Longquan celadon

Longquan celadon (龍泉青瓷) nyɛla Chinese kalo balishɛli, ka Westpolo bɛ booni li celadon bee "greenware", bɛ pili li la malibu 950 zaŋ chaŋ 1550. Kilns maa daa tooi zooi ka di be la "Lishui prefecture" din be southwestern Zhejiang tiŋgbani yaɣili China south polo, n-ti pahiFujian tiŋgbani yaɣili north polo. 500 kilns ka bɛ tooi bɔ n-nya,Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 13; Gompertz, 158 has "over 200 kiln sites" showing the pace of Chinese archaeology in recent decades, and perhaps counting groups rather than individual kilns; Medley, 147, on their locations ka di zuɣu che ka Longquan celadon nyɛ taarihi puuni kalonima malibu sheei din galisi pam China.  "Longquan-type" n tooi nyɛ yuli n-ti li, lala waliginsim ŋɔ ni, bee "southern celadon",Medley, 146kamani kilns kalinli ni daa lahi zooi China north polo ban maani Yaozhou ware bee Northern Celadon wares. Di ŋmani taba yaɣa pam, amaa ka leei mali waliginsim shɛŋa ni "Longquan-type celadon", ka di malibu daa kuli du zuɣusaa ka lahi sheei tiŋgbani ni saha bihi zuɣu ni.Medley, 115-118; Gompertz, 159, 98-125; for some reason one is typically capitalized and the other not.

Celadonmali taarihi waɣinli Longquan mini luɣ'shɛŋa din ŋmani li, amaa zaŋ kana Northern Song (960–1127) saha ka di malibu pam pam pili, ni di tiŋ'zuɣu yihi labisi Hangzhou,din miri Longquan, Southern Song (1127–1279) ni piligi naai nyaaŋa, dini tooi nyɛ dini n daa su di yɛligibu pam mini di malibu viɛnyɛla ni maani. D zaa daa kuli nyɛla din duri zuɣusaa Yuan (1271–1368) ni Ming (1368–1644) ni daa kuli pili saha shɛli. Longquan celadons daa nyɛla China bomma ni nyamna nɛma din duri tiŋ'duya yaa sheei n gari yuun pihinu ka tiŋsi pam daa tɔɣisi li, di bahi bahindi Korea mini Japan. Di kpila saha shɛli "blue and white porcelain" ni kana ti deei li Jingdezhen.Medley, 147Gompertz, 22 quoted; Medley, 146 describes them as "stoneware and porcellanous ware".Vainker, 108 (quoted); Clunas, 284-285 refers to celadons as porcelain, but not consistently.

Longquan celadons daa pahi la "celadon wares" viɛli shɛŋa bɛ ni mali China, ka di ʒi taɣibu nima na. Bɛ daa maani la kalonima maa ka di mali koma balibu, ka di yaa jɛndi "olive-green", amaa ka daa lahi tirisi chaŋ "greenish blues" ni (bɛ ni daa nya ka salo yu shɛli,amaa ka di dii bi yoli) n-ti pahi zaɣ'tankpaɣu. Lala ko'balibu ŋɔ zaa yimi na "glaze" maa ni; saha shɛŋa di yaɣ'shɛli din be gbunni maa bɛ bi taɣiri di kom maa ka di leei nachiinsi n-ti li, bɛ yihi wuhili buɣim ka di niŋ "terracotta brown". "Wares" peentibu niŋdi la tɔm; nachiinsi dihibu yirimi na kopu laasabu nahingbaŋ ni bee bɛ ni luɣi yaɣ'shɛŋ mini dizaan shɛŋa din be di puuni.

