Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom

Abolition of slavery bɛ ni saha yinsi tiŋgbana sunsuuni. Di tooi zooya ka di niŋdi m-doli taba gari yim zuɣu – kamani shɛhira, kamani daba daabiligu karibu tiŋgbani shɛli ni, ni dab'tali karibu tiŋgbana zaa ni. Di zaa daa malila di ni niŋ shɛm mini zalisi din gbubi li.

Daadaa saha
Medieval times

N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.

 Date Jurisdiction Description 590–604    Pope Gregory I mɔŋla Jews ka bɛ ku tooi gbubi daba ban be Dolodolo Adiini ni.Isidore Singer, Joseph Jacobs: SLAVE-TRADE jewishencyclopedia.com, accessed 30 August 2019 7th century  Francia  Queen Balthild, dab'kurili mini Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (644–655) daa chɔɣim Christians ban nyɛ daba gbahibu. Balthild tooi darila daba Saxon, mini manumits (frees).Paul Fouracre, Richard A. Gerberding (1996), Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720, Manchester University Press, , p. 97–99 & 111. 741–752    Pope Zachary bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by Venetian slave traders, and sets them free. 840  23px Carolingian EmpirePactum Lotharii: Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. Venetian slave traders switch to trading Slavs from the East (Balkan slave trade). 873  Christendom  Pope John VIII declares the enslavement of fellow Christians a sin and commands their release. ~900  Byzantine Empire  Emperor Leo VI the Wise prohibits voluntary self-enslavement and commands that such contracts shall be null and void and punishable by flagellation for both parties to the contract.Novel 59 of Leo VI the Wise, D. Karampelas (ed.), Legal History Resources, Patakis Publishers, 2008 [Δ. Καράμπελας (επιμ.), Πηγές Ιστορίας του Δικαίου, Εκδόσεις Πατάκη, 2008], p. 68-69956Goryeo Dynasty (Korea)Slaves were freed on a large scale in 956 by the Goryeo dynasty.Junius P. Rodriguez (1 January 1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 392–393. . Gwangjong of Goryeo proclaimed the Slave and Land Act (노비안검법, 奴婢按檢法), an act that "deprived nobles of much of their manpower in the form of slaves and purged the old nobility, the meritorious subjects and their offspring and military lineages in great numbers".Breuker, Remco E. Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty. BRILL. p. 150. . 960  Slave trade banned in the city under the rule of Doge Pietro IV Candiano (Council of Venice). 1080  Norman England William the Conqueror prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves. 1100  Normandy Serfdom no longer present.Sept essais sur des Aspects de la société et de l'économie dans la Normandie médiévale (Xe – XIIIe siècles) Lucien Musset, Jean-Michel Bouvris, Véronique Gazeau -Cahier des Annales de Normandie- 1988, Volume 22, Issue 22, pp. 3–140 1102  Norman England The Council of London bans the slave trade: "Let no one dare hereafter to engage in the infamous business, prevalent in England, of selling men like animals." c. 1160  Norway The Gulating bans the sale of house slaves out of the country. 1171  All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh. 1198  FranceTrinitarian Order founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives. 1214  Korčula  The Statute of the Town abolishes slavery. 1218   Aragon  Mercedarians founded in Barcelona with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims. ~1220  Holy Roman Empire The Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the Middle Ages, condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God. 1245   AragonJames I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and pagans.Roth, Norman (1994). Jews, Visigoths & Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Leiden: Brill. pp. 160–161. 1256    Liber Paradisus promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the commune are released. 1315  23px FranceLouis X publishes a decree abolishing slavery and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed. However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in Provence, as well as until the 18th century in some of France's overseas territories. Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.131823px FranceKing Philip V abolishes serfdom in his domain. 1335  23px Sweden  Slavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in Finland). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813. Between 1784 and 1847, slavery was practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy. Sweden never practiced serfdom, except in a few territories it later acquired which were ruled under a local legal code. 1347  Poland The Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica emancipate all non-free people. 1368  23px Ming Dynasty  Emperor Hongwu abolished most forms of slavery, limiting even the highest ranks of household to less than 20 household slaves. Later in the dynasty saw a resurgence of debt servitude, primarily in the south, as a result of population growth against the dearth of arable lands, often taking euphemisms like "adoption" to circumvent its still outlawed status. 1416    Slavery and slave trade abolished.1423 PolandKing orders to free all Christian slaves. 1435  Canary IslandsPope Eugene IV's Sicut Dudum bans enslavement of baptised Christians, "or those freely seeking baptism" in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.  1477   Castile  Isabella I bans slavery in newly conquered territories.Sánchez Galera, Juan y Sánchez Galera, José María. Vamos a contar mentiras. Madrid, México, Buenos Aires, San Juan, Santiago, Miami. Edaf, 2012 1480  23px Galicia  Remnant serfdom abolished by the Catholic Monarchs.Payne, Stanley G. (1973) A History of Spain and Portugal. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1486   Aragon  Ferdinand II promulgates the Sentence of Guadalupe, abolishing Carolingian-remnant serfdom (remença) in Old Catalonia. 1490   Castile  After a long court case, the Catholic Monarchs order that all La Gomera natives enslaved in the aftermath of the 1488 rebellion must be freed and returned to the island at Conquistador Pedro de Vera's expense. De Vera is also relieved from his post as Governor of Gran Canaria in 1491.Trujillo Cabrera, J. (2007) Episodios Gomeros del siglo XV. Ed. IDEA, 359 pages. 1493  Queen Isabella bans the enslavement of Native Americans unless they are hostile or cannibalistic. Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. Columbus is preempted from selling Indian captives in Seville and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released.

