Scramble for Africa

Scramble for Africa daa nyɛla lirigu, ŋme n-fa, ni Africa nima shɛba gbahibu din nyɛ Western European ya' shɛli bɛ ni daa wuhi Second Industrial Revolution saha din gbaai 19th century mini 20th century piligu zaŋ chaŋ "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal ni Spain.

Yuuni 1870, vaabu 10% n daa be European sulinsi ni lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, lala kalinli ŋɔ daa du zuɣiusaa ni vaabu 90%; tiŋgbana di da na kuli ba maŋsulinsi ni n-nyɛ Liberia, Ethiopia, Egba, Aussa, Senusiyya, Mbunda,  Dervish State, Darfur Sultanate, ni Ovambo kingdoms, di shɛŋa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti lahi ŋme n deei shɛŋa.

Yuuni 1884 Berlin Conference daa milisi ?European colonisation" ka niŋ daabiligu Africa, ka bɛ nyɛ ka dini n daa tahi "scramble" na.  19th century bahigu, siyaasa nyintahili daa be European empires.  19th century yuma din daa doli na daa ʒi taɣibu na ni "informal imperialism".

"European colonial empires" ni daa ti labiri nyaaŋa dunia tɔbiri dibaa ayi din daa ŋme yiɣisibu ni,  African tinsi pam daa deei maŋsulinsi Cold War ni, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ niŋ ningbuna ni "Organisation of African Unity" laɣingu ni yuuni 1964 ka di nyɛla bɛ daa zorila dabiɛm ni tiŋ'bihili rtɔbu ŋmebu, ka zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ pan-Africanism ni.

Pilli

Zaŋ kana yuuni 1841, daabihi ban daa yina Europe daa kpala luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni niŋdi daabiligu Africa yaɣa, amaa "seldom" daa kpe inland, ka mali niya ni bɛ biɛhigu shee kuli miri kuliga. Tuuli bɛ daa niŋdila daabiligu ni tiŋ'bihi. Doriti kamani kpaɣ'ʒiɛɣu doro nyɛla din daa che ka biɛhigu nima ni niŋ tɔm toi European nim ŋɔ. 

Kamani zaŋ chaŋ 1870s bahigu, Europeans daa sula kamani 10% African tingbana ni, ka bɛ biɛhisi shee zaa miri kulisi.  Bɛ ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa pam n-nyɛ Angola ni Mozambique, ban daa gbubi li n-nyɛ Portugal; Cape Colony, ni United Kingdom; ni Algeria, ka France gbubi li. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, Ethiopia mini Liberia daa nyɛla ban daa na kuli ka European sulinsi ni, Compare: 

Tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma daa sɔŋsi European ka bɛ duri kulisi.

Din daa tahili na 

Africa and global markets
Sub-Saharan Africa, Dunia luɣ'shɛli "informal imperialism" ni daa bi paai, daa nyɛla daabihi ni yu shɛli.

Aʒianima din daa guui pam nyɛla din daa kpalim mɔɣ'duya, luɣ'shɛli binyɛra ni be alaha. Luɣ'shɛli din daa ti leei Union of South Africa yuuni 1910, European daa dii bi zaŋ bɛ aʒianima pam niŋ Africa ni.

Strategic rivalry

Di ni niŋ ka Africa daa dii pa bɛ ni kuri liɣiri niŋdi shɛli maa, mɔg'duya luɣ'shɛna ka bɛ daa dirili niŋda.Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html 

'Scramble for African' gba daa lahi nyɛla din tabi linjima tuma.H.R. Cowie, Imperialism and Race Relations. Revised edition, Nelson Publishing, Vol. 5, 1982.

Sal'nim zaŋ bɛ mansi ti tiŋgbanma saha di daa niŋ talahi ni tiŋ ka pii di "status symbol"; tɛhi kara tɛha "greatness" daa nyɛla din zaŋ gɔhi "White Man's Burden", bee tuma tumbu, ka nyɛ tiŋgbana pam sochibisi.

