Paul Celan

Bardd a chyfieithydd oedd Paul Celan (23 Tachwedd 1920 – c.20 Ebrill 1970).  Fe'i anwyd dan yr enw Paul Antschel i deulu Iddewig ond newidiodd ei enw i  "Paul Celan", sef fersiwn llai Almaeneg.

Bywyd
Fe'i ganwyd yn Cernăuţi, Bukovina, Teyrnas Rwmania, heddiw yn  Chernivtsi, Wcrain.  O dan ddylanwad ei dad, Leo Antschel, cafodd addysg gyfrwng Hebraeg yng ngholeg Safah Ivriah, ond oherwydd ei fam, Fritzi, cafwyd Almaeneg yn famiaith, a Rwmaneg yn iaith y gymuned. Wedi ei Bar Mitzvah yn 1933, trodd i ffwrdd o grefydd ac at sosialaeth.  Astudiodd wedyn yn "Lyceum Mihai " (ysgol Chernivtsi rhif 5 bellach) o 1934-1938.

Dechreuodd astudio i fod yn feddyg yn 1938 ym Prifysgol Tours (Ffrainc). Ond dychwelodd i Rwmania ddechrau'r rhyfel i astudio ym mhrifsygol Chernivtsi er gwaethaf cwota yn cyfyngu ar Iddewon. Astudiodd ieithoedd Romans.  Yn 1938 aeth i Berlin (ar adeg y Kristallnacht) lle roedd ei ewythr yn byw, sef Bruno Schrager a fu farw ychydig wedyn yn Auschwitz.

Ym Mehefin 1940 cipiwyd ardal Bukovina gan y Sofietiaid. Concrodd yr Almaenwyr yr ardal y flwyddyn ganlynol, yng Ngorffennaf 1941. Llosgwyd prif synagog Chernivtsi gan y SS Einsatzkommando ac anfonwyd Iddewon Chernivtsi i ' ghetto',  man lle cyfieithodd Celan sonedau William Shakespeare.  Yno y ddaeth yn gyfarwydd a chaneuon a diwylliant Iddew-Almaeneg ei bobl.  Aethpwyd a'r rhan fwyaf o Iddewon Chernivtsi i wersyll yn y Wcrain lle bu farw ei rieni yn 1942, ond cadwyd Celan i weithio i'r Almaenwyr tan ei ryddhau yn Chwefror 1944 gan y Rwsiaid. Dyma'r cyfnod yr ysgrifennodd ei gerdd enwocaf Todesfuge, a gyfieithwyd i lawer o ieithoedd wedyn; gan gynnwys y Gymraeg (gan Mererid Hopwood yn y cylchgrawn Taliesin.

Gadawodd Rwmania ym 1948 am Fiena cyn symud eto i Baris. Yno, yn 1948, cyhoeddodd ei gasgliad cyntaf o farddoniaeth, Der Sand aus den Urnen ("tywod o'r wrnau"). Datblygodd ei enwogrwydd yn raddol ac ym 1952 cyfarfu â Martin Heidegger a chanodd  ei Todesfuge ("Ffiwg Angau") iddo.

O Tachwedd 1951, cafodd affêr efo Gisèle de Lestrange ym Mharis, Ffrainc, cyn ei phriodi ar Rhagfyr 21, 1952.  Enillodd ei fywoliaeth ym Mharis drwy gyfieithu. Rhoddwyd iddo "Ddinasyddiaeth Ffrainc" ym 1955 , enillodd y Wobr Lenyddol Bremen ym 1958 a'r pwysicaf o'r holl wobrau Almaeneg sef Gwobr Georg Büchner ym 1960. Degawd wedyn lladdodd ei hun ar Ebrill 20, 1970.

Mae cryn ddiddordeb yn ei waith o hyd, yn arbennig yn America.  Bu farw ym Mharis.

Llyfryddiaeth
Der Sand aus den Urnen (y Tywod o'r Urnau, 1948)
Mohn und Gedächtnis (Pabi a Chof, 1952)
 Von Schwelle zu Schwelle ('"O drothwy i drothwy, 1955)
 Sprachgitter (Gril-Siarad, 1959)
 Die Niemandsrose (Rhosyn Neb, 1963)
 Atemwende (Tro'r Anadl, 1967)
 Fadensonnen (Edafyn yr Haul, 1968)
 Lichtzwang (Nerth Golau, 1970)
 Schneepart (Darn Eira", 1971)
 Zeitgehöft (Tŷ Amser", 1976)

Cyfieithiadau o'i waith
 Todesfuge/Ffiwg Angau, cyfieithwyd gan Mereirid Hopwood (2012) Talesin Gwanwyn 2012, cyfrol 145.