1500–1700
 Date Jurisdiction Description 1503   Castile  Native Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will.Mira Caballos, Esteban (1997). "El envío de indios americanos a la península Ibérica: aspectos legales (1492–1542)". Studia Historica, Historia Moderna (20): 201–215. 1512  The Laws of Burgos establish limits to the treatment of natives in the Encomienda system. 1518   Spain  Decree of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, under monopoly of Laurent de Gouvenot, in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans. 1528  Charles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement. Encomiendas are banned from collecting tribute in gold with the reasoning that Natives were selling their children to get it.Piqueras, J.A. (2020) La esclavitud en las Españas. Los Libros de la Catarata, 258 pages. 1530  Outright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned under the New laws. 1536  The Welser family is dispossessed of the Asiento monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in Venezuela. 1537  New World  Pope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property (Sublimis Deus). 1542   Spain  The New Laws ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the repartimiento. Slavery of Black Africans continues. New limits are imposed to the Encomienda. 1549  Encomiendas banned from using forced labor. 1550-1551  Valladolid Debate on the innate rights of indigenous peoples of the Americas. 1552 Bartolomé de las Casas, "the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there."156223x23px Mughal EmpireAkbar I restricted enslavement by his soldiery. 1570    King Sebastian of Portugal bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the Society of Jesus, which had missionaries in direct contact with Brazilian tribes.1574    Last remaining serfs emancipated by Elizabeth I.   Slavery abolished by royal decree. 1588  Lithuania The Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery. 1590    Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery except as punishment for criminals.Lewis, James Bryant. (2003).  Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, pp. 31–32. 1595    Trade of Chinese slaves banned. 1602    The Clifton Star Chamber Case set a precedent, that impressing / enslaving children to serve as actors was illegal. 1609   Spain  The Moriscos, many of whom are serfs, are expelled from Peninsular Spain unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as moros cortados, "cut Moors") However, a large proportion avoid expulsion or manage to return.Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265. 1624    Enslavement of Chinese banned. 1648    The system of serfdom was partially weakened, a part of serfs were freed. Manors of the Polish szlachta and the Catholic Church were given under the government control.  1649  23px Russia  The sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned.KIZILOV, MIKHAIL (2007). Journal of Early Modern History. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 11: 16 1652  23px Providence Plantations  Roger Williams and Samuel Gorton work to pass legislation abolishing slavery in Providence Plantations, the first attempt of its kind in North America. It does not go into effect.1660Tenures Abolition Act 1660 1677  23px Maratha Empire  Shivaji I banned, freed and stopped import and export of all slaves under his Empire.K.A.NiIakanta Sastri, Sivaji's Charter to the Dutch on the Coromandel Coast, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 1939, Vol. 3 (1939), pp. 1156–1165 1679    Feodor III converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (1984)Hellie, Richard (2009). "Slavery and serfdom in Russia". In Gleason, Abbott. A Companion to Russian History. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. 10. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. . Retrieved 2015-09-14. 1683   Spanish Chile  Slavery of Mapuche prisoners of war abolished. 1687   Spanish Florida  Fugitive slaves from the Thirteen Colonies granted freedom in return for conversion to Catholicism and four years of military service. 1688  23px Pennsylvania  The Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery is the first religious petition against African slavery in what would become the United States.

