Jim Crow Laws

Jim crow Laws da iya begiri ang da bi a United States paaluu a baarong saŋa 19th ane a piiluu saŋa a 20th centuries nang da wanne a racial segregation, "Jim Crow" o na da e pejorative ko nensɔgele. https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00fremA baara ko a  Jim Crow laws da nang leɛre la a 1965.https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Formal ane  informal racial segregation policies da be la a ziiri mine nang be a United States neng a lɛ zaa, ane gba states mine nang ba paale a South da ba sage feretaalong a kpeɛbo poɔ aqne vootu yeltare. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#cite_note-4https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300LSouthern mere da nang be la a white-dominated state legislatures (Redeemers) ko a disenfranchise kyɛ iri a political ane economic nyaabo ko a African Americans a meɛbo wagere poɔ.https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24 A ana nang da nang gɛrɛ nimitɔɔre a racial segregation meng da nyɛ la sommo yi Lily-white movement.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B

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 Nimitɔɔre kannoo 

 Ayers, Edward L. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-1950-3756-1
 Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-2310-5380-0
 Bartley, Numan V. The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.
 Bond, Horace Mann. "The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States." Journal of Negro Education vol. 4 (July 1935), pp. 321–327.
 Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds. The Jim Crow Encyclopedia (Greenwood, 2008)
 Chin, Gabriel, and Karthikeyan, Hrishi. Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asians, 1910 to 1950, 9 Asian L.J. 1 (2002)
 Campbell, Nedra. More Justice, More Peace: The Black Person's Guide to the American Legal System. Lawrence Hill Books, 2002. ISBN 1-5565-2468-4
 Cole, Stephanie and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2012. ISBN 1-6034-4582-X
 Dailey, Jane; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth and Simon, Bryant (eds.), Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-6910-0192-8
 Fairclough, Adam. "'Being in the Field of Education and Also Being a Negro ... Seems ... Tragic': Black Teachers in the Jim Crow South." The Journal of American History vol. 87 (June 2000), pp. 65–91.
 Feldman, Glenn. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8173-0984-5
 Fireside, Harvey. Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003. ISBN 0-7867-1293-7
 Foner, Eric. Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. ISBN 0-0601-5851-4
 Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2239-6
 Gaston, Paul M. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.
 Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. New York: Penguin Press, 2019. ISBN 0-5255-5953-1
 Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2287-6
 Griffin, John Howard. Black Like Me. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
 Haws, Robert, ed. The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945 University Press of Mississippi, 1978.
 Hackney, Sheldon. Populism to Progressivism in Alabama. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.
 Johnson, Charles S. Patterns of Negro Segregation. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943.
 Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-1951-2903-2
 Litwack, Leon F. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. ISBN 0-3945-2778-X
 Lopez, Ian F. Haney. "A nation of minorities": race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness. Stanford Law Review, February 1, 2007.
 Kantrowitz, Stephen. Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (2000)
 McMillen, Neil R. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
 Medley, Keith Weldon. We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson. Pelican. March, 2003.
 Murray, Pauli. States' Law on Race and Color. University of Georgia Press. 2d ed. 1997 (Davison Douglas ed.). ISBN 978-0-8203-1883-7
 Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row, 1944.
 Newby, I.A. Jim Crow's Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.

 Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son. 1941. Reprint, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
 Pye, David Kenneth. "Complex Relations: An African-American Attorney Navigates Jim Crow Atlanta". Georgia Historical Quarterly, Winter 2007, vol. 91, issue 4, 453–477.
 Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South, 1856–1890 (1978)
 Smith, J. Douglas. Managing: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
 Smith, J. Douglas. "The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922–1930: "Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro." Journal of Southern History vol. 68 (February 2002), pp. 65–106.
 Smith, J. Douglas. "Patrolling the Boundaries of Race: Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia, 1922–1932." Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 21 (August 2001): 273–91.
 Sterner, Richard [sv]. The Negro's Share (1943) detailed statistics

 Wood, Amy Louise and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2019.
 Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Brief Account of Segregation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955.
 Woodward, C. Vann. The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1951. online

 Sports 

 Demas, Lane. “Beyond Jackie Robinson: Racial Integration in American College Football and New Directions in Sport History.” History Compass 5.2 (2007): 675–90.
 Essington, Amy. The Integration of the Pacific Coast League: Race and Baseball on the West Coast (U of Nebraska Press, 2018).
 Hawkins, Billy. The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
 Clement, Rufus E. "Racial integration in the field of sports." Journal of Negro Education 23.3 (1954): 222– online
 Fitzpatrick, Frank. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Basketball Game That Changed American Sports (2000)
 Hutchison, Phillip. "The legend of Texas Western: journalism and the epic sports spectacle that wasn't." Critical Studies in Media Communication 33.2 (2016): 154–67.
 Lopez, Katherine. Cougars of Any Color: The Integration of University of Houston Athletics, 1964–1968 (McFarland, 2008).
 Martin, Charles H. "Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American South." International Journal of the History of Sport 10.1 (1993): 68–86.
 Miller, Patrick B. "Slouching toward a new expediency: College football and the color line during the depression decade" American Studies 40.3 (1999): 5–30.
 Pennington, Richard. Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football (McFarland, 1987).
 Romero, Francine Sanders. "'There are only white champions': The rise and demise of segregated boxing in Texas." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 108.1 (2004): 26–41. online
 Sacks, Marcy S. Joe Louis: Sports and Race in Twentieth-Century America (Routledge, 2018).
 Spivey, Donald. "The black athlete in big-time intercollegiate sports, 1941–1968." Phylon 44.2 (1983): 116–25. online Archived March 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
 White, Derrick E. "From desegregation to integration: Race, football, and 'Dixie' at the University of Florida" Florida Historical Quarterly 88.4 (2010): 469–96.

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Jim Crow laws

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 The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
 Jim Crow and Reconstruction
 The History of Jim Crow, Ronald L. F. Davis – A series of essays on the history of Jim Crow. Archive index at the Wayback Machine
 Creating Jim Crow – Origins of the term and system of laws.
 Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America – The basics of Jim Crow etiquette.
 "You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!" PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride, in 1947.
 List of laws enacted in various states
 Ferris University page about Jim Crow
 [1]Voices on Antisemitism Interview with David Pilgrim, founder of Jim Crow Museum] Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Jim Crow Era, History in the Key of Jazz, Gerald Early, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (esp. see section "Jim Crow is Born")
 Examples of Jim Crow laws
 Reports of the Death of Jim Crow Prove Greatly Exaggerated. Bill Morris, The Daily Beast.
 Jim Crow Signs at A History of Central Florida Podcast
 Black Justice – American Civil Liberties Union, 1931

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