Alpe d'Huez

Cyrchfan sgio yw Alpe d'Huez yng nghymuned Huez, yn département Isère. Fe'i lleolir ar borfa mynyddig yn yr Alpau ar lefel o 1860 metr (3330 troedfedd) uwchben y môr.

Yr haf ar Alpe d'Huez
Tour de France
Mae Alpe d'Huez yn un o'r mynyddoedd pwysicaf yn y Tour de France. Mae cymal wedi gorffen yno bron pob blwyddyn ers 1976. Cynhaliwyd y cyntaf yno yn 1952 ac enillodd Fausto Coppi.Vélo, France, Mehefin 2004

Daethpwyd a'r ras i'r mynydd gan Élie Wermelinger, y prif commissaire (dyfarnwr). Gyrroedd ei gar, Dyna-Panhard, rhwng y cloddiau o eira a safai naill ochr i'r ffordd ym mis Mawrth 1952, wedi iddo gael ei wahodd gan gonsortiwm o fusnesau a oedd wedi agor gwestai ar y copa.Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, Nathan, France Georges Rajon, a oedd yn rhedeg Hotel Christina, oedd arweinydd y consortiwm.Procycling, UK, Awst 2002 Agorodd yr orsaf sgio yno ym 1936, felly roedd y ffordd wedi cael ei ledaenu er ei fod yn llawn tyllau. Adroddodd Wermelinger yn ôl at y trefnydd, Jacques Goddet, ac arwyddodd y Tour gytundeb gyda'r dynion busnes i gynnwys Alpe d'Huez yn llwybr y Tour. Costiodd swm sy'n gyfartal i €3,250 mewn arian cyfoes.

Yn y cymal cyntaf ar Alpe d'Huez, ymosododd Fausto Coppi 6 km o'r copa er mwyn disgyn y reidiwr Ffrangeg, Jean Robic, gan fynd ymlaen i ennill. Dywedodd Coppi ei fod yn gwybod iddo ei ddisgyn gan na allai glywed ei anadlu na sŵn teiars ar y ffordd y tu ôl iddo bellach.L'Équipe Magazine, 17 Gorffennaf 2004 Trodd yr Alpe  yn lledrith yn syth oherwydd mai hwn oedd y tro cyntaf i feiciau modur, gyda criwiau ffilmio ar gyfer y teledu, ddilyn y Tour. Dyma hefyd oedd y tro cyntaf i gymal y Tour orffen ar gopa mynydd.L'Équipe Magazine, 20 Gorffennaf 2002  

Wedi buddugoliaeth Coppi, ni gynhwyswyd yr Alpe hyd 1964, ac bu absenodeb arall unwaith eto hyd 1976,Cycling Weekly, UK, Tachwedd 2001 ymddangosodd y ddwy dro hwn oherwydd cynnig Rajon.

Mae'r esgyniad yn 13.8 km o hyd ar lethr ar gyfartaledd o 7.9%, mae 21 tro pin-gwallt (les 21 virages), pob un wedi eu enwi ar ôl enillydd cymal 'r Tour yno. Roedd gormod o enillwyr erbyn iddo gael ei gynnal am yr 21ain tro, fell ychwanegwyd enw Lance Armstrong at enw Coppi ar y tro cyntaf ar waelod yr allt.

Gwyliwyr
Mae torf anhrefn o wyliwyr ar yr Alpe yn aml. Cafodd Giuseppe Guerini ei daro oddi ar ei feic ym 1999, pan neidiodd gwyliwr allan i dynnu ei lun, fe aeth Guerini ymlaen i ennill y cymal er hynnu. Daeth anhrefn yn ystod treial amser unigol 2004 pen ddechreuodd y gwyliwyr wthio'r reidwyr fyny tuag at y copa. Mae ffigyrau'r gwylwyr yn amrywio'n fawr, ac nid yn gwbl ddibynadwy, hawliwyd fod miliwn yno ym 1997. Ond dywedodd Maer Alpe d'Huez, Eric Muller, y bu 350,000 yno yn 2001, er i bawb honni fod y ffigwr yn dringo yn flynyddol.Journal du Dimanche, Ffrainc, 13 Gorffennaf 2003 The author Tim Moore wrote:

As a variant on a sporting theme, Alpe d'Huez annoys the purists but enthrals the broader public, like 20/20 cricket or nude volleyball. Last year, a full-blown tent-stamping riot had required heavy police intervention. During this year's clean-up operation, down in a ravine with the bottle shards and dented emulsion tins, a body turned up. He'd fallen off the mountain and no one had noticed. When the Tour goes up Alpe d'Huez, it's a squalid, manic and sometimes lethal shambles, and that's just the way they like it. It's the Glastonbury festival for cycling fans.Procycling, DU, Medi 2004

Alpe d'Huez is the "Dutch Mountain", a Dutchman having won eight of the first 14 finishes. The writer Geoffrey Nicholson said:

The attraction of opposites draws them [Dutch spectators] them from the Low Countries to the Alps each summer in any case. But all winter in the Netherlands coach companies offer two or three nights at Alpe d'Huez as a special feature of their alpine tours. And those Dutch families who don't come by coach, park their campers and pitch their tents along the narrow ledges beside the road like sea-birds nesting at St Kilda. The Dutch haven't adopted the Alpe d'Huez simply because it is sunny and agreeable, or even because the modern, funnel-shaped church, Notre Dame des Neiges, has a Dutch priest, Father Reuten (until a few years ago, it was used as a press room and was probably the only church in France where, for one day at least, there were ashtrays in the nave and a bar in the vestry, or where an organist was once asked to leave because he was disturbing the writers' concentration). No, what draws the Dutch to Alpe d'Huez is the remarkable run of success their riders have had there."Nicholson, Geoffrey (1991) Le Tour: the rise and rise of the Tour de France, Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-542638-3 p173

The Dutch have won none of the last 12 stages, however; six have been won by Italians, three by Americans, one by Spanish rider Iban Mayo, one by Fränk Schleck of Luxembourg, and the most recent by a Spaniard, Carlos Sastre.

Significant stages
1952: Jean Robic attacked at the start of the climb and only Fausto Coppi could stay with him. The two climbed together until Coppi attacked at bend five, four kilometres from the top. He won the stage, the yellow jersey and the Tour.

1977: Lucien van Impe, a Belgian rider leading the climbers' competition, broke clear on the col du Glandon. He gained enough time to threaten the leader, Bernard Thévenet. He was still clear on the Alpe when a car drove into him. The time that van Impe waited for another wheel was enough to keep Thévenet in the lead by eight seconds.

1978: Another Belgian leading the mountains race also came close to taking the yellow jersey. Michel Pollentier also finished alone, but he was caught soon afterwards defrauding a drugs control and was disqualified.

1984: The Tour invited amateurs to take part in the 1980s. The best was Luis Herrera, who lived at 2,000m in Colombia. None of the professionals could follow him. He won alone to the cacophony of broadcasters who had arrived to report his progress.

1986: Bernard Hinault said he would help Greg LeMond win the Tour but appeared to ride otherwise. The two crossed the line arm in arm in an apparent sign of truce.

1997: Marco Pantani, who won on the Alpe two years earlier, attacked three times and only Jan Ullrich could match him. He lasted until 10 km from the summit and Pantani rode on alone to win in what is often quoted as record speed (see below).
Enillwyr
Gorffennodd cymal 2008 ar uchder o 1850 metr yn hytrach na 1860 fel y bu ym mhob cymal cynt.

