ক্রাফুর্ড পুরস্কার

ক্রাফুর্ড পুরস্কার হল একটি বার্ষিক বিজ্ঞান পুরস্কার যা ১৯৮০ সালে সুইডিশ শিল্পপতি হোলগার ক্রাফুর্ড এবং তার স্ত্রী আনা-গ্রেটা ক্রাফুর্ড প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছিলেন। পুরস্কারটি রয়্যাল সুইডিশ একাডেমি অফ সায়েন্সেস এবং  ক্রাফোর্ড ফাউন্ডেশন দ্বারা যৌথভাবে দেওয়া হয়। রয়্যাল সুইডিশ একাডেমি অফ সায়েন্সেস  বিজয়ীদের বাছাই করে। পুরস্কারটি চারটি বিভাগে দেওয়া হয়: গণিত এবং জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা, ভূ-বিজ্ঞান, জীববিজ্ঞান ( বাস্তুবিদ্যার উপর জোর দিয়ে) এবং পলিআর্থারাইটিস, যে রোগে হোলগার তার অন্তিম জীবনে মারাত্মকভাবে ভুগছিলেন।

একাডেমির মতে, "এই বিষয়গুলিকে বেছে নেওয়া হয়েছে যাতে এটি নোবেল পুরস্কার এর পরিপূরক হয়"। একটি ঘূর্ণায়মান স্কিম অনুসারে প্রতি বছর শুধুমাত্র একটি পুরস্কার দেওয়া হয় - এক বছর জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা এবং গণিত; তারপরের বছর ভূবিজ্ঞান; তারপরের বছর জীববিজ্ঞান। পলিআর্থারাইটিসে একটি ক্রাফুর্ড পুরস্কার তখনই দেওয়া হয় যখন একটি বিশেষ কমিটি সিদ্ধান্ত নেয় যে ক্ষেত্রটিতে উল্লেখযোগ্য অগ্রগতি হয়েছে। ক্রাফুর্ড পুরস্কারের প্রাপক প্রতি বছর জানুয়ারির মাঝামাঝি সময়ে ঘোষণা করা হয়; এপ্রিল বা মে মাসে ক্রাফোর্ড দিবসে, পুরস্কারটি সুইডেনের রাজার দ্বারা উপস্থাপন করা হয়, যিনি ডিসেম্বরে অনুষ্ঠানে নোবেল পুরস্কারও উপস্থাপন করেন। , পুরস্কারের মূল্য হলো ৬০,০০,০০০ kr (বা US$৭,০০,০০০). ভূ-বিজ্ঞানে সম্মানের জন্য পুরস্কারটিকে নোবেল পুরস্কারের সঙ্গে তুলনা করা হয়।

 বিজয়ী 

নিম্ন তালিকাভুক্ত বিজ্ঞানীদের ক্রাফুর্ড পুরস্কার দেওয়া হয়েছে:

