Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) zaŋti United States Constitution karila daba dabu mini tum ti di pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu. Senate n daa zali zaligu maa Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864, House of Representatives daa zali li Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865.

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 United States dab' tali 


Da' tali daa nyɛla din be United States of America ka nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli tum di ni pili yuuni 1776. Di nyɛla European colonization ni pili shɛli "thirteen American colonies" din be British America yaɣili zaa.Allain, 2012, pp. 116-117 Fugitive Slave Clause ni, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. Article I, Section 9, Clause 1 ti la Congress maa soli ni di zali zaligu ni "Importation of Persons", ka bi yɛ zaŋ tum tuma zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1808. Amaa, "Fifth Amendment" daliri zuɣu—din yɛli ni "Ninvuɣ' so n ka...ka bɛ yɛn mɔŋ o ni benibu, gamazuɣu zanibu, bee n su o ni mali shɛli, ka di pala zaligu pala di zuɣu"—daba daa nyɛla aʒianima.Allain, 2012, pp. 119–120Amaa daba dabu karibu daa zaŋla "Fifth Amendment" n-ŋme nangbankpeeni ni dabilim, di daa pahi Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) zalisi din kari daba nahimbu ni bɛ aʒia'tali.Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 14.Foner, 2010, pp. 20–22

Di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa yɛligira ,tiŋgbani pala daba daabiligu niŋbu n daa pa lahi nyɛ yɛltɔɣa.Goodwin, 2005, p. 123 Yuuni 1820 Missouri Compromise daa deei la Missouri ka di  niŋ daba tiŋgbani ka Maine mi leei vuhim tiŋgban Compromise of 1850 daa na zaŋla California "free state" saha biɛla zuɣu ni, ka zaani Fugitive Slave Act din mali yaa, ka kariti Washington, D.C., ka che ka New Mexico mini Utah gba yina ni bɛ tɛha zaŋ chaŋ daba dabu polo.Foner, 2010, p. 59

Proposal and ratification

Crafting the amendment

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali yaa zaŋ tum tuma puuni zaŋ chaŋ tɔbu polo, Lincoln daa yina ni "Emancipation Proclamation" Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1862, ka di daa piini Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1863. Bɛ lahi tɛha zaŋ chaŋ zalisi maa taɣibu siɣim buta zuɣu. Ka tuuli dini nyɛ tiŋgbani maa yɛn bɔrimi ni bɛ kari daba dabu Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1900.Lind, Michael, What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York . Chapter Six Race and Restoration, pp. 205–212.McPherson, 1988, p. 558Zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli December yuuni 1863, Lincoln daa lahi zaŋ o tɔbu yaa n yina ni "Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction", din ti Southern states soli ni bɛ labi kpe nangbanyini laɣingu ni.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 47. Southern states daa bɛ niŋ shili ni bɛ saɣiti li, ka daba dabu na ka di ni za shɛli.

Tiŋ'bihi tɔbu ŋmebu yuma ni, ban zaani zalisi laɣinsi ni daa tɛhiya ni bɛ labi mali bɛ zalisi zali.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48–51. Di shɛli n daa nyɛ bɛ boli soli kari daba dabu luɣ'li kam ka di ku lahi labina dahinshɛli kam. Anashaara goli December 14, yuuni 1863, James Mitchell Ashley ŋun yina Ohio daa yina ni lala zalisi maa.Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment (2015) excerpt   James F. Wilson ŋun yina Iowa gba daa ti yina ni di kpee. 

Radical Republicans din nyɛ Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner mini Pennsylvania nira Thaddeus Stevens gba daa yina ni pahisi di yɛliri zalisi maa labi teei.Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.Anashaara goli February 8, yuuni 1864, Sumner daa zaŋ tiŋgbani zalisi labi-teei n-ti ka di yɛra:
Zaligu maa nyɛla din ni tooi di sokam, din yɛn che ka so ku tooi gbaai be n gbubi so dabili.Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.

Sumner daa moya ni o zaŋ o tɛha pahi o maŋmaŋa komitii maa ni, ka di pa ni Judiciary Committee, din daa be Trumbull nuu ni, amaa ka Senate maa daa zaɣisi.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it. Anashaara goli February 10, Senate Judiciary Committee daa zani Senate zaani ni zalisi maa labi teei din nyɛ Ashley ni daa tɛhi shɛŋa, Wilson n-ti pahi Henderson."Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage" , Harpers Weekly, The Creation of the 13th Amendment, Retrieved Feb 15, 2007Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."