Technical aspects and decoration
Longquan celadon ningbungbaŋ, nyɛla din mali balibu kamani zaɣ'timsili, "compact grey stoneware" zaŋ ti tabili "white porcellaneous material", amaa luɣ'shɛli bɛ yi ti nyɔli buɣim di leeri la "terracotta reddish brown". Din bɔŋɔ n waligiri Longquan ka chari Northern Celadons. Amaa, din bɔŋɔ ni tooi pa zaɣ'gansi shɛŋa bɛ ni mali ni binyɛra din nyɛ "whitish, porcellanous," di ni tooi n niŋ ka luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni nyo buɣim maa gba niŋ "translucent" di yi niŋ ka di bi timsa.Medley, 147; Grove: "The body of Longquan celadon is a light grey stoneware, sometimes reaching the quality of a pure white porcelain". Western polo,bɛ tooi zaŋdi la zaɣ'gansi n niŋdi "stoneware",amaa bɛ ni tooi lahi boli shɛŋa "porcelain";Compare the text and captions at Clunas 284-285, fig. 250 is called "stoneware", fig. 251 (the Katzenelnbogen bowl) "porcelain". Both are Longquan celadon of 1400-50. binyɛra din yina China nima sani nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi lahi buɣisi shɛli "porcelain".For example Fang, Lili, Chinese Ceramics, 45-47, 2011, Cambridge University Press, , 9780521186483, google books

Di ningbungbaŋ daa tooi zooi la zaɣ'tamnkpaɣu "potter's wheel," ni ka bɛ tooi laɣindi maani di zaɣ'kara luɣ'yini. Di ŋmaya nima ka bɛ daa mali n tumdi tuma, ka saha shŋa bɛni ka bɛ mali yaɣiri, n-ti tabili yaɣiri din dihiri nachiinsi.Medley, 148-152

Di malila ko'balibu din mali waliginsim kamani "greyish" ni "blueish greens", ni zaɣ'dozim din ŋmani tankpaɣu.Valenstein, 101-102 Di lala kom ŋɔ yirimi na iron oxide shɛli bɛ ni nyo buɣim ni "reducing atmosphere", ka kom kam doli saha shɛli tulim ni kpe li. Longquan celadon daa nyori mi ni  dragon kilns waɣinli, "brick tunnels rising up a slope", ka di mali garibu shɛhi zaɣ'bɔbigu (voya), ka duɣu maa maŋmaŋa yirina zuɣusaa steeji ni, din tuli chani saɣisiri ka doli taba. Saggars n daa toooi zooi ka bɛ mali n tumdi tuma, ni kilns din waɣa, kamali paai soya bee voya pia ni ayi, din daa naan tooi ti binyɛra kalinli 25,000 tuli saha yini. Di buɣim tulim daa nyɛla kamani 1,180 °C mini 1,280 °C,ka tulim din nyɛ kamani 1,250 °C tiri kala vakahili mini nuɣiso.Medley, 147-148Valenstein, 99-100Medley, 147-148  Nahingbaŋ din nyɛ zaɣ'ʒee maa yiririmi na saha shɛli buɣim maa yi kpeli n naai, di ni niŋ ka yaɣiri din kpe buɣum maa mini pɔhim din kpe kiln maa di laɣim taba maa, ka "iron" din bɛni maa leei ferrous oxide.Gompertz, 164 Bɛ tooi mali bɛ ni niŋdi shɛm pɔi ka daa naan yi pahi 1400 "splashes" "iron oxide" din yina gandimgandim; lala dina ŋɔ tiri la nahinggban tankpaɣu din daɣi.Medley, 152

Chinese mini Japanese zaa malila bɛ ni buɣisiri di ko'balibu maa mini di viɛlim shɛm; Japanesedina shɛŋ nyɛla din ni tooi zaŋ dalim bee n gɔhi Japan dina. Bachi din nyɛ kinuta (砧青瓷) gbunni nyɛla "mallet", di yi pa shɛli "mallet vase" shɛli nyaaŋa, zaanimi n-tiri "blue-green" ko'shɛli niriba suhu ni yu pam lala Song saha maa, ka bɛ tooi booni Siliminsili ni, tenryūji piɛlli malila "a faint yellowish-green tone", ka yina  Yuan mini Ming. Balishɛli din nyɛ shickikan yimi na Ming sunsuuni, kalo maa nachiinsi maa yi neei naau.Gompertz, 149-150 Celadons din pahi ni, Chinese sani nahingbaŋ ŋmali din zaŋ ti jade, n-nyɛ bɛ nini ni tiɣi shɛli Chinese art ni, di daa nyɛla din kpa talahi ka kalomaaniba bɔri ni bɛ pahirili saha shɛŋa.Medley, 150

