Noria

noria (, nā‘ūra, plural  nawāʿīr, nyɛla din yina , nā‘orā, lit. "growler") nyɛla hydropowered scoop wheel ka bɛ mali kpaɣiri kom kpɛhiriaqueduct zaɣa bihi ni, ka di daliri nyɛla irrigation bee di tuyi kom n-ti ʒilɛli ni mini tiŋkpansi.

 Yuli mini di gbuni 

 Etymology 
Siliminsili bachi ŋɔ noria nyɛla bɛn nyɛ shɛli Spanish noria din nyɛ Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), ka di yina Arabic verb ka di gbuni nyɛ "groan" bee  "grunt", ka di nyɛ kumsim shɛli din mali di yi ti niŋ ka lɛbigira .

Noria versus saqiyah
Bachi ŋɔ  noria nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli n-tiri binshɛli din kpaɣiri kom ginda "wheel". Binshɛli bɛn niŋ n-ti binkɔ'biri saqiyah bee saqiya. Ti balli shɛŋa din ŋmani li nyɛla bɛn zaŋ pahi chain pumps. Amaa yuli shɛli din mali n-tiri  "traditional water-raising devices" bɛn daa zaŋ di shɛŋa tumdi tuma Middle East, India, Spain n-ti pahi yaɣa shɛŋa nyɛ "loosely" mini "overlappingly". Al-Jazari's buku shɛli yala niriba pam ni nyɛla din laɣim water-driven wheel mini di ŋmali kam din kpaɣiri kom ka boli saqiya.  Spain, noria nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli n-tiri "wheels"  balli kam, binkɔ'biri niŋ li bee "water current".

Di tuma
Noria nyɛla din tuma nyɛ kom kpaɣibu tiŋgbani zaŋ duu zuɣusaa, ka di mali yaa shɛli din nya mɔɣili maa zoobu ni. Di nyɛla din mali undershot water wheel ka di mali "container" nim ka di kpaɣiri kom yirina mɔɣili ni kpɛhiri "aqueduct". Di biɛhigu nyɛla din chaŋ ti ŋmani saha ŋɔ hydraulic ram.

Taarihi 
Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels nyɛla din daa yina ancient Egypt tum 4th century BC. Lahabali din yina John Peter Oleson wuhiya ni, "compartmented wheel" mini hydraulic noria nyɛla din be Egypt tum 4th century BC, pɔi ka saqiyah daa kpɛ na di nyaaŋa. Lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla "archeological finds" din be Faiyum nim ni saɣi n-ti shɛli. Papyrus nyɛla din piligi 2nd century BC din be Faiyum ka nyɛ "water wheel" shɛli pukpariba ni mali kora,  2nd-century BC fresco din piligi Alexandria nyɛla din mali "compartmented saqiyah", n-ti pahi sabu zaŋ n-ti Callixenus of Rhodes nyɛla din mali saqiyah be Ptolemaic Kingdom, Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator saha 3rd century BC.

"Undershot water wheel" mini overshot water wheel, zaa nyɛla binkɔ'biri mini water-driven zaa din ni ka nyɛ Hellenistic injinee nim ni daa mali shɛli tumdi bɛ tuma bin din gbaai 3rd mini 2nd century BC.; ; ;   1st century BC, Roman architect Vitruvius nyɛla ban buɣisiri tuma zaŋ n-ti noria.  300 polo,  Romans nyɛla ban daa yihi "wooden compartments" ka zaŋ noria kpɛhi.; 

Islamic Golden Age saha, norias nyɛla bɛn daa deei shɛli classical antiquity musulimi injinee nim sani ,Donald Hill (1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, p. 751-795 [775]. ka bɛ niŋ kpaŋmaŋ taɣi li noria.Thomas F. Glick (1977), "Noria Pots in Spain", Technology and Culture 18 (4), p. 644-650. Kamani flywheel nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli deeri yaa "driven machine",  ŋun daa mali nyɛ ibn Bassal (fl. 1038–1075) zaŋ n-ti al-Andalus.Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya . Yuuni 1206, Ismail al-Jazari nyɛla ŋun daa kpɛhi carank zaŋ tum tuma noria mini saqiya ka di daa booi intermittency ka daa kpaŋsi di tuma.Donald Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, pp. 751-795 [776], Routledge, London and New York

Musilimi injinee nim nyɛla ban daa zaŋ norias yihi kom kpɛhi aqueducts ka di ʒiri kom kpɛhiri tiŋsi ni mini puri ni. 10th century, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Al-Hawi nyɛla ŋun daa buɣisi noria tiŋgbani yuli booni Iraq ni di nyɛla din ni tooi kpaɣi 153,000 litres per hour, bee 2550 litres per minute. Din bɔŋɔ ŋmani la saha ŋɔ norias din be East Asia, din ni tooi kpaɣi 288,000 litres per hour, bee 4800 litres per minute.

13th century naaibu ni Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf nyɛla ŋun daa miɛ enormous noria, ka shɛba booni li "Grand Noria", din che ka di tooi ti Mosara Garden pam, o daa niŋ li la tiŋ yuli booni Fez, Morocco. Di miɛbu daa piligi la yuuni 1286 ka daa naai yuuni shɛli din daa paya na maa. Ŋun daa niŋ noria nyɛ Andalusian injinee ŋun yuli booni Ibn al-Hajj, ka di buɣisibu nyɛ "26 metres in diameter" mini "2 metres wide". "wheel" ŋɔ nyɛla bɛn daa zaŋ dari niŋ binshɛli amaa ka lee zaŋ copper pani dizuɣu.

Norias nim pam gba nyɛla bɛn daa miɛ shɛli Al-Andalus, musilisi adiini saha zaŋ n-ti Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th centuries), ka daa tuɣi miɛbu ni Christian Spanish injinee. Niriba pam ni mi shɛli nyɛ Albolafia din be Cordoba,  Guadalquivir River, n-ti pahi noria kurili din be Toledo mini Tagus River. Lahabali din yina al-Idrisi wuhiya, ni Toledo noria nyɛla din daa bara ka ni tooi kpaɣi kom yina mɔɣili ni kpɛhi "aqueduct" gari  40 meters ka di naan yi ti tiŋ maa kom. Norias mini din kam ŋmani li nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli Spain tumdi pukparilim tuma. Shinkaafa kobu shee Valencia nyɛla din daa mali 8000 norias, ka Mallorca mi mali gari 4000 animal-driven saqiyas ka bɛ daa mali tumdi hali ni 20th century piligu.

Kundivihira 

Further reading





External links

 Spanish norias in the Region of Murcia
 Photos of the norias of Hama in Syria

Category:Aqueducts
Category:Pumps
Category:Irrigation
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Ancient Egyptian technology
Category:Egyptian inventions
Category:Watermills
Category:Water wheels