I'r Saesneg yn bennaf:

 The Meridian: Final Version - Drafts - Materials, golygwyd gan Bernhard Böschenstein a Heino Schmull, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (2011)
 The Correspondence of Paul Celan and Ilana Shmueli, cyfieithwyd gan Susan H. Gillespie (2011)
 Paul Celan, Ingeborg Bachmann: Correspondence, cyfieithwyd gan Wieland Hoban (2010)
 From Threshold to Threshold, cyfieithwyd gan David Young (2010)
 Snow Part, cyfieithwyd gan Ian Fairley (2007)
 Paul Celan: Selections, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (2005)
 Fathomsuns/Fadensonnen and Benighted/Eingedunkelt, cyfieithwyd gan Ian Fairley (2001)
 Poems of Paul Celan: A Bilingual German/English Edition, cyfieithwyd gan Michael Hamburger (2001)
 Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan, cyfieithwyd gan John Felstiner (2000)
 Glottal Stop: 101 Poems, cyfieithwyd gan Nikolai Popov a Heather McHugh (2000)
 Atemwende/Breathturn, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (1995)
 Collected Prose, cyfieithwyd gan Rosmarie Waldrop (1986)
 "Last Poems", cyfieithwyd gan Katharine Washburn a Margret Guillemin (1986)
 Paul Celan, 65 Poems, cyfieithwyd gan Brian Lynch and Peter Jankowsky (1985)
 "Speech-Grille and Selected Poems",cyfieithwyd gan Joachim Neugroschel (1971)
 Paul Celan şi "meridianul" său. Repere vechi şi noi pe un atlas central-European, Andrei Corbea Hoisie
 Paul Celan. Biographie et interpretation/Biographie und Interpretation, golygydd Andrei Corbea Hoisie

Gwaith a gyfieithwyd gan Celan
 Guillaume Apollinaire
 Tudor Arghezi
 Antonin Artaud
 Charles Baudelaire
 Alexander Blok
 André Breton
 Jean Cayrol
 Aimé Césaire
 René Char
 Emil Cioran
 Jean Daive
 Robert Desnos
 Emily Dickinson
 John Donne
 André du Bouchet
 Jacques Dupin
 Paul Éluard
 Robert Frost
 Clement Greenberg
 Alfred Edward Housman
 Velimir Khlebnikov
 Maurice Maeterlinck
 Stéphane Mallarmé
 Osip Mandelstam
 Andrew Marvell
 Henri Michaux
 Marianne Moore
 Gellu Naum
 Gérard de Nerval
 Henri Pastoureau
 Benjamin Péret
 Fernando Pessoa
 Pablo Picasso
 Arthur Rimbaud
 David Rokeah
 William Shakespeare
 Georges Simenon
 Konstantin Slutschevsky
 Jules Supervielle
 Virgil Teodorescu
 Giuseppe Ungaretti
 Paul Valéry
 Sergei Yesenin
 Yevgeny Yevtushenko
 Franz Kafka

Bywgraffiadau
 Israel Chalfen, Paul Celan: A Biography of His Youth, cyf. Maximilian Bleyleben (Efrog Newydd, 1991)
 John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew (Yale University Press, 1995)
Jean Daive, Under The Dome: Walks with Paul Celan, cyf. Rosmarie Waldrop (Providence, RI, 2009)

Recordiadau
  Recordiaid gan paul Celan ar Youtube.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVwLqEHDCQE
 Ich hörte sagen, readings of his original compositions
 Gedichte, readings of his translations of Osip Mandelstam and Sergei Yesenin
 Six Celan Songs, texts of his poems "Chanson einer Dame im Schatten", "Es war Erde in ihnen", "Psalm", "Corona", "Nächtlich geschürzt", "Blume", sung by Ute Lemper, set to music by Michael Nyman
 Tenebrae (Nah sind wir, Herr) from Drei Gedichte von Paul Celan (1998) of Marcus Ludwig, sung by the ensemble amarcord
 Einmal (from Atemwende), Zähle die Mandeln (from Mohn und Gedächtnis), Psalm (from Die Niemandsrose), set to music by Giya Kancheli as parts II - IV of Exil, sung by Maacha Deubner, ECM (1995)

