Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2012

Cynhaliwyd digwyddiad aml-chwaraeon Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2012, a adnabyddwyd yn swyddogol fel Gemau Paralympaidd XIV,  yn Llundain, Lloegr, o 29 Awst tan 9 Medi 2012, yn fuan wedi Gemau Olympaidd yr Haf 2012 yn yr un ddinas.

Mae perthynas hanesyddol rhwng y Deyrnas Unedig a'r Gemau Paralympaidd. Ym 1948, cynhaliwyd rhagflaenydd y Gemau Paralymaidd, sef Gemau Stoke Mandeville ym mhentref Stoke Mandeville, Lloegr. Trefnwyd hwy gan Dr. Ludwig Guttmann ac Ysbyty Stoke Mandeville, fel gemau athletau ar gyfer cyn-filwyr o'r Ail Ryfel Byd a oedd â anafiadau i'w madruddyn cefn, gan gyd-ddigwydd gyda cychwyn Gemau Olympaidd yr Haf 1948. Dyma oedd y digwyddiad athletau cyntaf erioed a drefnwyd ar gyfer yr anabl, ac erbyn 1960, roedd wedi esblygu i ddod yn Gemau Paralympaidd. Roedd Stoke Mandeville yn westeiwyr i Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 1984 ynghyd â Long Island yr Unol Daleithiau, wedi i'r gwesteiwyr gwreiddiol, Prifysgol Illinois yn Champaign, Illinois, dynnu allan oherwydd problemau ariannol. 

Agorwyd y gemau'n swyddogol gan Ei Mawrhydi, Elizabeth II, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig.

Datblygiad a pharatoadau
Ynghyd â'r Gemau Olympaidd, trefnwyd Gemau Paralympadd yr Haf 2012 gan LOCOG a'r Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA). LOCOG oedd yn gyfrifol am oruchwylio'r Gemau, tra bod ODA yn delio gyda'r strwythur a'r lleoliadau.The Government Olympic Executive (GOE) within the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) is the lead Government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. The GOE reports through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics Hugh Robertson. It focuses on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy.

Venues and infrastructure

bawd|dde|Olympic Stadium in April 2012
The 2012 Summer Paralympics will use many of the same venues as the 2012 Summer Olympics, along with some new venues such as Eton Manor for wheelchair tennis and Brands Hatch for road cycling. London's purpose-built Olympic venues and facilities were designed to be accessible so they could accommodate the Paralympics; some venues will contain special accessible seating areas during the Paralympics.

Public transport

Transport for London will operate the Paralympic Route Network (a downsized version of the Olympic Route Network operated during the Summer Olympics) to facilitate road traffic between venues and facilities.  The network will provide 8.7 miles of lanes specifically reserved for Paralympic athletes and officials. 

In January 2012, Sevenoaks railway station was designated as the preferred station for spectators travelling to watch the cycling at Brands Hatch.  Organisers chose Sevenoaks over the closer Swanley railway station because of its "existing step-free access and excellent transport links", and because Swanley did not yet have a wheelchair lift.  Whilst organisers did not believe that Swanley would be able to have wheelchair lifts installed by the start of the Paralympics, the station finished their installation by early August 2012. 

In August 2012 concerns were raised by TfL commissioner Peter Hendy that London's transportation system might not be able to handle the Paralympics adequately.  He feared that the end of the school summer holiday (which falls during the Paralympics) would result in increased traffic, and that commuters might not heed traffic warnings or change their travel behaviour as they had during the Olympics.

Financing

Lead-up and promotion
bawd|A digital clock in Trafalgar Square, counting down to the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics

Handover ceremony
The formal handover occurred during the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, when Mayor of London Boris Johnson received the Paralympic Flag from Mayor of Beijing Guo Jinlong. This was followed by a cultural presentation by Britain, which was similar to its presentation during the Olympics' closing ceremony. It featured urban dance group ZooNation, the Royal Ballet, and Candoco, a physically integrated dance group, all dressed as London commuters and waiting for a bus by a zebra crossing.  A double-decker bus drove around the stadium, guided by Ade Adepitan, to music composed by Philip Sheppard.  The top of the bus was open and folded down to show a privet hedge featuring London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and the London Eye. Cherisse Osei, drummer for Mika, and Sam Hegedus then performed, before the top of the bus folded up into its original form, sporting multi-coloured Paralympic livery. Both the Paralympic and Olympic flags were formally raised outside of London's City Hall on 26 September 2008. British Paralympians Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the Paralympic flag.

