Tokyo

Tokyo, ointutunan Tokyo Metropolis, nopo nga tama om kinoyonon di ointunanan ginumuan id Jipun. Soginumu 14 juta tulun ontok 2023, iti nopo nga iso kinoyonon di bobos togumu tulun id pomogunan. Kinoyonon do Metropolitan Tokyo nga kohompit do Tokyo om sobogian mantad onom wilayah misampaping, kinoyonon nogi diti nga bobos do ogumu tulun id pomogunan soginumu 41 juta ontok toun 2024.

Hilo id tulu suok Tokyo, Tokyo nopo sobogian mantad wilayah Kantō, id kotogisan rahat piintangaan Honshu, Pulou bobos tagayo id Jepun. Tokyo kiguno sabaagi do longkod pongindopuan Jipun om kinoyonon koduo-duo porinta om Maharaja Jipun. Kopomorintaan Metropolitan Tokyo nopo diti momorinta 23 wad poimbida longkod Tokyo, di pogulu nopo nga minomolodi do Bandaraya Tokyo; Ogumu komuter bandar om disan bandar id kotonobon; om duo rantai pulou poinpisuk, Kopulaoun Tokyo. Mulong po kogumuan do pogun mongumboyo Tokyo sabaagi bandar, mantad 1943 struktur koporintaan nopo Tokyo lobi kopiirad do wilayah, kiharo Gabenor om kopibandaran di lobi okoro di mombontuk Metropolis. Wad Khas id Tokyo nopo nga poinghanggum no Chiyoda, Kinoyonon bongunan Diet Pogun om Istana Imperial Tokyo; Shinjuku, longkod kopomorintaan bandar om shibuya, hab pongindopuan om pongindopuan.

Pogulu Abad 17, Tokyo nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi Edo, kinoyonon monginginsasada. Nakaanu koimaganan politik ontok toun 1603 soira do nadadi tirikohon di Keshogunan Tokugawa. Masa'an pi'intangaan abad ko-18, nadadi Edo diti sabaagi iso mantad piipiro bandar tagyo id pomogunan, lobi 1 juta tulun. Kalapas do kopomulihan Meiji (1868), Pinoundaliu tama empayar do Kyoto kumaa Edo, om bandar nopo diti nga ponoundaliu ngaran kumaa Tokyo (lit. 'Eastern Capital'). Ontok toun 1923, naraag pogun Tokyo tu nouru gagaran Great Kantō, om bandar on nouru nogi do bom masa'an pisangadan pomogunan ii. Tumimpuun do koowiyon 1940-on, naakanu kawagu pogun Tokyo do koingkawasan di nokounsub pongindopuan Jipun, Jipun nopo nga nadadi do pogun pogun koduo do pongindopuan di poinsonong, id dohuri Amerika Syarikat. Gisom do 2023, bandar nopo diti nga kaanu manahak kinoyonon do 29 mantad 500 syarikat tangagayo id pomogunan, di poinsuang do Fortune Global 500 — Koduo di akawas mantad bandar suai.

Nadadi Tokyo do bandar koiso id Asia di papaanjur do Olimpik om Paralimpik ontok do 1964 om 2021. Nakaanu nogi do papaanjur G7 id 1973, 1986 om 1993. Tokyo nopo nga iso hab Sompogunan id ponoriukan om kopotundaan om longkod pinsingilaan miampai piipiro universiti apangkal poinghanggum no Universiti Tokyo, Universiti kipangkat takawas id Jipun. Stesen Tokyo nopo nga hab longkod do Shinkansen, piromutan korita tapui di akawas kosiahan om Stesen Shinjuku id bandar nopo nga bobos atangkangau id pomogunan. Tokyo Skytree nopo nga manara takawas id pomogunan. Ralan Tokyo Metro Ginza, noukab ontok toun 1927, nopo nga ralan metro siriba tana' di bobos otuo' id Asia-Pasifik.