1880s piligu, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza daa gorimi gindi Congo River zaŋti France, lala saha maa zuɣu ni Henry Morton Stanley daa zani Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo zaani n-gɔri ginda, ka Leopold II of Belgium tabiri sɔŋdi o, ŋun daa yɛn suli o maŋmaŋ ka din yɛ Congo Free State. Yuuni 1884, Germany daa yɛliya ni Togoland,  Cameroons ni South West Africa nyɛla din be bɛ ni guri yaɣ'shɛŋa ni; ka France daa deeiGuinea. French West Africa nyɛla din daa pili yuuni 1895 ka French Equatorial Africa pili yuuni 1910.Robert Aldrich, Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion (1996). French Somaliland,  Russian nima ban daa be "Egyptian fort" sahabiɛla zaŋ chaŋ Sagallo daa nyɛla Terek Cossacks ni deei shɛli sahabiɛla yuni 1889.thumb|left|David Livingstone, early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade

Germany's Weltpolitik

Germany, daa nyɛla din piri din piri tiŋmgbani. Yuuni 1862, Otto von Bismarck daa leei Minister-President zaŋti Kingdom of Prussia, ni tɔbiri din daa ŋme Austria in 1866 mini France in 1870. George Shepperson, "The centennial of the West African conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." Phylon 46.1 (1985): 37–48 online . 

 Zaŋ gbaai 1880s, Deutscher Kolonialverein daa nam ya, ka  Kolonialzeitung daa yi polo. 

Italy's expansion

Tɔbu din daa tuhi ni France nyaaŋa Crimean War (1853–1856) ni, Kingdom of Sardinia daa nyɛla din mali niya ni di laɣim Italian peninsula, ni French sɔŋsim.  

Taba laɣimbu nyaaŋa, Italy daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ kpari bɔɣiri  ka nya yaa,ka deeinEritrea yaɣ'shɛŋa yuuni 1870 ni yuuni 1882.Yuuni 1889–90, din daa deei Horn of Africa, ka pili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni Italian Somaliland. 

Herero Wars and the Maji Maji Rebellion


Bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1908, Germany "colonies" din be German South West Africa mini German East Africa daa nyɛ tuhibu ni nbɛ zalisi. Tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa varisigu zaŋti "German rule" nyɛla Germany ni daa tuhi nyaŋ shɛli, ka di Herero daa bɔhi bɛri German South West Africa ka daa bi di nasara Battle of Waterberg ni mini Maji-Maji daa bɔhi bɛri German East Africa.

German kpaŋmaŋa ni German South West Africa tiŋ'bihi mɔri ni yihibu ni salo maa polo. Di zaa kalilnli, kamani tuhi pihiyɔbiu ni kɔbisinu (65,000 Herero) (vaabu 80% Herero daadam biɛligyu maa puuni), ni vaabu tuhi pia (10,000 Namaqua) (vaabu 50% Namaqua daadam biɛligu puuni) daa nyɛla ban be kum ni, n-kpi ni ko'nyuri, bee ka bɛ tum kpi "Shark Island concentration camp" ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 mini yuuni 1908. Bini din gbaai 24,000 mini 100,000 Hereros sunsuuni, 10,000 Nama, ni San kalinli din bi mi nyɛla ban daa kpi "genocide" maa ni.Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn.  "Genocide" nahingbana daa  nyɛla kum kubu, ko'nyuri, ni pooʒini zaŋ ku niriba, ka bɛ daa gbahiba niŋ Namib Desert.Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945, p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004)  Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, Routledge, NY  p. 22Dan Kroll (2006) Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource, p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press 

African colonies listed by colonising power

Belgium
 Belgian Congo (1908–1960, din pa nyɛ Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962, din pa nyɛ Rwanda mini Burundi)

France


 French West Africa:
 Mauritania
 Senegal
 Albreda (1681–1857, now part of Gambia)
 French Sudan (now Mali, 1880 – 1958)
 Liberia Territorial losses of Liberia
 French Guinea (now Guinea)
 Ivory Coast
 Niger
 French Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso)
 French Dahomey (now Benin)
 French Togoland (1916–60, now Togo)
 Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo (in modern Nigeria)
 French Equatorial Africa:
 Gabon
 French Cameroun (1922–60)
 French Congo (now Republic of the Congo)
 Oubangui-Chari (now Central African Republic)
 Chad
 French North Africa:
 French Algeria (1830–1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848)
 French Protectorate of Tunisia
 French Protectorate of Morocco
 Fezzan-Ghadames (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle)
 Egypt (ownership (1798–1801))  (Condominium of France and the United Kingdom (1876–1882))
 French East Africa:
 French Madagascar
 Comoros
 Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean
 French Somaliland (now Djibouti)
 Isle de France (1715–1810) (now Mauritius)

Germany
 German Kamerun (din pa nyɛ Cameroon mini Nigeria yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1916)
 German East Africa (din pa nyɛ Rwanda, Burundi ni Tanzania yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1885–1919)
 German South-West Africa (din pa nyɛ Namibia, 1884–1915)
 German Togoland (din pa nyɛ Togo ni Ghana east yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1914)

Italy
 Italian Eritrea (1882–1936)
 Italian Somalia (1889–1936)
 Italian Ethiopia (1936–1941)
 Oltre Giuba 
 Libya
 Italian Tripolitania (1911–1934)
 Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934)
 Italian Libya  (1934–1943; coastal regions administered as an integral part of Italy itself from 1939–1943)

Portugal

 Portuguese Angola (now Angola) (1575–1975)
 Mainland Angola
 Portuguese Congo(now Cabinda Province of Angola)
 Portuguese Mozambique(now Mozambique) (1505–1975)
 Portuguese Guinea(now Guinea-Bissau) (1588–1974)
 Portuguese Gold Coast (now part of Ghana) (1482–1642)
 Portuguese Cape Verde (1462–1975)
 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (1485–1975)
 São Tomé Island
 Príncipe Island
 Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá(now Ouidah, in Benin)

On 11 June 1951, Portugal would begin to administer its colonies, including its ones in Africa, as Overseas provinces.

Spain
 Northern Spanish Morocco
 Chefchaouen (Chauen)
 Jebala (Yebala)
 Kert
 Loukkos (Lucus)
 Rif
 Spanish West Africa (1946–1958)
 Ifni (1934–1969)
 Southern Spanish Morocco (Cape Juby)
 Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) (1884—1958 as a colony of Spain; 1958–1976 as a Province of Spain)
 Saguia el-Hamra
 Río de Oro
 Spanish Guinea(now Equatorial Guinea) (1858–1968)
 Fernando Pó
 Río Muni
 Annobón

United Kingdom


The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India, which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa. Once these two areas were secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. Overall, by 1921, the British had control approximately 33.23% of Africa, or 3,897,920 mi2 (10,09,55,66 km2).

 Egypt
 British Cyrenaica (1943–1951, now part of Libya)
 British Tripolitania (1943–1951, now part of Libya)
 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
 British Somaliland (now part of Somalia)
 British East Africa:
 Kenya Colony
 Uganda Protectorate
 Tanzania:
 Tanganyika Territory (1919–61)
 Zanzibar
 British Mauritius
 Bechuanaland (now Botswana)
 Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
 Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)
 British Seychelles
 British South Africa
 South Africa:
 Transvaal Colony
 Cape Colony
 Colony of Natal
 Orange River Colony
 South-West Africa (from 1915, now Namibia)
 British West Africa
 Gambia Colony and Protectorate
 British Sierra Leone
 Colonial Nigeria
 British Togoland (1916–56, today part of Ghana)
 Cameroons (1922–61, now part of Cameroon and Nigeria)
 Gold Coast (British colony) (now Ghana)
 Nyasaland (now Malawi)
 Basutoland (now Lesotho)
 Swaziland (now Eswatini)
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Lihi pahi