Di shɛŋa nahingbana kuli nyɛla soochi amaa ka leei viɛla. Kalo kara mini nachiinsi dihibu kuli nyɛla di kuli pahiri Yuan mali chana, ka di zaɣ'kari shɛŋa nyɛ 14th century malibu. Lala "mallet" ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni yuri shɛli Longquan,ka di mali bingburbirisi kamani ʒerisi bee binkɔb'shɛba.Gompertz, 156, 162; Grove  Funerary vases, bɛ ni daa maani shɛli ka di mali jahi, gba daa nyɛla din mali binkɔbiri nahingbana, di daa tooi zoi la gbuɣima mini ʒerisi. Southern Chinesepolo bɛ daa mali li mi nm-pahiri bɛ kpiimba sɔɣibu kali ni.Gompertz, 156; The British Museum says of the pair illustrated below: "These funerary urns are decorated with two ‘animals of the four directions’, called 'siling 四靈' in Chinese. The White Tiger of the West is pursuing a dog and the Green Dragon of the East is chasing a flaming pearl. The birds on the covers may allude to the Red Bird of the South; but the symbol of the north, a tortoise with a snake, is not present. In China, artists decorated coffins and tombs with these creatures from the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) onwards. These jars stored provisions for the afterlife such as grain and are part of local southern burial practice."  "Longquan style" daa nyɛla parante din mali zimbihi ayi bee zaɣ'bɔbigu ka bɛ duɣiri kom di sunsuuni, di daa tooi lahi zooya ka bɛ mali li n niŋdi di gɔlinsi kamani yɛltɔɣa ni pun' yɛi shɛm 14th-century.Medley, 148; Gompertz, 164-167Gompertz, 164Medley, 150-151British Museum example, 1991,0304.3; Clunas, 212 has this shrine with gilded figures.

Markets and later collecting
Kamani Northern Celadon, Longquan ware daa pa "imperial court" ni mali shɛli n kuri bukaata Song saha,Vainker, 110-111, though see Valenstein, 99, and Clunas, 97, 100, 229, where court patronage is said to have ended with the reign of the Xuande Emperor (d. 1435); Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 44 say (of the Southern Song) "The Longquan kilns were non-official kilns whose workers nevertheless made ceramics for the imperial household ...", repeated by the British Museum di mini bɛ daa mali Longquan kilns m-maani "official" Guan ware, Guan kilns ni daa naan ku tooi niŋ doli zalisi.Gompertz, 173; Vainker, 110-111; Rawson, 250 Daa din daa kpa talahi n-nyɛ literati bee scholar-gentleman. Wares dakulo kam zaŋ ku bukaata ni, sha shɛŋa bɛ daa mali li mi n sɔɣiri kpiimba. Nahingbaŋ bɔbigu,di bahi bahindi piligu saha dini, di daa chanimi n doli ancient ritual bronze nahingbana, bɛ ni daa nya ka shɛli lu n zahim adiini bukaata kubu, amaa di daa ka nachiinsi din nyɛ "bronze" maŋli maa dini. Din bɔŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n duri tiŋ'duya, di yi daa kuli bi chani shɛli di daa chani South-East Asian tiŋgbana ni kamani Japan mini Korea.Vainker, 110-112; Gompertz, 148, 171; Rawson, 250

Japan nima n daa ʒiri li n kpɛri bɛ ya pam, ni "beach" din be Kamakura, bɛ ni daa maani Longquan luɣ'shɛli pam, daa mali 50,000 Longquan sherds, amaa di shɛŋ daa nyɛla din ŋmari voyage din yina China. Japan daa dii bi yuui ka pili Longquan wares tɔɣisi mali, ka na kuli nyɛ ban niŋdi li, pam pam mini belabela zaa.Gompertz, 170-171