+  বছর ক্যাটাগরি প্রতিকৃতি বিজয়ী  জাতীয়তা Rationale ১৯৮২গণিত  50px|alt=Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Arnold Russian“for outstanding achievements in the theory of non-linear differential equations”  50px|alt=Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg Canadian / American ১৯৮৩ভূবিদ্যা — Edward Norton Lorenz American “for fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodynamics, which in a unique way have contributed to a deeper understanding of the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the sea”  50px|alt=Henry Stommel Henry Stommel American ১৯৮৪ জীববিজ্ঞান  50px|alt=Daniel Janzen Daniel H. Janzen American “for his imaginative and stimulating studies on co-evolution which have inspired many researchers to further work in this field”  ১৯৮৫ Astronomy 50px|alt=Lyman Spitzer Lyman Spitzer American “for fundamental pioneering studies of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained using the Copernicus satellite”  ১৯৮৬ Geosciences 50px|alt=Claude Allègre Claude Allègre French“for pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit” — Gerald J. Wasserburg American ১৯৮৭Biosciences— Eugene Odum American“for pioneering contributions within the field of ecosystem ecology” — Howard T. Odum American১৯৮৮Mathematics 50px|alt= Pierre Deligne, seated, facing left and away from the camera Pierre Deligne Belgian “for fundamental research in algebraic geometry”  50px Alexander Grothendieck French  ১৯৮৯ Geosciences 50px|alt=James Van Allen James Van Allen American “for his pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts - the Van Allen belts - around the planet Earth” ১৯৯০Biosciences 50px|alt=Paul R. Ehrlich Paul R. Ehrlich American “for his research on the dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations and the importance of the distribution pattern for their survival probabilities”  50px|alt=Edward Osborne WilsonE. O. Wilson American “for the theory of island biogeography and other research on species diversity and community dynamics on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation”  ১৯৯১ Astronomy— Allan Sandage American “for his important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble relation), and its evolution over time”  ১৯৯২ Geosciences— Adolf Seilacher German “for his innovative research concerning the evolution of life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geological record” ১৯৯৩Biosciences— W. D. Hamilton British “for his theories concerning kin selection and genetic relationship as a prerequisite for the evolution of altruistic behavior”  50px|alt= Seymour Benzer in his office at Caltech in 1974 with a big model of Drosophila Seymour Benzer American “for his pioneering genetical and neurophysiological studies on behavioural mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster” ১৯৯৪Mathematics 50px|alt= Simon Donaldson Simon Donaldson British "for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantos in particular his new discovery of new differential invariants"  50px|alt=Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau American “for his development of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading the solution of several outstanding problems” ১৯৯৫Geosciences— Willi Dansgaard Danish “for fundamental work on developing and applying isotope geological analysis methods for the study of climatic variations during the Quaternary period” — Nicholas Shackleton British ১৯৯৬ Biosciences 50px|alt=Robert May Robert May Australian “for his pioneering ecological research concerning theoretical analysis of the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems”  ১৯৯৭Astronomy 50px|alt=Fred Hoyle Fred Hoyle British “for pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution” — Edwin Ernest Salpeter American ১৯৯৮Geosciences 50px|alt= Don L. Anderson Don L. Anderson American“for fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth”  50px|alt=Adam Dziewoński Adam M. Dziewonski Polish / American ১৯৯৯ Biosciences 50px|alt=Ernst Mayr Ernst Mayr American“for fundamental contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary biology”  50px John Maynard Smith British— George Christopher Williams American২০০০Polyarthritis— Marc Feldmann British“for identification of TNF blockade as an effective therapeutic principle in rheumatoid arthrits”  50px|alt= Ravinder N. Maini Ravinder N. Maini British ২০০১ Mathematics 50px|alt= Alain Connes Alain Connes French “for penetrating work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of non-commutative geometry”  ২০০২ Geosciences— Dan McKenzie British “for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the Dynamics of the Lithosphere, particularly Plate Tectonics, Sedimentary Basin Formation and Mantle Melting”  ২০০৩ Biosciences 50px|alt= Carl Woese Carl Woese American “for his discovery of a third domain of life” ২০০৪Polyarthritis— Eugene C. Butcher American “for their studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in health and disease” — Timothy A. Springer American২০০৫Astronomy 50px|alt=James E. Gunn James E. Gunn American “for contributions towards understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe”  50px|alt=James Peebles James Peebles American  50px|alt=Martin Rees delivering a lecture at Jodrell Bank Martin Rees British ২০০৬ Geosciences 50px|alt= Wallace Smith Broecker Wallace Smith Broecker American “for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean – atmosphere – biosphere system, and its interaction with climate”  ২০০৭ Biosciences— Robert Trivers American “for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation” ২০০৮ Astronomy 50px|alt=Rashid Sunyaev Rashid Alievich Sunyaev Russian “for his decisive contributions to high energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the background radiation”  Mathematics 50px|alt=Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Kontsevich Russian“for their important contributions to mathematics inspired by modern theoretical physics”  50px|alt=Edward Witten writing on a blackboard Edward Witten American২০০৯Polyarthritis 50px|alt=Charles Dinarello Charles Dinarello American“for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases”  50px|alt=Tadamitsu Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto Japanese 50px|alt=Toshio Hirano Toshio Hirano Japanese ২০১০ Geosciences 50px|alt=Walter Munk Walter Munk American “for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics”  ২০১১ Biosciences 50px|alt=Ilkka Hanski Ilkka Hanski Finnish "for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations" ২০১২ Astronomy 50px|alt=Reinhard Genzel Reinhard Genzel German "for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole"  50px|alt=Andrea Ghez Andrea M. Ghez American Mathematics 50px|alt=Jean Bourgain Jean Bourgain Belgian "for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science"  50px|alt=Terence Tao Terence Tao Australian / American২০১৩Polyarthritis 50px|alt=Peter K. Gregersen Peter K. Gregersen American "for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis"  50px|alt= Lars Klareskog Lars Klareskog Swedish 50px|alt= Robert J. Winchester  American ২০১৪ Geosciences— Peter Molnar American "for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate" ২০১৫Biosciences— Richard Lewontin American "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism"  50px|alt=Tomoko Ohta Tomoko Ohta Japanese২০১৬ Astronomy 50px|alt=Roy Kerr Roy Kerr New Zealand "for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences"  50px|alt=Roger Blandford Roger Blandford AmericanMathematics 50px|alt=Yakov Eliashberg Yakov Eliashberg  American "for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena" ২০১৭Polyarthritis 50px|alt=Shimon Sakaguchi Shimon Sakaguchi Japanese "for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases" Crafoord Prize 2017   Fred Ramsdell American 50px|alt=Alexander Rudensky Alexander Rudensky American২০১৮Geosciences 50px|alt=Syukuro Manabe Syukuro Manabe Japanese / American "for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system" Crafoord Prize 2018  Crafoordprize.se 50px|alt=Susan Solomon Susan Solomon American ২০১৯ Biosciences 50px|alt=Sallie W. Chisholm Sallie W. Chisholm American "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus" Crafoord Prize 2019  Crafoordprize.se২০২০ Astronomy 50px|alt=Eugene N. Parker Eugene N. Parker American "for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales" Crafoord Prize 2020  Crafoordprize.se Mathematics 50px|alt=Enrico Bombieri Enrico Bombieri Italian / American "for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry"২০২১ Polyarthritis 50px|alt=Daniel Kastner Daniel L. Kastner  American "for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases"২০২২ Geosciences 50px|alt=Andrew K. Knoll Andrew H. Knoll American "for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the first three billion years of life on Earth and life’s interactions with the physical environment through time"২০২৩ Biosciences— Dolph Schluter Canadian "for fundamental contributions to the understanding of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation"২০২৪ Astronomy— Douglas Gough British "for developing the methods of asteroseismology and their application to the study of the interior of the Sun and of other stars" 50px|alt=Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard Danish 50px|alt=Conny Aerts Conny Aerts BelgianMathematics 50px|alt=Claire Voisin Claire Voisin  French"for outstanding contributions to complex and algebraic geometry, including Hodge theory, algebraic cycles, and hyperkähler geometry" 

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বিষয়শ্রেণী:১৯৮০-এ প্রবর্তিত পুরস্কার