Paralympic Day and Super Saturday
On 8 September 2011 Trafalgar Square staged International Paralympic Day, hosted by Rick Edwards, Ade Adepitan and Iwan Thomas, to coincide with a visit to London by representatives of the IPC. The event celebrated the Paralympic Games, showcasing and demonstrating the 20 sports that would feature during the Games (with some sessions also made inclusive to people with hearing disabilities).  It also featured appearances by Paralympic athletes Oscar Pistorius (of whom a bronze statue by Ben Dearnley was unveiled as well), Ellie Simmonds and Sascha Kindred. British Prime Minister David Cameron and London's mayor Boris Johnson also appeared. Two days later on 10 September, supermarket chain Sainsbury's and Channel 4 presented Sainsbury's Super Saturday,  a family event at Clapham Common. The event featured showcases of Paralympic sports, and a concert featuring pop music acts such as Nicola Roberts, The Wanted, and The Saturdays.

Channel 4 television advert
To promote its role as official television broadcaster of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the UK, Channel 4 produced an advert entitled "Meet the Superhumans".  The director was Channel 4's Tom Tagholm, with input from the British Paralympic Association's Tim Hollingsworth. The advert aimed to change the public's view of the Paralympics, encouraging people to see the Games as an "event in its own right" rather than as an afterthought to the Olympics. Set to Public Enemy's song "Harder Than You Think", the advert focused on the competitive and "superhuman" aspects of Paralympic sport, while acknowledging the personal events and struggles that reflected every athlete's participation in the Paralympics. "Meet the Superhumans" premiered on 17 July 2012, airing simultaneously on 78 different commercial television channels in the UK (which included rival channels ITV1 and Sky1), and was seen by an estimated audience of 10 million.

The advert was met with critical acclaim: Adweek's Tim Nudd declared it "the summer's most stunning sports commercial", while Simon Usborne of The Independent described it as "an act of branding genius" and "a clear bid to bring the Paralympics from the sporting wings to centre stage." Channel 4's marketing and communications chief Dan Brooke estimated that reaction to the advert through social media was double that of the premiere of the BBC's trailer for its Olympics coverage.

Royal Mail involvement
In August 2009 Royal Mail unveiled a series of 30 stamps (reflecting the 30th Olympiad) about the coming Olympic and Paralympic Games.  They were released in batches of ten between 2009 and July 2011; each stamp featured an Olympic or Paralympic sport and the London 2012 logo. 

Royal Mail will honour Britain's Paralympic gold medallists by painting gold a post box in each of their home towns, and also feature them on commemorative stamps released throughout the Gamesas it had done during the Olympics.  It originally planned only to release a series of six stamps with group portraits.  However, critics felt that Royal Mail would be discriminating against Paralympians by not granting them the same individual recognition as their Olympian counterparts. Olympic shadow minister Tessa Jowell was also critical of Royal Mail's plan, saying that the stamps were a symbolic aspect of Britain's celebration of the Olympics and that "it would be a shame if this important symbol was not offered to our Paralympian heroes as well." 

Royal Mail initially defended its decision, arguing that it would have been "logistically and practically impossible" to issue individual stamps for each gold medallist, since it expected the British team to meet or exceed its performance at Beijing of 42 gold medals. However, on 15 August 2012 Royal Mail announced that it would now issue individual stamps for each Paralympic gold medallist.

Torch relay
The Paralympic torch relay began on 22 August, when groups of scouts (both disabled and non-disabled) kindled the four Paralympic flames on the highest peaks of each nation of the United Kingdom; Scafell Pike in England, Ben Nevis in Scotland, Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland, and Snowdon in Wales. Following the ceremonial lightings of Paralympic torches, the four flames were then brought down from each peak in a lantern. On 24 August the flames will be used to light ceremonial cauldrons in their respective capital cities (London, Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff) during "Flame Festival" events. A total of 38 towns and cities will also host "Flame Celebration" events over the bank holiday weekend, where community representatives will collect a part of their nation's flame to bring back for their respective events. 

