Dofi

Dofi yw'r broses lle mae gwahanol rywogaethau o anifeiliaid a phlanhigion yn cael eu defnyddio a'u haddasu ar gyfer dibenion dynol. Gellir eu defnyddio ar gyfer bwyd neu at ddibenion eraill, er enghraifft gwlân o ddefaid i wneud dillad. Fel rheol, mae'r rhywogaethau hyn yn cael ei newid trwy fridio dewisol i'w gwneud yn fwy addas ar gyfer y dibenion hyn.

Y rhywogaeth gyntaf i'w dofi oedd y ci, ffurf wedi ei dofi o'r blaidd, efallai tua 100,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl. Y rhai nesaf oedd yr afr, y ddafad a'r mochyn, tua 8000 CC yng ngorllewin Asia. Dilynwyd hwy gan y fuwch tua 6000 CC.

Ymysg y rhywogaethau o anifeiliaid sydd wedi eu dofi mae:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 12em;" | Rhywogaeth !!Dyddiad !! Lleoliad
|-
|valign="top"| Ci
|15000 CC.
|align="center"|Nifer o leoliadau
|-
|valign="top"| Gafr
|10000 CC.Melinda A. Zeder, Goat busters track domestication.(physiologic changes and evolution of goats into a domesticated animal) , Ebrill 2000, .
|align="center"|Asia a'r Dwyrain Canol
|-
|valign="top"| Dafad
|8000 CC.Michaël Lallemand, Courte synthèse sur l'histoire du mouton, de la domestication à nos jours], 2002, . See also [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Zawi_Chemi_Shanidar.html Pre-Historic Zawi Chemi Shanidar, .
|align="center"|Asia a'r Dwyrain Canol
|-
|valign="top"| Mochyn
|8000 CC.Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L. The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression., Ebrill 2000, .
|align="center"|Tsieina
|-
|valign="top"| Buwch
|8000 CC.Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et
Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France  , .
|align="center"|India, Dwyrain Canol, Affrica
|-
|valign="top"| Cath
|7000 CC..Un chat apprivoisé à Chypre, plus de 7000 ans avant J.C., Press release from the CNRS, Ebrill 2004, . Original article: J.-D. Vigne, J. Guilaine, K. Debue, L. Haye & P. Gérard, Early taming of the cat in Cyprus, Science, 9 avril 2004.
|align="center"|Y Môr Canoldir
|-
|valign="top"| Iâr
|6000 CC.West B. and Zhou, B-X., "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication", World’s Poultry Science
Journal, 45, 205-218 (1989), quoted here, 8 p. .
|align="center"|De-ddwyrain Asia
|-
|valign="top"|Mochyn cwta
|5000 CC.History of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge
|align="center"|Periw
|-
|valign="top"|Asyn
|5000 CC.Beja-Pereira, Albano et al., "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey", Science 304, 1781 (18 Mehefin 2004), ici , .,Roger Blench, The history and spread of donkeys in Africa'  .
|align="center"|Hen Aifft
|-
|valign="top"|Byffalo dŵr
|4000 CC.
|align="center"|Tsieina
|-
|valign="top"|Ceffyl
|4000 CC.
|align="center"|Wcrain
|-
|valign="top"|Lama
|3500 CC.
|align="center"|Periw
|-
|valign="top"|Camel
|2500 CC.???
|align="center"|Canolbarth Asia
|-
|}
Cysyniadau
Byddai rhai yn dadlau mai disgrifiad o ddofi yn golygu to domesticate yw'r uchodBwletin Llên Natur 155, tud. 4
Ystyriwch y paragraff hwn (o Diamond 1997Diamond J. (1997) Guns Germs and Steel - a short history of everybody for the last 13,000
It’s true, of course, that some large African animals have occasionally been tamed. Hannibal enlisted tamed African elephants in his unsuccessful war against Rome, and ancient Egyptians may have tamed giraffes and other species. But none of those tamed animals was actually domesticated – that is, selectively bred in captivity and genetically modified so as to become more useful to humans. Had Africa’s rhinos and hippos been domesticated and ridden, they would not only have fed armies but also have provided an unstoppable cavalry to cut through the ranks of European horseman. Rhino mounted Bantu shock troops could’ve overthrown the Roman Empire. It never happened.

Cyfieithwch hwn! Onid yw’r Gymraeg yn brin o eirfa? Mae’r gwahaniaeth rhwng to tame a to domesticate fel cysyniadau yn waelodol bwysig i’n dealltwriaeth o hanes y ddynoliaeth. Mae ein hanes ynghlwm wrth yr ail broses (sef domesticating) anifeiliaid a phlanhigion. Ac eto does dim gair sefydlog gennym yn y Gymraeg i wahaniaethu rhwng y ddau gysyniad gwahanol hwn. (Ffrangeg: apprivoiser a domestiquer; Almaeneg: zähmen a domestizieren ).

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