Everglades National Park

Everglades National park nyɛla America paaki karili din gu ka taɣi wulinluhili polo kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi puuni zaŋ jɛndi Everglades maŋmaŋa din be Florida puuni. Lala paakiŋo mbarigari America zaa yɔshɛŋa ŋantula kalahi n-nyɛ yɔshɛli ŋanbari n-gari yɔ shɛli kam ŋan be Mississipi mɔɣili dinbe di wulunluhilila pɔlo. Daadamanima kalinli kamani ninvuɣu tusaanu nkaari lala tingbani maa yuuni kam.https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/management/statistics.htm

Everglades tiŋgbani paaki karili din pahiri buta zuɣu contiguous United States, Death Valley  n ti pahi Yellowstone nyaaŋa. UNESCO daa zaŋla yihila Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve polo ni yuuni  1976 ka zaŋli pahi World Heritage Site yuuni 1979, ka  Ramsar Convention gba kali paaki ŋɔ pahi Wetlands of International Importance ni yuuni 1987. Everglades ko yuli n na nyɛ din be lala yaɣa dibaa ata ŋɔ zaani.Maltby, E., P.J. Dugan, "Wetland Ecosystem Management, and Restoration: An International Perspective" in Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press. .

Tiŋgbana paaki nima pam mali la tiŋgbani nahingbana din gahim; Everglades National Park n nyɛ tuuli paaki din yina ni gu ka taɣi tihi ni binkɔbiri biɛhigu. Everglades nyɛla tiŋgbani mahili mini tihi  ka deeri kom din zori  0.25 miles (0.40 km)  yiri  Lake Okeechobee, southwest chani Florida Bay.Whitney, p. 167. Paaki ŋɔ n nyɛ luɣishɛli  wading birds ni ni tooi waɣi viɛnyɛla  North America tingbanni ka mali tihi din galisi  wulinluhili tiŋgbani pirigili. Binniɛma balibu pihita ni ayɔbu ka bɛ gu ka taɣi ka bɛ be paaki ŋɔ ni, n ti pahi Florida panther,  American crocodile, ni West Indian manatee, ni noonsi balibu kɔbisita ni pihinu balibu  (350 species of birds), ko viɛlli mini ko'yɛlim ni zahim balibu kɔbisita (300 species of fresh and saltwater fish), binkɔbiri balibu pihinahi (40 species of mammals), ni binniɛma ban zori tiŋa balibu pihinu  (50 species of reptiles).Robertson, pp. 27, 21, 38. South Florida ko viɛlli pam din be Biscayne Aquifer, nyɛla din kuri bukaata paaki ŋɔ ni.A few locations in Palm Beach County, primarily Highland Beach, get their fresh water from the Floridan aquifer, treating the high saline and mineral content before providing it for human use. (Town of Highland Beach Water Quality Report (2014). Retrieved on April 25, 2017.)(Lodge, p. 39.)

Ninsalinima be Everglades paaki ŋɔ ni bee di kpaŋsi  paai yuun tuha. Bɛ daa kpuɣi niya yuuni 1882 ni bɛ vɔ tiŋgbani mahi maa kom ka zaŋ ni niŋ pukparilim mini biɛhisi sheei. Toontibɔ ni kana 20th century, kom din daa zori yirina Lake Okeechobee daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmaligi shɛli ni di soŋsiMiami metropolitan area. Paaki ŋɔ daa zali la yuuni 1934, ni di gu  Everglades nyaaŋa labbu, ka zani viɛnyɛla yuuni 1947, ka bɛ daa lahi tuɣi niya ni binkara mɛbu South Florida tiŋgbani ni. Daadama tuuntumsa nyɛla din nahim  Everglades National Park  tihi ni  binkɔbiri, Everglades paaki labi zani di naba zuɣu nyɛla  South Florida siyaasatali ni kpɛ shɛli ni.

joograafi
Everglades National Park deei la tiŋgbani din yɛliŋ paai 1,508,976 acres (2,357.8 sq mi; 6,106.6 km2), zaŋ hali ti gbaai  Dade, Monroe, mini Collier tiŋsi din be Florida, toondini polo Atlantic coastal plain.https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdfDi dum pili la   0 zaŋ chaŋ 8 feet (2.4 m) n du gari  moɣili dum, amaa Calusa-mɛ la binbini  Gulf teeku ni,din dum gari moɣili zuɣu  20 feet (6.1 m).

Geology
Florida toondini polo  din teei doya pasi ka pa taba. Siminti tampiŋ kuɣili nyɛla din galisi paaki ŋɔ ni. Florida daa na min be gbansabila yaɣili din nyɛ Gondwana. Di wɔligibu nyaaŋa, ka yɛltɔɣa pam daa chɛ ka bi soŋdi calcium carbonate bihigu ni, ni be zaŋli leei siminti tampiŋ.Lodge, p. 3 wɔri zaɣi bihi, tankpaɣu, ni bryozoans ka be laɣim taba ka di niŋ siminiti tampiŋ luɣili din yuli booni ooids, ka di nyɛ din tooi gbubiri kom.

Florida peninsula ŋooi mi yina moɣili zuɣusaa yuma din gbaai 100,000 mini 150,000 din gari la. Moɣili dum ni Wisconsin ice age naabu sheei la, kom maa dum miri la tiŋgbani.  Okeechobee kulibɔŋ pili zobu, ka kom din zori ka tahiri nam nimaa ni.McCally, pp. 9–10. Vihigu wuhiya ni kom ŋɔbpili la zobu yuun tuhi pihinu nyaaŋa, 5,000 years ago. Ka nnosi ʒiri di tihi mini mori biɛlim chani Caribbean.Whitney, p. 108. Siminiti tampiŋ ŋɔ nyɛla din doya pasi, amaa ka dundu belabela—ka be booni li "pinnacles=—ka kom ŋɔ bochaa shiiri kuɣili ŋɔ. .McCally, pp. 12–19.Lodge, pp. 37–38.
Climate/Tulim ni maasim
Köppen climate classification system wuhiya ni , Royal Palm din be  Everglades National Park mali la tropical monsoon climate (Am). 

Hydrography/Tiŋgbani ni kɔm zɔbu baŋsim bɔhimbu 
Tiŋgbani ni ko zaanigu din yuli booni Floridan aquifer bela tiŋgbani ni waɣilim ka mani  1,000 feet (300 m), South Florida.Whitney, p. 166. Din gbunni mali la polo din deeri kɔm, ka di do siminti tampiŋ la gbunni. Di kom ŋɔ shɛŋa lurimi di saa ni saa, ka di pam dooni siminti tampiŋ ŋɔ zuɣu. Kɔm ŋɔ liɛbigiri la saa tiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣi shɛŋa ka tiri ba ko viɛlli. Kɔm lahi zɔri mi kuni paaki ŋɔ ni di yi niŋ ka saa mi n naai tudu polo n ti luri Kissimmee River ni, n-ti pahi Lake Okeechobee yaɣa shɛŋa, ka naan yi ti paai Everglades dabisa nyaaŋa. Kɔm pibigirimi yiri Lake Okeechobee n luri kulibɔŋ din yɛliŋ nyɛ 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113 km) , din chɛni n-miri nini ni ku tooi nya shɛli.Whitney, pp. 167, 169.

Ecosystem
Zaŋ kana 20th century, so shɛŋa be ni daa kpuɣi ni be zaŋ guli paaki ŋɔ n nyɛ tingbani baŋsim bohim ni kpɛŋ kamani zoya, geysers, bee canyons. Di ni ni Florida ninsali biɛla galisira ka fɔna din baɣi lɛbigi la.Davis, pp. 366–369. Paaki ŋɔ ni daa zali yuuni 1947, di ni n nyɛ U.S yaɣi shɛli din gu mɔri ni binkobiri tuuli.Everglades National Park / Dry Tortugas National Park  Superintendent's Report, 2008 Fiscal Year. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.

Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies
Ko viɛla dooshɛhi n galisi Everglades National Park. Lala ko soya ŋɔ baŋbu nyɛla tingbana din siɣi ka ko viɛla do din ni, ka zori siɣiri kamani 100 feet (30 dabisili puuni.Robertson, p. 9. Shark River Slough mini Taylor Slough n nyɛ paaki ŋɔ nahingbaŋ gahinda. Mori. din zoori paari kamani  6 feet (1.8 m) bee n gari, ni mɔri din mali va yɛlima, galisi la Everglades ka be ti li yu paa booni li "River of Grass", din be  Marjory Stoneman Douglas's buku ni (1947), din wuhiri o kpaŋsibu zaŋ chaŋ Everglades gari bɔpiɛligu. Noonsi dihibu sheei, bin'niɛma balibu kamani herons, egrets, roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), ibises ni brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), n-ti pahi limpkins (Aramus guarauna) ni snail kites ban apple snails nyɛla ban be Everglades, n diri mori din be ni la. Bin'niɛma balibu ŋɔ zuɣu, meensi, alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) nyɛla ban yiri shɛli polo chɛn ni.Lodge, pp. 25–31.

Bin'niɛma ban be kom ŋɔ ni mali la  bi maŋ tabi di siminti tsmpima ŋɔ di yi ti niŋ ka kɔm ŋɔ nyuura.Whitney, p. 164 Tihi ni mɔri dii bi too zoori  tankpaɣu shɛli di ni boli marl ti bahi paai peat ni, tiŋgbani shɛli ni Everglades kɔm ŋɔ ni bi nyuuri luɣ'shɛli yuuni puli ni. Marl prairies tooi bela kɛm gbunni kamani chira ata zaŋ chaŋ dibaa ayopoin ka sirigima ni tooi mali kɔm gari yuuni chani ni yuun shɛli ni. Mɔri din pahi kamani (Muhlenbergia sericea) gab nyɛla din bemarl prairies.Lodge, pp. 29–32. Bin'niɛma ban be kɔma ŋɔ sirigili nim maa shɛŋa ni tooi lahi be marl prairies. Marl prairies ni tooi kuui saha shɛli yuuni puli ni; nyabisi nyɛla ban sɔŋdi bin'niɛma pam di  yi ti niŋ ka kɔm nyuui, be gbiri la tiŋgbani ni paari kɔm ka zahima mini kɔm ni bin'niɛma tooi niŋdi nyɛvuli hali ni yuuni din paya. Di yi niŋ ka ko'kpɛɣu kpe siɣili saha, di yi ti niŋ ka tiŋgbani lahi mahigi lala zahima ŋɔ lahi labiri mi yɛli marl prairies ni.Lodge, p. 35.

Tropical hardwood hammocks
Hammocks nyɛla tiŋgbani kuŋ paaki ŋɔ puuni. Di nyɛla din dun du n-gari mɔri ni bili luɣishɛŋa ka mali tihi balibu, kamani (Quercus virginiana). Tihi ŋɔ nyɛla yirigira ka lɛm la ka bin'kɔbiri nandi ni yaa, wild coffee (Psychotria), white indigoberry (Randia aculeata), poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum) ni saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Tihi tuhi bɔbigu n be paaki ŋɔ ni ka nira yi be katiŋa ka nyɛli di ŋmani la nintam booli. Tihi din be Everglades ka mani, wild tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliquum) ni gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), bi tooi zoori zuɣusaa paari napɔŋ ŋmɛbu pihinu [50) feet] (15 m), ka di nyɛla buɣim, pɔhim ni tulim bee maasim yi ti yaɣi.

Di tihi ŋɔ gbuna ni nyɛla biɛhigu shee n-ti binkɔbiri. Waɣiri balibu ti pahi kɔma ni bin'niɛma ka mani American green tree frog, Hyla cinerea), bela "hardwood hammocks". Noonsi ka mani barred owls (Strix varia), woodpeckers, northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), ni southern bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) waɣiri la  hammock tihi ŋɔ ni. Binkɔbiri ban be  hardwood hammocks n-nyɛ Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), minks (Neogale vison), marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), n-ti pahi, critically endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor couguar).

Pineland
Miami-Dade County daa mali la tanpiŋ ni tihi  din dee polo kamani 186,000 acres (290.6 sq mi; 752.7 km2), amaa ka  lumber industry nima yihi di pirigili.National Park Service (2005). "Habitats in the Park" (brochure). Pineland tihi ni binkɔbiri biɛhigu (or pine rocklands) baŋbu nyɛla, "dry sandy loam "limestone substrate, gɔhi din nyɛ "slash pines (Pinus elliottii var. densa)" bili gili li. Tihi din be ni zoori mi ni yori, siminti tanpima ŋɔ ni shii shɛli ka chɛ tankpaɣu ka di chɛ ka tihi tooi zaani no.Robertson, p. 11 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Pine Rocklands: Multispecies recovery plan for South Florida ". Tihi ni mɔri ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛla din diri paari bakoi pia ni ayɔbu (16 weeks) nyaaŋa buɣim yi taai.Whitney, p. 107 Pinelands mali la "palm shrubs" mini mori din bindi nahiri tiŋgbani

Pine rocklands n na nyɛ din nyɛ damli pam Florida; Pinelands din bi paai 4,000 acres (6.3 sq mi; 16.2 km2) n be paaki ŋɔ nyaaŋa.Whitney, pp. 105–107 Paaki maa puuni, 20,000 acres (31.3 sq mi; 80.9 km2)  pineland n nyɛ be ni taɣi shɛli.Hammer, p. 8. Binkobiri balibu nyɛla ban nyɛri be bindirigu ni, vuhim sheei. Woodpeckers, eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), grackles, ni northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) nyɛla ban galisi pinelands. "Black bears mini Florida panthers" gba nyɛla ban be ni.
Cypress and mangrove
Cypress tihi nyɛla conifers bini niŋ ka dini tooi be ko viɛli ni saya. Di zoobu nyɛla din kperi tabani ka bolili ni cypress domes ka be strands waɣala over limestone. Kom dubu-tariga ni tooi siɣisi kana cypress domes mini strands, din zuɣu cypresses kpala "knees" din tɔhi-yi kom dubu tariga ha ni di bo vuhim n ti tihi wula. Dwarf cypress tihi nyɛla din zoo-ri tiŋgnani kuŋa ni din tankpa biɛri. Epiphytes, ka maa bromeliads, Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), orchids ni ferns ti-wula zuɣu ni trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park orchids balibu kamaa pishi-ni-anu zuɣu. Cypress tihi din waɣa nyɛla din bɔri teɣu suma n tiri noonsi, n ti pahi wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ibis, herons, egrets, anhingas (Anhinga anhinga), ni belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcy). Binkɔbiri bin be cypress rejin n-nyɛ white-tailed deer, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, skunks, swamp rabbits, river otters (Lontra canadensis), ni bobcats, n ti pahi small rodents.

Mangrove tihi pɔbila Florida nyaanŋa teeku-nima, saha shɛli ka zoori kperi tiŋgban-ni ka di dolila yɛlim kom din be Everglades ecosystems. Di yi ti niŋ wuuni ka kom bi zori cheni teeku ni, mangroves yen yimina pahi ko viɛli tihi ni. Di yi niŋ ka saa niŋ bayana, sawgrass n ti ko viɛli tihi nyɛla din miri teeku ŋɔ. Mangrove thi balibu diba-ata trees—red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicennia germinans), mini white (Laguncularia racemosa)—nyɛla dini tooi be Everglades. Di yi ka saɣati beni n ti yɛlim kom, pɔhim, kopaliga din galisi, tulim, ni bayaɣati, mangrove tihi nyɛla dini deei shɛli kam. Bi niŋ di mi ka maa nurseries n ti kom ni bin-nema mini noonsi balibu. Bi lahi nyɛla Florida's tuuli gubu zaŋ kpa hurricanes barina nima, din ko-kpeɣu kom ka guri coastal erosion. mangrove system din be Everglades National Park n-nyɛ mangroves system din galisi anduniya zaa.

