উপাসক

উপাসক () শব্দটি সংস্কৃত ও পালি শব্দ সেবক থেকে এসেছে, এবং উপাসকের স্ত্রীলিঙ্গ উপাসিকা ()।Nattier (2003), p. 25, states that the etymology of upāsikā suggests "those who serve" and that the word is best understood as "'lay auxiliary' of the monastic community". এটি বৌদ্ধধর্মের অনুসারীদের উপাধি যারা বৌদ্ধ ক্রমানুসারে ভিক্ষু, ভিক্ষুণী বা সামানেরা সন্ন্যাসী নন এবং যারা নির্দিষ্ট ব্রত গ্রহণ করেন।Nattier (2003), p. 25, notes: "...[T]he term upāsaka (fem. upāsikā) ... is now increasingly recognized to be not a generic term for supporters of the Buddhist community who happen not to be monks or nuns, but a very precise category designating those lay adherents who have taken on specific vows. ...[T]hese dedicated lay Buddhists did not constitute a free-standing community, but were rather adjunct members of particular monastic organizations."

আধুনিক সময়ে তাদের কাছে নিবেদিত ধার্মিকতার অর্থ রয়েছে যা "সাধারণ ভক্ত" বা "নিষ্ঠাবান অনুসারী" এর মতো পদ দ্বারা সর্বোত্তম প্রস্তাবিত হয়।Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 150, entry for "Upāsaka," available at ; and,  Encyclopædia Britannica (2007), entry for "upasaka," available at http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074383/upasaka. Also, see Nattier (2003), p. 25, quoted at length above, for recent scholarship on the Pali term's historical usage.

 তথ্যসূত্র 

 উৎস 
 Bluck, Robert (2002). The Path of the Householder: Buddhist Lay Discipline in the Pali Canon , Buddhist Studies Review 19 (1), 1-18

 Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). "Upasaka." Retrieved 2007-10-24 from "Encyclopædia Britannica Online" at https://web.archive.org/web/20060621163706/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074383.

 Harvey, Peter (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press. .


 Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html.


 Mendis, N.K.G. (2001). The Questions of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milindapañha. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. 
 Nattier, Jan (2003). A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. .

 Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society.  A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.

 বহিঃসংযোগ 
Theravada resources for Upasakas
 Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series [SLTP] (undated). Gahapativaggo [in Pali] (AN 8).  Available on-line at http://metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara5/8-atthakanipata/003-gahapativaggo-p.html . Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Jivaka Sutta: To Jivaka (On Being a Lay Follower) (AN 8.26). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.026.than.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.

বিষয়শ্রেণী:বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসবাদ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:বৌদ্ধ উপাধি