On 28 August the four flames, representing the spirit of each nation, will be brought to Stoke Mandeville Hospital (recognising its significance to the history of the Paralympics) and combined to form a single Paralympic flame. In 24 hours this will then travel on a 92-mile route to London, where it will arrive at Olympic Stadium for the opening ceremony. The relay will involve 580 different torchbearers in teams of five, nominated by the British Paralympic Association and through campaigns from the sponsors British Telecom, Lloyds TSB and Sainsbury's. 

The Paralympic torch was designed by Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby, who had designed the Summer Olympic torch. It was intended to have a "modern" and "innovative" look, and is constructed with an aluminium alloy skin that is perforated to help with heat dissipation and grip. The torch also has a reflective finish, allowing it to match its surroundings and provide better visibility at night.

Tocynnau
Roedd galw uchel am y 2.5 miliwn o docynnau a oedd ar gael ar gyfer Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2012; erbyn 22 Awst 2012, roedd 2.3 miliwn wedi eu gwerthu. Yn hanesyddol, yn ystod y Gemau Olympaidd y gwerthwyd y rhan helaeth o'r tocynnau Paralympaidd, ond ar gyfer y gemau rhain roedd 1.4 miliwn o docynnau eisoes wedi eu gwerthu cyn i'r Gemau Olympaidd gychwyn, gan ragori ar y cyfanswm a werthwyd yn Sydney. Roedd cymaint o alw am y tocynnau yr achosodd problemau technegol i'r wefan, a redwyd gan Ticketmaster, a sefydlwyd i werthu'r tocynnau; bu nifer o gwynion gan defnyddwyr y wefan drwy'r cyfryngau cymdeithasol gan bobl oedd yn cael trafferth prynu eu tocynnau ar gyfer y gemau.

Ar 8 Awst 2012, datganodd LOCOG eu bod wedi gwerthu 2.1 miliwn o docynnau Paralympaidd, 600,000 mewn ond mis, gan dorri'r record o 1.8 miliwn o docynnau a werthwyd yn Beijing. Rhoddodd llywydd yr IPC, Philip Craven, longyfarchiadau i Lundain am y gamp, gan nodi ei fod yn addas i fan geni ysbryd y Gemau Paralympaidd werthu cryn gymaint. Roedd llwyddiant Prydain Fawr yn y Gemau Olympaidd a diddordeb gan gefnogwyr y "Blade Runner", Oscar Pistorius y rhedwr o Dde Affrica, a oedd wedi dod yr amputee dwbl cyntaf erioed i gystadlu yn y Gemau Olympaidd, wedi rhoi hwb i'r gwerthiant yn yr wythnosau'n arwain at y Gemau Paralympaidd.

Cododd helynt ynglŷn â'r rheolau seti ar gyfer defnyddwyr cadair olwyn, wedi i ddwy fam anabl gyhuddo'r trefnwyr o fod â pholisiau gwahaniaethol. Honodd un bod aelod o staff LOCOG wedi dweud wrthi y gallai defnyddwyr cadair olwyn yn y Velodrome ond cael un oedolyn gyda hwy, ac na allai blant ddod heb fod oedolyn arall abl yno i ofalu amdanynt. Dywedwyd wrth y fam arall na allent warantu y byddai'n gallu eistedd gyda'i phlant yn ExCeL London. Cychwynwyd deiseb ar Change.org i wella'r hygyrchedd ar gyfer teuluoedd anabl, ac yn fuan iawn casglwyd dros 30,000 o lofnodion. Gwadodd LOCOG fod eu polisiau'n wahaniaethol, gan ddweud y gall rieni anabl ofalu am eu plant mewn ardaloedd seddi cadair olwyn wrth wylio digwyddiadau oedd heb seddi wedi eu cadw, ond na allent eistedd gyda'i gilydd lle'r oedd y seddi ar gadw.

Logo
Roedd logo Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2012 yn rhannu cynllun logo'r Gemau Olympaidd. Dyluniwyd gan Wolff Olins, a cyhoeddwyd gyntaf ar 4 Mehefin 2007; mae'n ddehongliad o'r rhif 2012. Defnyddiodd y fersiwn Paralympaidd liwiau gwahanol, gan gyfnewid yr "agitos" Paralympaidd am y Cylchoedd Olympaidd.