Komitii maa yaɣili daa malila sabbu din yina Northwest Ordinance yuuni 1787 tumdi tuma, din wuhira ni, "Daba dabu bee talahi tumti nyɛla din bi yɛn be tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣ'shɛli, gbaa yihi ban tum taali ka di yɛn darigi bɛ tibili Pdf.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."

Passage by Congress

Senate daa zali zaligu maa mali niŋ Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864.. Amaa, Anashaara goli June 15, chira ayi nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bɛ tooi niŋli.Goodwin, 2005, p. 686 Yuuni 1864 gɔmanti tali kpaɣiri bo ni,  Free Soil Party nira John C. Frémont daa varisi Lincoln, ka saɣiri tiri dab'tali karibu.Goodwin, 2005, pp. 624–625Foner, 2010, p. 299 Frémont daa yi kpaɣiribu maa ni Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1864, ka daa saɣiti Lincoln.Goodwin, 2005, p. 639

Southern states shɛli nuu daa ka din ni, Congress maa shɛba daa yina ni biɛhigu ni adiini yɛltɔɣa din zaɣisi dab'tali.Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179. Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), pp. 179–180. Benedict quotes Senator Garrett Davis: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in Great Debates in American History (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller. Ŋun daa be din ni Chilton A. White, ni ban pahi pahi, daa kpahi bɛ zuɣuni ni lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn che kansabila lee bilichini nima.Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10–11.Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182. Shɛba mi daa ʒimi ni lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina n-ti gbanpiɛla.

Gbanpiɛla, Northern Republicans mini Democrats daaniŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zzalisi ŋɔ taɣibu, ka ʒini laɣinsi ka bɔri maligu soya.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 61. Gbansabila ban daa be South, daa zaŋla bɛ zaɣa niŋ tiŋgbani mini shikuru baŋsim bɔbu ni.Trelease, White Terror (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please." Di ni daa niŋ ka siyaasa ka nuu timbu daba dabu ni, Northern Democrats shɛba daa yina ti moli ni bɛ ni tim nuu lala zalisi ŋɔ labi-teei ni, n-ti pahi James Brooks,Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution." Senator Reverdy Johnson,Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery." ni New York political machine so bɛ ni booni Tammany Hall gba daa bela din ni.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 203.

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Lincoln daa malila tɛha ni "Emancipation Proclamation" zaŋti yuuni 1863 ni tooi lahi labi niŋ bee ka bɛ nya ka di bi niŋ dee tɔbu maa nyaaŋa.Foner, 2010, pp. 312–14Donald, 1996, p. 396 O nyɛla ŋun ka zaashee lala zalisi labi-teei ŋɔ ni ka o daliri nyɛla din nyɛla din nyɛ pɔhili zaŋti siyaasa.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats." O ni daa lahi labi di piibu-piibu maa naai yuuni 1864, Lincoln daa zaŋ "Thirteenth Amendment" zaŋ tum tuma ka di niŋ talahi ti o.Goodwin, 2005, pp. 686–87Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 176–177, 180.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 178.

Lincoln daa yɛli gbaŋ ŋmari zaŋti ti tiŋgbani maa William H. Seward, ŋun daa zani ti John B. Alley ni bɛ kpaŋ bɛ maŋ nya vootinima ni soli kam bɛ ni yɛn doli.Foner, 2010, pp. 312–13Goodwin, 2005, p. 687Goodwin, 2005, pp. 687–689Donald, 1996, p. 554Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment." 

Yuuni 1864 Democratic ni daa piigi so ni o zani tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, George H. Pendleton,daa varila ban ka nam ni haŋkaya kpari lala polo.Goodwin, 2005, p. 688Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality."Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 191–192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or any textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'."