Kalinli
 Chronology of Western colonialism
 List of European colonies in Africa
 List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history
 List of former sovereign states
 List of French possessions and colonies

Din pahi pahi
 Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
 Durand Line
 Economic history of Africa
 French colonial empire
 Historiography of the British Empire
 International relations (1814–1919)
 Scramble for China
 Sykes–Picot Agreement
 White Africans of European ancestry

Kundivihira 

Kundivihira

Works cited








Further reading

 Aldrich, Robert. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996)
 Atkinson, David. "Constructing Italian Africa: Geography and Geopolitics". Italian colonialism (2005): 15–26.
 Axelson, Eric. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa: 1875–1891 (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand UP, 1967)
 Betts, Raymond F., ed. The scramble for Africa: causes and dimensions of empire (Heath, 1972), short excerpts from historians. online
 Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "What Caused the Scramble for Africa?" African History (2012). online
 Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. The scramble for Africa (4th ed. Routledge, 2014) excerpt and text search; also complete text of 2nd edition 1999
 Curtin, Philip D. Disease and empire: The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
 Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42.
 Finaldi, Giuseppe. Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-building, 1870–1900 (Peter Lang, 2009)
 Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition (Oxford University Press, 1988) online
 Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule (1971)
 Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule (1967) online.

 Hammond, Richard James. Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: a study in uneconomic imperialism (Stanford University Press, 1966) online
 Henderson, W.O. The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919 (London: Frank Cass, 1993)
 Hinsley, F.H. ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98 (1962) contents pp. 593–40.
 Klein, Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
 Koponen, Juhani, The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage? Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2, no. 1 (1993): 134.
 Lewis, David Levering. The race to Fashoda: European colonialism and African resistance in the scramble for Africa (1988) online
 Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
 Lloyd, Trevor Owen. Empire: the history of the British Empire (2001).
 Mackenzie J.M. The Partition of Africa, 1880–1900, and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (London 1983) online
 Middleton, Lamar. The Rape Of Africa (London, 1936) online
 Minawi, Mustafa. The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz (2016) online
 Oliver, Roland, Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (1959) online
 Penrose, E.F., ed. European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa (London, 1975).
 Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. German colonialism and national identity (London: Taylor & Francis, 2010).
 Porter, Andrew, ed. The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3 (1999)  online, pp. 624–650.
 Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. "The partition of Africa", in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI, pp. 593–640 (Cambridge, 1962).
 Rotberg, Robert I. The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power (1988) excerpt and text search;
 Sarr, Felwine, and Savoy, Bénédicte, The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, Toward a New Relational Ethics (2018) http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf 
 Sanderson, G.N., "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?" Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (1974) 3#1 pp. 1–54.
 Stoecker, Helmut. German imperialism in Africa: From the beginnings until the Second World War (Hurst & Co., 1986.)
 Thomas, Antony. Rhodes: The Race for Africa (1997)  excerpt and text search
 Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. French West Africa (Stanford University Press, 1958)
 Vandervort, Bruce. Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914 (Indiana University Press, 2009).
 Wesseling, H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans. Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914 (Praeger, 1996.)

Primary sources

 Brooke-Smith, Robin.  Documents And Debate: The Scramble For Africa (Macmillan Education, 1987) online
 Chamberlain. M.E. The Scramble for Africa (2nd ed. 1999) pp. 94–125 online

External links




Category:19th century in Africa
Category:19th century in international relations
Category:20th century in international relations
Category:European colonisation of Africa
Category:Geopolitical rivalry
Category:Partition (politics)
Category:Political geography
Category:History of Africa
Category:History of international relations
Category:New Imperialism
Category:David Livingstone
Category:20th century in Africa
Category:Western culture