League of Nations mandate

League of Nations mandate represented nyɛla din be tiŋ'duya zalisi ni n-zaŋti tiŋgbana yaɣ'shɛŋa din kana World War I nyaaŋa, ni yaa ʒi n-yi tiŋgbani shɛli n-yi n-kpe shɛli ni. Di nyɛla din mali dihitabili gbana din zani ti League of Nations. ka nyɛ din chani ni suhudoo mini zalisi.

Di zalisi pɛbu daa nam mi yihina Article 22 din nyɛ Covenant of the League of Nations dini, ka daa nyɛ din pili tuma Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 1919.

Zalikpana dibaayi n-gbubi di "Mandate System."Matz, 2005, pp 70-71, "Primarily, two elements formed the core of the Mandate System, the principle of non-annexation of the territory on the one hand and its administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' on the other... The principle of administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' was designed to prevent a practice of imperial exploitation of the mandated territory in contrast to former colonial habits. Instead, the Mandatory's administration should assist in developing the territory for the well-being of its native people."

Pilli
Di zalisi pɛbu daa yimina Article 22 din nyɛ "Covenant of the League of Nations" puuni dini, ban daa di tɔbu maa nasara n daa sabi li.

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson mini South African General Jan Smuts daa kpaŋ bɛ maŋ pam zalisi maa pɛbu ni.

Zalisi pɛbu
 Class  Mandate  Territory  Mandate Power Prior name  Prior sovereignty  Comments Current state  Document A  Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon Greater LebanonFrance Ottoman sanjaks of Beirut, Tripoli, and Mount Lebanon Ottoman Empire  29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state and Founding Member  Lebanon  100pxSyria Ottoman sanjaks of Damascus, Hauran, Latakia, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, and Zor 29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945: This mandate included Hatay Province (a former Ottoman Alexandretta sanjak), which broke away from the mandate on 2 September 1938 to become a separate French protectorate, which lasted until Hatay Province was ceded to the new Republic of Turkey on 29 June 1939. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state  Syria Mandate for Palestine Mandatory PalestineUnited Kingdom Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus, and Acre 29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948. A United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine for peacefully dividing the remainder of the Mandate failed. The Mandate terminated at midnight between 14 May and 15 May 1948. On the evening of 14 May, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine had declared the establishment of the State of Israel.Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel . May 14, 1948: Retrieved 28 January 2013. Following the war, 75% of the area was controlled by the new State of Israel. Other parts, until 1967, formed the West Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the All-Palestine Government under the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip.IsraelPalestine  100pxEmirate of Transjordan Ottoman sanjaks of Hauran and Ma'an In April 1921, the Emirate of Transjordan was provisionally added as an autonomous area under the United Kingdom,The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, By Yoav Alon, Published by I.B.Tauris, 2007, , p. 21Determining Boundaries in a Conflicted World: The Role of Uti Possidetis, By Suzanne Lalonde, Published by McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), 2002, , pp. 89–100 and it became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (later Jordan) on 17 June 1946 upon joint ratification of the Treaty of London of 1946.  Jordan Indirect Mandatory Iraq Various Ottoman sanjaks The draft British Mandate for Mesopotamia was not enacted and was replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of October 1922. Britain committed to act the responsibilities of a Mandatory Power in 1924. Iraq attained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 October 1932.  Iraq 100px B  Belgian Mandate for East Africa Ruanda-UrundiBelgiumGerman East AfricaGerman Empire  From 20 July 1922 to 13 December 1946. Formerly two separate German protectorates, they were joined as a single mandate on 20 July 1922. From 1 March 1926 to 30 June 1960, Ruanda-Urundi was in administrative union with the neighbouring colony of the Belgian Congo. After 13 December 1946, it became a United Nations trust territory, remaining under Belgian administration until the separate nations of Rwanda and Burundi gained independence on 1 July 1962.  RwandaBurundi 100px British Mandate for East Africa Tanganyika TerritoryUnited Kingdom From 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946. It became a United Nations trust territory on 11 December 1946, and was granted internal self-rule on 1 May 1961. On 9 December 1961, it became independent while retaining the British monarch as nominal head of state, transforming into a republic on the same day the next year. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika merged with the neighbouring island of Zanzibar to become the modern nation of Tanzania.  Tanzania Equivalent document as for Ruanda-Urundi, with all articles substantially the same British Mandate for the Cameroons British CameroonUnited KingdomGerman Kamerun Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946  Part of Cameroon and Nigeria Equivalent document as for French Cameroons, with all articles substantially the same French Mandate for the Cameroons French CameroonFrance Under a Resident and a Commissioner until 27 August 1940, then under a governor. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946  Cameroon 100px British Mandate for Togoland British TogolandUnited KingdomGerman Togoland British Administrator post filled by the colonial Governor of the British Gold Coast (present day Ghana) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson). Transformed on 13 December 1946 into a United Nations trust territory; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana.  Volta Region, Ghana Equivalent document as for French Togoland, with all articles substantially the same French Mandate for Togoland French TogolandFrance French Togoland under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a High Commissioner as the Autonomous Republic of Togo  Togo 100px C  Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean situated South of the Equator other than German Samoa and Nauru Territory of New GuineaAustraliaGerman New GuineaGerman Empire  Included German New Guinea and "the group of islands in the Pacific Ocean lying south of the equator other than German Samoa and Nauru". From 17 December 1920 under an (at first Military) Administrator; after (wartime) Japanese/U.S. military commands from 8 December 1946 under UN mandate as North East New Guinea (under Australia, as administrative unit), until it became part of present Papua New Guinea at independence in 1975  Part of Papua New Guinea Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same Mandate for Nauru NauruUnited Kingdom British mandate, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after liberation from Japanese occupation in World War II  Nauru 100px Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying North of the Equator South Seas MandateJapan Known as the South Seas Mandate. Became part of the United Nations trust territories and administered by the United States after World War II  PalauMarshall IslandsFederated States of MicronesiaNorthern Mariana Islands Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same Mandate for German Samoa Western SamoaNew ZealandGerman Samoa From 17 December 1920 a League of Nations mandate, renamed Western Samoa (as opposed to American Samoa), from 25 January 1947 a United Nations trust territory until its independence on 1 January 1962  Samoa Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same Mandate for German South West Africa South West AfricaSouth AfricaTreaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Bill of 1919German South West Africa From 1 October 1922, Walvis Bay's administration (still merely having a Magistrate until its 16 March 1931 Municipal status, hence a Mayor) was also assigned to the mandate.  Namibia Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same

Lihi pahi
 United Nations trust territories

Kundivihira
 Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513 (2002)

 Nele Matz, Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship, in: A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95.
 Pugh, Jeffrey, "Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories", International Studies Perspectives 13, no. 4 (November 2012): 321–343.
 Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei, n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122.


Karim pahi
 Bruce, Scot David, Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 2013).
 Callahan, Michael D. Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999)
 Haas, Ernst B. "The reconciliation of conflicting colonial policy aims: acceptance of the League of Nations mandate system," International Organization (1952) 6#4 pp: 521–536.
 Margalith, Aaron M. The International Mandates (1930) online 
 Mazower, Mark. 2013. No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.
 Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
 Sluglett, Peter. "An improvement on colonialism? The 'A' mandates and their legacy in the Middle East," International Affairs (2014) 90#2 pp. 413–427. On the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire

Kundivihira

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Category:1946 disestablishments
Category:20th century in Japan
Category:Decolonization
Category:French colonial empire
Category:Governance of the British Empire
Pubu:Lahabaya zaa