মিশনাহ্

মিশনাহ্ (; ) হলো ইহুদি মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের প্রথম লিখিত সংগ্রহ যা মৌখিক তোরাহ নামে পরিচিত। এটি রব্বীয় সাহিত্যেরও প্রথম রচনা, যেখানে ৬ষ্ঠ থেকে ৭ম খ্রিস্টপূর্বাব্দের মধ্যে প্রাচীনতম টিকে থাকা উপাদান রয়েছে।The same meaning is suggested by the term Deuterosis ("doubling" or "repetition" in Koine Greek) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the Targum, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading.

মিশনাহ্কে জুদহ হ-নসি সম্ভবত বেইত শিয়ারিম বা  সেপফোরিস কর্তৃক খ্রিস্টীয় দ্বিতীয় শতাব্দীর শেষ ও তৃতীয় শতাব্দীর শুরুর মধ্যে সংশোধন করান,. Heinrich Graetz, dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1898, p. 105 ), and which date follows that penned by Rabbi Abraham ben David in his "Sefer HaKabbalah le-Ravad", or what was then anno 500 of the Seleucid era.  যখন ইহুদিদের নিপীড়ন এবং উত্তরণ সময়ের সাথে সাথে দ্বিতীয় মন্দিরের সময়কাল থেকে ফরীশীদের মৌখিক ঐতিহ্যের বিশদ বিবরণ ভুলে যাওয়ার সম্ভাবনা উত্থাপিত হয়েছিল।

বেশিরভাগ মিশনাহ্ মিশনীয় হিব্রু ভাষায় রচিত, কিন্তু কিছু অংশ ইহুদি পশ্চিম আরামীয় ভাষায়।

 তথ্যসূত্র 

 উৎস 
 ইংরেজি অনুবাদ 
 Shaye J. D. Cohen, Robert Goldenberg, Hayim Lapin (eds.), The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah With Introductions and Notes, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022.
 Philip Blackman. Mishnayoth. The Judaica Press, Ltd., reprinted 2000 (). Online PDF at HebrewBooks: Zeraim, Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, Kodashim, Tehorot.
 Herbert Danby. The Mishnah. Oxford, 1933 ().
 Jacob Neusner. The Mishnah: A New Translation. New Haven, reprint 1991 ().
 Isidore Epstein (ed.). Soncino Talmud. London, 1935-1952. Includes Mishnah-translations for those tractates without Gemara. 
 Various editors. The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham. New York: Mesorah Publications, since the 1990s. (ArtScroll mentioned above)
 Yoseph Milstein, et al. The Mishnah, a new integrated translation and commentary based on Rabbeinu Ovadiah M'Bartenurah, Machon Yisrael Trust, available online at eMishnah.com (archived).
Various editors. Sefaria full text of the Mishnah with various open-source English translations.

 ঐতিহাসিক অধ্যয়ন 
 Shalom Carmy (Ed.) Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations Jason Aronson, Inc.
 Shaye J.D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57–87
 Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417–23
 Robert Goldenberg The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978)
 John W McGinley  'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly 
 Jacob Neusner Making the Classics in Judaism (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1–13 and 19–44
 Jacob Neusner Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14–22.
 Gary Porton, The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212–25
 Dov Zlotnick, The Iron Pillar Mishnah (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8–9
 Reuvain Margolies, Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah (Heb.)
 David Tzvi Hoffman, Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e (Heb)
 Hanokh Yalon, Mavo le-nikud ha-Mishnah [Introduction to the vocalization of the Mishnah] (Jerusalem 1964) (Heb)
 Robert Brody, Mishna and Tosefta Studies (Jerusalem 2014)
 আবৃত্তি 
 Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep: Jerusalem 1990

 বহিঃসংযোগ 


 Complete Mishnah manuscript (15th century CE), Cambridge Digital Library
 Mishnah.org Learn the entire Mishnah online in Hebrew with English translation, and create Smart Mishnah Charts for Shloshim and Yahrzeit learning.
 Learn Mishna in Someone's Memory  – Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online.
 Mechon Mamre  (Hebrew) – Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting).
 The Structured Mishnah  – Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting.
 Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library in Hebrew.
 Codex Kaufmann of the Mishnah – High resolution images of this important textual witness.
 eMishnah  – English Translation & Commentary.
 Mishnah (Hebrew & English) – English text as translated in The William Davidson edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz.

  – One Mishnah per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English).
 Mishnah Yomit – MishnahYomit.com hosts a weekly publication complementing the learning of people studying the regular program. It include articles, review questions and learning aids.
  – A program of two Mishnayot per day. Currently inactive, but archives contain the complete text of Kehati in English for Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, and about half of Kodashim.
  – Custom learning and review programs for Mishnah.
 MishnaSdura – Popular edition of Hebrew text (with vowels), used in many schools, formatted to encourage review and aid memory. Tables summarizing content. Mishna songs and recordings. Wiki article in Hebrew Mishna Sdura
 Perek HaYomi  (Hebrew) – Host to Shiurim, and learning and review according to the Perek HaYomi in Mishna instituted by the Maharal.
 2 Mishnas A Day – A program of learning two mishnayos every day. Site include Hebrew and English together with a link for audio for each day.
 Rav Avraham Kosman – Slabodka on the Mishnah and Talmud in English – Produced in Israel
 Mishna Audio – given by Rabbi Chaim Brown in English
 Rav Grossman on the Mishna in English produced in Los Angeles
 Download all 6 tractates of Mishnah for Free on TorahDownloads.com
 The "Master Torah" Mishnah Ba'al Peh Program by Rabbi Meir Pogrow
 The National Sound Archives at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).

বিষয়শ্রেণী:ইহুদি আইনে হিব্রু শব্দ ও বাক্যাংশ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:হিব্রু শব্দ এবং বাক্যাংশ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:হিব্রু সাহিত্য
বিষয়শ্রেণী:ইহুদি গ্রন্থ