BlwyddynCymalCychwynPellter (km)CategoriEnillydd y cymalCenediglrwyddCrys MelynTro 2008 17 Embrun  210.5 HC Carlos Sastre  Carlos Sastre 17 2006  15 Gap 187 HC Fränk Schleck    Floyd Landis 18 2004  16 Bourg-d'Oisans 15.5 (ITT) HC Lance Armstrong    Lance Armstrong 19 2003  8 Sallanches 219 HC Iban Mayo     Lance Armstrong  20 2001   10 Aix-les-Bains 209 HC Lance Armstrong    Lance Armstrong 21 1999  10 Sestrières 220.5 HC Giuseppe Guerini      Lance Armstrong  1 1997   13 Saint-Étienne 203.5 HC Marco Pantani      Jan Ullrich 2 1995   10 Aime–La Plagne 162.5 HC Marco Pantani      Miguel Indurain 3  1994   16 Valréas 224.5 HC Roberto Conti     Miguel Indurain 4  1992   14 Sestrières 186.5 HC Andrew Hampsten      Miguel Indurain 5 1991   17 Gap 125 HC Gianni Bugno      Miguel Indurain 6 1990   11 Saint-Gervais–Mont Blanc 182.5 HC Gianni Bugno      Ronan Pensec 7 1989  17 Briançon 165 HC Gert-Jan Theunisse    Laurent Fignon  8 1988   12 Morzine 227 HC  Steven Rooks      Pedro Delgado 9 1987   20 Villard-de-Lans 201 HC Federico Echave      Pedro Delgado 10 1986   18 Briançon–Serre Chevalier  182.5 HC Bernard Hinault      Greg LeMond 11 1984   17 Grenoble 151 HC  Luis Herrera      Laurent Fignon  12 1983   17 La Tour-du-Pin 223 HC Peter Winnen      Laurent Fignon  13 1982   16 Orcières-Merlette 123 HC Beat Breu      Bernard Hinault   14 1981  19 Morzine 230.5 HC Peter Winnen      Bernard Hinault   15 1979*   18 Alpe d'Huez 118.5 HC Joop Zoetemelk      Bernard Hinault   16 1979*    17 Les Menuires 166.5 HC Joaquim Agostinho      Bernard Hinault   17 1978    16  Saint-Étienne 240.5 1 Hennie Kuiper     Joop Zoetemelk   18 1977   17 Chamonix 184.5 1 Hennie Kuiper      Bernard Thévenet 19 1976   9 Divonne-les-Bains 258 1 Joop Zoetemelk      Lucien Van Impe 20 1952    10 Lausanne 266 1 Fausto Coppi      Fausto Coppi   21
*Roedd dau gymal ar Alpe d'Huez ym 1979.

Defnyddir y cpa hefyd fel diwedd La Marmotte, reid un dydd 175 km o hyd sy'n cynnwyd 5000m o ddringo. Defnyddir hefyd ar gyfer sgio lawr allt neu sgio Alpaidd.

Esgyniadau cyflymaf Alpe d'Huez
bawd|dde|400px|Proffil Alpe d'Huez
bawd|dde|400px|Panorama o'r 21 tro enwog tuag at Alpe d'Huez

Mae esgyniad yr allt i Alp d'Huez wedi cael ei amseru yn swyddogol ers 1994, felly mae cryn ddadl ynglŷn â'r amserau cyn hyn. Rhwng 1994 ac 1997, amserwyd yr esgyniad o 14.5 km o'r diwedd. Ers 1999, mae diwedd-ffoto wedi cael ei ddefnyddio o 14 km o'r diwedd. Mae amserau eraill wedi cael eu cofnodi o 13.8 km o'r copa, sef dechrau swyddogol yr esgyniad. Mae eraill wedi cael eu cofnodi o 700m o gychwyn yr esgyniad.These variations have led to a debate. Pantani's 37m 35s has been cited by Procycling and World Cycling Productions, publisher of Tour de France DVDs, and by Cycle Sport. In a biography of Pantani, Matt Rendell notes Pantani at: 1994 - 38m 0s; 1995 - 38m 4s; 1997 - 37m 35s. The Alpe tourist association describes the climb as 14.454 km and lists Pantani's 37m 35s (23.08 km/h) as the record.

Other sources give Pantani's times from 1994, 1995 and 1997 as the fastest, based on timings adjusted for the 13.8 km. Such sources list Pantani's time in 1995 as the record at 36m 40s. In Blazing Saddles, Rendell has changed his view and listed it as 36m 50s as does CyclingNews. Second, third, and fourth fastest are Pantani in 1997 (36m 5s), Pantani in 1994 (37m 15s) and Jan Ullrich in 1997 (37m 30s). Armstrong's time in 2004 (37m 36s) makes him fifth fastest, highlighting how the 1990s had faster ascents than other eras.

A number of cycling publications cite times prior to 1994, although distances are typically not included, making comparisons difficult. Coppi has been listed with 45m 22s for 1952. 

