Armenian cochineal

Armenian cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii), bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli Ararat cochineal bee Ararat scale, nyɛla binneenbila so ŋun be Ararat plain mini Aras (Araks) River valley din be Armenian Highlands mini Turkey.  Bɛ daa na mali la lala binneenbila ŋɔ m-maani eponymous crimson carmine dyestuff, Armenia bɛ booni li la vordan karmir (, literally "worm's red") ka taarihi ni Persia nima booni li kirmiz.  Vedeler, citing Cardon (2007), notes that "the Persian name Kirmiz originally referred to the Armenian carmine, a parasitic insect living on Gramineae grass, but the same name was also used by Arab geographers for insects living on oak trees in Maghreb and Al-Andalus, probably referring to Kermes vermilio", although "[i]t is ... not clear whether the 'Kirmiz' dyestuff mentioned in early Arab texts always refers to the use of the insect Kermes Vermilio."  English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book Le monde des teintures naturelles (Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).  Lala binnɛma ŋɔ kpihindi la Armenia tiŋgbani ni.

"Armenian cochineal scale" binneenbila, Porphyrophora hamelii, nyɛla ŋun be "taxonomic family" balibu ni "cochineal" din be Americas.  Binnɛma maa zaa malila "red dyestuffs" ka bɛ booni di zaa "cochineal".

 Taarihi mini "art" 
Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla nadaa "natural sources " din nyɛ "red dye" m-be Middle East mini Europe, n-ti tabili binnɛma "dyes", kermes (din yina Kermes vermilio mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), lac (ni din yina  Kerria lacca mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), n-ti pahi carmine din yina Porphyrophora binnɛma balibu ni kamani "Polish cochineal" (Porphyrophora polonica), ni tihi  "dye madder" (din yina Rubia tinctorum mini bala din ŋmani li).  Zilisigu bɛni ni "Armenian cochineal dye" daa pun nyɛla din bɛni 714 BC piligu, dini daa niŋ ka Neo-Assyrian naa Sargon II fari "red textiles" din saɣindi tɔbu "kingdoms of Urartu" ( Armenia fadiri ŋun daa mali tiŋgbani baŋsim) mini Kilhu. (Also at archive.org.)  Roman-era tima tibu baŋda mini dɔɣite Dioscorides, ni daa sabiri 1st century AD, o daa wuhiya ni kokkos baphike din yi diko, kermes shrub mini di "ʒi" (kermes insect) ni nadaa sasabiriba shɛba gabirili mi ni Porphyrophora hamelii, din yina Galatia mini Armenia.  English translation by T.A. Obaldeston with introductory notes by R.P. Wood.   Early Middle Ages saha Armenian taarihi baŋdiba Ghazar Parpetsi mini Movses Khorenatsi daa sabi jɛndi "worm-produced dyestuff" din yina Ararat tiŋgbani yaɣili polo.

Middle Ages saha "Armenian cochineal dyestuff" vordan karmir, nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi booni shɛli Persia tiŋgbani  kirmiz.  Kirmiz mini "dyer's kermes" bi tu ni di gabiri taba, din daavyina binnɛŋ balishɛli ni.  Armenian tiŋgbana Artashat mini Dvin n daa nyɛ tiŋ'shɛŋa bɛ ni tuui maani kirmiz:  8th zaŋ chaŋ 10th centuries Arab mini Persian taarihi baŋdiba booni la Artashat  "tiŋa din yuli booni kirmiz".  Arabs mini Persians nyɛla kirmiz ka di nyɛ jilima bini din yina Armenia.  Armenians maa maŋmaŋa malila vordan karmir m-maani "dyes" din niŋdi "textiles" (n-ti pahi oriental rugs) mini pigments zaŋti illuminated manuscripts mini church frescos.  "Chemical analyses" nyami ka "dye" din yina Porphyrophora hamelii ka "Coptic textiles" ni 3rd zaŋ chaŋ  10th centuries,  "cashmere" beeni ka din be  kaftan din yian Sassanid Persia 6th bee 7th century, "silk liturgical gloves" din yina 15th-century France, Ottoman nɛma kamani velvets mini lampas din daa bɛni 15th zaŋ chaŋ 17th centuries, ni 16th-century "velvet cap of maintenance" din nyɛ Henry VIII of England.