1701–1799
 Date Jurisdiction Description 1706    In Smith v. Browne & Cooper, Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave."Catterall, Helen Tunnicliff.  Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Vol. I: Cases from the Courts of England, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky.  Washington, D.C.:  Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926.      accessed 2 October 2013.V.C.D. Mtubani, African Slaves and English Law, PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol 3 No 2 Nov 1983 retrieved 24 February 2011 1711–1712  23px Imereti  Slave trade banned by Mamia I of Imereti. 1712    Moros cortados expelled.Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265 1715  North Carolina  South CarolinaNative American slave trade in the American Southeast reduces with the outbreak of the Yamasee War. 1723    Peter the Great converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia. 1723–1730  23px Qing Dynasty  The Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century. 1732  Georgia Province established without African slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring colony of Carolina. In 1738, James Oglethorpe warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa."Wilson, Thomas D., The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. p. 130. Native American slavery is legal throughout Georgia, however, and African slavery is later introduced in 1749. 1738   Spanish Florida  Fort Mosé, the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the United States, is established. Word of the settlement sparks the Stono Rebellion in Carolina the following year.1746Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746Tenures Abolition Act 1746 1761    The Marquis of Pombal bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal.Blackburn, Robin (1988) The overthrow of colonial slavery, 1776–1848. Verso, 560 pages. encouraging instead the trade of African slaves to Brazil. 1766 Muhammad III of Morocco purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in Seville, Cádiz, and Barcelona.Profa. Mª Magdalena Martínez Almira APUNTES sobre la ABOLICIÓN ESCLAVITUD EN ESPAÑA.  artic.ua.es, accessed 30 August 2019 1770    The Circassians of the Abdzakh region started a great revolution in Circassian territory in 1770. Classes such as slaves, nobles and princes were completely abolished. The Abdzakh Revolution coincides with the French Revolution. While many French nobles took refuge in Russia, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and took refuge in Russia.Vorlesungen von Prof. Dr. M. Sarkisyanz. SAI- Heidelberg . Trubetykoy, Nikolaj Sergejewitsch Fürst Erinnerungen an einen Aufenthalt bei den Tscherkessen des Kreises Tuapse. In: Caucasica, 1934, 11, S. 1–39 1771   Kingdom of Sardinia  Serfdom abolished in the lands ruled by the House of Savoy. 1772    Somersett's case rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from England. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales.Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p. 141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd.   1773    A new decree by the Marquis of Pombal, signed by the king Dom José, emancipates fourth-generation slaves and every child born to an enslaved mother after the decree was published.Both decrees are published in a 1971 article by Oliveira e Costa1774 East India CompanyGovernment of Bengal passed regulations 9 and 10 of 1774, prohibiting the trade in slaves without written deed, and the sale of anyone not already enslaved.1775Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775  Pennsylvania  Pennsylvania Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America.  Atlantic slave trade banned or suspended in the United Colonies during the Revolutionary War. This was a continuation of the Thirteen Colonies' non-importation agreements against Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.1777   Madeira  Slavery abolished.Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 1995. Pages 33–34. The Constitution of the Vermont Republic partially bans slavery, freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage. The ban is not strongly enforced.Harvey Amani Whitfield, The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont, Vermont Historical Society (2014) 1778    Joseph Knight successfully argues that Scots law cannot support the status of slavery. 1779   British America  The Philipsburg Proclamation frees all slaves who desert the American rebels, regardless of their willingness to fight for the Crown. 1780   Pennsylvania  An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847.A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., In the Matter of Color: Race & the American Legal Process, Oxford University Press, 1978. p. 310. 1781   Archduchy of Austria  Joseph II abolishes personal bondage of serfs and allows their freedom of movement with the Serfdom Patent of 1781.1783    Slavery abolished in the recently annexed Crimean Khanate. 23px Massachusetts  Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery unconstitutional, a decision based on the 1780 Massachusetts constitution. All slaves are immediately freed.A. Leon Higginbotham, In the matter of color: race and the American legal process (1980) p. 91Joseph II abolishes slavery in Bukovina.Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. , p. 128 20px New Hampshire  Gradual abolition of slavery begins.  British America  After being settled into by Quakers, Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick becomes the first settlement in British North America to ban slavery, forbidding slave masters from entering.1784   Connecticut  Gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.Higginbotham, p. 310.  Rhode Island Gradual abolition of slavery begins. 1785  Kingdom of Hungary  In response to the Revolt of Horea, Joseph II abolishes personal bondage and allows freedom of movement for peasants in Hungary with the urbarium of 22 August 1785.Ingrao, Charles W. (2000), The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107268692 1786  New South Wales A policy of completely banning slavery is adopted by governor-designate Arthur Phillip for the soon-to-be established colony.Britton (ed.) 1978, p. 531787 The United States in Congress Assembled passes the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories. Sierra Leone Founded by Great Britain as a colony for emancipated slaves.A. B. C. Sibthorpe, The history of Sierra Leone (1970) p. 8   Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Great Britain.1788 Sir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted.  Abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks founded in Paris.  Limits imposed to serfdom under the Stavnsbånd system. 1789    Last remaining seigneurial privileges over peasants abolished.1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. 1791   The Constitution of May 3, 1791 introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom. 1791    Emancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies. 1792    Transatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848.1792   Saint Helena  The importation of slaves to the island of Saint Helena was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.New research published on http://sthelena.uk.net ; shortened extract published in the Saint Helena Independent on 3 June 2011.1793  Saint-Domingue  Commissioner Leger-Felicite Sonthonax abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October. Importation of slaves banned by the Act Against Slavery.1794    Slavery abolished in all French territories and possessions.David B. Gaspar, David P. Geggus, A Turbulent time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (1997) p. 60 The Slave Trade Act bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the export of slaves in foreign ships. The Proclamation of Połaniec, issued during the Kościuszko Uprising, ultimately abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial civil liberties to all peasants. 1798   French Malta  Slavery banned in the islands after their capture by French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte.1799  Gradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.   The Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal servitude or slavery of coal and salt miners that had been established in 1606.

1800–1829

 Date Jurisdiction Description180020px JoseonState slavery banned in 1800. Private slavery continued until being banned in 1894. Malta  Despite being in rebellion against the French, the National Congress confirms the validity of Napoleon's 1798 abolition of slavery, and Alexander Ball issues a proclamation to this effect.  American citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional Slave Trade Act.1802    Napoleon re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind, 2005. Page 111. Ohio  State constitution abolishes slavery.1803    Abolition of Danish participation in the transatlantic slave trade takes effect on 1 January.1804    Slavery abolished."1804:  With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery." Howard L. Green, Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader (1995) p 84.  Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery.1805    A bill for abolition passes in House of Commons but is rejected in the House of Lords.1806    In a message to Congress, Thomas Jefferson calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights ... which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe."1807  International slave trade made a felony in Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution.Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," The New York Times. 30 December 2007.  Abolition of the Slave Trade Act abolishes slave trading throughout the British Empire. Captains fined £100 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations.Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC Warsaw  Constitution abolishes serfdom.  The Stein-Hardenberg Reforms abolish serfdom. Michigan Territory  Judge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."1808    Importation and exportation of slaves made a crime.1810  New Spain Independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaimed the abolition of slavery three months after the start of the Independence of Mexico from Spain.1811    Slave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners.  The Cortes of Cádiz abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights. British East India CompanyThe Company issued regulations 10 of 1811, prohibiting the transport of slaves into Company territory, adding to the 1774 restrictions.  The First National Congress approves a proposal of Manuel de Salas that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen.1812   Malta Protectorate  British protectorate authorities issue a proclamation declaring that "negroes cannot be considered as objects of trade" in response to reports of African slaves being imported into Malta from North Africa, despite slavery having previously been abolished on Malta in 1798.  The Cortes of Cádiz pass the Spanish Constitution of 1812, giving citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. During deliberations, Deputies José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer and Agustín Argüelles unsuccessfully argue for the abolition of slavery.1813  New Spain Independence leader José María Morelos y Pavón declares slavery abolished in Mexico in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación. United ProvincesLaw of Wombs passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it.1814  United Provinces After the occupation of Montevideo, all slaves born in modern Uruguayan territory are declared free.  Slave trade abolished.1815    Napoleon abolishes the slave trade.  Slave trade banned north of the Equator in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain."Blacks in Latin America", Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Florida  British withdrawing after the War of 1812 leave a fully armed fort in the hands of maroons, escaped slaves and their descendants, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as Negro Fort. Sweden-Norway Austria The Congress of Vienna declares its opposition to the slave trade.1816  23px Estonia  Serfdom abolished. Florida  Negro Fort destroyed in the Battle of Negro Fort by U.S. forces under the command of General Andrew Jackson.20px AlgeriaAlgiers bombarded by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end North African piracy and slave raiding in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed.1817  23px Courland  Serfdom abolished.  Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.TREATY between his Britannic Majesty and his Catholic Majesty, for preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in slaves. Signed at Madrid the 23rd of September 1817., api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1818/jan/28  Ferdinand VII signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820, in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain. However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date. Both slave ownership and internal commerce in slaves remained legal. VenezuelaSimon Bolivar calls for the abolition of slavery. 4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture.Higginbotham, pp. 146–47.23px United Provinces  Constitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.1818   Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade."Chronological Table of the Statutes" (1959 edition)  Slave trade banned.  Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.1819  23px Livonia  Serfdom abolished. Upper Canada  Attorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents free.  The ancient Hawaiian kapu system is abolished during the ʻAi Noa, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaāinana (commoners).1820    The Compromise of 1820 bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death.23px Indiana  The supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in Polly v. Lasselle.  The 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.1821  The Plan of Iguala frees the slaves born in Mexico.  In accordance with Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Florida becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves. Peru Abolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.  Emancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for compensated emancipation set.1822   Haiti  Jean Pierre Boyer annexes Spanish Haiti and abolishes slavery there. Liberia  Founded by the American Colonization Society as a colony for emancipated slaves. Muscat and Oman  First bilateral treaty limiting the slave trade in Zanzibar (Moresby Treaty).1823    Slavery abolished.  The Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (Anti-Slavery Society) is founded. 22px Greece  Prohibition of slavery is enshrined in the Greek Constitution of 1823, during the Greek War of Independence.1824Slave Trade Act 1824   The new constitution effectively abolishes slavery. Central America  Slavery abolished.1825  Uruguay Importation of slaves banned. Haiti France, with warships at the ready, demanded Haiti compensate France for its loss of slaves and its slave colony1827   Sweden-Norway Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. Last vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).  Saint Helena  Phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves, some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in all colonies.1829    Last slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry (Vicente Guerrero) is elected.