Ffynonellau
 Mererid Hopwood. Ffiwg Angau, cyfieithiad o Todesfuge gan Paul Celan.  Taliesin 145. Gwanwyn 2012
 Englund, Axel. Still Songs: Music In and Around the Poetry of Paul Celan. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
 Hillard, Derek. Poetry as Individuality: The Discourse of Observation in Paul Celan. Bucknell University Press, 2010.
 Celan Studies Peter Szondi, translated by Susan Bernofsky and Harvey Mendelsohn (2003)
 Word Traces Aris Fioretos (ed.), includes contributions by Jacques Derrida, Werner Hamacher, and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1994)
 Poetry as Experience Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, translated by Andrea Tarnowski (1999)
 Gadamer on Celan: ‘Who Am I and Who Are You?’ and Other Essays, Hans-Georg Gadamer, trans. and ed. by Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski (1997)
 Sovereignties in Question: the Poetics of Paul Celan Jacques Derrida, trans. and ed. by Thomas Dutoit, Outi Pasanen, a chollection of mostly late works, including "Rams," which is also a memorial essay on Gadamer and his "Who Am I and Who Are You?", and a new translation of Schibboleth (2005)
 Poésie contre poésie. Celan et la littérature Jean Bollack. PUF (2001)
 L'écrit : une poétique dans l'oeuvre de Celan Jean Bollack. PUF (2003)
 Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951-1970 James K. Lyon (2006)
 Paul Celan et Martin Heidegger: le sens d'un dialogue Hadrien France-Lenord (2004)
 Words from Abroad: Trauma and Displacement in Postwar German Jewish Writers, Katja Garloff (2005)
 Carson, Anne.  Economy of the Unlost: Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan, Princeton: Princeton University Press (1999)
 Kligerman, Eric. Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts. Berlin and New York, 2007 (Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies, 3).
 Andréa Lauterwein: Anselm Kiefer /Paul Celan. Myth, Mourning and Memory. With 157 illustrations, 140 in colour. Thames & Hudson, London 2007. ISBN 978-0-500-23836-3
 Arnau Pons, "Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde". Kultur & Genspenster. Heft Nr. 10, 2010.
 Werner Wögerbauer, "Das Gesicht des Gerechten. Paul Celan besucht Friedrich Dürrenmatt", 'Kultur & Genspenster. Heft Nr. 10, 2010. ISBN 978-3-938801-73-4
 Exclusive Biography «Memory in stone» 
 Pegasos overview 
 Biography of Celan at the George Mason University site
 Overview at Littlebluelight.com 
 Limited-edition of Paul Celan's reading before the German literary club, Group 47, from The Shackman Press 
 Spike Magazine's analysis on the writing of Celan
 Against Time: Essays on Paul Celan on Point and Circumference 
Recent Celan essays by John Felstiner: 1) “Paul Celan Meets Samuel Beckett,” American Poetry Review, July-Aug. 2004 & poetrydaily.org, 6 July 2004 (http://www.cstone.net/~poems/essafels.htm ); 2) “Writing Zion: An Exchange between Celan and Amichai,” New Republic, 12 June 2006 (http://www.tnr.com/article/writing-zion) & “Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange on Nation and Exile,” wordswithoutborders.org, (http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/an-exchange-on-nation-and-exile); 3) “The One and Only Circle: Paul Celan’s Letters to Gisèle,” Fiction 54, 2008 (http://www.fictioninc.com/issues/number54/the-one-and-only-circle-paul-c ) and (expanded) Mantis, 2009 (https://www.stanford.edu/group/mantis/cgi-bin/node/112 )
 "Die Zweite Bibliographie," Jerry Glenn (copious bibliography, through 1995, in German)(http://www.artsci.uc.edu/german/celan/celanbibliography.htm )
 Celan on Mandelstam: extracts from the variorum edition of the Meridian speech featured on Pierre Joris's blog, this is a phage of notes, fragments, sketches for sentences,etc., Celan took when preparing a radio-essay on Osip Mandelstam. However, as Joris points out: "some of the thinking reappears, transformed, in the Meridian".
 Four New Translations of Paul Celan, by Ian Fairley in Guernica Magazine 
 Fugue of Death (English translation of Todesfuge)
 Death Fugue (Another English translation of Todesfuge)
 InstaPLANET Cultural Universe: three poems from Die Gedichte aus dem Nachlass in the original German with a thranslation into English by Ana Elsner
 Dissertation on the French Reception of Celan 
 Ring-Narrowing Day Under , one of seven poems translated from the German by Heather McHugh and Nikolai Popov, originally published in Jubilat
 Extract from Lightduress (Cycle 6) , translated by Pierre Joris; originally published by Samizdat
 Dan Kaufman & Barbez music recorded an album based upon the life and poems of Paul Celan, published on the Tzadik label in the series of Radical Jewish Culture.
 translations from ATEMWENDE/ Breathturn  Cal Kinnear translates Paul Celan
 Selected multimedia presentations
 Recordings of Celan reading a selection of his poems, including Todesfuge, with translations by John Felstiner 
 Griffin Poetry Prize reading by Nikolai Popov and Heather McHugh from Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan - including video clip

Categori:Genedigaethau 1920
Categori:Marwolaethau 1970
Categori:Beirdd Iddewig
Categori:Beirdd yr 20fed ganrif o Rwmania
Categori:Beirdd Almaeneg o Rwmania
Categori:Enillwyr Gwobr Georg Büchner
Categori:Goroeswyr yr Holocaust
Categori:Pobl fu farw ym Mharis