Biɛlimpahirili

Yɛltɔɣa baŋsim puuni, biɛlimpahirili nyɛla mɔfim shɛli din tabiliri bachi nyabili ka ŋa namdi bachi pala bee ka ŋa bachi pubu taɣira. Yaɣa ayi shɛŋa ŋa be biɛlimpahirili ni n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni derivational mini inflectional biɛlimpahira la. Derivational biɛlimpahira kamani,  un-, -ation, anti-, pre-, ni ŋa pahi nyɛla din wuhiri di ni tabili bachi shɛŋa maa gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli. Inflectional biɛlimpahira nyɛla din kpɛhiri sintaɣisi taɣibu kamani bin'yini ni lɛbiri zaɣ'bɔbigu shɛm (shɛhirili. -(e)s), bee bɛ ni boli shɛli ni present simple tense la ni lɛbiri present continuous bee ŋa ni lɛbiri niŋsim din pun gari shɛm di yi niŋ ka biɛlimpahira ŋɔ shɛli  -ing, -ed yi ti tabili Siliminsili ni bachi. Ŋanima zaa nyɛla mɔfim tuɣira ŋanima buɣisibu ni; tɔ amaa tooni biɛlimpahira mini nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira din nima ni tooi nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni separable affixesla.

 Adfixes, sunsuuni biɛlimpahira, ni ŋanima waligimsim 
Bachi yi deei mɔfim di piligu ka ŋa gbunni taɣi lala niŋsim ŋɔ yuli booni la prefixation, di mii yi deei li la di sunsuuni din mii booni la infixation, di yi ti deei li di nyanŋa mii ka di boli suffixation.

+ Yaɣ'shɛŋa biɛlimpahira ni malila Affix  Example  Schema  Description Prefix  un-do  prefix-stem  Appears before the stem Prefixoid/semi-prefix/pseudo-prefix  flexi-cover  prefixoid-stem  Appears before the stem, but is only partially bound to it Suffix/postfix  look-ing  stem-suffix  Appears after the stem SuffixoidKremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11./semi-suffixMarchand, Hans. 1969. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff./pseudo-suffix  cat-like  stem-suffixoid  Appears after the stem, but is only partially bound to it Infix(see also tmesis)  educated  stem  Appears within a stem — common e.g. in Austronesian languages Circumfix  enen  circumfixcircumfix  One portion appears before the stem, the other after Interfix  speed-o-meter  stema-interfix-stemb  Links two stems together in a compound Duplifix  money~shmoney (shm-reduplication)  stem~duplifix  Incorporates a reduplicated portion of a stem(may occur before, after, or within the stem) Transfix  Maltese: ktb "he wrote"(compare root ktb "write")  stem  A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem Simulfix  mouse → mice stem\simulfix  Changes a segment of a stem Suprafix  produce (noun)produce (verb) stem\suprafix  Changes a suprasegmental feature of a stem Disfix  Alabama: tipli "break up"(compare root tipasli "break")  stem  The elision of a portion of a stem
Tooni biɛlimpahirili  mini nyanŋa biɛlimpahirili  ni tooi n pahi n be adfix ni, di yi n niŋ ka ŋanima yi sunsuuni biɛlimpahirili ni nyaaŋa .

Di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ makiri gbana ni bɛ nya bɛ ni boli shɛli ni interlinear glossing la, kamani din ni pun n wuhi shɛm adaka din pahi ata la ni n be teebuli shɛli ŋa do zuɣ'saa ŋɔ ni shɛm maa, biɛlimpahira ŋa ka yɛlgɔla kamani tooni biɛlimpahira mini nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira nima ni tooi n waligi ka che bachi tuŋa di yi ti niŋ ka siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni hyphens la kpɛ ŋa sunsuuni na. Biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa bi ʒeya n tuhi nyɛbili maa bee ŋanima zooi ka ŋa chirisiri bachi nyɛbili maa nima nyɛla ŋa be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni angle brackets la puuni. Ŋa labiri n-namda mii nyɛla din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni tilde la puuni. Biɛlimpahira shɛŋa ŋa ku tooi n pu bee n pirigi nima nyɛla ŋa be bɛ mi boli shɛli ni  a back slash la puuni.
Lexical biɛlimpahira 
Yɛltɔɣa biɛhigu puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛli ni lexical affixes bee semantic affixes, yi n pahi bachinamdi tuɣira puuni ni ŋanima maɣisi taba, di tooi n zooya ka ŋanima gbunni do polo ni pam. Shɛhira, bachi shɛli ŋa mali "water (kom) gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli" ni tooi n ka bachinamdili bachikpani dominchi lala bachinamda nima maa zaa yɛrimi n wuhiri  binshɛli ŋa yi ŋa di ko kamani Shɛhiranima ŋɔ ni "saltwater (yɛlimkom)", "whitewater (ko'piɛlim)", ni ŋa pahi pahi (tɔ amaa saha shɛŋa beni ka lala lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ lɛbi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni grammaticalized la yaɣa pam ni.) Din ŋanima tooi niɣindi ka bɛ ni noli shɛli ni incorporated noun bachi tuŋa bee bachi nyabili la bachiniŋda puuni kamani ŋanima nyɛ din pahi bachinamda zuɣu la amaa ŋanima pala din ni tooi zani di gama zuɣu n bachinamda. Lexical biɛlimpahira nyɛla ŋa bi yoli biɛhigu ni amaa ka lee n be Wakashan, Salishan, n ti pahi Chimakuan bala la ni ka bɛ tooi n zooi ka bɛ mali ŋanima n tumdi tuma bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni— ŋanima yi ti n beni di wuhiri la bɛ ni boli shɛli ni an areal feature la mɔɣili titali shɛli ŋa be Northwest,  North America la - di maani ka di mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni free nouns din mini li gbunni di yɛn nyɛ yim la do palo ni viɛyelinga. lexical nyanŋa biɛlimpahira mini free nouns din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Northern Straits Saanich ka ŋa sabi n be Saanich sabbu zalisi ni la n ti pahi  Americanist notation la ni zaŋ maɣisi taba:

