পুরুষত্ব

পুরুষত্ব বা নরত্ব (ছেলেস্বভাব, পুরুষালি ভাব অথবা পৌরুষ নামেও পরিচিত) হল কতগুলো বৈশিষ্ট্য, চরিত্র ও প্রবণতার সমষ্টি যা ছেলে বা পুরুষের মধ্যে প্রকাশিত হয়। পুরুষত্ব সামাজিকভাবে প্রস্ফুটিত হয়, কিন্তু সামাজিক ও জীববৈজ্ঞানিক প্রভাবক দ্বারা গঠিত হয়, যদিও এটি জীববিজ্ঞানগত পুরুষ লিঙ্গ হতে আলাদা। Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?', The World Health Organization নারী ও পুরুষ উভয়ের মধ্যেই পুরুষালি লক্ষণ ও আচরণ দেখা যেতে পারে। যাদের মধ্যে পুরুষালি ও মেয়েলি উভয় চরিত্রের প্রভাব দেখা যায় তাদের উভয়লিঙ্গী বলা হয়। নারীবাদী দার্শনিকগণ মনে করেন লিঙ্গের অস্পষ্টতা লৈঙ্গিক পার্থক্যকে জটিল করে তুলতে পারে। Butler, Judith (1999 [1990]), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York and London: Routledge).Laurie, Timothy (2014), 'The Ethics of Nobody I Know: Gender and the Politics of Description', Qualitative Research Journal, 14 (1), pp. 64-78.URL: https://www.academia.edu/6262250/The_Ethics_of_Nobody_I_Know_Gender_and_the_Politics_of_Description

সাহস, স্বাধীনচেতা হওয়া, দৃঢ়তা প্রভৃতি পুরুষত্বের গুণ। Vetterling-Braggin, Mary  "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussionWorell, Judith, Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1 Elsevier, 2001, ,  এসকল গুণ স্থান ও পরিবেশভেদে ভিন্ন হতে পারে এবং সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক বিষয় দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়ে থাকে।  পুরুষত্ব ও ক্ষমতাকে বেশ গুরুত্ব দিয়ে, দায় ও পরিণতি উপেক্ষা করা হলে তাকে ম্যাকিস্মো ( machismo) বলা হয়। 

তথ্যসূত্র
Notes

Bibliography

Levine, Martin P. (1998). Gay Macho. New York: New York University Press. .
Stibbe, Arran. (2004). "Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine." Men and Masculinities; 7 (1) July, pp. 31–51.
Strate, Lance "Beer Commercials: A Manual on Masculinity" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001

আরও পড়ুন
Contemporary
Arrindell, Willem A., Ph.D. (1 October 2005) "Masculine Gender Role Stress" Psychiatric Times Pg. 31
Ashe, Fidelma (2007) The New Politics of Masculinity, London and New York: Routledge.
 bell hooks, We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, Taylor & Francis 2004, 
Broom A. and Tovey P. (Eds) Men’s Health: Body, Identity and Social Context London; John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Burstin, Fay "What's Killing Men". Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia). October 15, 2005.
Canada, Geoffrey "Learning to Fight" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001

Courtenay, Will "Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health" Social Science and Medicine, yr: 2000 vol: 50 iss: 10 pg: 1385–1401

Galdas P.M. and Cheater F.M. (2010) Indian and Pakistani men’s accounts of seeking medical help for angina and myocardial infarction in the UK: Constructions of marginalised masculinity or another version of hegemonic masculinity? Qualitative Research in Psychology
 Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005): Why guys throw bombs. About terror and masculinity (pdf)
Kaufman, Michael "The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence". Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001

Levant & Pollack (1995) A New Psychology of Men, New York: BasicBooks
Mansfield, Harvey. Manliness. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. 

 Reeser, T. Masculinities in Theory, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Robinson, L. (October 21, 2005). Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination. Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario).
Stephenson, June (1995). Men are Not Cost Effective: Male Crime in America. 
Simpson, Mark (1994). Male Impersonators: Men Performing Masculinity. New York: Routledge. . Also published by Cassell, London,  pbk,
Tozer, Malcolm (2015). The Ideal of Manliness: The Legacy of Thring's Uppingham. Truro: Sunnyrest Books, 2015. (, hardback; , paperback).
 Walsh, Fintan. Male Trouble: Masculinity and the Performance of Crisis. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Williamson P. "Their own worst enemy" Nursing Times: 91 (48) 29 November 95 p 24–7
Wray Herbert "Survival Skills" U.S. News & World Report Vol. 139, No. 11; Pg. 63 September 26, 2005
"Masculinity for Boys"; published by UNESCO, New Delhi, 2006; 
Smith, Bonnie G., Hutchison, Beth. Gendering Disability.  Rutgers University Press, 2004.

Historical
Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America, New York [etc.]:  The Free Press    1996
 Laurie, Ross. "Masculinity" in , Historiography.
Jenkins, Earnestine and Darlene Clark Hine, eds. A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men's History and Masculinity (Indiana University Press vol 1: 1999, vol. 2: 2001)
 Kimmel, Michael. Manhood in America (Free Press, 1995).
 Pleck, Elizabeth Hafkin, and Joseph H. Pleck. The American Man (Prentice Hall, 1980).
Taylor, Gary. Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood, Routledge 2002
Klaus Theweleit, Male fantasies, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1987 and Polity Press, 1987
Peter N. Stearns, Be a Man!: Males in Modern Society, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1990
Shuttleworth, Russell. "Disabled Masculinity." Gendering Disability.  Ed. Bonnie G. Smith and Beth Hutchison.  Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2004. 166–178.

বহিঃসংযোগ

Bibliographic
The Men's Bibliography, a comprehensive bibliography of writing on men, masculinities, gender and sexualities, listing over 16,700 works. (mainly from a constructionist perspective)
Boyhood Studies, features a 2200+ bibliography of young masculinities.
Other
 Practical Manliness, A manly blog that applies "historical ideals to modern men".
The ManKind Project of Chicago, supporting men in leading meaningful lives of integrity, accountability, responsibility, and emotional intelligence
NIMH web pages on men and depression , talks about men and their depression and how to get help.
HeadsUpGuys, health strategies for managing and preventing depression in men. 
 Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound" The symbolism of the story as it relates to the Wounded Masculinity of Men by Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.
BULL, Print and online literary journal specializing in masculine fiction for a male audience.
 Art of Manliness, An online web magazine/blog dedicated to "reviving the lost art of manliness".
 The Masculinity Conspiracy , An online book critiquing constructions of masculinity.
 Men in America, series by National Public Radio

বিষয়শ্রেণী:পুরুষত্ব
বিষয়শ্রেণী:নৃবিজ্ঞান
বিষয়শ্রেণী:লৈঙ্গিক ভূমিকা
বিষয়শ্রেণী:পুরুষ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:সামাজিক নির্মাণবাদ