Florida mangrove systems ŋɔ shee zahim 220 balibu ni be, ni crabs balibu pam, crayfish, shrimp, mollusks, n ti pahi invertebrates, din nyɛ bindirigu nyɛbu shee n ti noonsi pam. Noonsi balibu pam zaŋla mangrove ŋɔ ka di nyɛ nurseries ni bindira bɛhigu shee, n pahi pelicans, grebes, tricolored herons (Egretta tricolor), gulls, terns, hawks ni kites, mini arboreal noonsi, ka maa mangrove cuckoos (Coccyzus minor), yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), ni white-crowned pigeons (Patagioenas leucocephala). Mangroves ŋɔ lahi soŋdi amphibians mini reptiles balibu 24, ni binkɔbiri balibu 18, n ti pahi endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), mini West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).

Coastal lowlands
Coastal lowlands bee wet prairies, nyɛla yɛlim kɔm din be fatifati din nyuri "marine" kom di yi ti niŋ ka di dura bee kopaligu din kpɛ di yi ti niŋ ka saa mira. Kom kpɛrimi di yi ti niŋ ka pɔhim mali yaa saha shɛli ka storm surges niŋda di yi ti niŋ ka mɔɣili ŋɔ kom duri tiŋgbani zuɣu pam.Whitney, p. 163. Mahali ti yaɣi gba tahiri ko'kpɛɣu na di yi ti niŋ ka kɔm yi tudu polo zo n-chɛŋ Everglades. Tihi biɛla n ŋɔ n ni tooi niŋ nyɛvuli lala yaɣili ŋɔ, amaa tibihi—succulents ni saltwort n ti pahi deeri yɛlim, ni bɔɣlpiɛligu ŋɔ tulim ŋɔ. Binkobiri ban be din ni nyɛvuli doli la kom ni galisi ni shɛm, amaa bikobiri ban tooi be ni n-nyɛ Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis), Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), wood stork (Mycteria americana), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), ni binkɔb' baligu kamani saba, jɛngbarisi, ti tabili soonsi.

Marine and estuarine

Kɔm din galisi paaki ŋɔ ni n-nyɛ Florida Bay, din yi di "mangrove swamps" zaŋ n-ti  "mainland's southern" nyoli ni chaŋ Florida Keys. Teeku ni binyɛra din gari 800 square miles (2,100 km2) n be ni. Coral, sponges, ni seagrasses n-nyɛ bindirigu ni biɛhigu shee ti crustaceans mini mollusks, ka be gba nyɛ bindirigu ti kɔm ni bin'neen kara. Sharks, stingrays, n-ti pahi barracudas gba bela ni. Pelicans, shorebirds, terns, ni black skimmers (Rynchops niger) nyɛla noonsi ban be ni saha kam. Kom maa yɛliŋ sheei gba mali la di zuɣu  bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).

Sandbanks pirigi la di galisim ŋɔ shee ka di leei zahim gbahibu sheei zaŋ ti snook (Centropomus undecimalis), redfish (Sciaenops ocellatus), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), tarpon (Megaflops atlanticus), bonefish (Albula vulpes), ni permit (Trichinous falcatus), hali ti pahi snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), mini bass."Fishing". nps.gov. National Park Service. September 25, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018. noonsi kamani roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), reddish egrets (Egretta rufescens), ni great white herons (Ardea herodias occidentalis) nyɛla ban mali kalinli din gahim ka dii ka "Florida Bay" ŋɔ ni. Noonsi balibu ban pahi n-nyɛ bald eagles, cormorants, ni ospreys. Binkɔbiri ban be ni n-nyɛ raccoons, opossums, bobcats, n-ti tabili fox squirrels.

Ninsali nin Taarihi 

Native peoples

Ninsali nima daa nim dabaayi bela South Florida yaɣili ŋɔ yuun tuhi pia 10,000 zaŋ kana yuun tuhi pishi din gari la 20,000 .Tebeau (1963), p. 17  Zuliya nima ban yi America daa pili la  "peninsula southern tip":  Tequesta daa bɛla eastern yaɣili ka Calusa, ban kalinlinli galisi, western polo. Everglades nyɛla tarisi n be be sunsuni.  Tequesta bɛla tiŋ yiŋa din nyɛ zaɣi titali ka n-baɣi Miami River, ka Calusa mi be tiŋkpansi pihita ni (30 villages). Be bala buyivŋɔ zaa tooi gori chani Everglades amaa ka di lee niŋ tɔm pam ni be ni, ka kpalimdi teeku ni.

Be zuliya dibaa ayɔb ŋɔ zaa diri la zahima ban be wɔri ni ni zahim, binkɔ'bihi, ni tihi din be mɔɣini. Din ni nyɛ siminti tampima din bali la ka bi tooi nyɛri la zuɣu, America nima niɛma pam nyɛla bini zaŋ bin'wɔri, kɔba, dari, ni binkɔbiri nyina mali shɛli; "shark" nyina be daa mali ŋmahiri binyɛra,Tebeau (1963), p. 19. ni gbungbaŋ din diri  ka be daa mali niŋdi piɛma.Robertson, p. 55 Shell mounds na nyɛla din be paaki ŋɔ ni, dini n tiri bin'kura vihigu tuma nima daliri din wuhiri be ni daa mali shɛli mɛri be binyɛra. Spanish vihigu  nima wuhiya ni Tequesta tuuli daa nyɛla ban kalinli nyɛ 800, ka Calusa mi nyɛ 2,000;  National Park Service mi lahabali wuhiya ni be daa naa tooi paai 20,000 m-be Everglades puuni be di kpansi spanish ni daa labi niŋ be vihigu 16th century.{{cite 
web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |title=Native Peoples |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172029/https://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/nativepeoples.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }} Calusa nima bela  social strata ka daa tooi nam canals, earthworks, ni shellworks. Calusa daa lahi tooi nyɛŋ Spanish nima ni daa bori di be fa n be tiŋgbani ŋɔ saha shɛli la.

Spanish daa niŋ niŋgbuna ni tinsi ŋɔ ka kpuɣi niiya nima pam hali zaŋ chɛŋ tudu polo, n miri Lake Okeechobee.  18th century saha, kpenkpili nima zaŋla Tequesta nima kalinli ŋɔ liɛbi be dini. Tequesta bee Calusa tribe bala ŋɔ shɛli daa kani zaŋ kana 1800.Tebeau (1963), p. 23. Doro, tɔbiri, ni daba gbahibu n daa nyɛ din chɛ ka bi zaa kani. Daliri din wuhiri be nimaani biɛhigu kuli nyɛla bin'wɔri din daa pahi mɛ Calusa.

19th century piligu, Creeks, daa yila  gbansabila daabilim ni, ni India nima ban yi  northern Florida daa nyɛla Creek War ni barigi shɛba, ka be nam Seminole tiŋgbani. Seminole tɔbu nyaaŋa yuuni 1842, ka  Seminoles labi mali ʒini Indian territory din baɣi Oklahoma. Ka be tɔhinima bela daa ʒini luɣishɛli be ni pa booni Big Cypress National Preserve, ka di nyɛla be daa je mi ni mi pahi muɣisi taɣi tiŋshɛli la ni.Tebeau (1963), p. 28. Yuuni 1859 zaŋ chaŋ 1930,  Seminoles mini Miccosukee, ban ŋmani taba ka be zuliya yɛltɔɣa wɔli, nyɛla ban wɔligi beni, ka diri kohimma ni damma ni. Yuuni 1928, buɣisibu mini mɛbu daa pili Tamiami Trail, tuduu polo boda zaŋti Everglades National Park. Di palli pirigila  Everglades.Tebeau (1963), p. 31.

Miccosukee mini Seminole bala ŋɔ shɛba na nyɛla ban be paaki ŋɔ tarisi ŋɔ shɛhi. Ka ban gbubi paaki bori sɔŋsim zaŋ chɛŋ so shɛŋa din yɛn gbubi paaki ŋɔ. Din yɛn chɛ ka be bi saɣim paaki ŋɔ daliri nima.
American settlements
Seminole tɔbu nyaaŋa, Amerika nima daa oilibla bɛ maŋ wɔligi chaŋ ti mɛ teeku din be  paaki ŋɔ ni la,  din gbaai Ten Thousand Islands zaŋ chaŋ Cape Sable. Tinsi pam zani ya lala tiŋgbani kara dibaa ayi ŋɔ ni,  Chokoloskee Island ti tabili Flamingo din be  Cape Sable, di zaa zali la "post offices" 'yuma din gbaai 1890s piligu. Chokoloskee Island nyɛla bin'wɔri ni mɛ shɛli, midden din mɛ kamani 20 feet (6 m) dubu Calusa nima daabiligu saha yuuntuhi gbaliŋ. Yanima din be Chokoloskee mini Flamingo nyɛla daabiligu shee ti salo ban pɔra, kamani pukpariba, zahim gbahiriba, ni sali nyoriba ban be Ten Thousand Islands. Lala yanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban wɔlidi ti be bɛ ko ka shitima nima ko n ni tooi chaŋ paai ni poi ka di naan yi ti  neei 20th century. Everglades City, daanyɛla din nyɛ toontibo pam di piligu yuuni 1920, ni n daa nyɛ  "headquarters" zaŋ ti  Tamiami Trail malibu ni. Pali biɛɣu din yi Florida City chaŋ  Flamingo yuuni 1922, ka causeway chaŋ ti gbaa Chokoloskee n yiri Everglades City yuuni 1956.Tebeau (1955), pp. 6, 15, 21, 59.Tebeau (1968), pp. 37, 142–65 Paaki ŋɔ zalibu nyaaŋa, ʒɛngama yili nima bini din be Flamingo nyɛla eminent domain ni daa zaŋ shɛli niŋ be dini, ka be daa zaŋli pahi paaki ŋɔ ni ka di niŋ saamba biɛhigu shee.

Land development and conservation
Soya Pam daa nyɛla dini kpiɣi shɛli ni di yihi kom ka lɛbigi Everglades yuuni 1880 ni. Ko soya tuuli dini daa niŋ Everglades daa nyɛla din barina bi galisi dama di nyɛla dini daa too vori ndi kom maa pam.p. 82 Napoleon Bonaparte Broward daa nyɛla ŋun kuli zaŋ o  yuuni 1904 jintori tali kuɣu bobu n kuli yo dini yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kom maa vo " The Empire of the Everglades". Broward daa nyɛla ŋun puhi ni bi vo kom maa, din daaa niŋ yuuni 1905 ni 1910 sunsuuni, ka di daa nyɛ din niŋ tabata pam hali ka tingbani lɛbigirba daa nyɛ ban kohi paliti, Lee ni Dede $30 acre kam zuɣuni. Ko soya maa daa lahi nyɛla din yihi kom ka daa di soli zaŋ ti paliti ka di ko sugarcane.

Yuuni 1920 ni, niribi daa nyɛla ban zoogi pam South Florida ka du nyɛ din che ka kpa Florida land boom, ka sasabira Michael Grunwald daa buɣisili ka di nyɛ " Insanity".  Paliti daa nyɛla dini kohiri shɛli tiri niriba poi ka mɛbu naan yi mɛ dizuɣu ka saha shɛli gba poi ka niri naa yi gbaagi niya ni o mɛ.Ban su paliti  ka bi ni ŋmɛri ni bi nya liɣiri pam , daa nyɛla ban niŋ yom n mɛ yiya ni tiŋ bihi dini daa kuli vo kom ka che pali shɛŋa. Mangrove tihi din daa be kuli noya daa nyɛla dini sibi shɛŋa din kuli yɛn che ka neebu neegi ka daa zaŋ kpikpali tihi zali di zaani. U.S Army Corps of Engineers daa nyɛla ban ko so kara mɛbu dinkuli yɛn niŋ ka di mali kom ni daa kuli duru shɛm Everglades ni niŋ.

Di bahi bahindi lala ŋo zaa, Okeechobee moɣili  CAA nyɛla din daa kuli duri ka sheera, tiŋ maa das nyɛla saa ni kuli mi n lim shɛli, ka ban su tiŋ maa zahimbu fukumsi daa kuli nyɛ ban tuhiri kom maa. Yuuni 1926 Miami Hurrucane daa nyɛladin che ka Okeechobee levees lu, ka niribi kobiga ban daa be moɣili maa nudirigu daa nyɛ kom maa ni di shɛba.Yuma ayi nyaaŋa, yuuni 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane daa nyɛladin di niribi ban kalinli daa nyɛ 2,500 nyavili, dini daa niŋ ka moɣili kom maadaa lahi nyɛ dindu n gari di ko taɣirisimaa. Jintoriba ban daa yɛliti  ni Everglades daa pala luɣi shɛli niribi ni ni too ʒini daa nyɛla baŋ koŋ yɛligu dini daa niŋ ka gooni dubu bu nahi, Herbet Hoover Dike, daa nyɛ bin mɛ shɛli gili Okeechobe moɣili maa. Lala gooni ŋo daa nyɛla dun kuli ŋmaagi kom maa ni yirina  shʋli ka che Everglades.

Dini daa mɛ gooni maa nyaaŋa, South Florida daa nyɛla din nyɛ ko kpaɣu din nimmohi daa naan too che ka buɣim yerisi niŋ yuuni 1939. Niribi kpɛbu daa nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ ti binkobiri ni tihi ban daa be yaɣili maa dini daa niŋ ka melaleuca tihi ( Melaleuca quinquenervia) daa nyɛ dini sa shɛŋa ni di soŋ ka kom yira, ni Australian pines nima shɛŋa dini daa zaŋna ni di ti nyɛ windbreaks.Yaɣili maa tihi daa nyɛla dini ŋma shɛŋa niŋ taabo dari.ŋmana,lona, wuhi ni zahima daa nyɛla niribi ni kuli gbahiri shɛli pam. Ŋman daa nyɛla dini ŋmɛri shɛba yihiri bi kobiri ka zaŋdili niŋdi paɣibi zipila 20th century piligu. Niribi ni daa nyɛ shɛli n daa nyɛ kom daa nyɛla din lahi ka Everglades. Ko soya daa nyɛla dini yɛligi ka waɣiligi shɛŋa,  ka kom maa daa lu pam, ka daa kuli tahi gamo na food webs. Yɛlim kom daa nyɛla din zani ko maŋli zaani ko soya ŋo ni, ka di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1997 tabiibi nima da nyɛmi ka yɛlim kom daa nyɛ din nyuuri kpɛri Biscayne Aquifer, luɣi shɛli South Florida nim ni das nyɛri kom.

Yuuni 1940s ni, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, ŋun daa nyɛ sasabira ka daa lahi nyɛ lahibali tira zaŋ ti The Miami Herald daa nyɛla ŋun pili vihigu zaŋ kpa Everglades. 

O daa nyɛla ŋun kpahim tiŋ maa ni kom maa yuma anu ka daa zaŋ o nyabu wuhi salo The Everglades: River of Grass yuuni 1947, n buɣisiri yaɣili maa viɛnyɛlinga hali ti zaŋ gbas saha shɛli dini daa lahi kani. O daa sabiya " Din daa kuli nyɛ moɣili zaŋ ti mori ni ko nyaɣisili ka daa ti  lala nimaani maa nyɛvili ka che ka di gahim yi di ko saha waɣila ka niri daa ka ʒishee ni das nyɛla dini zaŋ biɛm ni saɣingu n kpe shɛli ka di daa ti leegi buɣim moɣili". Kundu maa daa nyɛla dini kohi shɛli ka di kalinli nyɛ 50,000, ka Douglas daa nyɛ ŋun daa kpaŋdi o maŋ tiri tingbani biɛhigu daa nyɛla ŋun nye yupaa " Grand Dame of the Everglades",  " Grandmother of the Everglades" ni " the anti-Christ" dama o daa kuli nyɛla ŋun zaɣa be tiŋ maa ni gari jintori tali. O daa nyɛla ŋun pili ʒɛngama yili laɣingu ka daa lahi nya ŋun nyɛ di zuɣulana, lala laɣingu ŋo yuli n daa nyʋ Friends of Everglades, tuuli di daliri daa nyɛmi ni bi tuhi zaɣisi Big Cypress jetport shɛli dini daa yɛli ni di yɛn mɛmi yuuni 1968.Bi ni daa di nansara, laɣingu maa daa nyɛla din zoohi ka mali niribi ban kalinli gari 4,000,  ban niŋ nimmohi ni bi gbibi Everglades viɛnyɛla. O daa nyɛla ŋun sabi ka di fiila zaŋkpa Everglades talahi ni nyɛ shɛli hali ni o kum saha o ni daa nyɛ yuma 108 yuuni 1998 ni.