 Etimologi 

Tokyo nopo mantad nga ointutunan sabaagi Edo (江戸), kompaun kanji  江 (e, "suok, ) and 戸 (kumaa, "kosuangon, tansar, longobon").Room, Adrian. Ngaran diti milo podolinon do  "estuary", iso sukuon kumaa kinoyonon mantad id pirubaan Sumida River om Tokyo Bay. Masa'on  Meiji Restoration ontok 1868, ngaran do pogun diti minaan alanai kumaa Tokyo (東京, from 東 tō "east", and 京 kyō "capital"), soira nadadi impayar, pinomungaaran pogun diti tumanud koubasanan kosilahon Asia di popohompit panandatan () id ngaran tama pogun  (Poomitanan, Kyoto (), Keijō (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()).Room, Adrian.  Masa'on do timpu  "Meiji period", pogun diti boroson do  "Tōkei", karalano suai montok popolombus  "Tokyo", wonsoyon id kanji homograph. Piipiro dikumon tulun ufis Inggeris momoguno ija'an "Tokei"; mulong po, kopolombusan diti nopo do baino nga gansai.

 Sajara 

 Timpu pogulu Tokugawa 
Kinoyonon do Tokyo nopo diti nga noiyanan mantad po timpu purba. Haro piipiro kinoyonon timpu Paleolithic period (masa'on 40,000–16,000BC.) di nokito ontok Tokyo babaino. Masa'on timpu  Jomon period, Nalanak o glasior Holosen Holocene glacial retreat  di nokosubu nokoinsawatan do taang rahat  id Tokyo Bay gisom 120 cm, burisan rahat nopo baino nga hilo id  Imperial Palace.  Omori Shell Mounds nopo kinoluon kinoyonon di ponokontada' do kinoyonon tanda' rahat ontok do timpu di.  Timpu  Yayoi period, masa'on koinlaaban do pomutanaman id pogun, pinomungaranan mantad do   Yayoi 2-chōme Site id Bunkyo, hinonggo do poomitanan koiso Yayoi pottery noukadan id 1884 di Shozo Arisaka.

Id 534, iso pioduhan di kiskala agayo norikud id kinoyonon diti, om aasil nopo nga  Kasahara no Omi, sabaafi nakalantoi, om pinopoingkakat Kuni no Miyatsuko (Gabenor wilayah) mantad Emperor Ankan. Kuil Senso-ji id Asakusa nopo nga pinoimagon ontok 645. Id siriba sistom  Ritsuryō system di nokoimagon maso do  Asuka period, kogumuan do tokyo baino nga poinsuang do Musashi Province di pogulu. Soira naratu kopomorintaan  Kingdom of Baekje  maya pisangadan  Battle of Baekgang ontok 660s, ribuon  songkosuai pinoiyon kawagu id Musashi.

Ontok timpu Heian period, tinimpuunan Edo do guminirot  di Edo clan ontok tohuri abad 12. id 1457,minomonsoi Ōta Dōkan do Edo Castle montok mananalob do rikoton sangod mantad do Chiba clan.  Soira do pinatai i Dōkan ontok  1486, raan Ohgigayatsu  mantad do Uesugi clan minanganu do istana om kinoyonon di. Naalanan kawagu yolo do tinimungan Later Hōjō clan maya sangod Battle of Takanawahara id 1524. Mulong po do ingkaa, tinimungan  Hōjō clan diti naala di  Toyotomi Hideyoshi maso  Siege of Odawara id 1590.

 1590–1868 (Timpu Tokugawa ) 
kanan|thumb|Kakadayan Mitsukoshi id Nihonbashi, mantad Hiroshige, c. 1836
Maya do panalaban do Odara, nakaanu Tokugawa Ieyasu do  Kantō region mantad di Toyotomi Hideyoshi om minundaliu mantad hilo, tana tinungkusan id katanaan  Mikawa Province. Pinoingkawas dau kinogoyoon do istana Edo di noiduanan no om nangaraag di timpuun nogi yau korikot om momorinta. Soira do nadadi shōgun yau, Kopomorintaan de facto id pogun, ontok 1603, koinsanan pogun id siriba pomorintahan do Edo. Mulong po do ingkaa, Tokugawa shogunate momorinta maya praktikal, kakal po Imperial House of Japan pomorinta di poimagon koporintaan de jure , om kangaranan do  shōgun pinatahak kumaa maharaja sabaagi formaliti. Walai do maharaja nopo nga hilo id Kyoto mantad 794 gisom 1868, mantad diti  Edo nopo nga kakal po do okon ko tama pogun Jipun. Timpu do  Edo period, nakaanu do kotoronongon pogun di oilaan do Pax Tokugawa, om id maso kotonoronongon diti, Koobian shogun diti momogompi dasar sonkosuai di ogirot (sakoku) om monguhup do mongilag do koligaganan mantad souder di agayo kumaa kinoyonon diti. Maya do aiso pisangadan diti, kaanu Edo do tumorodok do momonsoi kawagu bogunan di notutudan, noontok do gogor pogun, susuai po kobolingakahangan pogun di notoguangan do pogun diti. Aasil di, Edo nopo nga nokoburu gisom nadadi iso pogun bobos tagayo id pomogunan di korikot tulun ginumuan 1 juta ontok abad ko 18