Anashaara goli January ni daa ti pirigi yuuni 1865, ŋun diri aliza tiri jinaduu Schuyler Colfax daa buɣisiya ka niriba anu vootibu kani ka di zuɣu che ka taɣibu maa ku tooi niŋ. Ashley daa tirisi vootibu maa.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 197–198.Lala saha ŋɔ, Lincoln daa kpaŋsi o niya ni di taɣibu polo, ka daa gindi balindi bɛ shɛba.Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery. Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865, jinaduu daa labi boli niriba ni bɛ ti niŋ taɣibu vootibu ŋɔ. Foner, 2010, p. 313 Din  nyaaŋa bɛ shɛba daa diri dari, ka bɛ shɛba mi yi zahara kuhiri nintam.Foner, 2010, p. 314McPherson, 1988, p. 840

Zaligu daa bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana tuun shɛli zaligu ŋɔ mali niŋ ni, bɛ ni daa gbaai shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli ti Lincoln ka o dihi gbana ni.Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed. Anashaara goli February 7, Congress daa yina ti yɛli ni tiŋgbani zuɣulana gbana ni dihibu maa bi kpa talahi.Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution.Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual."Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in Lincoln.

Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390.  Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394–397.Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, pp. 227–228.Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 229. Du Bois (1935), Black Reconstruction, p. 208.Thorpe (1901), Constitutional History, p. 210. Alabama mini Louisiana ni di saɣiti maa pala din gbubi dab' kura.Tsesis (2004), The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom, p. 48. Anashaara goli December tuuli dabisa ni, North Carolina mini Georgia daa niŋ di vootibu din tu ni di niŋ ka bɛ zaŋli pahi zalisi ni.

Tuuli tiŋgbana pishi ni ayopɔin ban daa saɣiti " Amendment" n daa nyɛ:

 Illinois: February 1, 1865
 Rhode Island: February 2, 1865
 Michigan: February 3, 1865
 Maryland: February 3, 1865
 New York: February 3, 1865
 Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865
 West Virginia: February 3, 1865
 Missouri: February 6, 1865
 Maine: February 7, 1865
 Kansas: February 7, 1865
 Massachusetts: February 7, 1865
 Virginia: February 9, 1865
 Ohio: February 10, 1865
 Indiana: February 13, 1865
 Nevada: February 16, 1865
 Louisiana: February 17, 1865
 Minnesota: February 23, 1865
 Wisconsin: February 24, 1865
 Vermont: March 9, 1865
 Tennessee: April 7, 1865
 Arkansas: April 14, 1865
 Connecticut: May 4, 1865
 New Hampshire: July 1, 1865
 South Carolina: November 13, 1865
 Alabama: December 2, 1865
 North Carolina: December 4, 1865
 Georgia: December 6, 1865

Seward certificate  proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 232.

"Thirteenth Amendment" daa ti nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din daa pahi ni saɣiti shɛli, din nim n doli ŋɔ na:

Lihi pahi
 Crittenden Compromise
 End of slavery in the United States
 History of unfree labor in the United States
 History of slavery in the United States by state
 List of amendments to the United States Constitution
 Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
 National Freedom Day
 Slave Trade Acts
 Slavery Abolition Act 1833 in the United Kingdom
 United States labor law
 13th, a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth Amendment

Kundivihira
Citations

Notes

Bibliography


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 Heriot, Gail & Somin, Alison, Sleeping Giant?: Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment, Hate Crimes Legislation, and Academia's Favorite New Vehicle for the Expansion of Federal Power, 13 Engage 31 (October 2012).
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 Response to McAward:  Pdf.
 Response to Tsesis:  Pdf.
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  Excerpt. Emphasis on the role of Congressman James Ashley.
 Samito, Christian G., Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp.
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Maryland Law Review, special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze
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Columbia Law Review, special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications
 Introduction
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 Panel I: Thirteenth Admendment in Context
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 Panel II: Reconstruction Revisited
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 Panel III: The Limits of Authority
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 Panel IV: Contemporary Implications
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Further reading
 Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. (1993). Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation; .

External links

 Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress
 CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment
 Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery
 Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute—U.S. Dept of Justice
 "Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln "; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment.
 Seward certificate announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States
 When Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified? 

Category:Reconstruction Amendments
Category:1865 in American politics
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
13
Category:Economic history of the United States
Category:Reconstruction Era
Category:Aftermath of the American Civil War
Category:Forced labour by country
Category:United States slavery law
Category:1864 in American law
Category:1864 in American politics
Category:Schuyler Colfax