozãa wo ɖe dzeside ɖekaɖekawo ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ne domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔe nye www.example.com la, ekema ŋkɔawoe nye www, kpɔɖeŋu, kple com. Wozãa ToASCII alo ToUnicode ɖe etɔ̃ siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ŋu ɖe vovo.

Algorithm eve siawo ŋuti nyatakakawo sesẽ ŋutɔ. Wogblɔ wo le RFC 3490. Woƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nyatakaka kpui aɖee nye esi gbɔna.

ToASCII gblẽa ASCII ƒe dzesiwo ɖi matrɔmatrɔe. Edo kpo nu ne dzesidenu la mesɔ na Domain Name System o. Le dzeside siwo me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ɖeka ya teti si menye ASCII o le gome la, ToASCII zãa Nameprep ƒe akɔntabubu. Esia trɔa dzesidenu la wòzua ŋɔŋlɔdzesi suewo eye wòwɔa normalization bubuwo. Emegbe ToASCII ɖea emetsonua gɔme ɖe ASCII me, to Punycode zazã me. Mlɔeba la, edoa ŋgɔ na ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ene ƒe ka "xn--".Woyɔa ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ene ƒe ka sia be ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) ŋgɔdonya. Wozãnɛ tsɔ dea vovototo dzeside siwo woŋlɔ ɖe Punycode me kple ASCII dzeside dzrowo dome. ToASCII ƒe akɔntabubu ateŋu ado kpo nu le mɔ geɖe nu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ka mamlɛtɔ ate ŋu agbɔ ŋɔŋlɔdzesi 63 ƒe seɖoƒe si le DNS ƒe dzeside ŋu. Womateŋu azã dzeside si ToASCII do kpo nu le dukɔwo dome domenyiŋkɔ me o.

Dɔwɔwɔ ToUnicode trɔa ToASCII ƒe dɔwɔwɔ, ɖea ACE ƒe ŋgɔdonya ɖa eye wòwɔa Punycode decode algorithm ŋudɔ. Metrɔa Nameprep ƒe dɔwɔwɔ o, elabena ema nye nusi wowɔna le ɖoɖo nu ko eye le dzɔdzɔme nu la, womate ŋu atrɔe o. To vovo na ToASCII la, ToUnicode kpɔa dzidzedze ɣesiaɣi, elabena ɖeko wòtrɔa ka gbãtɔ ne decoding do kpo nu. Vevietɔ, esia fia be ToUnicode mekpɔa ŋusẽ aɖeke ɖe ka si medzea egɔme kple ACE ŋgɔdonya o dzi o.

 IDNA ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu 
Woateŋu awɔ IDNA ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe kpɔɖeŋu to kpɔɖeŋu domenyiŋusẽfianu Bücher.example zazã me. (Germanygbe: Bücher, lit. 'agbalẽwo'.) Domenyiŋkɔ sia ƒe ŋkɔ eve le eŋu, Bücher kple kpɔɖeŋu. Dzeside evelia nye ASCII dzadzɛ, eye wogblẽe ɖi matrɔmatrɔe. Nameprep wɔa dɔ tso dzesideŋkɔ gbãtɔ ŋu be wòana bücher, eye emegbe wotrɔnɛ ɖe Punycode ŋu be wòana bcher-kva. Emegbe wotsɔa xn-- doa ŋgɔ nɛ be wòawɔ xn--bcher-kva. Eyata ŋkɔ si do tso eme si sɔ na zazã le DNS nuŋlɔɖiwo kple biabiawo me enye xn--bcher-kva.example.

 Arabgbe me Ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo IDN Dɔwɔha (ASIWG) . 
Togbɔ be Arab-nutowo nye xexeamenɔlawo ƒe alafa memama 5 hã la, xexeame katã ƒe Internet zazã ƒe alafa memama 2.6 koe le eme. Gawu la, Internet zãlawo ƒe alafa memamã si le Arab-dukɔwo me le amewo dome la mede 11 le alafa me o, ne wotsɔe sɔ kple xexeame katã ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si nye 21.9 le alafa me. Gake Internet zazã le nutoa me dzi ɖe edzi alafa memama 1,426 le ƒe 2000 kple 2008 dome, si fia dzidziɖedzi gã aɖe, vevietɔ ne wotsɔe sɔ kple dzidziɖedzi si le xexeame ƒe mamã dedie si nye 305.5 le alafa me le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me. Eyata esɔ be míaƒo nya ta be zazã ƒe dzidziɖedzi ate ŋu anye nusi ɖe dzesi wu ne ɖe DNS nɔ Arabgbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo me hafi. IDNwo ƒe dodo ɖe ŋgɔ na mɔnukpɔkpɔ kple viɖe yeye geɖe siwo ate ŋu ado mo ɖa na Arab Internet zãlawo to mɔɖeɖe na wo be woaɖo domenyinyiwo ɖe wo degbewo kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo me, eye woawɔ subɔsubɔdɔ gbogbo aɖewo kple dɔwɔɖoɖo siwo wowɔna le nutoa me ɖe domenyinyi mawo tame.

 Domein ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le dziƒo 
Le ƒe 2009 me la, ICANN ɖoe be yeawɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo le ɖoƒe kɔkɔwo ƒe hatsotso yeye aɖe, si woate ŋu ade asi na dukɔwo kple nuto siwo le wo ɖokui si, si sɔ kple se siwo ku ɖe dukɔwo ƒe sedede ƒe domenyinyi siwo le ɖoƒe kɔkɔwo ŋu. Gake domenyiŋkɔawo ate ŋu anye ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo, dzesiwo, alo nuŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ƒe ka ɖesiaɖe si wodi le gbegbɔgblɔ tɔxɛ, ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo menye Latingbe me tɔ o alo nuŋɔŋlɔ si le amesi le dɔbiagbalẽvia biam ƒe gbea me, le mɔfiame aɖewo me be woaka ɖe nukpɔkpɔ ƒe etɔxɛ si sɔ dzi.

IDN dukɔ ƒe kɔpi ƒe domenyinyiwo ɖoɖo ɖe ɖoɖo nu dze egɔme kple dodokpɔ ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe le domenyinyi suewo ƒe hatsotso aɖe me le dodokpɔ ƒe domenyinyi ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ me. Domenyinyi wuiɖekɛ zã gbegbɔgblɔ me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo alo ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo, abe "δοκιμή",[20] si gɔmee nye dodokpɔ le Helagbe me.

Agbagbadzedze siawo va wu enu le dukɔwo dome dukɔwo dome kɔpi gbãtɔ ƒe domenyinyi (IDN ccTLDs) wɔwɔ me hena ewɔwɔ zazã le ƒe 2010 me.

Le Domain Name System me la, domenyinyi siawo zãa ASCII ƒe nɔnɔmetata si me ŋgɔdonya "xn--" le si kplɔe ɖo kple Punycode gɔmeɖeɖe si nye Unicode ƒe nɔnɔmetata si nye gbegbɔgblɔ tɔxɛ ƒe ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo alo ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Cyrillic ŋkɔ si wotsɔ na Russia ƒe IDN ccTLD enye "рф". Le Punycode ƒe nɔnɔmetata me la, esia nye "p1ai", eye eƒe DNS ŋkɔe nye "xn--p1ai".

 Nuŋlɔɖi siwo menye IDNA alociwo menye ICANN tɔ o siwo doa alɔme ɖe ame siwo menye ASCII tɔ o 
Registry bubuwo li siwo doa alɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo menye ASCII tɔ o. Dɔwɔƒe si nye ThaiURL.com le Thailand doa alɔ ".com" ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ to eya ŋutɔ ƒe IDN encoding, ThaiURL dzi. Gake esi wònye be IDNA/Punycode IDNwo koe egbegbe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe akpa gãtɔ dea dzesii ta la, ele be woaŋlɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo woŋlɔ ɖe ThaiURL me alo atsɔ wo aƒo ka na wo le woƒe nɔnɔme si woŋlɔ ɖe kɔpi me la me, eye woaɖe wo afia alea le adrɛs ƒe akpaa dzi. Esia xea mɔ na woƒe viɖe; ke hã, wogakpɔtɔ nye domenyinyi siwo sɔ eye woate ŋu akpɔ wo le xexeame katã.

Registry geɖewo doa alɔ Punycode emoji ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo abe emoji domenyiŋusẽfianuwo ene.

 ASCII ƒe aʋatsokaka ƒe dzitsitsiwo 
Unicode zazã le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo me ana wòate ŋu anɔ bɔbɔe be woawɔ aʋatsokaka na nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo elabena IDN ka ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wokpɔna le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe aɖe ate ŋu ana aʋatsokaka ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe nadze abe ɖe womate ŋu ade vovototo nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si le se nu si wole aʋatsokaka me o ene, le ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si wozã nu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Unicode ŋɔŋlɔdzesi U+0430 -- Cyrillic ŋɔŋlɔdzesi sue a -- ateŋu aɖi Unicode ŋɔŋlɔdzesi U+0061 (Latin ŋɔŋlɔdzesi sue a), si wozãna le Eŋlisigbe me. Abe kpɔɖeŋu ŋutɔŋutɔ ene la, Cyrillic ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo zazã а, е, і, р (a; emegbe "Ie"/"Ye" U+0435, si dze abe ɖe wòsɔ kple Latingbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi e le nyateƒe me; emegbe U+0456, si sɔ kple Latingbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi i le nyateƒe me; kple "Er" U+0440, si sɔ kple Latingbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi p koŋ), wowɔ URL wіkіреdіа.org , si womate ŋu ade vovototo wikipedia.org si le se nu ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wokpɔna gbɔ o kloe (ɖewohĩ enɔ te ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo dzi).

 Domein siwo le ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ siwo xɔa IDN ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ 
Domenyinyi geɖe siwo le ɖoƒe kɔkɔwo dze dukɔwo dome domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ gɔme le ɖoƒe evelia alo esiwo le bɔbɔe wu me. Afilias (.INFO) tsɔ gTLD IDN ƒe ɖoƒe evelia ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ gbãtɔ na le ƒe 2004 me le Germanygbe me.

DotAsia, si nye TLD Asia ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla, wɔ ŋkeke 70 ƒe ɣedzeƒe ɣeyiɣi si dze egɔme tso May 11, 2011 dzi hena domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ɖe ɖoƒe evelia le China, Japan kple Korea ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo me.