Mulong po do ingkaa, timpu sonkosuai di anaru diti notingkod osira nokorikot i komodor Matthew C. Perry  mantad Amerika Syarikat id toun 1853. Minononsog i komodor  Perry do mongukab kawagu do palabuhan do  Shimoda om Hakodate, di minogowit do kinoingkawason do pokionuan do kakamot mantad labus pogun om nakaanu do pinoinsawat infalasi. Kakanggahan do id ginumuan tulun nopo nga miningkawas tu apagon gatang do kakamot ontok di om nokoimbulai do susumangod  om demonstrasi di agayo, loolobi po id bontuk mamabak do kadai-kadai wagas. Id maso diti nogi, tulun di monokodung do Maharaja minanganu kosiwatan mantad au kopitorunungon diti do popogirot kuasa politik, di minogowit korotuon do shogun Tokugawa di tohuri, Yoshinobu, id 1867.  Kalapas  265 toun ,  Pax Tokugawa nokorikot id kolimpupuson. Id Mikat 1868, pinatahak istana Edo kumaa koobian monokodung Maharaja maya pogibabarasan (Korotuon do  Fall of Edo). Mulong po do ingkaa nga haro po souder di taat kumaa shogunan di pinoopotilombus do tinggisaman, nakaalan diolo nopo nga ontok pisangadan Ueno  Battle of Ueno ontok 4 Madas 1868 , koinsanan pogun Edo naratu kumaa kopomorintaan do wagu t new government.