Di pam daa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni ʒiri shɛli n kpɛri Musulinsi adiini ni zooi luɣ'shɛŋa, ka bɛ ni laɣim shɛli pam zuŋɔ nyɛ kalinli 1,300 din yina Ottoman Emperors, di pam din pa be Topkapi Palace din be Istanbul.Gompertz, 26  Di dariza daa duu la zuɣusaa Middle East mini Europe bɛ ni daa baŋ ni pooʒini yi lu din ni di ŋmarimi bee ka di taɣi nahingbaŋ la.Gompertz, 26 Di shɛŋa lahi nyɛla din be East African teeku ni, n-ti pahi south Kenya mini Tanzania.Gompertz, 147

Di bela n daa kpe Europe ka di nyɛla daabiligu n ʒili kpe bee Musulinsi adiini tinsi n-ti ba li.Massing, 132; Gompertz, 26  Chinese kalo nima dibaa ata ko ka bɛ ni tooi sabi ni di kpe Europe pɔi ni 1500. Din bɔŋɔ nima puuni, tdin daŋ n-nyɛ Fonthill Vase (din pa nyɛ Dublin), din nyɛ qingbai porcelain, amaa dibaa ayi maa n-nyɛ Longquan celadon.Massing, 131-132  Yuuni 1487 Lorenzo de' Medici daa ti Longquan parante, Qaitbay n daa ti li,  Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. Katzenelnbogen ŋmani gba nyɛla "aristocratic German pilgrim" ni daa da shɛli Holy Land yuuni 1433/34.Massing, 132; Clunas, 285  Lala Longquan Warham ŋmani ŋɔ, nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli n-ti New College, Oxford, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury n daa ti li zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1532 (bɛ ni pa paŋ shɛli n-ti Ashmolean Museum), di nyɛla din daa naan tooi kana nyaaŋ pɔi, kamani 1500, ka bɛ daa ti li bin tamdisi England.Warham Bowl, Ashmolean ; Gompertz, 26

Taarihi
Northern Song saha Dayao (大窯) kiln luɣ'shɛli din daa baɣi Longquan tiŋgbani ni daa maani la "wares" ni kilns konkɔba pishi ni ata; ni Jincun din miri li,nye bɛ ni daa nya ka shɛli nyɛ "kiln complexes" titali, ka maani "wares" gahinda.Valenstein, 99; Vainker, 108-109 Kalo maŋa malibu daa na kani zŋ na hali ni Southern Song (1127–1279), din nyaaŋa ka di tuɣi Yuan (1271–1368) mini Ming (1368–1644) saha.

Binsh`eɣu din daa yiɣisi zani Longquan celadon daa nyɛla "Northern Song court din kpalim zabili zaŋ chaŋ south, bɛ ni daa lahi ka bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm north Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. "Southern Song court" palli daa be Hangzhou, ka baɣi Longquan.Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105; Grove; Gompertz, 156  Lala Northern Celadon kilns daa pili tiŋgbani ni shheebu Longquan malibu ni.Gompertz, 125 Longquan wares daa bɛ yirina Five Great Kilns shɛli ni, Chinese connoisseurs ni daa ti pu shɛli, ka di bi tooi zooi ka di be sabbu ni, amaa Qing dynasty tɔgisibu nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli.

Lahabali shɛli din kuli yirina Yuan labiri yirina, din dii bi zani tuhi, yari la niriba ayi yɛltɔɣa Zhang, ban zaa nyɛ Longquan kalo maaniba, m-pa shɛli ka yina Southern Song, amaa din bɔŋɔ dii bi neei dɔni. Kpɛma sani maa yimi na ni ware din gahim; di niŋ viɛnyɛla bee di bi niŋ lahabali din yina bahigu yɛliya ni di daa waligimi ni "crackled glaze", ka Ge ware (maɣina "kpɛma sani maa ware") tu ni di nyɛ lala balibu ŋɔ. Bia sani maa gba daa yimi na ni kalonima malibu din viɛla ka bɛ daa ti nya ka di nyɛ din gaŋdu Longquan ware ni.Gompertz, 155-158; Vainker, 108

