बायोम

बायोम (; ) कौनों प्राकृतिक आवासक्षेत्र (हैबिटाट) में पावल जाए वाला बनस्पति (फ्लोरा) आ जियाजंतु (फौना) के समेकित रूप होखे लें दुसरे शब्द में, बायोम एगो बिसाल इलाका होला जेकर अपने खास बनस्पति, माटी, जलवायु आ जियाजंतु सभ से पहिचान होले।

बायोम के बर्गीकरण के कई गो तरीका अपनावल गइल बाड़ें; मुख्य रूप से पाँच गो बायोम प्रकार गिनावल जालें: पनिहा (एक्वाटिक), घासमैदान (ग्रासलैंड), बन, रेगिस्तान आ टुंड्रा बायोम। हालाँकि, इनहन में से कुछ के अउरियो उपप्रकार में बाँटल जा सके ला। जइसे कि, एक्वाटिक बायोम के फ्रेशवाटर बायोम (मीठापानी के बायोम) आ मरीन बायोम (समुंद्री बायोम) में बाँटल जा सके ला।

 Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200 

A team of biologists convened by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into biogeographic realms (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biol. 12:502–515,  .Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938,  .

This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.

For the terrestrial ecoregions, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the biogeographic realm, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).

Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)

 NA: Nearctic
 PA: Palearctic
 AT: Afrotropic
 IM: Indomalaya
 AA: Australasia
 NT: Neotropic
 OC: Oceania
 AN: Antarctic

The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience 58:403–414,  .

Biogeographic realms (marine)

 Arctic
 Temperate Northern Atlantic
 Temperate Northern Pacific
 Tropical Atlantic
 Western Indo-Pacific
 Central Indo-Pacific
 Eastern Indo-Pacific
 Tropical Eastern Pacific
 Temperate South America
 Temperate Southern Africa
 Temperate Australasia
 Southern OceanSpalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573–583,  .

Biomes (terrestrial)
 Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
 Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
 Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid)
 Temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid)
 Boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid)
 Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid)
 Flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
 Montane grasslands and shrublands (alpine or montane climate)
 Tundra (Arctic)
 Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
 Deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid)
 Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)

Biomes (freshwater)
According to the WWF, the following are classified as freshwater biomes:"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types" . Accessed May 12, 2008.

 Large lakes
 Large river deltas
 Polar freshwaters
 Montane freshwaters
 Temperate coastal rivers
 Temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands
 Temperate upland rivers
 Tropical and subtropical coastal rivers
 Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands
 Tropical and subtropical upland rivers
 Xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins
 Oceanic islands

Biomes (marine)
Biomes of the coastal and continental shelf areas (neritic zone):
 Polar
 Temperate shelves and sea
 Temperate upwelling
 Tropical upwelling
 Tropical coralWWF: Marine Ecoregions of the World 

Summary of the scheme
 Biosphere
 Biogeographic realms (terrestrial) (8)
 Ecoregions (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)
 Ecosystems (biotopes)
 Biosphere
 Biogeographic realms (freshwater) (8)
 Ecoregions (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)
 Ecosystems (biotopes)
 Biosphere
 Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
 (Marine provinces) (62)
 Ecoregions (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)
 Ecosystems (biotopes)

Example:
 Biosphere
 Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
 Ecoregion: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (PA0418); biome type: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
 Ecosystem: Orjen, vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
 Biotope: Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk. (Plant list)
 Plant: Silver fir (Abies alba)

 संदर्भ 


श्रेणी:जीव भूगोल
श्रेणी:पर्यावरण बिज्ञान
श्रेणी:पर्यावरण भूगोल
श्रेणी:जीव बिज्ञान
श्रेणी:इकोलॉजी
श्रेणी:इकोसिस्टम