 1868–1941 
alt=|220x220pxMarunouchi id 1909alt=|220x220pxTulun Tokyo mogiahau id ginumuan tulun do agangau id sumuang korita tapui tram, c. 1910Kalapas do kinorotuon do Koshogunan Tokugawa, kumoinsan montok do piipiro abad do Maharaja Jipun nopo nga okon ko simbolik no nga nadadi sabaagi pomorinta  de facto and de jure do pogun di. Pinoposogu i Hisoka Maejima do guno tama pogun nopo nga poundolihon kumaa Tokyo, maya koinsanangan do infrakstuktur mantad om linaab do Dataran Kanto suai ko' lembangan Kyoto di lobi okoro. Kalapas do pinatahak o Edo kumaa kopomorintaha Meiji, naalanan o ngaran kumaa Tokyo (Tama Pogun Kosilahon) ontok  3 Manom 1868. NokoongoiEmperor Meiji tombului do kinoyonon diti do koowiyon toun diti om minundaliu kopio ontok toun 1869. Tokyo nopo kopio nga nadadi longkod politik do pogun montok piipiro linaid somok no tolu abad, om soira do tuminindohoi i Maharaja hilo, Tokyo nogi nga nadadi tama pogun empayar maya de facto. Istana Edo nopo nga nadadi Istana Diraja Jipun. Montiri pomorinta miagal ko' montiri kousinan nga pinoundaliu kumaa Tokyo ontok toun 1871.  Wawayaan korita tapui di kumoiso id Jipun nopo noukaban ontok 14 Gumas 1872, popiromut Shimbashi (Shiodome) omYokohama (Sakuragicho), baino nopo nga soboogian do wawayaan Tokaido. Ontok toun 1870 -on, pinoimagon mogikakawo institusi om koinsanangan toponsol di nadadi do simbol Tokyo miagal ko'  Ueno Park (1873), University of Tokyo (1877) om Tokyo Stock Exchange (1878).  Koburuon kemodenan di osiau pinoindalan mantad Tokyo, maya do kinoyonon pongindopuan miagal koMarunouchi di noponu do bongunan bata moden, om korita tapui monguhup montok do poposunsui kinoris kukumaraja di ogumu om kikonuruan ontok monokodung pembangunan ekonomi, Pinoimagon do rasmi Bandar Tokyo ontok 1 Mikat 1889. Ontok toun diti nogi,  Imperial Diet, Kotinanan Kooturan Kabansaan Jipun pinoimagon id Tokyo om kakal  poindalan gisom do baino.thumb|Metropolitan Police Tama ufis pointutud sabab do gogor tana. on fire following the earthquake. Nokounsub tapui di mantad gogor tana gisom nokoimbulai  fire whirls.
Ontok 1 Manom 1923, noontok Tokyo gogor tana Great Kanto Earthquake om kasaraban minamatai kiikiro 105.000 ginawo tulun. Ginumu kinorugian nopo nga agaon do 37 piatus mantad kosoliwanon ekonomi pogun. Mulong po do ingkaa, kinaraagan diti nakaanu manahk kosiwatan do momorindak kawagu do perancangan bandar, di arau-arau minundaliu bontuk kalapas Meiji Restoration. Bongunan konkrit popokito kadar kopotilombusan di akawas, mongunsub do kopongolihan mantad kopomogunoon kayu om bata kumaa kapamansayan moden di otial gogor tana'.  Tokyo Metro Ginza Line pialatan do Ueno om Asakusa, wawayaan korita tapui id siriba tana' di kumoiso do winonsoi id soliwan do Europe om benua Amerika, nopongo ontok 30 Momuhau 1927. Mulong po do nopuli Tokyo mantad do gogor tana' nga nokoimbulai kegerakan koubasanan om politik liberal miagal ko' Taishō Democracy, dekad 1930-on pinopokito do kinoruon ekonomi di agayo gisom do nadadi  Great Depression om kinakasaon id politik. Duo pogumbalan do magahau kuasa souder id Tokyo ontok 15 Mikat 1932 om 26 Mansak 1936. Kinakasaon  diti minanahak do kosiwatan kumaa souder jipun id kopomorintahan montok do monguasa pogun, di minogowit do kaampayatan jipun id sangod jipyn koduo sabaagi kuasa paksi. Maya do sonkosuai politik Jipun id taang sompogunan sabab do pencorobohan do souder id China om kowowoyoon geopolitik di makin au stabil id Europe. Nasansagan Tokyo suminoliwan mantad do adadi tuan walai Sukan Olimpik Timpu Alasu 1940 ontok toun 1938.Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad. Nokotimpuun 

Rationing  id Mahas 1940 da'amot do pogun  nokotounda montok sangod pomogunan sumusuhut, om kapamarayahan do kinoulitan ko-26 abad koinsawatan do takhta Maharaja Jimmu toun di montok popoingkawas sunduan om kointutunan kabansaan. Ontok 8 Momuhau 1941, minonarang Jipun do pangakalan souder Amerika id Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, nopogowit do sangod pomogunan kumoduo sumaap do kuasa bersatu. Pomorintahan maso sangod nopo nga minanahak bagas tagayo kumaa koposion monikid tadau id Tokyo.

 Nuut 

Sukuon

Bibliografi

 Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; 
 McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ; 
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan encyclopedia . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; 

Basa'on potilombus
Tapanai
 Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. Tokyo (City Travel Guide) (2010)
 Mansfield, Stephen. Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo (2013)
 Waley, Paul. Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide. (1984). 592 pp
 Yanagihara, Wendy. Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter

Kontemporari
 Allinson, Gary D. Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change. (1979). 258 pp.
 Bestor, Theodore. Neighborhood Tokyo (1989). online edition
 Bestor, Theodore. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World. (2004) online edition
 Fowler, Edward. San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. (1996) .
 Friedman, Mildred, ed. Tokyo, Form and Spirit. (1986). 256 pp.
 Jinnai, Hidenobu. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. (1995). 236 pp.
 Jones, Sumie et al. eds. A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan's Modern Metropolis, 1850–1920 (2017); primary sources excerpt
 Perez, Louis G. Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture (ABC-CLIO, 2019).
 Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". Art Journal. 55#3 (1996) pp. 38+.
 Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991). 397 pp.
 Sorensen, A. Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2000)
 Taira, J. [re]TOKYO. (2018). San Francisco: ORO Editions. 
 Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". Urban Studies 2007 44(8): 1465–1490.  Fulltext: Ebsco

Noputan labus

 Official website  (et al.)
 Go Tokyo travel guide
 Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau