Tompin

Tompin (ngaran saintifik nopo nga Pteromyini toi ko' Petauristini) nopo nga tinimungan tinaru montok 50 kawo bosing id paganakan Sciuridae. Sundung do ngaran dupot diti 'tupai terbang' id malayu, aiso kabaalan do tumulud miagal do tombolog toi ko' pungit nga kaanu mingkuhus id puun kumaa id puun suai miampai kouhupan patagium, iso salaput kulit kihulu miagal payung tuhun i lumanat mantad siku gisom tampangil. Tikiu do anaru nogi nga popotounda kosulimbangan mamaso mingkuhus. Tumanud anatomi, miagal kopio iti do bosing suai miampai piipiro kosimbanan montok popisokoyut do woyo koposion dau; tulang do tinan di lobi anaru om tulang longon, tulang gakod, om tompok vertebra  nopo nga lobi oniba. Kaanu tompin diti do mongumolig do ralan mingkuhus momoguno do longon om tikiu.

Ponoriukan molekul popokito do tompin monofiletik (mantad ido filum/klad aiso raan id filum dau) om mantad 8-20 noribu toun dilaid. Genus Paracitellus nopo nga sakag timpuunon montok tompin ontok Oligosen Akhir.Kogumuan nokturnal om maserba mangakan tua'-ua, linso, sobul, bunga, songongi, gastropod, korut, kulat, tontolu' tombolog, sap puun om tanak tombolog. Osusu tanak diti id rumun miampai poimbulagoi om oluhoi. Tamangan ii do tama dau om kaanu miluda do kabaalan mingkuhus soira piipiro minggu. Mantad dii, nokotounda yau montok mogidu mantad rumun.

 Kotolinahasan 

kanan|thumb|Tompin tumulud (Glaucomys sabrinus) tumulud.
kanan|thumb|Tulang Tompin (Glaucomys volans) id NMNH. Kartilage styliform poinsokot id koromulok montok monokodung do  membran talad.
Tompin, nopo nga amu milo do tumulud miagal ko tombolog toi ko' pungit, nga rumulus miampai puun. Kaanu yolo do manganu daya oowit masaan do rumulus, miampai kinosoduon rulus koumbal nosuat gisom 90 meter (300 kaki). Kokoyoon om kinosiahon do tayam id tawan nopo nga milo simbanon maya popogura do posisi tinan diolo, ii tamangan lolobi po do tulang koromulok tokoro id lunggayan do longon. Haro piipiro unjulan tulang koromulok id lunggayan longon ii kakaton do tompin masaan do rumulus. Tulang koromulok di poimbida diti nopo nga haro no id tompin om aiso id mamalia rumulus suai. Nintodonon montok tulang koromulok stiliform diti namaan soriuko om data popokito do haro kanto homolog miampai struktur karpus id bosing suai. Tulang koromulok diti miampai do manus (longon), kobontuk do tompok 'talad' ii gunoon masaan do rumulus. Kalapas do pinakambang, tompok do 'talad' diti milo iruson id mogikaakawo pisuk, manamong do pinguraan aerodinamik. Lunggayan longon  nogi nga manamong do taang kalanaton id patagium, ii no tu membran kihulu miagal pazung tumundok ii lumanat mantad lunggayan longon kumaa tampangil. Haro nogi tikiu kihulu ii monguhup do kosulimbangon masaan do hidau. Tikiu di kiguno sabaagi manganu tongus om sabaagi brek tongus pogulu do dumakit id guas do puun.

 Tayam rumulus di miagal 
Colugos, Petauridae om Anomaluridae nopo nga iso mamalia rumulus ii miagal do tompin aasil mantad evolusi konvergen, mulong pia do amu yolo kopionit maya genetik. Miagal do tompin, yolo nogi nga mamalia mindakod scansorial ii momoguno do patagium diolo montok rumulus maya amu lokis montok osiau do minggura id posorili diolo. 

 Sajara evolusi 
Pogulu di ohotusan ko-21, sajara evolusi do tompin nopo nga insarau kosiliu sabagi do pisiwalan. Pisiwalan diti lobi ogumu do potolinahason aasil do duo ponoriukan molekul. Ponoriukan-ponoriukan dii popokito nintodonon do tompin nopo nga mantad 18 gisom 20 riong toun di pogulu, ii nopo nga monofiletik (nintodonon mantad iso komolohingan di miagal) om haro pionitan piompinayan miampai bosing puun. Mantad do pionitan di tosomok diti pisuaian morfologi do tompin om bosing puun kapanahak do korotian kokomoi kinobontukon mekanisme rumulus. Sokiro do pisuaion miampai bosing di miirad, okito o konoruon id tulang veterbrata lumbal do tompin om longon toguang, tulang gakod, longon om veterbrata distal nopo nga lobi oniba. Pisuaian id boogian tinan dii popokito do pongubasan tompin montok monginkuri 'talad' om popoingkawas kabaalan manuver masaan do rumulus. Bagas mantad pisuaian diti, amu miagal do bosing toomod, amu kosudong tompin montok koguraon apat gakod om mantad di lobi tumalahan kumaa kabaalan rumulus diolo.

Piipiro hipotesis pinosuul montok popotolinahas do evolusi kabaalan rumulus do tompin. Iso kotolinahasan milo kohompit kadarakason lokis om abaabayan mogihum taakanon. Rumulus nopo nga iso laang di lobi adarasak do lokis montok minggura mantad iso puun kumaa puun di suai masaan do mogihum taakanon, misuai mantad lumintuhun do puun om mimpanau id tana do gouton toi ko' sumimpod ii lobi kirisiko id tongus. Maya rumulus id kinosiyahon di akawas, milo tompin mogihum do taakanon id kinoiyonon do gouton ii lobi oliwas miampai lobi osiau mantad bosing puun. Milo rumulus o tompin id sinodu di osodu maya popoingkawas kinosiyahon tongus om daya kaakat diolo.

Hipotesis suai nopo nga koboros do mekanisme diti nokoingkawas sabaagi iso laang montok mongilag mamatai om mongingkuri toruol. Sokiro do koindalan abaabayan di koligogon id puun milo tompin rumulus kumaa id puun suai om koinsoruan kaanu yolo mogidu mantad koligaganan dii.Paskins, Keith E.; Bowyer, Adrian; Megill, William M.; Scheibe, John S. (2007). "Take-off and landing forces and the evolution of controlled gliding in northern flying squirrels Glaucomys sabrinus". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 8): 1413–1423. doi:10.1242/jeb.02747. PMID 17401124. Ingkaa nogi tu teknik tumimpuun om dumakit masaan do sumimpod, ii milo gunoon montok koumoligan kaanu popotolinahas kokomoi mekanisme rumulus. Mulong pia do sumimpod id kinosiahon di akawas oponsol montok mogidu mantad koligaganon, daya bobog di akawas soira dumakit id puun wagu kaanu mamaraag kolidasan do tompin. Sundung po do ingkaa mekanisme rumulus tompin nopo nga kohimpit do struktur om teknik masaan do tumulud ii kaanu papadang om katamangan di takawas. Sokiro do kasala do mangaga', osonong tompin monginsonong do tongoyon maya kopomogunaan do kabaalan rumulus diolo. Milo nogi tompin papaasil bombong rumulus ii lobi agayo soira sumomok do puun di tiruon, poporulan do kosiahon panangkasabab do koingkawason taambon masaan do dumakit.

 Pendaflour 
Ontok toun 2019, okunamaan, nointangan do songinan tompin minokilap pendaflour buragang id siriba do tulinau UV. Ponoriukan sumusuhut mantad puru biologi id Northland College id Wisconsin Koibutan nakaanu do toinsanai tolu spesies tompin id Amerika Koibutan nopo nga haro kouyuuyuo diti. Ontok timpu diti tudu do fenomena diti amu po noilaan. Bosing toomod nopo nga amu milo tumulud om amu popokito do pendaflour id siriba do tulinau UV.

Tompin tagayo Mechuka, Mishmi Hills om Mebo nokito id pogun kosiloon kotonobon India, Arunachal Pradesh ontok kolimpupuson do 2000.Choudhury, A.U. (2007). A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 7: 26–34, plates.Choudhury, A.U. (2009). One more new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 8: 26–34, plates.Choudhury, A.U. (2013). Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang Basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 9: 30–38, plates. Holotaip diolo nopo nga pinoopi id koleksi Survei Zoologi Survey India, Kolkata.

 Spesies Fossil 
Haro rikud fosil do tompin ii osonong mantad timpu Oligosen om sumusuhut dau. Piipiro genus fosil ii nointutunan nopo nga mantad timpu Eosen nopo nga naandasan do nasalaan minanafsir tu tompin nopo nga notumbayaan do minurias mantad rulud sinakagon dau kalapas do timpu dii.

 Miopetaurista
 Miopetaurista crusafonti
 Miopetaurista dehmi
 Miopetaurista diescalidus
 Miopetaurista gaillardi
 Miopetaurista gibberosa
 Miopetaurista lappi
 Miopetaurista neogrivensis
 Miopetaurista thaleri
 Miopetaurista tobieni
 Pliopetaurista
 Pliopetaurista kollmanni Daxner-Höck, 2004Daxner-Höck G. (2004). "Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106A: 387–423. PDF.
 Neopetes
 Neopetes hoeckarum (De Bruijn, 1998)
 Neopetes macedoniensis (Bouwens and De Bruijn, 1986)
 Neopetes debruijni (Reumer & Hoek Ostende, 2003)

 Taksonomi 
 Spesies Kawawagu 
Tompin Pogun Wagu nopo nga poinsuang id genus Glaucomys (kirati lawow ii kitulina" id boros Yunani). Tompin id Pogun Pogulu nopo nga poinsuang id genus Pteromys (kirati lawow kitalad id boros Yunani)

Tolu spesies do genus Glaucomys (Glaucomys sabrinus, Glucomys volans om Gloucomyces oregonensis) mantad Amerika Kabaatan om Amerika Tanga; ogumu takson suai ii haro id toinsanai Asia, kohimpit tompin Siberia  (Pteromys volans). Ii osiwang o julat dau id Eropah Kosiloon kotonobon (Rusia), Finland om Estonia).

Minongintutun ii Thorington om Hoffman (2005) do 15 genus tompin id duo subtribus.

Tribe Pteromyini – Tompin

 Subtribe Glaucomyina
 Genus Eoglaucomys
 Kashmir flying squirrel, Eoglaucomys fimbriatus
 Afghan flying squirrel, E. f. baberi
 Genus Glaucomys – New World flying squirrels (American flying squirrels), North America
 Southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans
 Northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus
 Humboldt's flying squirrel, Glaucomys oregonensis
 Genus Hylopetes, Southeast Asia
 Particolored flying squirrel, Hylopetes alboniger
 Bartel's flying squirrel, Hylopetes bartelsi
 Gray-cheeked flying squirrel, Hylopetes lepidus
 Palawan flying squirrel, Hylopetes nigripes
 Indochinese flying squirrel, Hylopetes phayrei
 Jentink's flying squirrel, Hylopetes platyurus
 Sipora flying squirrel, Hylopetes sipora
 Red-cheeked flying squirrel, Hylopetes spadiceus
 Sumatran flying squirrel, Hylopetes winstoni
 Genus Iomys, Malaysia and Indonesia
 Javanese flying squirrel (Horsfield's flying squirrel), Iomys horsfieldi
 Mentawi flying squirrel, Iomys sipora
 Genus Petaurillus – pygmy flying squirrels, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula
 Lesser pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus emiliae
 Hose's pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus hosei
 Selangor pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus kinlochii
 Genus Petinomys, Southeast Asia
 Basilan flying squirrel, Petinomys crinitus
 Travancore flying squirrel, Petinomys fuscocapillus
 Whiskered flying squirrel, Petinomys genibarbis
 Hagen's flying squirrel, Petinomys hageni
 Siberut flying squirrel, Petinomys lugens
 Mindanao flying squirrel, Petinomys mindanensis
 Arrow flying squirrel, Petinomys sagitta
 Temminck's flying squirrel, Petinomys setosus
 Vordermann's flying squirrel, Petinomys vordermanni
 Genus Priapomys, western Yunnan in China and adjoining regions of Myanmar
 Himalayan large-eared flying squirrel, P. leonardi
 Subtribe Pteromyina
 Genus Aeretes, northeastern China
 Groove-toothed flying squirrel (North Chinese flying squirrel), Aeretes melanopterus
 Genus Aeromys – large black flying squirrels, Thailand to Borneo
 Black flying squirrel, Aeromys tephromelas
 Thomas's flying squirrel, Aeromys thomasi
 Genus Belomys, Southeast Asia
 Hairy-footed flying squirrel, Belomys pearsonii
 Genus Biswamoyopterus, northeastern India to southern China and southeast Asia
 Namdapha flying squirrel, Biswamoyopterus biswasi
 Laotian giant flying squirrel, Biswamoyopterus laoensis
 Mount Gaoligong flying squirrel Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis
 Genus Eupetaurus, Pakistan to China; rare
 Western woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus cinereus
 Yunnan woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus nivamons
 Tibetan woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus tibetensis
 Genus Petaurista - giant flying squirrels, Southeast and East Asia
 Red and white giant flying squirrel, Petaurista alborufus
 Spotted giant flying squirrel, Petaurista elegans
 Hodgson's giant flying squirrel, Petaurista magnificus
 Bhutan giant flying squirrel, Petaurista nobilis
 Indian giant flying squirrel, Petaurista philippensis
 Chinese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista xanthotis
 Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys
 Red giant flying squirrel, Petaurista petaurista
 Mechuka giant flying squirrel, Petaurista mechukaensis
 Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel, Petaurista mishmiensis
 Mebo giant flying squirrel, Petaurista siangensis
 Genus Pteromys – Old World flying squirrels, Finland to Japan
 Siberian flying squirrel, Pteromys volans
 Japanese dwarf flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga
 Genus Pteromyscus, southern Thailand to Borneo
 Smoky flying squirrel, Pteromyscus pulverulentus
 Genus Trogopterus, China
 Complex-toothed flying squirrel, Trogopterus xanthipes

 Turugan Koposion 
Kinoruon koposion do tompin id koposion olias nopo nga gisom do limo nopod toun. Kadar kapataion id tinimungan tangaanak so tompin nopo nga lobi akawas panangkasabab do mamatai om toruol. Mamamatai poinlobi do tompin nopo nga kohimpit do tulanut puun, sintukod tukod, puok, marten, fisher, koyot, bobcat om tungau olias. Id Pasifik koibutan Kosilaon Amerika, puok buris koibutan (Strix occidentalis) nopo nga sala iso mamatai ii koinsoruan magasu do tompin.

Koinsoruan tompin nopo nga nokturnal, tu amu yolo osikap do mogidu mantad tombolog mamatai ii magasu ontok dangadau.Malamuth, E.; Mulheisen, M. (1995–2008). "ADW: Glaucomys sabrinus – Northern flying squirrel". University of Michigan Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009. yolo nopo nga omnivor om mangakan do nunu nopo ii haro id sorili diolo. Tompin kabaatan Amerika koibutan nopo nga mangakan do linsou, songiongi, gastropod, korut, puun osiriba, tusak,kulat om waig sap puun. 

 Sumakag 
Timpu do sumakag montok tompin nopo nga koindalan id sorili do tulan Mansak om Gomot. Soira do osusu tangaanak so tompin, induk tondu nopo nga mion miampai diolo id rumun poimbida montok papagayo do tangaanak dii. Tamangan do tama o tangaanak diolo gisom do nokotounda do mogidu mantad rumun. Tompin kusai nopo nga amu kohimpit id katamangan do tanak.

Masaan do nosusu, tanak do tompin nopo nga osomok no do aiso hulu nga haro id gongit dau om kogumuan deria kakal po do amu nokoingkawas. Organ id suang nopo nga okito maya kulit di odipis om kotinanon diolo milo intutunan. Ontok minggu ko limo, osomok no do agayo yolo. Masaan diti tumimpuun no yolo do manahak tisuli kumaa posorili om tumimpuun do popokito kowoyowoyoon mimporian. Ontok minggu-minggu di sumusuhut minluda yolo do minsimpod om rumulus. Kalapas do agaaga duo satanga wulan, otollud no kabaalan rumulus diolo om sumoliwan mantad rumun miampai koilo no di masi sondii.

 Diet 
Kaanu no mogihum taakanon ontok timpu dongotuong o tompin maya momoguno deria singud di atarom. Mangakan yolo do tua'ua, kasang, kulat om tontolu tombolog. Kogumuan spesies bosing rumulus nopo nga haro diet poimbida om haro hinta do kaanu yolo do kounalan mantad toud taakanon ii okuri protein. Suai ko ii, rumulus nopo nga iso laang diolo do minggura di osiau, kaanu mongikit do timpu wayaan mantad iso kinoiyonon taakanon om mongikit nogi timpu mogihum do taakanon.
Sukuon

 Link labus 
 Flying Squirrels, National Wildlife Foundation (National Wildlife Fundation)
 Animal Diversity Web: Pteromyinae, classification.

 Pambasaan tumilombus 

 Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.