Park history
alt=|thumb|Cape Sable seen from Sentinel-2 Satellite
Floridians bin daa mali tahama ni be kuli taɣa Everglades luɣushɛli sɔŋ daa piligu fabila zaŋ chaŋ nam tɛri ni naari shɛm 20th century piligu. Royal Palm State Park daa nyɛla bini kpa yuuni 1916; di daa gbaai trails ni gɔbuna yaɣali shee ka di be katiŋ ni Homestead. Miami-based naturalists daa tuui buɣisi ni yaɣali ŋɔ leei national paaki yuuni 1923. Yuma anu nyaanga, Florida jintɔriba kpa Tropical Everglades National Park Commission din yɛn yaɣali bini taɣi sɔŋ ŋɔ. Lala komosini ŋɔ kpɛm n daa nyɛ Ernest F. Coe, tiŋgbani lebigira ŋun leei ŋun yaɣari sɔŋda, bini daa boli so yu paa ni Father of Everglades National Park. Coe's tuuli plaŋ zaŋ kpa paaki polo daa gbaa din gari 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0 sq mi; 8,093.7 km2) n pahi Key Largo and Big Cypress, ni o ni daa zaŋsi saɣim paaki kpabu. Bingba daa kuli mali kɔrisi, n ti pahi tiŋgbani lebigiriba ni diɛma ni yiɣi jam tohinima, daa bɔri ni paaki ŋɔ galisim filim.

Komisin ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini puhi ni be ni bo soshɛli din yɛn laɣam laɣari n da polo ŋɔ. Di vihigu ŋɔ daa  chirigi Great Depression paabu na United States, ka laɣari din daa yɛn da polo ŋɔ nyɛ din pɔra.Klinkenberg, Jeff (December 7, 1997). "50 Years of Everglades National Park". St. Petersburg Times. Floridapage=1A. U.S. House of Representatives zaŋ ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ paaki pali kpabu silimin goli May 30, 1934, amaa Act (HR 2837),https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/73rd-congress/session-2/c73s2ch371.pdf din nyɛ din taɣari politi soŋda bini ti ka nyɛla zaa dini bee konko dini, ka mali tirila ŋun ni wuhi ni laɣari pala din ni tuma ŋɔ ni di kuli bi yuui yuma anu. Coe's passion and U.S. Senator Spessard Holland's politiisi daa sɔŋ n pa kpa paaki ŋɔ zaa, Holland ni daa tooi di daa ni 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2 sq mi; 5,260.9 km2) zaŋ ti paaki ŋɔ, ka che Big Cypress, Key Largo, Turner River area, ni 22,000-acre (34.4 sq mi; 89.0 km2) polo ŋɔ "The Hole in the Donut" din daa galisi ni kpailim yɛtɔɣa. Miami Herald editor John Pennekamp daa kpaŋ o maŋa n bɔri Florida Legislature tohi $2 million n daa polo din be paaki ŋɔ puuni.pp. 212–214 Di zaŋ n ti President Harry Truman silimin goli December 6, 1947, goli nyaaga Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book The Everglades: River of Grass daa nyɛ bini zaŋ bahi.pp. 206–215 Lala yuuni maa yaɣa, tropical storms pam daa nyɛ din ŋmɛ South Florida, ka tahi 1,400 miles (2,300 km) canal, ka zaŋdi din ka buukata bahiri teeku ŋɔ ni.Klinkenberg, Jeff (December 7, 1997). "50 Years of Everglades National Park". St. Petersburg Times. Floridapage=1A.


Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project (C&SF) daa nyɛla bini yooi soli n ti ni bi mɛ canals mini ko-kpeɣu duri n gili South Florida South. C&SF, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ni su shɛli, daa kpa kparilim yaɣali ka di be Lake Okeechobee nyaanga, ni kom taɣarisi diba-ata yaɣa, ka di zaa nyɛ canals ni be di tarisi ka daari kom din puuri bahira n kpari tiŋ kara polo bee Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico bee Florida Bay. Yaɣali ŋɔ din nyɛ daadam malibu nyaanga ka Everglades National Park daa be, din nyɛ di kom nyɛbu soli ni daa ŋmaa bahi. Zaŋ chaŋ 1960s, paaki ŋɔ daa pili saɣimbu. C&SF daa nyɛla bini yɛli ni be bɔm kom pam din yɛn taɣa paaki ŋɔ zali; di daa bi tooi yi.. 252. Alapile paaki bini daa buɣisi daa nyɛla din daa naan mali dire environmental effects tiŋgbani din be Everglades National Park daa leei tobu gɔŋu ni din daa soŋsi yihi  environmental movement n ti niŋ local mini national politics. Alapile paaki ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini che, ka yuuni 1972 zali kpani daa yina ni di che lebigimsim  South Florida ka kpam jandi ni paaki ŋɔ kom shɛli dini bɔri maa. Kpaŋa-maŋ daa niŋya ni di bo maligu n ti saɣimbu din daa nyɛ gbubidi suŋ kalinsi ni tahina. Army Corps of Engineers daa taɣi di hankali yuuni 1990 n yi moɣa bɛbu mini canals n labi "purely environmental projects".pp. 275–276.

Rejins din daa pun be Ernest Coe's tehani zaŋ n ti paaki daa nyɛla yuma din gari  bini daa zaŋ pahi paaki ŋɔ ni bee luɣi shɛŋa bini gu n zali. Biscayne National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park on Key Largo, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, mini Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary zaa daa nyɛla bini guli paaki ŋɔ ni daa yooi yuuni 1947. Silimin goli November 10, 1978, 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8 sq mi; 5,246.7 km2), kamaa 86% of the park, daa leei wilderness area. Di daa labi mi boli the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997.https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf Everglades National Park daa nyɛla bini zaŋ leei International Biosphere Reserve silimin goli October 26, 1976. Bi daa sabili pahi UNESCO World Heritage Site silimin goli October 24, 1979, ni Wetland of International Importance silimi goli June 4, 1987. Bi daa zaŋli pahi List of World Heritage in Danger yuuni 1993 hali ni 2007 ni yaɣa yuuni 2010. Paaki ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla bini zaŋ pahi ka di nyɛla dini ku labiri nyaanga ka wuhiri alaama ni eutrophication (kotomsi kamaa algal blooms) din daa mali barina n ti kom bin nɛma ka di che ka US gɔmnanti suhi UNESCO mini IUCN nbo soŋsim zaŋ kpa lebigim-sim polo.

Park economics
Everglades National Park daa ti la be di laɣ' dibo ni laɣ' nyɛli sɔya lahabali puuni yuuni 2005 ka di gari $28 million. Di puuni, $14.8 million ka National Park Service nima daa ti ka $13.5 million mi yina yaɣa kamani CERP, tibu, ni ban sɔŋ sɔŋ.Everglades National Park/Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent's Annual Report (2005) Be ni daa dɛhiri loori nima kpɛbu ni liɣiri yuuni 2021 yiɣisila $30. Ban daa go n chɛŋ Everglades National Park yuuni 2006 daa gari miliyɔŋ, niriba ban kalinli gari 38,000 ban daa gbɛri ni yuŋ, ka yɔri $16 yuŋ kam bee $10 zaŋti ban gbɛri di nyaaŋa. Samba di liɣiri kamani $2.6 million  n-niŋ paaki ŋɔ ni, $48 million niŋ sambani polo daabiligim ni. Tuma din yaɣi 900  ka paaki ŋɔ ti niriba, ka lahi pahi tiŋ ŋɔ kɔhimma ni damma yaa $35 million .Stynes, Daniel (November 2007). "National Park Visitor Spending and Payroll Impacts 2006." U.S. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies; Michigan State University; and National Park Service Social Science Program.

Leadership and administration
Ninvuɣi pia ni awɔi n yuli/gbubi Everglades National Park tum din zani di naba zuɣu yuuni 1947. Ŋun yuli li tuuli n-nyɛ, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), ŋuni n lahi nyɛ ŋun yuli li yuui.  Beard nyaaŋa, ka Warren F. Hamilton gbubi li yuuni  1958 mini 1963, ka C. Joseph (1963-1966) doli na, Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (o daa na zani la so zaani, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (O daa na zani la so zaani, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (O daa na zani la so zaani, 2014), Bob Krumenaker ( 2014-2015), ka Pedro Ramos kana bahigu, bɛ ni daa pii so yuuni 2015 ka o na nyɛ ŋun gbubi li.

Bɛ daa zaŋ la paaki ŋɔ pahi yaɣili I (Region I) yuuni 1937, lala yaɣili ŋɔ ni daa na yoli kpa. "Region I" nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi boli shɛli Southeast Region yuuni 1962, ka bɛ daa labi mɛ li Southeast yaɣili  yuuni 1995. ka di chɛ ka yaɣi pali li yina "Region 2".

Activities
December hali ni March yuuni pulini n nyɛ saha shɛli bin kan-na dini nimohi, din saha ka tulim ni maasim bala, ka duunsi gba di ka yaa. Paaki ŋɔ bela yaɣa diba anahi bini chena: Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41 yaɣali) din ku be Miami wulinluhili  n-nyɛ Shark Valley Visitor Center. A fifteen-mile (24 km) soli yirimi kpe ŋɔ n cheni  two-story observation tower. Tram tours nyɛla din nyɛla di beni busy season maa saha. Din miri Homestead n be State Road 9336 nyɛla Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, dini ka 38-mile (61 km) pali piligira, n chani hali ni pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Bini yara balibu din guri chandi nyɛla din be pali ŋɔ zuɣu, din chaŋ hali ni Flamingo Visitor Center mini marina, ka bi yoo dili saha ŋɔ nimohi tam yuuni kam. Gulf Coast Visitor Center nyɛla din miri Everglades City din be State Road 29 n doli wulinluhili teeku-noli. Gulf Coast Visitor Center tirila ŋarim duhiriba soli ka be kperi Wilderness Waterway, ŋaruŋ soli waɣalim 99-mile (160 km) din yɛligi hali ni Flamingo Visitor Center. Paaki.ŋɔ wulinluhili polo teeku mini Ten Thousand Islands ni island din yi polo ka be Florida Bay nyɛla sitima ko ni ni too dola. 

Trails
So gburagbura dolibu tɔm nyɛla din mali balibu balibu Pine Island no, saamba ni ni tooi  yaɣi Hardwood hammocks, pinelands,  freshwater sloughs shɛŋa. Di piini la "Royal Palm Visitor Center",  Anhinga so gburima gurima  nyɛla maali pirigili din wuhiri soli zaŋ chaŋ "sawgrass marsh" saamba ni tooi nyɛ aligeeta nima shɛli, "marsh mini wading birds", meensi, n ti pahi "bromeliads". Di biɛhigu ŋmani la yiŋa ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di nyɛ paaki shɛli niriba ni na chaŋ nyaŋ paaki kam. Gumbo Limbo so gbura gbura din baɣi li la gba nyɛla soli din wuhiri niriba din kuni shɛli (is also self-guided), maali pirigili waɣilim. Di niŋ la zaɣi bili ti yi  "canopy of hardwood hammocks" n ti pahi gumbo limbo, royal palms (Roystonea), strangler figs (Ficus aurea), epiphytes balibu.Hammer, pp. 28–32.

So gbura gbura ŋɔ pili mi ni maali pishi ni anii(45 km)  dolisi "Long Pine Key campgrounds" ka ka gɔŋ ti yi Long Pine Key, di niŋ la viɛyɛla zaŋti offroad cycling zaŋ chaŋ "pine rocklands" din be  "Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness"  yaɣili. Daribo dibaa ayi beni ka saamba ni tooi doli li chaŋ cypress forest din be Pa-Hay-O-Kee, ka "story overlook" dibaa ayi gohili, n ti pahi Mahogany Hammock (referring to Swietenia mahagoni) din ʒiri ban dooni so waɣinli chani "dense forest" din be ko viɛlli "marl prairie" sunsuuni.Hammer, pp. 40–53.  Flamingo baɣiliŋga, so gbura ni yɛlimaŋli  lahi mali saamba chani mangrove swamps, zaŋ doli Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake Bight Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail ni Coastal Prairie Trail allow nyɛla nira ni  ni tooi nyɛ shorebirds mini wading birds ni ban pahi be mangroves ŋɔ ni. Saha shɛŋa beni ka so gbura gbura ŋɔ ku tooi doli yuuni puli ni, ka di nyɛla duunsi mini kom kpɛbu. Ranger-led lihigu kani na mi nimmohi saha .Hammer, pp. 64–69.

Camping and recreation
Kana ti doni nyɛla din beni yuuni pulini saha kam Everglades National Park. Kana ti doni ni tuma pam nyɛla din be Long Pine Key, din miri Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, luɣi shɛli 108 yaɣa loori ni tooi dola. Ayi miri Flamingo, 234 kana ti doni ni tuma shɛŋa nyɛla din gba beni. Recreational vehicle nyɛla din be yaɣa ŋɔ, amaa ni ka ni tuma din gba zaa. Back-country permits nyɛla bini bɔri kana ti doni yaɣa n ti pahi Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, ni yaɣa din din be ni maa. Back-country yaɣa pam nyɛla chickees; ka shɛŋa mi teeku ni tiŋgbani yaɣa.pp. 33–35, 100–104, 147 Low-powered motorboats nyɛla bini saɣiti shɛli paaki ŋɔ ni; yɛlim kom yaɣa nyɛla no-wake zones din ku too gu manatees ni kom ni bin niɛnbihi bin pahi ka chɛ barima. Jet skis, airboats ni nyɛla bini bi zaɣiti shɛli. So gburagbura pam saɣti kayaks ni ŋaruŋ nima. Tiŋ gbani shɛhili nyɛla bini bɔri shɛli pɔi ka anaa pili zahim gbahibu. Kom shɛhira gbana pala bini kɔhiri shɛli paaki ŋɔ ni, amaa yɛlim kom shɛhira gbana din nyɛla din ni tooi beni. Kom duɣili nyɛla bini bi saɣiti shɛla paaki ŋɔ tarisi; water moccasins, snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), alligators, and crocodiles bela ko viɛli ni.Sharks, barracuda, ni sharp dangerous coral nyɛla bin galisi yɛlim kom ni. Nyɛbu nyɛla din bi yaɣi laa yɛlim kom ni mini ko viɛli zaa.pp. 22–23, 25–26 Everglades National Park nyɛla yaɣali din mali bukaata pam n ti Great Florida Birding Trail. Di nyɛla din mali bin-namdi bɔbugu ni noonsi bali bɔbugu zaŋ ti noonsi lihibu mini noonsi anfooni nima ŋmahibu.

Dark skies site
Everglades National Park yaɣi shɛŋa nyɛla Sagban sabila  South Florida polo."Lightscape / Night Sky". National Park Service. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2018."Everglades are ideal to view night sky". December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2018. Di nyabu viɛnyɛla nyɛla  Everglades wulinpuhili mini wulinluhili polo, kamani Flamingo mini Ten Thousand Islands. Din ŋmani miliki la neeri ki ayi lihiri li   toondini polo."Light Pollution Map - Dark Site Finder". Retrieved October 29, 2018.

Threats to the park and ecology

Diversion and quality of water
Di nyyaŋa labbu nyaaŋa Evergrades din za di naba zuɣu bɛ lahi paai kɔbigu puuni vaabu pihinu (50 percent). Noonsi ban be ni kalinli labi la nyaaŋa kamani vaabu pihi wɔi kɔbigu puuni (90 percent),bɛ kalinli ni daa nyɛ shɛm  1940s zaŋ chaŋ 2000s labi la nyaaŋa.Grunwald, p. 202. Kom ŋmaligibu zaŋ chaŋ  South Florida tiŋgbani yaɣa shɛŋa din na zoori din mali barina zaɣiyini ti  Everglades National Park's. Yuma din gbaai 1950s mini 1960s, 1,400 miles (2,300 km)   of canals mini  levees, 150 gates ni spillways, n ti pahi 16 pumping stations ka bɛ daa mali ni kom doli li chani tiŋ'kara ni ka lahi ʒiri li yiri  Everglades. Kom yi ti vuui zahima niŋdi la bindirigu ti noonsi mini kom ni binniɛn shɛba, ka di mori kuura ka di zuɣu ni tooi chɛ ka lala mori ŋɔ kpi bee n di buɣim, ka di gba zuɣu ni tooi ku kɔte nima bee noonsi ni diri binniɛnbihi shɛba.National Park Service (2005). "Everglades." (Brochure) Noonsi kalinli kuli luri mi ka yiɣisira; Yuuni 2009,  South Florida Water Management District daa buɣisiya ni  South Florida noonsi kalinli sheei la tiŋa 335 percent.SFWMD (2010), p. 6-1. Bɛ kalinli pahibu yuma ata nyaaŋa, The Miami Herald lahabali yuuni 2009 daa wuhiya ni noonsi ban be paaki ŋɔ ni sheei la tiŋa 29 percent.Sessa, Whitney (March 1, 2009). "Taking A Dive: The Wading Bird Population at Everglades National Park Dropped by 29 Percent in 2008 ...", The Miami Herald, State and Regional News.

Tiŋsi din be Florida teeku wulinluhili polo nyɛri la komdesalinization ni; tiŋgbani maa ku tooi tiba ko'shɛli bɛ ni bora. Nitrates din be kom ŋɔ gbunni mini   mercury galisim gba nyɛla din soŋdi ka paaki ŋɔ nyɛri ko'suŋ. Yuuni 1998,  bɛ daa nyɛla Florida panther ni kpi n-be Shark Water Slough, di mercury galisim ni tooi ku ninsala.  Algal blooms mini red tide din be Biscayne Bay nyɛla din wuhiri kom din yirina Lake Okeechobee. Domestic News. Yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa bɛ ni mali tiri saamba Everglades National Park n nyɛ din wuhiri, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. Puɔmpi nima soŋsim, kom yibu shɛhi, ko shɛŋa din miri paaki maa ka zori luri din ni, Everglades , alive but diminished."

Urban encroachment 
Vari din galisi dɔ paaki ŋɔ wulinpuhili polo n wuhiri boda lai din be tiŋpuni mini yaɣashɛŋa bɛ ni gu  ni, amaa tiŋgbani yɛligi kpɛ lala yaɣa ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina ti li. Ninvuɣi tuha kuli kpɛri la Florida tiŋgbani ni biɛɣukulo kam ,Florida's population could increase to nearly 26 million by 2030 ka mɛri yanima, daabiligu mini tuma tumbu shɛhi,ko dohishɛhi nyɛla din miri  Everglades National Park ŋɔ. Paaaku ŋɔ wulinluhili polo, Fort Myers, Naples, ni Cape Coral nyɛla din yɛligira, amaa vari ka ni wuhiri di boda.Grunwald, pp. 363–366 National Geographic zahim la Everglades National Park mini Big Cypress National Preserve ka di nyɛ paaki shɛŋa din yaa na be tiŋgbani North America yaɣili, di dɔ la bu pihita ni ayi 32 kɔbigu puuni 100. Bɛ zahim la paaki pihinu ni anu (55 parks) zaŋ chaŋ sustain tourism polo, di biɛhgu sheei viɛlim, ni bɛ ni gbubi di paaki shɛm. Baŋdiba ban daa niŋ lala daa yina ni rizɔsi ka yɛli siminsili ni: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".

Endangered and threatened animals
Bɛ ni gu ka taɣi binniɛn shɛba paaki ŋɔ ni  nyɛla balibu pihita ni ayɔbu, ka bɛ shaba nyɛvuli niŋbu kuli nyɛ nyɛvuli pɔhili.

United States tiŋgbani ni,  American crocodile's bela South Florida ko. Bɛ daa gbahiba saha shɛli pam, ka ni nyɛla bɛ gbana zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ bɛ pa gumi ka taɣiba ka chɛ gbahibu. Amaa bɛ na kuli bela nyɛvuli pohili ni di ni niŋ ka ka bɛ saɣindi bɛ biɛhiti sheei la ka naan yi chɛ loori nima ni ŋmɛri kuriba bɛ pala baai yaɣi chaŋ  ti nyu kom ni. Nyɛbisi kamani 2,000 n be  Florida, kamali kamani tiɛri kɔbiga  (100) n be Everglades mini Biscayne National Parks. South Florida nyɛbisi kalinli pahiri la saha kam kamani "alligator" nima ni galisi shɛm. Bɛ daa labi mi pu nyɛbisi yi "endangered" ni tahi "threatened" zaŋti  United States yuuni 2007. Domestic News.

Florida panther n nyɛ binkɔbi so ŋun dii bi yoli dunia yaaŋa zuɣu. Kamani bɛ kalinli kɔbishii ni pihita 230 n be di mɔɣini,  Everglades mini Big Cypress Swamp. Din gbarigiri panther nima ŋɔ galisim n-nyɛ bɛ yɛla biɛhigu sheei saɣimbu zaŋ mali daadama biɛhigu sheei, loori nima pirimbu, binyɛra gbahibu, doritu ti pahi mercury poisoning.

Miɛnsi balibu dibaa anahi ban be ni n-nyɛ Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic hawksbill, the Atlantic loggerhead (Caretta caretta), n ti pahi Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii),bɛ dii bi zaa zooi biɛhigu ni. Yaha, leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nyɛla ban be nyɛvuli pɔhili ni. Bɛ kalinli nyɛla din baŋbu niŋ tɔm, di ni niŋ ka zaɣilɔri mini zaɣi bihi ni bi labiri bɛ ni dɔɣiba shɛli la zuɣu; bɛ zaɣi nyama nyɛri la gala luɣi yiŋga yuuni kam. Biɛhisi sheei wurimbu, sɔɣi gbahi, ni zahima gbahibu yiriŋ nyɛla din mali barina ti bi biɛhigu.

Cape Sable seaside sparrow nyɛla ban filim  Everglades National Park mini the Big Cypress Swamp.So you Want to Know More About ... Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow  Retrieved February 12, 2008. Yuuni 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows lahabali ka bɛ daa ti Everglades boda nima, amaa yuun pii  (10 years) sabbu daa wuhiya ni noonsi tusaayi ni kɔbisi yɔbu ni pishi ni ayi  2,624 filimbu n daa buɣisi yuuni 2002. Nimmohi zaŋ chaŋ ko'maŋli vɔ n-kpɛ paaki ŋɔ ni na nyɛla din mali nangbani kpɛɛni; Cape Sable seaside sparrows waɣiri mi niŋdi tiŋgbani ni kamani napɔŋ bɔɣili tariga, ka kom kpɛ n ti yaɣi ni tooi tum ba chuuta, ka lahi mali barina ti snail kite baa dii bi zooi biɛhigu ni. Domestic News.  Everglades snail kite diri la apple snails,  Everglades koŋko n nyɛ United States luɣishɛli noonsi ban gbahiriba ni be. Shɛhira nima beni wuhiri ni bɛ kalinli ni tooi pahira, amaa bɛ biɛhigu shɛhi saɣimbu mini bɛ bindirigu  chɛ mi ka bɛ lihiri bɛ kalinli kɔbisi ni.

West Indian manatee nyɛla bɛ ni yihi shɛba ban dii kani ni pahi  ban be nyɛvuli pɔhili ni. Shitima nima pirimbu mini mini bɛ biɛhigu shɛhi saɣimbu n nyɛ muɣisigu.

Drought, fire, and rising sea levels
Buɣum tooi taari ka di pani so n nyɔri li,amaa di mali la yaa kom yi ti vuui. "Hardwood hammock" ni cypress trees" n nyɛ buɣim ni tooi nyaŋ di shɛli pam, ka di ni tooi niŋ yuun gbali pam ka tooi lahi zooi. Peat shɛli bɛ ni  mɛ  yuun gbaliŋ nyaaŋa " marsh" ni  ni tooi chɛ ka buɣim ni tooi di n kpɛ tiŋgbani ni. Yuuni 2007, Fred Sklar zaŋ ti South Florida Water Management District yɛliya ni: "ni tiŋgbaŋ kuŋ ni tooi nyɛ kamani catastrophic din nyɛ volcano. Din tooi labi taɣi tiŋgbani biɛhigu zaa. Din tooi zaŋ yuun kɔbiga 1,000 yearszaŋ mali "peat", ka ni tooi zaŋ bakɔi yini saɣim Domestic News.

Global warming ni tahiri kɔ'kpɛɣu shɛli na nyɛla dahinshɛli ha barina zaŋ ti paaki ŋɔ . Tum yuuni 1932,  Key West kom nyɛla din duri yaɣiri kamani 0.7 feet (0.2 m) , ka di daa naan tooi mali barina ti tiŋgbani shɛŋa din miri mɔɣili  ŋɔ.Lodge, p.100. Bɛ buɣisiya ni zaŋ chaŋ yuun kɔbisinu nyaaŋa  (500 years)  Everglades National Park ko viɛla din beni yɛn kpalim  la ko'yɛlim, gbaa yihila  Everglades northernmost yaɣili . Laɣishɛli bɛ ni buɣisi ni din tooi labi mali Tamiami Trail mini Alligator Alley mini kodɔrikɔ nima nyɛla  zoola kɔbi gbaliŋ.Lodge, p.254.

"Trump Administration" puuni,  Florida Department of Transportation, mini Everglades National Park, niya nima beni ni bɛ tuɣi ka naai kom yɛli muɣisira la, ni paaki ŋɔ yaɣishɛŋa. Bɛ daa yɛli la di naabu yɛltɔɣa silimin goli September yuuni 2020, ka daa yɛli ni di pili la silimin goli November yujni 2020, ka tu ni di naai zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2024. 

Non-native species
Binniɛma ba yiri shɛli polo kpɛri paaki ŋɔ ni nyɛla yɛli muɣisirili. "Biological controls"  pam ka mani tiŋgbani taɣibu, doro, ni daabihi ban gbahiri  binyara dii ka  Everglades, ka di chɛ ka bɛ kalinli galisiri gari din ni tu shɛm. Buɣisibu, 26 percent zaŋti noonsi, reptiles, zahima, ni Binkobiri n nyɛ ban be Florida toondini polo  gari U.S polo luɣili kam (Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the ka lahi nyɛ din mali tihi pam dunia yaaŋa zuɣu.Ferriter, et al. (2004), p. 1.

Binniɛma balibu ban miini  Everglades yomyom, ka yɛligiri yomyom tooi gari ti binniɛma ban pun be ni ka lahi mali barina  yuli n booni,  "invasive". Tihi balibu tuha n nyɛ din be South Florida, ka bɛ tooi mali li dihiri pala nachiinsi, but amaa di tu ni bɛ zaŋ lala tihi ŋɔ niŋ melaleuca tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), ni Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum).Rodgers, et al., pp. 9–2. Ŋmali, binniɛma kani ŋmahiri binniɛma ŋɔ paaki ŋɔ ni ka chɛri bi ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ dɔɣiri pam pam ni yom. Lobate lac scale insects (Paratachardina pseudolobata) kuri la tuturi ni dari din kpɛma  hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (Metamasius callizona) saɣim la  bromeliads ni binniɛma ni bikobiri biɛhigu shɛ shɛli bɛ ni gbubi maa.Howard, F.W.; Pemberton, Robert; Hamon, Avas; Hodges, Greg; Steinberg, Bryan; Mannion, Catherine; McLean, David; Wofford, Jeannette (November 2002). Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae), University of Florida IFAS. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.

Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) ni tooi nyahi aquaculture stocks ka bi ʒiri enteric septicemia.Brogan, Christine (September 30, 2003). Walking Catfish (Clarius batrachus), Columbia University Introduced Species Summary Project. Retrieved on February 17, 2010. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) kali la "Reptiles of Concern" dibaa anii, n ti pahi Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus),  n zaŋ zaɣa ni bɛ ni bɛ galisim ni nintulinsi, ka chɛ ka tɔhi shɛba ban mali lansiisi kuri bɛ ni kali binniɛn shɛba ti kohiri bɛ nima ni bɛ gbanaRodgers, pp. 9–15. Burmese pythons, African rock pythons (Python sebae; northern and southern) balishɛli dibaa ayi, ni yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba ʒin kpɛ  U.S. yuuni 2012. United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar daa moli la bɛ yihibu paaki ŋɔ ni Everglades National Park.<ref>Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012).

U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species, CNN. Din daa labi teei January 17, 2012.</ref> Exotic species gubu ni gubu ni gbubbu lu mi ti U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, din laɣisiri ka wuligiri lahabali zaŋ chaŋ  invasive species tum 1994.  Invasive species gu ka taɣi diri la  $500 million yuuni zuɣu ni, amaa  1,700,000 acres (2,656.2 sq mi; 6,879.7 km2)  tiŋgbani di be South Florida na nyɛla din be barina ni.Florida Invaders, National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.

Lihi pahi

List of birds of Everglades National Park
List of national parks of the United States
Dry Tortugas National Park
Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport
Nike Missile Site HM-69
World Heritage Sites in Danger

Bibliography

Davis, Jack (2009), An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century, University of Georgia Press (2009). 
Douglas, Marjory (1947). The Everglades: River of Grass. Florida Classics Library.  
Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004). Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area , South Florida Water Management District
Grunwald, Michael (2006). The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise. Simon & Schuster. 
Hammer, Roger (2005). Everglades National Park and the Surrounding Area: A Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors, Morris Book Publishing, LLC. 
Lodge, Thomas (2005). The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem. CRC Press. 
McCally, David (1999). The Everglades: An Environmental History. University Press of Florida. 
Robertson, Jr. William (1989). Everglades: The Park Story. Florida National Parks & Monuments Association, Inc. 
Rodgers, LeRoy; Bodle, Mike; Laroche, Francois (2010). Chapter 9: Status of Nonindigenous Species in the South Florida Environment , 2010 South Florida Environmental Report (Volume I), South Florida Water Management District.
South Florida Water Management District (2010). Chapter 6: Ecology of the Everglades Protection Area . 2010 South Florida Environmental Report: Volume I—The South Florida Environment. Retrieved on May 26, 2010.
Tebeau, Charlton W. (1955). The Story of the Chokoloskee Bay County and the Reminiscences of Pioneer C. S. "Ted" Smallwood, University of Miami Press.
Tebeau, Charlton W. (1963) They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park, University of Miami Press.
Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968) Man in the Everglades, University of Miami Press. 
Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004). Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species, Pineapple Press, Inc. 

External links

The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas - photo exhibit created by the State Archives of Florida
Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida's Natural History 
Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness
Short public television episode on the Florida Everglades
U.S. National Parks Net: Everglades National Park 

Kundivihira

Pubu:WHD