Southern Song saha daa nya din viɛla, ni din mali ko'balibu, ka lahi nyɛ din malibu yɛligira. Kalibu din nyɛ yuuni 1988 Chinese "archaeologist" ni gdaa kali shɛli piligu daa nyɛla 39 din yina Northern Song,ka  61 yina Southern Song, ka din gari 70 yina Yuan. Kɔbigu puuni vaabu 20th century daa nyɛla 23%, <10% ni <5%,ka di wuhiri mali yaɣi, ka din daa kpalim nyɛ kilns din daa mali kpɛŋ.Deng, 61-62

Di zaɣi maŋ tali daa shee la tiŋa 14th century, amaa di tuuli malibu mini tiŋ'duya kpɛbu daa nyɛla din tiri tooni. Zaŋ chaŋ century maa sunsuuni Jingdezhen ware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli "blue and white porcelain", ka lala "war" palli ŋɔ zani ti Longquan celadon dahi pam ni. Ko'kpɛɣu mini tɔbu nyɛla din che ka kilns shɛŋa kpihim zaa; kilns shɛŋa bɛ ni gbi n kurigi tooi zooi la ko'kpɛɣu ni zori ti luri shɛli. Amaa, hali "stoutly potted celadons" din yina Ming saha gba malila ban toɣisi di malibu Jingdezhen mini Japan. Daabiligu kopu din daa fim kom ni gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli Sinan County zaŋ du Korean teeku ni yuuni 1976, din lɔɣu daa mali gari 9,600 celadon zaɣi gansi din yina Yuan period,amaa ka di zaɣi maŋli maa. Di daa naan tooi nya Japan ka bɛ mali lala dina ŋɔ n-ti;di daa malila adiini binyɛra.British Museum Di daa fim la yuuni 1323,Rawson, 274 lahabali wuhiya ni bɛ na kuli maani la di tatabiti hali bɛ ni daa bi tɛhiri ni bɛ ni tooi mali li shɛm.Gompertz, 201; 

Longquan celadon daa nyɛla din du zuɣusaa Ming dynasty piligu ha,di ni daa niŋ kiln shɛli sokam ni saɣiti ka bɛ maani li n-tiri kotu maa. Di fulaawaasi nima nachiinsi dihibu daa ŋmanila Jingdezhen nuɣiso mni zaɣ'piɛlli mini "court lacquerwork". Parante parilana daa bɛni ka di buɣi dibu tɔ pam. Zaŋ chaŋ 15th century sunsuuni kootu maa daa zaɣisi bɛ binyɛra deebu, ka kilnstiŋgbani ni dɔnibu lahi pili yaha.Clunas and Harrison-Hall, 97, 100  Ming bahigu ha kilns bela ko n daa kpalim bɛni, ka bɛ tooi mali li m-maani binyɛra kamani "tiles" mini ko'duɣiri.Gompetz, 188-194

Zaŋ kana 20th century tiŋ'bihi mini tiŋ'duya nima ban niŋ zaɣa mini baŋdiba chaŋla lala kiln yaɣa ŋɔ ti gbi ni. Ʒemana Chinese baŋdiba,tuuli kilnni daa be shɛli nyɛla bɛ ni daa na vihi shɛli tuuli, Chen Wanli n-daa vihi li yuuni 1928 mini yuuni 1934, din ni daa niŋ ka shɛba pun' gbi li yuuni 1916 nyaaŋa.Gompertz, 157-158

 Noosi 

Kundivihira

Clunas, Craig and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Ming: 50 years that changed China, 2014, British Museum Press, 
Deng, Gary, Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China, 1999, Greenwood Publishing Group, , 9780313307126
Gompertz, G.St.G.M., Chinese Celadon Wares, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber, 
"Grove": Oxford Art Online, "China, §VIII, 3: Ceramics: Historical development", various authors
Krahl, Regina and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection, 2009, British Museum, , 9780714124544
Massing, Jean Michel, in Levinson, Jay A. (ed), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, 1991, Yale UP/National Gallery of Art, , google books 
Medley, Margaret, The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon, 
Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, 
Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
Valenstein, S. (1998). A handbook of Chinese ceramics, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.  (fully online)

Karim pahi
Regina Krahl, et al., Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul, 3 vols, London, 1986

Category:Chinese pottery
Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity