Atlantic slave trade

Atlantic slave trade bee transatlantic slave trade nyɛla dabba daabiligu zaŋ gbaŋsabila labisi Americas ka bɛ nyɛ dabba. Gbaŋpiɛlla nyɛla ban daa piligi dabba daabilim 15th century ka bɛ zaŋ kpɛhi Americas nyɛla din daa piligi 16th century, ka daa chɛ 19th century. Ninsalinima shɛba bɛ ni daa mali niŋdi dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yina Central Africa mini West Africa ka nyɛ West African dabba ɔdaabihi ni daa kɔhi shɛba n-ti European dabba daabihi. European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa laɣindi gbaŋsabila ban nyɛ dabba ŋɔ mali ba n tahiri  Americas. Portuguese mini European shɛba nyɛla ban daa be dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ ni. Kamani National Museums Liverpool ni yɛlli shɛm: "European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yi dari dabba ŋɔ African bee African-European daabhi sani." 

South Atlantic mini Caribbean daabihi nyɛla ban daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba ŋɔ n tumdi pukparilim tuma. Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ daa nya ka di mali ba anfaani pam.

Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ talahi n-ti Western European tingbana ka bɛ daa mali niya ni bɛ lahi nam "overseas empires" shɛŋa pahi. Portuguese maa, 16th century saha, n daa nyɛ tuuli ban zaŋ daba duhi Atlantic. Yuuni 1526, bɛ daa naai tuuli daba "voyage" zaŋ chaŋ Brazil, ka European shɛba gba daa doli na din nyaaŋa. Ban daa mali shitimanima daa nyɛla daba ka bɛ nyɛ nɛma ka bɛ ʒiriba tahiri Americas nini pɔbbu ni nɛma ni alaha, ni bɛ kɔhiba ka bɛ tumdi "coffee", taba, cocoa, sichiri ni boraadenima tuma,salma ni "silver" gbibu, shinkaafa puri, ni pala malibu tuma du'zuɣuri, taabonima ŋmabu, ni yinsi tuma tumbu. Bɛ ni daa zaŋ ba ni aʒianima maa zuɣu, bɛ daa nyami ka bɛ nyɛ tumtumdiba, ka bɛ daa kɔhiri bɛ mini neen shɛŋa dabam dahi ni.

Atlantic daba dab tiŋgbana din daa mali yaa, zaŋ chaŋ daabiligu yaa polo, n daa nyɛ Portugal, Britain, Spain, France,  Netherlands, ni United States, n-ti pahi Denmark. Shɛba daa bo la ʒi'shɛhi African teeku noya ni, n dari Africa kpamba ban daa kɔhiri daba sani.  Saha ŋɔ buɣisibu wuhiya ni kamani "12 million" zaŋ chaŋ "12.8 million" African nim ka bɛ daa mali niŋdi shitimanima ni n duhiri  Atlantic kamani yuun kɔbisinahi polo., citing  Daabihi ŋɔ ni daa dari shɛba daa galisiya pam, amaa soli maa daa kuri niriba pam, ka niriba kamani 1.2 ni 2.4 million kpiri din ni. Tɔbu daa lahi nyɛla din kuri niriba pam, ni daba zaŋ chaŋ Europe n-ti niŋ daabiligu. 19th century ni daa miri, gɔmnanti nim' pam daa mɔŋla lala daabiligu ŋɔ, amaa sɔɣi niŋ daa na nyɛla din beni. Amaa di daa naaya yuuni 1867, amaa shɛhira nim' wuhiya ni di daa kuli zaŋ ya hali ni yuuni 1873.  21st century piligu, daa tim sandaani ni daba daabiligu niŋbu.

 Pilli 

 Atlantic travel 

Atlantic slave trade daa pilila sha shɛli di ni daa niŋ ka daba daabiligu pili "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) ni "New World" (the Americas). Yuun gbaliŋ, ko'gbana yaa nyɛla din che ka kom ni chandi niŋ tɔm ka daa nyɛ pɔhili n-ti shitimnanima ban daa beni lala saha. 15th century, European daa ʒi kom ni chandi tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma na, kamani caravel malibu, din daa sɔŋdi shitimanima ka bɛ tooi chani ko'gbana ni,ka bɛ ni tooi chani Atlantic Ocean ni.Lala ŋɔ niŋbu ni, bɛ daa niŋ ningbuna ni west African teeku noli daba dabu zaŋ chaŋ Americas. 

Taarihi baŋda John Thornton wuhiya, "ni tiŋgbani mini tabiibi-baŋsim zaŋ tum tumadalirinima n daa che ka Europe nim daa nyɛ ban tooi go n-gili  Atlantic ka yɛligi di daabiligu". European daa niŋdila daabiligu bɔri salima, bɛ ni daa yɛn tooi nya shɛli western Africa, ka bo kom ni soli din yɛn tooi kuli "the Indies" (India), bɛ ni yɛn tooi daa nɛma din mali liɣiri luɣ'shɛli.

European kom ni yɛligibu daa che ka yaɣ'kura mini zaɣ'pala din maani "Columbian exchange", yuli daa boli Italy baŋda yuli, Christopher Columbus. Di daa pilia "global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries" ka daa che ka European mali nuu timbu ni "Chinese porcelain trade".

 European slavery in Portugal and Spain 
Zaŋ chaŋ 15th century, daa be Iberian Peninsula (Portugal mini Spain) zaŋ chaŋ Western Europe.Roman Empire daa malila di ni niŋdi di daba daabiligu shɛm. Tum  Western Roman Empire ni lu n naai, dailim balibu daa piliya Musulinsi  ni Asori tiŋgbana din be peninsula zaŋ chaŋ ʒaamani Atlantic slave trade. 1441–1444, Portuguese daabihi daa tuui gbahila  Africa nim ban be Atlantic coast of Africa, zuŋɔ bɛ ni booni shɛli Mauritania, daa malila bɛ daba tahir Europe, ka bo bɛ biɛhigu shee Bay of Arguin.
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242

15th century saha, di ni daa niŋ ka Balkan daba dabu daa du zuɣusaa ka che Ottoman EmpireThe Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120mini Black Sea slave trade.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 48-49

Jews mini Mussulinima shɛba daa leei la Dolodolonima ka mali tahima ni di nyɛla din yɛn ti ba faako "Spanish laws" ni. Di ni daa ti niŋ ka bɛ nya tiŋgbani pala zaŋ chaŋ Atlantic, Spain daa bi bɔri ni Jews Musulinima kperi Amerikas ka di daliri nyɛla Spanish Crown Musulinima mini ban pa Dolodolonima nyɛla ban ni tooi zaŋ bɛ adiini wuhi Americans bilichininima.

New Spain tiŋgbani ni, Spaniards malila "" kuri bukaata Africans mini Americans bilichinima zuɣu.

Europe daa niŋla Musulinima fukumsi din yɛn che ka bɛ deei Dolodolo adiini. Dum Diversas mini Romanus Pontifex daa naan tooi mali nuu timbu. Inter Caetera gba daa lahi nyɛla ŋun bo maligu Portugal mini Spain sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ tingban polo.

Din bɔŋɔ mini sabiri shɛŋa nyaaŋa, European sasabiriba wuhi kari ni be shƐba zuɣu, Africa mini daba, din tahi daba daabiligu na. Yuuni 1710, ʒingama nira daa niŋ shaawara ni Alonso García Ximénez,ŋun zilisi o ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bo faako ti African dabili yuli booni Sebastián, bɛ ni daa zaŋ so kulisi Venezuela ka o doli Amaro shitimanima ni yini. 

Yaha! Alhali ka 'Yahuudawa' ban daa leei 'Katolika' ni 'Musulinima daa nyela bi ni malindi sheba ansarisi, be sheba daa nyela ban mali nuu timbu ni Africa daba dabu maa puuni. Lisbon puuni zaŋ chaŋ 16th mini 17 centuries, Musilinim sheba daa nyala Jewish conversos ni bɔ ariʒichi zaŋ ti ka bi kohi Africa daba zaŋ  kpa  Sahara Desert polo ŋɔ yaha bi daa lahi gbahi Africa nim daba pɔi ni Atlantic slave trade ni di ʒemani Europe mini Africa puuni. New Spain puuni, Spaniards daa zaŋ ´limpieza de sangre´ daa niŋdi Africa ni Native Americans ka bɛ zaŋ li daa labisi bilfu ('race') yɛla niŋbu ni, ka bɛ daa mali dihitabli ni bi ka kasi domini bi daa pa dolo dolo nima.

Europeans daa nyala ban gbahi Musilinim daba ni ban kam daa doli adiini shela ka di pa Dolo dolo adiini ni di zugu chɛ ka bi gba leegi dolo dolo nima. Yuuni 1452, Pope Nicholas V daa nyala ŋun ti shahara gbaŋ yuli booni papal bull Dum Diversas, lala shahara gbaŋ ŋɔ nyala dini daa ti Portugal Naa maa soli ni o gbaagi ŋun kam zaa pa dolo dolo nira dabli. Shahara gbaŋ maa daa nyala din ti Naa maa soli ni o gbahi Musilinim ban be West Africa polo ŋɔ ka lahi yoogi daba kohibu ni dabu soli ka di nyala Catholic Church maa nuu n pa di zugu.thumb|Elmina Castle in the Guinea coast, present-day Ghana, was built in 1482 by Portuguese traders and was the first European-slave trading post in Sub-Saharan Africa.


African awareness of the conditions of slavery in the Americas

Di nyɛla din niŋ tom pam zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila shɛba ban be gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni ni bɛ tooi baŋ Atlantic slave trade ni nyɛ shɛli. 

Fenda Lawrence nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ dabili ŋun yina Gambia ka daa be Georgia mini South Carolina.

Slave market regions and participation

Europeanima nyɛla ban daa dari dabba gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ni kpɛhiri Western Hemisphere dahi din be West Africa. Dabba kalinli shɛli bɛ ni kɔhi zaŋ n-ti New World nyɛla din wali. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1650 mini yuuni 1900 sunsuun, 10.2 million gbaŋsabila dabba nyɛ ban daa kpɛ America ka nyɛ ban daa yina tiŋgbani koŋkoba ni:
 Senegambia (Senegal mini the Gambia): 4.8%
 Upper Guinea (Guinea-Bissau, Guinea mini Sierra Leone): 4.1%
 Windward Coast (Liberia mini Ivory Coast): 1.8%
 Gold Coast (Ghana mini Ivory Coast): 10.4%
 Bight of Benin (Togo, Benin mini Nigeria west of the Niger Delta): 20.2%
 Bight of Biafra (Nigeria, Niger Delta, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea ni Gabon): 14.6%
 West Central Africa (Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo n-ti pahi Angola): 39.4%
 Southeastern Africa (Mozambique mini Madagascar): 4.7%

Ethnic groups
Balli koŋkoba zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni gbahiri dabba mali kpɛri America. Balli koŋkoba din gari pihinahi ni anu nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba kpɛhi Amerca, lala balla ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ.
 BaKongo zaŋ n-ti Democratic Republic of Congo,  Republic of the Congo ni Angola
 Mandé zaŋ n-ti Upper Guinea
 Gbe bilichininima zaŋ n-ti Togo, Ghana, mini Benin (Fon, Ewe, Adja, Mina)
 Akan zaŋ n-ti Ghana mini Ivory Coast
 Wolof zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini the Gambia
 Igbo zaŋ n-ti Nigeria
 Ambundu zaŋ n-ti Angola
 Yoruba zaŋ n-ti Nigeria mini Benin
 Tikar mini Bamileke zaŋ n-ti Cameroon
 Makua zaŋ n-ti Mozambique

 Human toll 
Daba dabu nyɛla din che ka Africa nim kɔŊ bɛ nyɛvuya pam Africa mini zaŋ yi Americas zaa. Buɣisibu wuhiya kamani 2 million zaŋ chaŋ 60 million.

Lala daabiligu ŋƆ nyɛla din saɣim daadama nim mini kaya ni taɣada.Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images.American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission report, page 43-44

 Destinations and flags of carriers 
Atlantic slave trade daa tooi zooi la tiŋgbana dibaa ayopɔin ni.
+ Flag of vessels carrying the slaves Destination Portuguese British French Spanish Dutch American Danish Total Portuguese Brazil 4,821,127  3,804  9,402  1,033  27,702  1,174  130  4,864,372 British Caribbean 7,919  2,208,296  22,920  5,795  6,996  64,836  1,489  2,318,251 French Caribbean 2,562  90,984  1,003,905  725  12,736  6,242  3,062  1,120,216 Spanish Americas 195,482  103,009  92,944  808,851  24,197  54,901  13,527  1,061,524 Dutch Americas 500  32,446  5,189  0  392,022  9,574  4,998  444,729 North America 382  264,910  8,877  1,851  1,212  110,532  983  388,747 Danish West Indies 0  25,594  7,782  277  5,161  2,799  67,385  108,998 Europe 2,636  3,438  664  0  2,004  119  0  8,861 Africa 69,206  841  13,282  66,391  3,210  2,476  162  155,568 did not arrive 748,452  526,121  216,439  176,601  79,096  52,673  19,304  1,818,686 Total 5,848,266 3,259,443 1,381,404 1,061,524 554,336 305,326 111,040 12,521,339


Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana yaɣa shɛŋa lala bɛ daa tooi dari dabba ŋɔ nyɛ din be teebuli shɛli din doli na ŋɔ.
+ Source of slaves, by region Region Embarked Disembarked did not arrive % did not arrive Angola Coast, Loango Coast, and Saint Helena 5,694,570 4,955,430 739,140 12.98% Bight of Benin 1,999,060 1,724,834 274,226 13.72% Bight of Biafra 1,594,564 1,317,776 276,788 17.36% Gold Coast 1,209,322 1,030,917 178,405 14.75% Senegambia and off-shore Atlantic 755,515 611,017 144,498 19.13% Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean islands 542,668 436,529 106,139 19.56% Sierra Leone 388,771 338,783 49,988 12.87% Windward Coast 336,869 287,366 49,503 14.70% Total 12,521,339 10,702,652 1,818,687 14.52%

Russia
Bin din gbaai yuuni 1802, Russian bilichininima nyɛla ban daa nya ka "Boston" (U.S.-based) daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba niŋdi daabilim ni Tlingit people din be Southeast Alaska.
+ Distribution of slaves (1519–1867)Stephen D. Behrendt, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas".  Destination Percent Portuguese America 38.5% British West Indies 18.4% Spanish Empire 17.5% French West Indies 13.6% English/British North America / United States 9.7% Dutch West Indies 2.0% Danish West Indies 0.3%

Effects

+World population (in millions) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 Africa 106 107 111 133 221 767 Asia 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 Europe 163 203 276 408 547 729 Latin America and the Caribbean 16 24 38 74 167 511 Northern America 2 7 26 82 172 307 Oceania 2 2 2 6 13 30

+World population (by percentage distribution) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 Asia 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 Europe 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 Northern America 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 Oceania 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5

Lihimi m-pahi

 Atlantic history
 Atlantic slave trade to Brazil
 Balkan slave trade
 Barbary slave trade
 Blackbirding
 Black Sea slave trade
 Bristol slave trade (UK)
 Edward Colston
 European enslavement of Indigenous Americans
 Indian indenture system
 Indian Ocean slave trade
 Liverpool slave trade
 Piracy
 Red Sea slave trade
 The Slave Route Project
 Slave Trade Acts
 Slavery in Britain
 Slavery in Canada
 Slavery in contemporary Africa
 Slavery in South Africa
 Slavery in the colonial United States
 Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
 Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
 Slavery in the United States
 Tobacco and Slaves (1986 book)
 Trans-Saharan slave trade
 United States labor law
 Zephaniah Kingsley

Kundivihira

Citations

General bibliography

Academic books












Academic articles





Non-academic sources



Further reading

























   Includes database on CD-ROM.


















External links

 Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database 
 Quick guide: The slave trade – BBC News
 Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery – Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools
 British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793


Category:1525 establishments
Category:1870 disestablishments
Category:African slave trade
Category:Black British history
Category:Early modern period
Category:European colonisation of Africa
Category:European colonization of the Americas
Category:Forced migration
Category:Genocides in North America
Category:Genocides in South America
Category:History of English colonialism
Category:History of sugar
Slave trade
Category:Slavery in the Caribbean
Category:Slavery in North America
Category:Slavery in South America
Category:Slavery in the British Empire
Category:Trade routes
Category:Death marches
Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa