Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad daa nyɛla soya mini ya' nim din sɔɣi ka "freedom seekers" doli li n-zori tiligiri ka cheri "abolitionist Northern United States" mini Eastern Canada. Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa gbahi Africamini African Americans daba daa zomi tiligi ka che dab' tali 16th century, ka bɛ pa daa bi nya sɔŋsim; amaa, amaa ya' shɛŋa ni bɛ ni daa tooi kperi ka tiligira ka bɛ booni li "Underground Railroad" daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli nambu 1780s, tiŋsi din daa be North ka kpuɣi niya ni bɛ kari dab'tali n daa nam li. Pan-African bɔhimbu ni wuhi shɛm, J. Blaine Hudson, ŋun daa nyɛ "dean" zaŋti College of Arts and Sciences din be University of Louisville, "Civil War" daa ti yɛn naai, niriba tuhi kɔbisinu bee n gari lala n daa nyɛ African Americans n daa nyɛ ban doli lala "Underground Railroad" n zo n-tiligi.

African Americans ŋɔ ni daa nam so' shɛŋa ŋɔ, nyɛla nambozɔriba shɛba ni daa pahi ka shɛli niŋ. Sɔ' shɛŋa daa lahi beni n-kuni Mexico, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni kari dab'tali, zaŋ chaŋ "islands" din be Caribbean din daa ka lala daba dabu ŋɔ ni. Tuuli soli daa beni n-kuni Florida, ka shɛli daa naan yi ti pahi n-kuni Spanish (gbaa yihi yuuni 1763–1783), ka di daa ti lahi beni 17th century bahigu zaŋ chaŋ kamani yuuni 1790. "American Civil War" saha, "freedom seekers" daa zoya kuli "Union lines" din be South ni bɛ ti deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. So daa buɣisiya ni zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1850, kamani daba tuhi kɔbiga 100,000 n daa doli lala soya ŋɔ n tiligi ka che dab'tali.

 Yuli maa ni 
Eric Foner n daa sabi lala bach ŋɔ "din tooi nyɛ "Washington newspaper" n daa tuui zaŋ lala bachi ŋɔ n-tum tuma yuuni 1839, bɛ daa tɔɣisirila bipuɣinga ŋun daa bori ni o doli ziliji soli n zo 'din daa be tiŋgbani ni zaŋ hali ni Boston'"., p. 131 Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley daa sanili mi n doli ban gbahiri daba' ni daa di barigi zaŋ chaŋ north Columbia, Pennsylvania, ka bɛ daa yɛli ni "ni ziligi soli ni tooi be tiŋgbani ni luɣ'shɛli," ka lala bachi maa daa pili ni. Scott Shane takari gbaŋ din zaŋ lala bachi ŋƆ tum tuma tuuli n-nyɛ Thomas Smallwood lahabali din daa yina  August 10, 1842, Tocsin of Liberty sabbu, lahabali din daa yi Albany. Yuuni 1879 o daa lahi sabi buku yuli booni Sketches ka di nyɛ "Underground Railroad" taarihi ka daa yɛli ni lala lahabali ŋmaa maa daa be la yuuni 1839 Washington lahabali churi ni, ka lala ŋun sabi lahabali ŋɔ daa yɛli ni  o teei la lala lahabai ŋɔ yuun pihinahi nyaaŋa.Shane, Scott, Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.

 Terminology 
Ban daa be Underground Railroad maani daa tooi zooya ka bɛ mali bachi shɛŋa kuri bukaata. Kotomsi:

 Ninvuɣ'shɛba abn daa sɔŋ "fugitive slaves" daa nya ka "railroad" maa nyɛla  "agents"
 "Guides" nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli "conductors"
 Luɣ'shɛŋ bɛ ni daa sɔƔiri n daa nyɛ "stations" bee "way stations"
 "Station masters" daa sɔɣirila daba ban daa zori tiligiri bɛ yinsi
 Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban zori tiligiri ka cheri dab'tali n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa booni shɛba "passengers" bee "cargo"
 "Fugitive slaves" daa deeri la "ticket"
 Kamani "gospel lore",  "wheels daa kuli nyɛla din labiri tiligira"
 Ban daa mali lala "Railroad" ŋɔ nyari liɣiri n daa nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba "stockholders"Blight, David, 2004, p. 98
 Promised Land – dalinli zaŋti Canada
 River Jordan – dalinli zaŋti Ohio River
 Heaven – dalinli zaŋti maŋsulinsi bee Canada


 Notable people 

 Ann Bamford
 John Brown
 Owen Brown (father)
 Owen Brown (son)
 Samuel Burris
 Obadiah Bush
 Levi Coffin
 Elizabeth Rous Comstock
 George CorsonWilliam Still, "George Corson," The Underground Rail Road, (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872), pp. 721–23.
 Moses DicksonKwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Oxford University Press, 1999 
 Frederick Douglass"Aboard the Underground Railroad" – Boston African American NHS. Nps.gov (September 5, 1962). Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
 Asa Drury
 George Hussey Earle Sr.
 Calvin Fairbank
 Bartholomew Fussell
 Matilda Joslyn Gage
 Thomas Galt
 Thomas Garrett
 Sydney Howard Gay
 Josiah Bushnell Grinnell
 Frances Harper
 Laura Smith Haviland
 Lewis Hayden
 John Hunn
 Roger Hooker Leavitt
 Jermain Wesley Loguen
 Samuel Joseph May
 John Berry Meachum
 Mary Meachum
 Cynthia Catlin Miller
 William M. Mitchell
 Solomon Northup
 John Parker
 Elijah F. Pennypacker
 Mary Ellen Pleasant
 John Wesley Posey
 Amy and Isaac Post
 Peter Quire
 John Rankin
 Alexander Milton Ross
 David Ruggles
 Gerrit Smith
 George Luther Stearns
 William Still
 John Ton
 Charles Turner Torrey
 William Troy
 Harriet Tubman
 Martha Coffin Wright
 John Van Zandt
 Bernardhus Van Leer
 Silvia and John Webber
 Edward Wetherill 


 International Underground Railroad Month 
Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi shɛli International Underground Railroad goli, dama Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ goli shɛli Harriet Tubman mini Frederick Douglass ni tiligi dab'tali ni.

 In popular culture 

 Inspirations for fiction 

 The Underground Railroad nyɛla yuuni 2016 lahablai ka Colson Whitehead sabi li. Di daa di la yuuni 2016 National Book Award mini yuuni 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
 The Underground Railroad  nyɛla yuuni 2021 "streaming television limited series", ka di jendi Whitehead's novel.
 Undergroundnyɛla "American television series" din daa yina yuuni 2016, WGN America.

 Literature 

 David Walker (1829) Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
 Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) Uncle Tom's Cabin
 Caroline Lee Hentz (1854) The Planter's Northern Bride
 William M. Mitchell (1860) The Under-Ground Railroad
 Sarah Hopkins Bradford (1869) Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman; (1896) Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People
 Barbara Smucker, (1977) Underground to Canada

 Binkumda 
Underground Railroad nyɛla kompini shɛli Tupac Shakur ni daa nam, Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion ni Live Squad ka bɛ daliri nyɛla bɛ sɔŋ paɣaba mini dobba ban nyɛ gbansabila, ka sɔŋ yɛligi bi yila tuma.

 Comics 
Big Jim mini White Boy, David F. Walker ni Marcus Kwame Anderson's lahabali din yuli booni Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Big Jim mini Huck n daa niŋ Underground Railroad kpamba zaŋ chaŋ Civil War-era United States ni bɛ ti faai daba ban daa be ni bahi.

 Lihi pahi 

 Ausable Chasm, NY, home of the North Star Underground Railroad Museum
 Caroline Quarlls (1824–1892), first known person to escape slavery through Wisconsin's Underground Railroad
 Fort Mose Historic State Park
 Josiah Henson Museum of African-Canadian History near Dresden, Ontario
 List of Underground Railroad sites
 Tilly Escape
 Timbuctoo, New York

 Noosi 

 Kundivihira 





  (heard on All Things Considered)





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 Karim pahi 




  (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad)



  (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia).






 ; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history.

 Folklore and myth 






 External links 

 Underground Railroad – National Park Service
 Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery
 Underground Railroad Studies 
 Underground Railroad Timeline
 Friends of the Underground Railroad
 National Underground Railroad Freedom Center

 Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York: A bibliography by The Buffalo History Museum
 Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com