1830–1849

 Date Jurisdiction Description1830  Coahuila y Tejas Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life".1830    The Firman of 1830 theoretically emancipates all white slaves in the Ottoman Empire.The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p5361830    Slavery abolished.1831  Bolivia Slavery abolished. Brazil  Law of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves.1832Slavery abolished with independence.1832 Coahuila y TejasAnahuac Disturbances: Juan Davis Bradburn, American-born Mexican officer at Anahuac, Texas, confronts slave-owning American settlers, enforcing Mexican abolition of slavery and refusing to hand over two escaped slaves.1834    The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire but on a gradual basis over the next six years. Legally frees 700,000 in the West Indies, 20,000 in Mauritius, and 40,000 in South Africa. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the East India Company and Ceylon.Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:293  French Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris.Nelly Schmidt: Slavery and its Abolition, French colonies, Research and Transmission of Knowledge unesco.org, accessed 30 August 20191835    Freedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.Serbian:  Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.  A decree of Felipe Santiago Salaverry re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other Latin American countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839.Código Civil de 1852: Lo nacional y lo importado, by César Luna Victoria León.1836    Prime Minister Sá da Bandeira bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves to or from the Portuguese colonies south of the equator.1837    Slavery abolished outside of the colonies.1838    Most slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (now London Anti-Slavery Society) winds up.1839    The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (after several changes, now known as Anti-Slavery International) is founded. East India Company The Indian indenture system is abolished in territories controlled by the company, but this is reversed in 1842.  Catholic Church  Pope Gregory XVI's In supremo apostolatus resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade.1840    Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.  First World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in London.  Taking slaves banned by Treaty of Waitangi.1841   Austria  Quintuple Treaty agreeing to suppress the slave trade.  United States v. The Amistad finds that the slaves of La Amistad were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary.1842    Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator.  Law for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.1843Slave Trade Act 1843 East India Company The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the company.  Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.23px Bolivia1844    Mihail Sturdza abolishes slavery in Moldavia.The serfs were given the Right to Property. But until the April Laws, they were subject to different taxes and legal procedures (jus gladii) than burghers.  Slave trade abolished. Dominican Republic declares independence from Haiti; abolition of slavery reinforced.1845    36 Royal Navy ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world.23px Illinois  In Jarrot v. Jarrot, the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.1846    Slavery abolished in Tunisia under Ahmed Bey rule.1847   Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf: slave trade from Africa (via the Persian Gulf route) abolished.  Saint Barthélemy Last slaves freed.Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America: To which is Prefixed An Historical Sketch of Slavery, 1858. Page cxcii.  The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census1840 US Census, Pennsylvania) are freed. Danish West Indies  Royal edict ruling the freedom of children born from female slaves and the total abolition of slavery after 12 years. Dissatisfaction causes a slave rebellion in Saint Croix the next year.1848   Hungary The April laws completely abolished serfdom in Hungary (excluding Transylvania) and Croatia. AustriaSerfdom abolished.  Slavery abolished in the colonies. Gabon is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves. Danish West Indies  Governor Peter von Scholten declares the immediate and total emancipation of all slaves in an attempt to end the slave revolt. For this he is recalled and tried for treason, but the charges are later dropped.Bricka, C.F. (1901). Dansk Biografisk Lexikon. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 255–256.  Last remains of the Stavnsbånd effectively abolished. Muscat and Oman Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.1849   Sierra Leone  The Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of Lomboko.

1850–1899

 Date Jurisdiction Description1850    The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in. Brazil  Eusébio de Queirós Law (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831).1851 BrazilBilateral treaty of 12 October, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country. Brazilians who owned land in Uruguay were allowed to have slaves in their properties.Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Slavery nominally abolished along with opium, gambling, polygamy and foot binding.Lester K. Buehler, Ph.D: A Study of the Taiping Rebellion olemiss.edu, accessed 30 August 201923px New Granada  Slavery abolished. After years of laws that only purported a partial advancement towards abolition, President José Hilario López pushed Congress to pass total abolition on 21 May. Former owners were compensated with government issued bonds.  Slavery abolished in the country by José María Urvina.Lagos  Reduction of Lagos: The British capture the city of Lagos and replace King Kosoko with Akitoye because of the former's refusal to ban the slave trade.1852   Hawaii  1852 Constitution officially declared slavery illegal.Lagos  Bilateral treaty banning the slave trade and human sacrifice.1853   Argentina  Slavery abolished with the sanction of a new federal Constitution.1854    Slavery abolished by Ramón Castilla.  The Firman of 1854 prohibit the Circassian slave trade.  Slavery abolished.1855    Slavery abolished.1856  1857    Dred Scott v. Sandford rules that black slaves and their descendants cannot gain American citizenship and are not entitled to freedom even if they live in a free state for years. Egypt Firman of 1857 banning the trade of Black African (Zanj) slaves.1857    The Firman of 1857 prohibit the African slave trade.1858    British government takes direct control of all land owned by the East India Company, making previously East India Company directly managed territory  subject to the slavery laws applicable in the rest of the British Empire.1859  Atlantic Ocean  Definitive suppression of the transatlantic slave trade.  The Wyandotte Constitution establishes the future state of Kansas as a free state, after four years of armed conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the territory. Southern dominance in the U.S. Senate delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861.   Kazakhs banned from having slaves, although slavery persists in some areas through the rest of the century. 1860  Last known slave ship to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the Clotilda.1861    The Emancipation reform of 1861 abolishes serfdom.Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor (1987)  The election of Abraham Lincoln leads to the attempted secession of eleven slaveholding states and the American Civil War.British India Indian Penal Code explicitly prohibits slavery in British administered territory. 1862Congress passes the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, freeing all slaves in the District of Columbia.   Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act). Spanish Cuba  Slave trade abolished.   Nathaniel Gordon becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade".1863    Slavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in Surinam, 12,000 in Curaçao and Dependencies,Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 2:637 and an indeterminate number in the East Indies.  Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in Confederate-controlled areas. Most slaves in "border states" are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in Washington, D.C. Iceland  Exemptions introduced to serfdom under the Vistarband system.  Slavery abolished.1864  Congress PolandSerfdom abolished.Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego, >
Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 389–3941865    Slavery and involuntary servitude abolished, except as punishment for crime, by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It frees all remaining slaves, about 40,000, in the border slave states that did not secede.Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2004) Thirty out of thirty-six states vote to ratify it; New Jersey, Delaware, Kentucky, and Mississippi vote against. Mississippi does not officially ratify it until 2013.  Juneteenth: U.S. General Gordon Granger proclaims the end of slavery in Galveston.  Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in Madrid by Julio Vizcarrondo, José Julián Acosta and Joaquín Sanromá.1866   Oklahoma  Slavery abolished. U.S. government treaties with the Five Tribes that governed the Indian Territory, which previously allied with the Confederacy, required them to abolish slavery for renewed U.S. recognition of their continued independence. 20px Iowa Thirteenth Amendment ratified. 1867    Law of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.  Peonage Act of 1867, mostly targeting use of Native American peons in New Mexico Territory. Slavery among native tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867.1868   Spanish Cuba  Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the Ten Years War.1869    Louis I abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies.   Slavery abolished.1870    Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, Segismundo Moret drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees children of slaves, slaves older than 65 years, and slaves serving in the Spanish Army, beginning in 1872.   Thirteenth Amendment ratified.1871   Brazil  Rio Branco Law (Law of Free Birth) declares the children born to slave mothers free.Robert E. Conrad, The destruction of Brazilian slavery, 1850–1888 (1972) p. 106Abolition of the han system or Japanese feudalism.1873Slave Trade Act 1873 Puerto Rico Slavery abolished. Zanzibar Madagascar Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.1874    Slavery abolished.Suzanne Miers and Richard L. Roberts, The End of slavery in Africa (1988) p. 791877   Egypt  The Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention abolishes the slave trade gradually in 1877–1884. This also gradually abolishes slavery itself over the next decades. 1879   Bulgaria  Slavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed.1880    The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 prohibit the Red Sea slave trade and give the British the right to stop all slave ships in Ottoman waters.1882    A firman emancipates all slaves, white and black.Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909 (1998).1884    Slavery abolished.1885   Brazil  Saraiva-Cotegipe Law passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State.1886   Spanish Cuba  Slavery abolished.1888   Brazil  Slavery abolished.Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:1241889   Italy  An Italian court finds that Josephine Bakhita was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British, or Egyptian law and is a free woman.1889    The Kanunname of 1889 prohibit the African slavery and slave trade in the Ottoman Empire.Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800-1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1441890   Germany Congo Italy Sweden-Norway Zanzibar
 PersiaBrussels Conference Act – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the Congo Basin, the Ottoman Empire, and the East African coast.1894   Korea  Slavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930. Iceland  Vistarband effectively abolished (but not de jure).1895   Taiwan  Taiwan is annexed by Japan, where slavery has been abolished.1895  23px Egypt  Slavery abolished.   First slaves freed1896  Madagascar Slavery abolished.1897  23px Zanzibar  Slavery abolished except in the case of concubines (abolished in 1909The End of Slavery in Africa. (1988). USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 23). Siam  Slave trade abolished.Baker, Chris; Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 61. Bassora  Children of freedmen issued separate certificates of liberation to avoid enslavement and separation from their parents.1899   Ndzuwani Slavery abolished.