Mascot
Mandeville oedd mascot swyddogol Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2012, a dadorchuddwyd ynghyd â'r mascot Olympaidd, Wenlock, ar 19 Mai 2010. Mae'r cymeriadau yn cymryd siâp diferau o ddur toddedig o'r gwaith dur yn Bolton, ac mae ganddynt un llygad tebyg i gamera, gan gynrychioli ffocws a'r holl gamerâu a ddefnyddwyd i recordio'r gemau. Derbynir Mandeville ei enw fel anrhydedd i bentref Stoke Mandeville oherwydd ei bwysigrwydd yn hanes y Gemau Paralympaidd. Mae Mandeville hefyd yn gwisgo helmed aeroddynamig â lliwiau coch, gwyrdd a glas  y logo Paralympaidd.Test events

Several Paralympics-specific events were held during the London Prepares series of test events; these included the London International Goalball Tournament, and the London Disability Grand Prix (the first Paralympic sport to be held at the new Olympic Stadium).
Y chwaraeon
Cyfranogwyr
Gemau Llundain oedd y gemau Paralympaidd mwyaf erioed hyd 2012. Amcangyfrwyd y byddai 4,200 o chwaraewyr yn cystadlu yn y gemau, cynnydd o 250 dros Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2008. Roeddent yn cynrychioli 165 gwlad, 19 yn fwy nag oedd yn Beijing. Roedd 15 gwlad yn cystadlu yn y Gemau Paralympaidd am y tro cyntaf: Antigwa a Barbiwda, Brwnei, Camerŵn, Comoros, Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd y Congo, Jibwti, y Gambia, Gini Bisaw, Liberia, Malawi, Mosambic, Gogledd Corea, San Marino, Ynysoedd Solomon ac Ynysoedd irgin yr Unol Daleithiau. Roedd Trinidad a Tobago hefyd yn dychwelyd i gystadlu yn y Gemau Paralympaidd am y tro cyntaf ers 1988.

Anfonwyd chwaraewyr i'r gemau gan y Pwyllgorau Paralympaidd Cenedlaethol:https://archive.today/20130103164138/www.london2012.com/paralympics/athletes/%23tabFilter-3


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Chwaraeon
Cystadlwyd ugain o wahanol chwaraeon yn ystod Gemau Paralympaidd 2012. 

Am y tro cyntaf ers 2000, roedd gemau ar gyfer chwaraewyr gyda anabledd meddyliol yn dychwelyd i'r Gemau Paralympaidd; gyda cystadlaethau athletau, nofio a tenis bwrdd. Roedd cystadlaethau ar gyfer chwaraewyr gydag anabledd meddyliol wedi cael eu atal dros dro yn dilyn Gemau Paralympaidd yr Haf 2000, er mwyn galluogi'r PPRh i ail-werthuso sut y gallent eu cynnwys, gan y bu helynt yn 2000, pan dwyllodd y tîm pêl-fasged Sbaenaidd, a tynnwyd y fedal aur oddi arnynt, wedi canfod mai dim ond 2 allan o 12 o'r chwaraewyr oedd yn gymwys i gystadlu yn y categori hwnnw. 

Dynodir y nifer o gystadlaethau a gynhelir ym mhob chwaraeon yn y cromfachau

17pxSaethyddiaeth Paralympaidd (9) ()
17pxAthletau Paralympaidd (170) ()
17pxBoccia (7) ()
17pxSeiclo Paralympaidd ()
 20px Seiclo Ffordd (30)
 20px Seiclo Trac (20)
17pxMarchogaeth (11) ()
17pxPêl-droed 5 bob ochr  (1) ()

17pxPêl-droed 7 bob ochr  (1) ()
17pxPêl Gôl  (2) ()
17pxJudo Paralympaidd  (13) ()
17pxCodi Pwysau Paralympaidd  (20) ()
17pxRhwyfo Paralympaidd  (4) ()
17pxHwylio  (3) ()
17pxSaethu Paralympaidd  (12) ()

17pxNofio Paralympaidd  (148) ()
17pxTenis Bwrdd Paralympaidd  (29) ()
17pxPêl Foli Eistedd  (2) ()
17pxPêl Fasged Cadair Olwyn  (2) ()
17pxCleddyfaeth Cadair Olwyn  (12) ()
17pxRygbi Cadair Olwyn  (1) ()
17pxTenis Cadair Olwyn  (6) ()

Calendr
Cyhoeddwyd yr amserlen Paralympaidd ar 25 Awst 2011.

Darlledu
: Channel 4 a ddarlledodd y Gemau, gyda dros 150 awr o deledu byw ar Channel 4 a More4, a 3 sianel ychwanegol ar Sky (llun safonol a clirlun) ac ar wefan Channel 4. Dyma oedd y darllediad dwysaf o'r Gemau Paralympaidd yn y Deyrnas Unedig erioed. Darlledwyd y Gemau Paralympaidd ar y radio gan y BBC, ar sianeli BBC Radio 5 Live a 5 Live Sports Extra.
: Australian Broadcasting Corporation a ddarlledodd y Gemau, ar eu sianel digidol, ABC2 yn bennaf. Darlledwyd dros 100 awr o deledu byw gan gynnwys y seremonïau agoriadol a chloi.
: Rede Globo a Sportv. Sportv a wnaeth y rhan helaeth o'r darlledu, ond darlledodd Globo rhai cystadlaethau'n fyw.
: CTV (Saesneg) a RDS (Ffrangeg). Darlledwyd rhaglenni dyddiol awr o hyd yn dangos uchelbwyntiau'r cystadlu, tra darlledwyd y seremoni agoriadol gan Sportsnet One, TSN2, RDS, a RDS2. Roedd gwasanaeth disgrifiad fideo ar gyfer pobl â diffyg gweledol ar AMI-tv. Four online streams will also provide 580 hours of live coverage.
: Senal Colombia 
: DR oedd berchen â'r holl hawliau yn Nenmarc, a darlledwyd y Gemau ar sianel DR HD.
: European Broadcasting Union.
: Yle, darlledydd y wladwriaeth.: France Ô broadcast Opening and Closing Ceremonies; TV8 Mont-Blanc will broadcast the Games with 77 hours of television coverage.
: ARD and ZDF will broadcast the Games, with approximately 65 hours of television coverage.
: Setanta Ireland, Irish digital subscription channel, providing it on a Free-to-view basis. Highlights on RTÉ Two, state broadcaster.
: Sky Italia, the Italian digital subscription channel.
: NHK
: Sky Sport will broadcast the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, as well as day and evening highlights. Sky Sport's highlights channel will show highlights every three hours. iSky will also show highlights.  Prime will broadcast two one-hour special documentaries called "Black and White – the Paralympic Story", and Prime News will have coverage during their 5:30 news programme and "The Crowd Goes Wild" programme.
: MediaCorp will broadcast the Games with a daily highlights show and live coverage of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies.
:SuperSport, broadcasting on the DStv satellite service will provide eight or more hours of live and delayed programming per day on their Supersport 6 channel. DStv is a subscription service available in most of Africa south of the Sahara. The SABC will broadcast a two hour daily highlights programmed from 22:00SAST on the SABC2 free-to-air television channel.
: Korean Broadcasting System (KBS).
: Sveriges Television (SVT) will send approximately 40 hours live on SVT1, SVT2, SVT24 and their web service SVT Play.
: A consortium of Thai broadcasters known as the TV Pool, consisting of Channel 3, Royal Army's Channel 5, BBTV Channel 7, and Modernine TV, will broadcast the Paralympics in Thailand.
: NBC will not broadcast any live coverage of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and will only air five-and-a-half hours worth of coverage; NBC Sports Network will air one-hour highlight shows on 4, 5, 6 and 11 September while NBC will air a 90 minute special on 16 September 2012; a week following the conclusion of the games. Critics and American athletes expressed displeasure at NBC for its decision not to broadcast any live coverage of the Paralympics, mirroring its lack of coverage in previous years, a situation magnified even further due to the amount of exposure the once-obscure Games have received in London.
The IPC will webcast approximately 780 hours on their website.

Cyfeiriadau

Dolenni allanol

Llundain 2012, Pwyllgor Paralympaidd Rhyngwladol


2012
Categori:Chwaraeon yn Lloegr
Categori:2012