Epic of King Gesar

Epic of King Gesar (), bɛ sabiri li la Geser (balli lee Mongolian sabu ni) bee Kesar (), nyɛla tuma zaŋ n-ti epic literature ban be Tibet mini Central Asia. "The epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din piligi kamani 200 BCE bee 300 BCE saha ka nyɛ din paai kamani 600 CE. Lala zuɣu, "folk balladeers" nyɛla ban mali tuma ŋɔ taarihi n-tiri bɛ bihi shɛba ban na yiɣisirina bɛ noli ni. Lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla niriba pam ni baŋ shɛli 12th Century. 

"The Epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din jɛndi tun'kara zaŋ n-ti culture hero Gesar, "legendary kingdom of Ling" Naa so ŋun daa bi zori dabiɛm (). Di nyɛla bɛ ni niŋ shɛli yɛltɔɣitaɣimalisi mini salinwaɣinli din nyɛ nolini baŋsim kotomsi,  ka di nyɛ niriba ni mali shɛli yiinda yila Central Asia mini  South Asia. Di nyɛla jilima taarihi din be central Tibet.

100 bards shɛba zaŋ n-ti epic ŋɔ (, "tale") nyɛla din na mali yaa zuŋɔ be Gesar belt, China. Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, Balti, Ladakhi n-ti pahi Monguor yili yiindiba nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi di nolini baŋsim kotomsi ŋɔ. Yugur mini Salar, gba "epic" nyɛla din be Balti din be Baltistan,  Burusho people ban be Hunza n-ti pahi Gilgit  ni Kalmyk mini Ladakhi niriba ban be Nepal n-ti pahi Altaics, Turkic,  Tungus tribes. Di tuuli baŋsim sabirili nyɛla bɛn daa sabi shɛli Mongolian balli ni ka daa zaŋ li wuhi salo Beijing yuuni 1716.

Di nyɛla din bara ka nyɛ din mali jilima pam dunia ŋɔ. Di ka sabiri yini, Chinese ni sabi shɛli Tibetan versions nyɛla din mali "120 volumes," , di pirigi la "chapters" pihita yinika. Western laasabu maaniba yɛliya ni buku nim din kalinli gari pihinu ka bɛ sabi saha ŋɔ China, India n-ti pahi Tibet.

Etymology zaŋ n-ti di gbuni
Lahabali nyɛla din wuhi ni Gesar yuli nyɛla din be Roman title Caesar, tum kaiser (emperor) ni kpɛ Turkic ka di nyɛla bɛ daa doli la Byzantine Empire di saha Caesar (Καῖσαρ) daa nyɛ "imperial title". Shɛba tɛhi la soli shɛli din doli kpɛna nyɛla Mongolian Kesar. Mongols daa nyɛla allied with the Byzantines, ban tiŋgbani na mali lala yuli maa.

"Numismatic evidence" ni ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa zaŋ kpa Bactrian ruler Phrom-kesar,  Kabul Shahi zaŋ n-ti Gandhara, Turkic king Fromo Kesaro ("Caesar of Rome") ni daa gbubi shɛli, ŋun daa deemba zaŋ n-ti Kingdom of Khotan bin din gbaai 8th century CE sunsuun. Lahabali din yina Bon wuhiya ni  Kesar nyɛla yuli zaŋ n-ti Naa bee ŋun gbubi tiŋgbani.  Tibetan lahabali zaŋ kpa "epic" ŋɔ wuhiya ni Naa so bɛn boli Phrom Ge-sar bee Khrom Ge-sar nyɛla Naa zaŋ n-ti yaɣa anahi, yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi 10th century ka Phrom/Khrom mi daa kpalim Iranian (*frōm-hrōm) zaŋ n-ti Rūm/Rome.  Lala eastern Iranian bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din dɔ Middle Chinese bachi (Eastern) Rome (, Fólín) nyaaŋa kamani Byzantium (phrōm-from<*phywət-lyəm>).

A. H. Francke daa tɛhi la Tibetan yuli  Gesar nyɛla din yina Sanskrit. S.K. Chatterji, din daa niŋ ka o piligi o tuma ka o daa baŋ ni "Ladakh variant of Kesar", Kyesar din be Classical Tibetan Skye-gsar gbunni nyɛ 'labi dɔɣi bee yoli dɔɣi', ka Gesar/Kesar din be Tibetan kamani din be Sanskrit wuhiri '"anther bee pistil of a flower" , Sanskrit kēsara gbunni kēsa' (hair) nyɛ Indo-European.

Gesar mini Kingdom of Ling
Tibet, din wuhiri Gesar taarihi nyɛla din mali bɔhisi.   baŋdi shɛba ban be ni nyɛla ban ŋmɛ nangban kpeeni ni bɛ daa dɔɣi o la yuuni 1027, lahabali din yina 19th-century chronicle, the Mdo smad chos 'byung by Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rab.   Ka "episode" shɛŋa nyɛ din wuhiri Tibetan taarihi: din daa niŋ ka bɛ tee king Songtsän Gampo's Chinese nabi'puɣiŋga Wencheng kpuɣibu yuuni 641. Baŋdiba nyɛla ban mali o pahiri Golok, tiŋ din be Dotō mini  Domé sunsuun,bee Markham, Tanak, Öyuk bee tiŋ'kpaŋ zaŋ n-ti Panam din be Nyang River. Amaa "epic" nyɛla bɛn daa yiinda shɛli Tibetan-speaking regions, ni Kham mini  Amdo, Tibetan balli puuni, gling gbunni nyɛla "island".
Notes

Citations

Sources

 | first = Joseph
 | year = 1988
 | author-link = Joseph Needham
 | orig-year = First published 1954
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | volume = 1
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ngtgAACAAJ
 | isbn = 0-521-05799-X
 }}

External links

 King Gessar
 King Gessar preserved
 King Gessar and Samzhug

 Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
 An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version at the Internet Archive
 The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
 The Buryat version in Russian translation

Pubu: Lahabaya zaa
Pubu: Wiki World Heritage 2023
Pubu:12th-century poems
Pubu:Bon
Pubu:Epic poems
Pubu:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Pubu:Mongol mythology
Pubu:Mongolian literature
Pubu:Tibetan Buddhist texts
Pubu:Tibetan mythology
Pubu:Turkic mythology