1900–1949
 Date Jurisdiction Description1900   Guam  Slavery abolished 22 February 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.1901    Thirteenth Amendment ratified.1902   Cameroon  Gradual abolition of slavery.1903    "Slave" no longer used as an administrative category.1904   Italy  International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to Eritrea but not to Italian Somaliland.  British East Africa  Slavery abolished.1905    Slavery formally abolished. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward.1906   Slavery abolished beginning on 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25.   Slavery abolished.1908    The Young Turk Revolution eradicates the open trade of Zanj and Circassian women from Constantinople.Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.  Belgium annexes the Congo Free State, ending the practice of slavery there.1912   Siam  Slavery abolished.1915   British Malaya  Slavery abolished.1917  Indian indenture system abolished.1918  Supreme Court rules in Arver v. United States that the 13th Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude does not apply to conscription. The government can constitutionally force people to serve in the military against their will.1919    Slavery abolished.1922    Slave trade abolished, slave holding remained legal.Goodman, R. David. 2012. "Demystifying 'Islamic Slavery': Using Legal Practices to Reconstruct the End of Slavery in Fes, Morocco." History in Africa 39: 143–74.1923    Slavery abolished.  Convict lease abolished after the death of Martin Tabert, who was whipped for being too ill to work. Slavery of Mui tsai abolished.1924   Iraq  Slavery abolished.Human Trafficking: Exploring the International Nature, Concerns, and Complexities. (2012). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 21 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan  Slavery abolished  Temporary Slavery Commission appointed.   Slavery abolished1926     Slavery abolished.  Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery.  British Burma  Slavery abolished.Law of Property Act 1925.1927    1926 Slavery Convention ratified. NejdTreaty of Jeddah (1927) abolishing the slave trade.1928  Sierra Leone Abolition of domestic slavery practised by local African elites. Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.  Convict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so.1929   Slavery abolished and criminalized.1930    Forced Labour Convention.Forced Labour (Indirect Compulsion) RecommendationForced Labour (Regulation) Recommendation1932    Committee of Experts on Slavery appointed.1934    Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery appointed.1935   Ethiopia  The invading Italian General Emilio De Bono claims to have abolished slavery in the Ethiopian Empire.Barker, A. J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 361936Elimination of Recruiting Recommendation1936   Northern Nigeria  Slavery abolished.  Bechuanaland  Slavery abolished.1937   Bahrain  Slavery abolished.1937Public Works (International Co-operation) Recommendation1941    Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of convict leasing.1945  Occupied Germany Millions of forced labourers and slaves are freed after the fall of the Third Reich; see forced labour under German rule during World War II.    Millions of forced labourers and sex slaves are freed after the defeat of the Japanese Empire; see comfort women, rōmusha, East Asia Development Board. 1946  Occupied GermanyFritz Sauckel, Nazi official responsible for procuring forced labor in occupied Europe during World War II, is convicted of crimes against humanity and hanged.   Beginning of large slave defections encouraged by the French Fourth Republic and the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally party.1948    Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares slavery contrary to human rights.1949   Slavery abolished.