 Lexical Suffix Noun -o, -aʔ "person", ełtálṉew̱ ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ "person" -nát -net "day" sȼićel skʷičəl "day" -sen -sən "foot, lower leg" sxene, sx̣ənəʔ "foot, lower leg" -áwtw̱ -ew̕txʷ "building, house, campsite", á,leṉ ʔeʔləŋ "house"

Yɛltɔɣa baŋdiba shɛba yɛliya ni lala lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ nyɛla din tiri bachiniŋda bachiniŋdipahira bee bachibuɣisira biɛhiga. Ka bɛ shɛba mii yɛli ni ka lala n-nyɛ li ka yɛli ni din tooi n-nyɛ din pahi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni syntactic arguments la ni kamani free nouns nima ni nyɛ and, thus, ŋa che ka lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni incorporated nouns la nyɛ yim. Gerdts (2003) ti shɛhiranima zaŋ kpa lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋɔ Halkomelem nima balli puuni  (bachinima maa ni pe shɛm ŋa puuni n-nyɛ verb–subject–object):

{| class="IPA wikitable"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%"
|
|
| style="background: #bbbbff" | VERB
| style="background: #ffebad" | SUBJ
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | OBJ
|-
| (1)
| niʔ
| šak’ʷ-ət-əs
| łə słeniʔ
| łə qeq
|-
|
| colspan="4" | "the woman washed the baby"
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%"
| bgcolor=white colspan=5| 
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%"
|
|
| style="background: #bbbbff" | VERB+LEX.SUFF
| style="background: #ffebad" | SUBJ
|
|-
| (2)
| niʔ
| šk’ʷ-əyəł
| łə słeniʔ
|
|-
|
| colspan="4" | "the woman baby-washed"
|}

Tuuli yɛltɔɣili maa ni (1), bachiniŋdili ŋɔ "wash" nyɛla  šak’ʷətəs ka din ni šak’ʷ- nyɛ di bachi tuŋa ka -ət ni-əs nima mii nyɛ nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira shɛli bɛ ni boli inflectional la. Bachikpani ŋɔ "the woman" n-nyɛ łə słeniʔ ka niŋsim deera ŋɔ "the baby" nyɛ łə qeq. Yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ puuni, "the baby" nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni free noun la. (Din bɔŋɔ niʔ nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni auxiliary la kpe ka ŋa ni tooi n gɔhigi n bahi di yi ti niŋ ka Shɛhira yi kana.)

Yɛltɔɣili din pahi ayi la ni (2), "baby" bi yina ka nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni free noun la. Di nyɛla ŋa yina ka nyɛ lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili -əyəł ka nyɛ biɛlimpahirili n-ti bachiniŋdili bachi tuŋa ŋɔ šk’ʷ- (ka ŋa taɣi bela ŋa bolibu puuni amaa lala taɣibu maa nyɛla din bi kpa ŋa bolibu ni kpe ŋɔ). Lala lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili pa din nyɛ "the baby" (definite) bee "a baby" la zaa shɛli (indefinite); ŋanima nyɛla ŋan n wuhiri la bɛ ni boli shɛli ni incorporated nouns la soli.

 Sabbu zalisi biɛlimpahira  
Zalisi ŋan jɛndi sabbu puuni, biɛlimpahira nyɛla ŋa tumdi biɛlim'shɛŋa ŋa pɔri ka pahi sabbu din jɛba taba ni la tuma. Shɛhira, Maya glyphs bachinima din jɛba taba ka ŋa bɛ ni boli shɛli ni main sign mini  biɛlimpahira bela joined laɣim taba n saɣisi. Ŋanima yuya n booni tooni biɛlimpahira, superfixes, postfixes, n ti pahi subfixes n zaŋ dolisi ŋanima ni pe n doya shɛm nu'zaa yaɣili polo, zuɣusaa, nudirigu yaɣili polo, bee bɛ ni boli shɛli ni main glyph la gbunni ni. Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni glyph la din pɔra yi n kpɛ n pahi di kpee ni ŋa yuli n booni sunsuuni biɛlimpahirili.Robert Sharer & Loa Traxler, 2006, The Ancient Maya, Stanford University Press.  Lala n lahi nyɛ li kɔnsonanti jɛba shɛli bɛ ni boli ni Indic alphabets la gba puuni. Shɛhira, Tibetan nima bachikɔba malila tooni biɛlimpahirili, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, superfix, n ti pahi subfix kɔnsonanti bachikɔba n tumdi tuma.Andrew West, "Precomposed Tibetan Part 1 : BrdaRten"  BabelStone, September 14, 2006 

 Nyam yaha 

 Agglutination
 Augmentative
 Binary prefix
 Clitic
 Combining form
 Concatenation
 Diminutive
 English prefixes
 Family name affixes
 Internet-related prefixes
 Marker (linguistics)
 Morphological derivation
 Separable affix
 SI prefix
 Stemming - affix removal using computer software
 Unpaired word
 Word formation

 Kundivihira 
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