In the 1980s Gert-Jan Theunisse, Pedro Delgado, Luis Herrera, and Laurent Fignon rode in times stated to be faster than Coppi's, but still not breaking 40m. Greg Lemond and Bernard Hinault have been reported as having the times of 48m 0s in 1986.

It was not until Gianni Bugno and Miguel Indurain in 1991, that times faster than 40m were reported, including in the 39m range for Bjarne Riis in 1995 and Richard Virenque in 1997. For 2006, Floyd Landis was listed at 38'34" and Andreas Kloden at 38m 35s.L'Équipe, 19 Gorffennaf 2006

Procycling listed Fränk Schleck in 2006 as 40m 46s, the first in more than 40 minutes since 1994. The increased speed in the 1990s had been attributed to Erythropoietin or EPO. Riders with sub-40m times, such as Alex Zülle, Riis, and Virenque, have admitted using such products. Landis subsequently had a positive drugs test. There is also strong evidence that Pantani took EPO. 

Amserau'r esgyniad
bawd|dde|250px|Arwydd ar Dro 16 ar yr esgyniad i Alpe d'Huez
bawd|dde|300px|Alpe d'Huez yn yr haf
 Rheng Amser Enw Blwyddyn Cenediglrwydd1  37' 35"  Marco Pantani  1997  2*  37' 36"  Lance Armstrong  2004   3  38' 00"  Marco Pantani  1994  4  38' 01"  Lance Armstrong  2001   5  38' 04"  Marco Pantani  1995   6  38' 23"  Jan Ullrich  1997  7  38' 34"  Floyd Landis**  2006  8  38' 35"  Andreas Klöden  2006  9*  38' 37"  Jan Ullrich  2004  10  39' 02"  Richard Virenque  1997  11  39' 06"  Iban Mayo  2003  12*  39' 17"  Andreas Klöden  2004  13*  39' 21"  Jose Azevedo  2004  14  39' 28"  Miguel Induráin  1995  15  39' 28"  Alex Zülle  1995  16  39' 30"  Bjarne Riis  1995  17  39' 31"  Carlos Sastre  2008  18  39' 44"  Gianni Bugno  1991  19  39' 45"  Miguel Induráin  1991  20  40' 00"  Jan Ullrich  2001  21  40' 46"  Fränk Schleck  2006  22  40' 51"  Alexander Vinokourov  2003  23  41' 18"  Lance Armstrong  2003  24  41' 50"  Laurent Fignon  1989  25 41' 50"  Luis Herrera  1986  26  42' 15"  Pedro Delgado  1989  27  45' 20"  Gert-Jan Theunisse  1989  28  45' 22"  Fausto Coppi  1952  29  48' 00"  Greg Lemond  1986  30  48' 00"  Bernard Hinault  1986  
* Ar ffurf treial amser unigol.
** Canfyddwyd yn euog o ddefnyddio cyffurio yn y rhifyn hwnnw o'r Tour de France.

13.8 km:ChronoWatts.com 
 Rheng Amser Enw Blwyddyn Cenediglrwydd1  36' 50"  Marco Pantani  1995  2  36' 55"  Marco Pantani  1997  3  37' 15"  Marco Pantani  1994  4  37' 36"  Lance Armstrong  2004   5  37' 41"  Jan Ullrich  1997  6  38' 00"  Lance Armstrong  2001   7  38' 10"  Miguel Induráin  1995  7  38' 10"  Alex Zülle  1995  8  38' 12"  Bjarne Riis  1995  9  38' 22"  Richard Virenque  1997  

Beicio Mynydd
Mae'r gyrchfan hefyd yn denu nifer o feicwyr mynydd yn ystod yr haf, yn arbennig adeg ras Megavalanche, ras dygner lawr allt sy'n mynd a'r reidwyr o'r orsaf lifft i'r copa uchaf, Pic Blanc, cyn iddynt reidio i lawr i Alamond ar lawr y dyffryn.