Europe Renaissance  saha, Porphyrophora binnɛma daa nyɛla ban mali darija ka bɛ darija saɣi  ni Constantinople yuuni1430s saha, ",  Porphyrophora hamelii binneenbihi daa mali darija n gari salïma "".Some articles improperly cite Cardon to suggest, incorrectly, that Armenian cochineal insects were more valuable, by weight, than gold (i.e., one gram of insects was worth several grams of gold) during this era.  Cardon (2007) does, however, note that according to the records of a Venetian merchant trading in Constantinople during the 1430s, even the cheapest Armenian cochineal insects were still worth more, pound-for-pound, than some live slaves (Circassian women and adolescents) that he had bought.   "Crimson Porphyrophora-based dyes" daa malila di daa Europe zaŋ ti "dyeing silk", dini n daa nyɛ "scarlet dye kermes", dini n daa galisiri a , ka nyɛ alaha, ka viɛli n-ti "woolen textiles dyeing ", din timsi gari "silk" ka bɔri "dye" pam. Di daa buɣisiya ni binneen kuma miliyɔŋ pirigili (Porphyrophora hamelii) n daa naan tooi "dye"   "silk crimson" lala saha ŋɔ.400,000 to 560,000 dried P. hamelii insects were required to dye 1 kg of silk according to the figures of Cardon (2007):  1,000 g to 1,400 g of dried insects per 100 g of silk, with 40 adult females per gram of dried insects.  Note that Virey (1840) reports 18,000–23,000 insects per 360-gram troy pound (50–64 insects per gram; not stated whether they were dried).  Armenian mini Polish cochineal zaŋ maɣisi taba puuni, ŋun sabi 15th-century sabbu din jɛndi "silks"  Florence sabimi ni "Armenian cochineal binnɛma  n yɛn "dye" silk kamaniPolish cochineal binnɛma 1pound pɔrilim; yɛlimaŋli n-nyɛli ni di tiri nahingbaŋ din nɛ n gai zaɣi bili maa, amaa ka di "dye" leei pɔra."

Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century bahigu, Old World Porphyrophora dyes daa chanimi ni Dactylopius coccus cochineal binnɛma balibu ban yina America, bɛ ni ni tooi gbahi shɛnmba pam yuuni puli ni ka nyɛ "dye" pam.

"armine dyestuff odin yina Porphyrophora hamelii onhingbaŋcʒee maa pam nyɛla arminic acid, mka yi niŋ tɔm pam ni tim tooi wɔligili ni "destuff "odincyina ochineal puuni America.  Dyestuff din yina Porphyrophora polonica ni tooi waligi ni di kermesic acid maa bɛla, din nyɛ kermes puuni shɛli din yina Kermes vermilio.

Yuuni 1833  German "naturalist", Johann Friedrich von Brandt  daa yina ni "scientific name" Porphyrophora hamelii dini daa niŋ ka Russian tima baŋda, sochanda, ni taarihi baŋda ŋun yina German, Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) (ru), ŋun daa chaŋ Ararat plain 1830s piligu ha ka sabi lahabali jɛndi "cochineal" binnɛma ban be din ni..  Publication of Hamel's 4 May 1833 report on the Ararat cochineal.  Hamel's report mentions Brandt.

 Biology 

Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla binnɛma ban mali balibu.  Zaɣi nyaŋ zaɣi kuri, carmine ni yirina shɛba puuni, o nyɛla zaɣ'kpulli, ningbungbaŋ din bala, ka di ningbungbaŋ nyɛ crimson, ka mali tooni napɔna din nyɛ napɔŋ kara din gbiri bɔɣa.  Binneen nyama ŋɔ ni tooi bari ka Porphyrophora balibu: kamani  waɣilim mini  yɛliŋ. Dihitabili bɛni ni "one troy pound" (360 grams)  cochineal binnɛma bɔri la "18,000–23,000 specimens of Porphyrophora hamelii", amaa ka bɔri 100,000–130,000 bɛ binneen taba balibu Porphyrophora polonica (bee 20,000–25,000 specimens of Dactylopius coccus).  Bɛ zaɣi kura zaɣ'lɔri Porphyrophora hamelii is a winged insect.

