अंग्रेजी खातिर आइपीए

Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia and differ from those used by dictionaries.

If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the links below.

Key
If the words illustrating two symbols sound the same to you (say, if you pronounce cot and caught the same, or do and dew, or marry and merry), you can ignore the difference between those symbols. Footnotes explain some of these mergers. (See also Dialect variation below.)

For a table listing all spellings of these sounds, see . For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see .

 Consonants IPA  Examples  buy, cab dye, cad, do thy, breathe, father giant, badge, jam fan, caff, phi  ()If the two characters  and  do not match and if the first looks like a , then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.guy, bag high, ahead whyThe phoneme  is not distinguished from  in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant. The IPA value of the letter  is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besides hallelujah, there's Jägermeister and jarlsberg cheese.yes, hallelujah sky, crack   my, smile, cam nigh, snide, can sang, sink, singer thigh, math   rye, try, very sigh, mass shy, cash, emotion   china, catch   wye, swine zoo, has equation, pleasure, vision, beigeA number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either  or . Marginal consonants ugh, loch, ChanukahIn most dialects,  is replaced by  in most words, including loch. Where the sound begins a word, such as Chanukah, it is sometimes replaced with . In ugh, it is often replaced by  (a spelling pronunciation). uh-oh    Optional sounds IPA  Examples nasturtium (/i/ is frequently dropped) Vowels IPA  Full vowels  IPA  ... followed by RIn non-rhotic accents like RP,  is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles,  etc. may not be distinguished from  etc. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.  , father, bra  , bard, barn, snarl, star <small style="white-space: nowrap">(= )  , pod, John is not distinguished from  in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm. moral, forage  , pad, banSome regions, such as New York City and Philadelphia, separate this into two phonemes,  and , so that the vowel in crash may be closer to that in mail than that in cat. In other dialects, such as General American, the two sounds are allophones. See /æ/ tensing.In some regions, what would normally be  or  is pronounced as  or ,  or , so that the a in rang and rag is closer to the ai in rain than the a in rat. barrow, marry is pronounced the same as  in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger.  , ride, file, fine, pieMany speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an  is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an  is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because  and  are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: . However, even though the value of  is not predictable in some words, such as spider , dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here. Ireland, hire (= ) higher, buyerSome speakers pronounce higher, flower, lawyer, layer (stratum) and mayor with two syllables, and hire, flour, loir, lair and mare with one. Others pronounce them the same.  , loud, foul, down, how flour (= ) flower  , bet, fell, men error, merry  , made, fail, vein, pay  , mare, scarce, cairn, Mary (= ) layer (one who lays)  , lid, fill, bin mirror, Sirius  , seed, feel, mean, sea  , beard, fierce, serious (= ) is pronounced the same as  in accents with the mirror–nearer merger. freer  , Maud, dawn, fall, straw is not distinguished from  (except before ) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.  , born, war, Laura (= ) is not distinguished from  in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English. is not distinguished from  in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.  sawer  , void, foil, coin, boy loir (= ) employer  , code, foal, bone, go is commonly transcribed  or .  , more, boar, oral (= ) mower  , good, full, woman courier  , food, fool, soon, chew, do boor, moor, tourist (= ) truer cute, mule, puny, beauty, huge, you, tuneIn dialects with yod dropping,  is pronounced the same as  after coronal consonants (, , , , , , and ) in the same syllable, so that dew  is pronounced the same as do . In dialects with yod coalescence, , ,  and  are pronounced , ,  and , so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose. cure (= ) fewer  , bud, dull, gun is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the  vowel: there is no foot–strut split.  , word, girl, fern, furry hurry, nourish (in the UK) Variable vowels  , dance, laugh (either  or )  , office, wrong (either  or )  , serious is pronounced  in dialects with the happy tensing,  in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with , but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to . (either  or ) bedroom, roof, situation (either  or ) reduced vowels  Rosa’s, a mission, quiet, focus  , perceive  roses, emission (either  or ) beautiful, curriculum  (either  or ) omission (either  or ) bottle (either  or ) button (either  or )  rhythm (either  or )   Stress Syllabification IPA  Examples IPA  Examples   battleship Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed. moai Windhoek Vancouveria Mikey , Myki Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus hire  is transcribed , without a stress mark, contrasting with higher , which is transcribed , without a syllable mark. 

Notes
 The IPA stress mark () comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.
 Words in  are the standard lexical sets. Words in the lexical sets  and  may be given two transcriptions, respectively one with  and one with , or one with  and one with , rather than with the variable-vowel symbols in the key above.

Dialect variation

This key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate General American (GenAm), Received Pronunciation (RP), Canadian English, South African, Australian, and New Zealand pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
 If, for example, you pronounce cot  and caught  the same, then you may simply ignore the difference between the symbols  and , just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.
 In many dialects,  occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore  in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart .
 In other dialects,  (yes) cannot occur after , etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the  in transcriptions such as new . For example, New York is transcribed . For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the  in  is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the  in  is not pronounced and may be ignored.

On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
 The difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern, maintained in Scottish and Irish English but lost elsewhere.
 The difference between the vowels of pain and pane found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects.
 The vowels of bad and had, distinguished in many parts of Australia and the Eastern United States.
 The vowels of spider and spied her, distinguished in Scotland and some parts of North America.

Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.

The pronunciation of the  vowel in Scotland, Wales and northern England has always been closer to , even amongst educated speakers. BBC English is moving away from the older RP  towards the more open vowel , and the Oxford English Dictionary transcribes the lad, bad, cat, trap vowel as  in its updated entries.

For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the IPA chart for English dialects.

Other transcriptions
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key.
 To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see pronunciation respelling for English, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
 To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see Help:IPA conventions for English, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.

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 If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
 For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the  template.
 For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.
 Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key

Notes

References

External links
 Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols —For help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols
 IPA TTS (text-to-speech) bookmarklet

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