1950–1999
 Date Jurisdiction Description1950    Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery.1952    Slavery abolished.1953    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1954  1955   Greece Iraq1956    Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery. ByelorussiaThe Byelorussian SSR and the USSR had separate representation at the UN. United States  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1957    The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1958    Slavery abolished.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1959   UkraineThe Ukrainian SSR and the USSR had separate representation at the UN.1960    Slavery abolished.  First president Modibo Keita makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of Moussa Traoré (1968–1991).1961    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1961    Slavery abolished under Moroccan Constitution, although domestic slave practices continued.1962    Slavery abolished.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1963  1964   Slavery abolished.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1965  1966  1966    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.1967     Slavery abolished.1968    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1969   Ethiopia1970    Slavery abolished.1972    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1973  1974  1976     Thirteenth Amendment ratified.1981     Slavery abolished,Slavery in Mauritania  though the ban was not enforced and many people continued to be held as slaves.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1990  1992  1993  1994  1995     The Mississippi Legislature unanimously votes to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution after a clerk discovers it never had. It is the last eligible state in the union to do so. However, state officials fail to send the required documentation to the state register.1996    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1997    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.1998    Forced ritual servitude of girls in Ewe shrines banned.Rome Statute

 2000–zaŋ kana zuŋɔ 
 Date Jurisdiction Description2001   Yugoslavia  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.2003    Slavery criminalized.2006    1926 Slavery Convention ratified.  Temedt, an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in Essakane.2007    Slavery criminalized.Slavery's last stronghold. CNN.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 20 March 2012.  1926 Slavery Convention ratified.2008  2009    Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.2010    Slavery criminalized.2013    Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment legally recorded.2014Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour ConventionForced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation2015    Modern Slavery Act 2015.2017 Navajo Nation Criminalization of human trafficking.  Slavery criminalized.2018    Prison exception removed from Colorado's constitutional ban on slavery.2019    Defeat and debellatio of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant leads to the freeing of thousands of slaves, including Yazidi and Christian sex slaves.2020    Prison exception removed from both states' constitutional ban on slavery.2022Prison exception removed from the states' constitutional ban on slavery.Present  Worldwide  Although slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries, de facto practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world, almost exclusively in Asia and Africa.

See also

Abolitionism
History of slavery
List of abolitionist forerunners (by Thomas Clarkson)
Reparations for slavery
Slave Trade Acts
Sexual slavery
Slavery at common law
Slavery in modern Africa
Slavery in the 21st century
Timeline of the civil rights movement

Noosi

References

Further reading

 Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
 Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (2008) excerpt
 Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
 Drescher, Seymour. Pathways from slavery: British and colonial mobilizations in global perspective (Routledge, 2018).
 Drescher, Seymour. "Civil Society and Paths to Abolition." Journal of Global Slavery 1.1 (2016): 44–71.
 Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
 Finkelman, Paul, and Seymour Drescher. "The eternal problem of slavery in international law: Killing the vampire of human culture." Michigan State Law Review (2017): 755+ online .
 Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
 Grindal, Peter. Opposing the Slavers; The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade (L.B. Tauris 2016) 
  Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; 
 Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
 Mathews, Nathaniel. "The 'Fused Horizon' of Abolitionism and Islam: Historicism, the Quran and the Global History of Abolition." Journal of global slavery 4.2 (2019): 226–265.
 Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World (2007)
 Sinha, Manisha. "The Problem of Abolition in the Age of Capitalism The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823, by David Brion Davis." American Historical Review 124.1 (2019): 144–163.

External links
 Timeline – What happened before 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
 Timeline – What happened after 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
 Slavery and Abolition The National Archives
 American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including US and international anti-slavery timelines.

Category:Abolitionism
Category:History of slavery
Abolition of slavery and serfdom
Pubu:Lahabaya Zaa