Yr haf ar Alpe d'Huez
Sgio ar Alpe d'Huez
bawd|chwith|250px|Skiing the Couloir des cheminées de Mâcle above Alpe d'Huez resort
Mae Alpe d'Huez yn un o brif gyrchfannau sgio Ewrop. Dyma oedd safle lifft cyntaf Pomagalski ar yr arwyneb yn ystod yr 1930au, daeth y gyrchfan yn boblogaidd pan gynhaliwyd cystadlaeuthau bobsleigh Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf 1968 yno. Cysidrwyd y gyrchfan yn gystadleuydd i Courchevel, cyrchfan mwyaf uwch-farchnad Ffrainc ar y pryd a oedd wedi ei adeiladu'n bwrpasol, ond wedi datblygiad Les Trois Vallées, Val d'Isère, Tignes, La Plagne a Les Arcs daeth Alpe D'Huez yn llai poblogaidd yn ystod yr 1970au a'r 1980au cynnar.With 249 km of piste and 84 ski lifts, the resort is now one of the world's largest. Extensive snowmaking facilities helped combat the ski area's largely south-facing orientation and helped Alpe d'Huez appeal to beginner skiers, with very easy slopes. The expansion of the skiing above the linked resorts of Vaujany, Oz-en-Oisans, Villard Reculas and Auris boosted the quantity and quality of intermediate grade slopes but the resort is mostly known for freeskiing, drawing many steep skiing enthusiasts to its high altitude terrain.

Aside from the Tunnel and Sarenne black runs, the latter the world's longest at 16 km, many Off-piste opportunities exist both from the summit of the 3330 m Pic Blanc and the 2808 m Dome des Petites Rousses. These include the 50-degree Cheminees du Mascle couloirs, the open powder field of Le Grand Sablat, the Couloir Fleur and the Perrins bowl. Up to 2200 m of vertical descent are available with heli drops back to the resort's altiport. The proximity to the exclusively off-piste resort of La Grave as well as tree skiing at Serre Chevalier and the glacier and terrain parks of Les Deux Alpes have made Alpe d'Huez a popular base for skiers looking to explore the Oisans region.

1968 Winter Olympics
Alpe d'Huez hosted the bobsleigh events at the 1968 Winter Olympics based at Grenoble  away.1968 Winter Olympics official report.  pp. 104-105.  &  - accessed Chwefror 27, 2008. The track, built in spring 1966 for FRF 5,500,000, hosted the 1967 FIBT world championship. The cooling could not keep the ice solid in bright daylight — not least because the track faced south. The four-man event was cancelled because of thawing ice, and modifications were made in spring 1967 to prepare for the Games. The refrigeration system was strengthened in turns 6, 9, 12, and 13; turn 12 was covered with stone and earthwork to prevent concrete coming up, turn 12 was cooled with liquid nitrogen, and shades were built on turns 6, 9, 12, and 13 to minimise direct sunlight.  Thawing remained a problem and Olympic bobsleigh events had to be scheduled before sunrise. The track shut in 1972 due to high operating costs but the structure remains as demolition would have been uneconomic.

+ Physical statistics Sport Length (meters) Turns Vertical drop (start to finish) Average grade (%)Bobsleigh1500131409.33

No turn names were given for the track.

Gefeilldrefi
Gefeilldrefi Alpe d'Huez yw:
 Bormio, Yr Eidal, ers 2005.

Llyfryddiaeth
The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France, Jean-Paul Vespini

 Cyfeiriadau 

Dolenni allanol
 Pezcyclingnews interview of Historian Jean-Paul Vespini's book "The Tour Is Won On The Alpe" by Matt Wood
 Ski Resort Website (in French & English)
 Oz-en-Oisans info 
 Map and details of 5 Cycling Routes up Alpe d'Huez (in English)
 Alpe d'Huez  – Independent guide to Alpe d'Huez in English
 The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France
 Interactive road map with photos of each hairpin-bend and road sign 
 Google Map of Various Cycling Routes and Landmarks
 CYCLEFILM's Video Reconnaissance of Alpe d'Huez 
 Grenoble Cycling information page on Alpe d'Huez including profiles, photos and map 

Categori:Isère
Categori:Mynyddoedd Ffrainc
Categori:Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf 1968
Categori:Cyrchfannoedd sgio
Categori:Tour de France