Porphyrophora hamelii biɛhigu tooi zooi la subterranean.  Bɛ ni yoli waɣi bɛ shɛba yirimi na tiŋgbani ni "springtime" ka yirina gbamdi gindi hali ti nya ti'jila n du, kamani Aeluropus littoralis ( (genus Aeluropus), din gbunni nyɛ "worm's grass") ni mɔɣu din gbamdi tiŋa ka niŋ bayana, Phragmites australis.  The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the kikaa mini wɔligu saha, ka niŋdi wɔɣu.  Anashaara goli September sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli October sunsuuni bɛ zaɣi kura yirimi na tiŋgbani ni 5 a.m. mini 10 a.m. n-ti duri taba.Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of Porphyrophora hamelii biology, which states that the mating time is from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m.  The Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (1982) and the online Red Book of Armenia (which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m.  Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.  Binneenbihi kura maa, ban ka nangbana, bɛ diri a.  Bɛ zaɣi lɔri zaɣi kura dii bi yuura, amaa bɛ zaɣ'nyama nyɛla ban yuura, ka gbiri kpɛri tiŋgbani ni n-ti nyeri gala.

 Habitat and conservation 

"Red dye" ni yirina Ararat plain binneen shɛba ni daa nyɛla ban zooi saha shɛliɔ: 19th-century French sochandi sabiya ni pɛkpariba daa yi zaŋ bɛ pɛri chaŋ kom nyubu Araxes (Araks) River ni, binnɛma maa niŋdi la kom maa zaɣ'ʒee.  20th century sunsuuni bɛ galisim Armenia daa nyɛla  ni bɛ ban be Ararat mini Armavir tiŋgbani yaɣa Armenia nti tabili Turkish, Iranian, ni Russian Caucasus, amaa zaŋ kana 1990s bɛ galisim Armenia daa siɣi la tiŋa kamani , ka tooi be Armavir tiŋgbani yaɣa  Soviet saha, Armenian tiŋgbani bɛ ni daa gbiri yɛlim  "ni bɛ yɛligi daabilim mini pukparilim yaɣa", ni zahim mɔɣa gbibu "binyɛra pam daa mɔŋ ba mi bɛ biɛhisi sheei, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ lahi kani."


Bɛ ban be Armenia tooi zooi la Vordan Karmir State Reservation,  salt meadow biɛhigu sheei din nyɛ  Arazap village northwest polo mini  din be  Jrarat village north polo din daa pili yuuni 1987 ka baɣi Araks River ka di tarisi ni Turkey, n-ti pahi Ararat village  yaɣ'shɛli polo nti tabili luɣ'shɛŋa. Lahabali na kani saha ŋɔ n wuhiri  Porphyrophora hamelii kalinli ban be luɣ'shɛŋa ka di pa ni Mount Ararat.

Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla ban be pɔhili ni Armenia ka di nyɛla din doli ŋɔ na zuɣu:  bɛ biɛhigu sheei din bi paai , ka bɛ lahi be luɣ'yini ko, ka lahi nyɛ ban kuli labiri nyaaŋa. Ka  bɛ bi lahi paai  n-ti pahi bɛ ni kuli filimdi biɛɣu kam maa.

Porphyrophora hamelii kalinli filimbu Armenia bi yi shɛli pahila "development of saline lands", pukparilim yɛligibu, binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu yiriŋyiriŋ, n-ti tabili tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu.  Binyɛra din lahi diriba shɛŋa n-nyɛ mold mites, lady beetles, harvester ants, nti pahi erratic ants.

 Lihi pahi 
 Polish cochineal
 genus Porphyrophora of Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal species 
 Mexican Cochineal

 Kundivihira 

Category:Margarodidae
Category:Endemic fauna of Armenia
Category:Insects of Asia
Category:Animal dyes
Category:Armenian art
Category:Insects described in 1833
Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Brandt
Category:Taxa named by Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg