Dağıdılmış kitabxanaların siyahısı

Kitabxanaların qəsdən və ya təsadüfən məhv olunması həmçinin ciddi şəkildə zədələnməsi halları baş verir. Bəzən kitabxana mədəni soyqırım forması kimi qəsdən məhv edilir.

Kitabxanaların təsadüfən insanlar tərəfindən məhv edilməsinə dair nümunələr mövcuddur. Digərləri zəlzələ, daşqın və ya təsadüfi yanğınlar kimi təbii fəlakətlər nəticəsində zərər görüb.

Əsrlər boyu kitabxanalarda yanğınlar təsadüfi olaraq baş verib — görkəmli nümunələrə İsgəndəriyyə Kitabxanasının dağıdılması, Hindistanda Nalanda Kitabxanasının dağıdılması və Almaniyanın Veymar şəhərində Anna Amalia Kitabxanasının təsadüfən yandırılması daxildir.

 Səbəbləri və qarşısının alınması 
Keçmişdə kif bir çox kitabxanada ciddi problem hesab olunurdu, buna görə də kitabxana dizaynı, məsələn, bitişik mərtəbələrdə rəflərin altında boşluqlar buraxaraq hava axınının artırılmasını vurğulayırdı. Yanğın baş verdikdə, xüsusən də yuxarı mərtəbədən başqa hər hansı bir mərtəbədə başlayarsa, alov hava axını ilə mərtəbədən mərtəbəyə daşınacaq ki, bu da asanlıqla bütün kitabxananın yox olmasına gətirib çıxaracaq.

Texnologiyanın inkişafı kitabxananın kolleksiyasının yanğın nəticəsində məhv olma ehtimalını azaldıb. Bunlara su çiləyiciləri, yanğın qapıları, dondurucular, siqnalizasiyalar, tüstü detektorları, yanğın söndürmə sistemləri və qəza generatorları daxildir. Köhnə kitabxanalar adətən hava axınının açılışlarını bağlamaq və yanğın qapıları, siqnalizasiya və çiləyici qurğuların quraşdırılması ilə əvəz olunur. Kondisioner kif problemlərini azaldır. Bütün bunlar yeni kitabxana dizaynının vacib hissələridir.

Kitab yandırıldıqdan sonra onu bərpa etmək mümkün deyil, ona görə də ümumiyyətlə qəbul edilir ki, yanğını su ilə söndürüb sonra kitabları qurutmaq daha yaxşıdır. Kif kağızı məhv etdiyi üçün kitablar quruyana qədər dondurulur. Qeyd olunan proses kitabı zədələyəcək, lakin onu məhv etməyəcək və informasiya toxunulmaz qalacaq.

Yanğın və ya digər səbəblərdən zərərin baş vermə ehtimalını azaltmaq və dağıdıcı hadisədən sonra bərpa üçün tələb olunan vaxtı azaltmaq üçün kitabxanaların fəlakətin idarə edilməsi və bərpa planına ehtiyacı var.

Bundan əlavə, xüsusilə tarixi kitabxanalar üçün vaxtaşırı yanğın təhlükəsizliyi yoxlamaları aparılır. Məsələn, Konqres Kitabxanası 2000-ci ildən bəri hər il yoxlamalardan keçir.Fineberg, Gail. "Moving Toward a Safer Library. Compliance Office Issues Fire Safety Report," Library of Congress Information Bulletin 60 no. 3, 65, March 2001 1995-ci il Konqresin Hesabatlılığı Aktından əvvəl Konqres Kitabxanası və bütün Capitol Hill binaları təhlükəsizlik qaydalarından azad idi. Tarixi qoruma və müasir təhlükəsizlik standartları arasında tarazlıq çətin olduğunu sübut edir, çünki "hətta Konqres Kitabxanasının 1997-ci ildə başa çatdırılmış 12 illik təmiri də bir çox yanğın təhlükəsini aradan qaldıra bilmədi".L. A., "Inspection Scorches Fire Safety at LC," American Libraries, 32 no. 3 17–18, March 2001 Bununla belə, ABŞ-ın Uyğunluq Ofisi nəzərdən keçirilməsindən sonra, Konqres Kitabxanası "mümkün olan ən yüksək təhlükəsizlik səviyyəsinə nail olmaq" mövzusunda öhdəliyini açıqladı və "Kapitolinin və Konqres Kitabxanasının Memarı hər üç ayda bir tərəqqi barədə məlumat verəcəyini bildirdi".

İnformasiya texnologiyaları — yanğından hərtərəfli qorunmanın başqa bir səbəbidir. Kitabxanalarda bu qədər kompüter olduğundan, daha çox istilik yaradan və potensial yanğın mənbələrinin sayını artıran daha çox çıxışın istifadəsini tələb edən "yer sahəsinin azalması və daha kiçik, daha güclü kompüter sistemlərinin artması" var.Fixen, Edward L. and Vidar S. Landa,"Avoiding the Smell of Burning Data," Consulting-Specifying Engineer, May 2006, Vol. 39 Issue 5, p47–51 Hələ 1950-ci illərdə kompüter avadanlığının və onun yerləşdiyi binaların potensial təhlükələri tanınırdı. Beləliklə, 1962-ci ildə Milli Yanğından Mühafizə Assosiasiyası elektron kompüter sistemləri üçün xüsusi olaraq tətbiq edilən ilk təhlükəsizlik standartlarını hazırlamağa başladı. Bu standart NFPA 75 İnformasiya Texnologiyası Avadanlığının Mühafizəsi adlanır. FM Global Data Sheet 5–32 yalnız yanğından deyil, həm də sudan, enerji itkisindən və s.-dən qorunmaq üçün tövsiyələri ehtiva edən başqa bir standartdır.

 İnsan faktoru 
 Şəkil Kitabxananın adı Şəhər Ölkə Dağıdılma tarixi Səbəbkar/larDağıdılmanın səbəbi və/və ya təsviri 100px Aşşurbanipalın kitabxanası Nineva Yeni Assuriya çarlığı E. ə. 612-ci il babillilərin, skiflərin və midiyalıların koalisiyası Nineva eramızdan əvvəl 612-ci ildə dağıdıldı qədim İran xalqı olan babillilər, skiflər və midiyalıların koalisiyası. Ehtimal olunur ki, saray yanğını zamanı gildən olan mixi lövhələrin qismən yanmasına səbəb olan böyük yanğın kitabxananı məhv etmişdi. Potensial dağıdılma hadisə lövhələrin qorunub saxlanılmasına kömək etdi. Gil lövhələrdəki mətnlərlə yanaşı, üzvi təbiətinə görə itirilən bəzi mətnlər mum lövhələrə həkk olunmuş idi. 100px Syanyan sarayı və Dövlət arxivi Syanyan Sin sülaləsi (e.ə. 221 – e.ə. 206) E. ə. 206-cı il Syan Yuy Sin imperatoru Er Şiyə qarşı üsyan edən Syan Yuy eramızdan əvvəl 206-cı ildə öz qoşunlarını Syanyana apardı. O, Syanyan sarayının atəşlə məhv edilməsini əmr etdi.Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Biography of Emperor Gaozu. 100px İsgəndəriyyə kitabxanası İsgəndəriyyə Ellinistik MisirMisir Mübahisəli Mübahisəli Mübahisəli, Loyan İmperator kitabxanası Loyan Han sülaləsi 189 AD Dun Çjo Təxliyə zamanı əhali köçürüldüyü üçün şəhərin çox hissəsi, o cümlədən imperiya kitabxanası qəsdən yandırıldı. 100px Pantainos kitabxanası Afina Roma Yunanıstanı 267 Herullar E.ə. 267-ci ildə Herulların istilası zamanı dağıdılmış və V əsrdə böyük peristil binasına daxil edilmişdir. 100px Adriana kitabxanası Afina Roma Yunanıstanı 267 Herullar Kitabxana 267-ci ildə Herulların işğalı zamanı ciddi zədələnmiş və e.ə. 407–412-ci illərdə prefekt Herkuli tərəfindən bərpa edilmişdir. Antioxiya kitabxanası Antioxiya Selevkilər imperiyasıSuriya (Roma vilayəti) 364 İovianDirk Rohmann, Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity, (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016), 240. Kitabxana əsasən qanundankənarın xristian olmayan sələfi İmperator Yulianın (Mürtəd) köməyi ilə zənginləşdirilmişdir.. 100px İsgəndəriyyə Serapeumu kitabxanası İsgəndəriyyə Hellenistik MisirMisir (Roma vilayəti) 392 I Feofil Serapis məbədi kilsəyə çevrildikdən sonra kitabxana dağıdıldı.John Edwin Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship From the End of the Sixth Century B. C. to the End of the Middle Ages, (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 113. II Hakəm Kitabxanası Kordova Əndəlüs 976 Əlmənsur və din alimləri "Qədim elmi" ehtiva edən bütün kitablar ultra-pravoslavlıq dalğasında məhv edilib.Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.Libraries, Claude Gilliot, Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, Index, ed. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, (Routledge, 2006), 451. Rey Kitabxanası Rey Buveyhilər sülaləsi 1029 Sultan Mahmud Kitabxananı və bidət hesab etdiyi bütün kitabları yandırdılar.. Sazava Monastırı Kitabxanası Sazava Müqəddəs Roma imperiyası 1097 Abbat Ditxard Slavyan Benediktinləri Sazavski monastırından qovulduqdan sonra yeni abbat köhnə kilsə slavyan dilində yazılmış bütün kitabları məhv etdi. Library of Banu Ammar (Dar al-'ilm) Tripoli Fatimid Caliphate 1109 Crusaders Following Sharaf al-Daulah's surrender to Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Genoese mercenaries burned and looted part of the city. The library, Dar al-'ilm, was burned.Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 69. Library of Ghazna Ghazna Ghurid empire 1151 'Ala al-Din Husayn City was sacked and burned for seven days. Libraries and palaces built by the Ghaznavids were destroyed.C. E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, (Columbia University Press, 1977), 117. Library of Nishapur Nishapur Seljuk Empire 1154 Oghuz Turks City partially destroyed, libraries sacked and burned.The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm, George Sarton, Isis, Vol. 29, No. 1 (July, 1938):16. 100px Nalanda Nalanda India 1193 Bakhtiyar KhiljiNalanda University complex (the most renowned repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time) was sacked by Turkic Muslim invaders under the perpetrator; this event is seen as a milestone in the decline of Buddhism in India.Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964) The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans Imperial Library of Constantinople Constantinople Byzantine Empire 1204 The CrusadersIn 1204, the library became a target of the knights of the Fourth Crusade. The library itself was destroyed and its contents burned or sold. Alamut Castle's library Alamut Castle Iran 1256 Mongols Library destroyed after the capitulation of Alamut.Ibn Taymiyya, David Waines, The Islamic World, ed. Andrew Rippin, (Routledge, 2008), 382 House of Wisdom Baghdad Iraq 1258 Mongols Destroyed during the Battle of BaghdadGeorge Lane, Daily Life in the Mongol Empire, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 88. Libraries of Constantinople Constantinople Byzantine Empire 1453 Ottoman Turks After the Fall of Constantinople, hundreds upon thousands of manuscripts were removed, sold, or destroyed from Constantinople's libraries.Robert S. Nelson, The Italian Appreciation and Appropriation of Illuminated Byzantine Manuscripts, Ca. 1200–1450, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 49 (1995): 209–210.100pxMadrassah LibraryGranadaCrown of Castile1499Cardinal CisnerosThe library was ransacked by troops of Cardinal Cisneros in late 1499, the books were taken to the Plaza Bib-Rambla, where most of them were burned.Mercedes Garcia-Arenal Rodriquez and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism, transl. Consuelo Lopez-Morillas, (Brill, 2013), 41.Bibliotheca CorvinianaBudaHungary1526Ottoman TurksLibrary was destroyed by Ottomans in the Battle of Mohács.(DE)Edit Szegedi, Geschichtsbewusstsein und Gruppenidentität, (Bohlau Verlag, 2002), 223.Monastic librariesEnglandEngland1530sRoyal officialsThe monastic libraries were destroyed or dispersed following the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VIII.100pxGlasney CollegePenryn, CornwallEngland1548Royal officialsThe smashing and looting of the Cornish colleges at Glasney and Crantock brought an end to the formal scholarship which had helped to sustain the Cornish language and the Cornish cultural identity. Records on Gozo Gozo Hospitaller Malta 1551 Ottoman Turks Most paper records held on Gozo were lost or destroyed during an Ottoman raid in 1551. The raid is said to have "led to the near total destruction of documentary evidence for life in medieval Gozo."100pxMaya codices of the YucatánManí, YucatánMexico and Guatemala1562-07-12Diego de LandaBishop De Landa, a Franciscan friar and conquistador during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, wrote: "We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction." Only three extant codices are widely considered unquestionably authentic.100pxRaglan LibraryRaglan CastleWales1646Parliamentary ArmyThe Earl of Worcester's library was burnt during the English Civil War by forces under the command of Thomas Fairfax 100px100px100pxZałuski LibraryWarsawPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth/German-occupied Poland (General Government)1794/1944Imperial Russian Army/Nazi German troops After the Kościuszko Uprising (1794), Russian troops, acting on orders from Czarina Catherine II, seized the library's holdings and transported them to her personal collection at Saint Petersburg, where a year later it formed the cornerstone of the newly founded Imperial Public Library. Parts of the collections were damaged or destroyed as they were mishandled while being removed from the library and transported to Russia, and many were stolen. According to the historian Joachim Lelewel, the Zaluskis' books, "could be bought at Grodno by the basket". The collection was later dispersed among several Russian libraries. Some parts of the Zaluski collection came back to Poland on two separate dates in the nineteenth century: 1842 and 1863. Government of the re-established Second Polish Republic reclaimed in the 1920s some of the former Załuski Library holdings from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic following the Treaty of Riga. The original building was destroyed by the Germans during World War II. German soldiers also deliberately destroyed the collection (held in the Krasiński Library at the time — see below) during the planned destruction of Warsaw in October 1944, after collapse of the Warsaw Uprising. Only 1800 manuscripts and 30,000 printed materials from the original library survived the war. After the war, the original building was rebuilt under the Polish People's Republic.100pxLibrary of CongressWashington, D.C.United States1814Troops of the British ArmyThe library was destroyed during the War of 1812 when British forces set fire to the U.S. Capitol during the Burning of Washington. This attack was retaliation for the burning of the Canadian towns of York and Niagara by American troops in 1813. Soon after its destruction, the Library of Congress was reestablished, largely thanks to the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's personal library in 1815. A second fire on December 24, 1851, destroyed a large portion of the Library of Congress' collection again, however, resulting in the loss of about two-thirds of the Thomas Jefferson collection and an estimated 35,000 books in total.Several librariesMexico City and major Mexican citiesMexico1856–1867Liberal troops and anti-clericalistsDuring and after the Mexican Reform War, under the liberal governments of Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort, many convent libraries and Church owned school libraries were sacked or destroyed by Liberal troops and looters, most notably included San Francisco Convent Library, which had over 16,000 books (great majority of them were unique collections of Spanish colonial era productions), the library was totally destroyed. Other important libraries included San Agustín Convent Library, was looted and burned. The Carmen de San Ángel Convent and its library were also totally destroyed (with a few books recovered), other affected convent libraries to different degrees were those of Santo Domingo, Las Capuchinas, Santa Clara, La Merced and the Church owned school Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, among others, all of them in Mexico City. Similar events happened all over Mexico, especially in major cities. Besides books, other items such as altarpieces, unique collections of colonial period Baroque paintings, crosses, sculptures, gold and silver chalices (often robbed and melted) were also lost. Total estimates place the total of lost books and manuscripts at 100,000 by 1884.100pxUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa, AlabamaUnited States1865-05-04Troops of the Union ArmyDuring the American Civil War, Union troops destroyed most buildings on the University of Alabama campus, including its library of approximately 7,000 volumes.Mosque-LibraryTurnovo, BulgariaOttoman Empire1877Christian BulgariansTurkish books in a library were destroyed when the mosque was burned.R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 111.100pxRoyal library of the Kings of BurmaMandalay PalaceBurma1885–1887Troops of the British ArmyThe British looted the palace at the end of the 3rd Anglo-Burmese War (some of the artefacts which were taken away are still on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London) and burned down the royal library.100pxHanlin Academy LibraryHanlin AcademyChina1900-06-23/4Disputed. Possibly the Kansu Braves besieging the west of the Legation Quarter, or possibly by the international defending forces.During the Siege of the International Legations in Beijing at the height of the Boxer Rebellion, the unofficial national library of China at the Hanlin Academy, which was adjacent to the British Legation, was set on fire (by whom and whether deliberately or accidentally is still disputed) and almost entirely destroyed. Many of the books and scrolls that survived the flames were subsequently looted by forces of the victorious foreign powers. 100px100px Library of the Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium 1914-08-25/1940–05 German Occupation Troops The Germans set the library on fire as part of the burning of the entire city in an attempt to use terror to quell Belgian resistance to occupation. The library caught again fire during the World War II German invasion of Louvain, Belgium.University of Louvain, International Dictionary of University Histories, ed. Carol J. Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, Anthony Levi, (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998), 531.100px Public Records Office of Ireland Dublin Ireland 1922 Disputed. Poss. deliberately by Anti-Treaty IRA or accidental ignition of their stored explosives due to shelling by Provisional Government forces. The Four Courts was occupied by the Anti-Treaty IRA at the start of the Irish Civil War. The building was bombarded by the Provisional Government forces under Michael Collins. 100pxSeveral religious librariesMadridRepublican Spain1931Anarchists and anti-clericalistsIn 1931, several groups of radical leftists and anarchists, with the complicit inaction of the Republican government, burned down several convents in Madrid. Most included important libraries. Among them, the Colegio de la Inmaculada y San Pedro Claver and the Instituto Católico de Artes e Industrias with a library of 20 000 volumes; the Casa Profesa with a library of 80 000 volumes, considered the second best in Spain at the time, after the National Library; and the Instituto Católico de Artes e Industrias, with 20 000 volumes, including the archives of the paleographer García Villada, and 100 000 popular songs compiled by P. Antonio Martínez. Everything was lost. 100pxOriental Library (also known as Dongfang Tushuguan)Zhabei, ShanghaiChina1932-02-01Imperial Japanese ArmyDuring the January 28 incident in the Second Sino-Japanese War Japanese forces bombed The Commercial Press and the attached Oriental Library, setting it alight and destroying most of its collection of more than 500,000 volumes. 100pxInstitut für SexualwissenschaftBerlinNazi Germany1933–05-??Members of the Deutsche StudentenschaftOn 6 may 1933, the Deutsche Studentenschaft made an organised attack on the Institute of Sex Research. A few days later, the institute's library and archives were publicly hauled out and burned in the streets of the Opernplatz.University of OviedoOviedoSecond Spanish Republic1934-10-13Revolutionaries or bombs thrown by government airplanesDuring the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, armed revolutionaries took Oviedo and were repressed by the Spanish Army on orders by General Francisco Franco. National University of Tsing Hua, University Nan-k'ai, Institute of Technology of He-pei, Medical College of He-pei, Agricultural College of He-pei, University Ta Hsia, University Kuang Hua, National University of Hunan China 1937–1945 World War II Japanese Troops During World War II, Japanese military forces destroyed or partly destroyed numerous Chinese libraries, including libraries at the National University of Tsing Hua, Peking (lost 200,000 of 350,000 books), the University Nan-k'ai, T'ien-chin (totally destroyed, 224,000 books lost), Institute of Technology of He-pei, T'ien-chin (completely destroyed), Medical College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), Agricultural College of He-pei, Pao-ting (completely destroyed), University Ta Hsia, Shanghai (completely destroyed), University Kuang Hua, Shanghai (completely destroyed), National University of Hunan (completely destroyed).100pxNational Library of SerbiaBelgradeYugoslavia1941-04-06Nazi German LuftwaffeDestroyed during the World War II bombing of Belgrade, on the order of Adolf Hitler himself. Around 500.000 volumes and all collections of the library were destroyed in one of the largest book bonfires in European history.100pxSS. Cyril and Methodius National LibrarySofiaBulgaria1943–1944Allied bombing Allied air forces100pxKrasiński Library (housing special collections of the National Library of Poland, including the Załuski Library collection, as well as those of the Warsaw University Library and the Warsaw Public Library)WarsawGerman-occupied Poland (General Government)1944Nazi German troopsThe library was deliberately set ablaze by Nazi German troops in the aftermath of the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The burning of this library was part of the general planned destruction of Warsaw.100pxLibrary of the Zamoyski Family EntailWarsawGerman-occupied Poland (General Government)1944Nazi German troopsThe library (which housed the collections of the former Zamoyski Academy) was deliberately set ablaze by the Nazi German troops in the aftermath of the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The burning of this library was part of the general planned destruction of Warsaw. Depending on source, 1800 to 3000 items constituting only 1,5% to 3% of the original collection (albeit the most valuable part) survived, partially due to the fact that the troops burning the library did not notice the entrance to the basement at the rear side of the building.100pxCentral Archives of Historical RecordsWarsawGerman-occupied Poland (General Government)1944Nazi German troopsIn the aftermath of the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, the archives (one of the pair of archives housing historical documents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the other located in Vilnius) were not only deliberately set ablaze, but the Nazi German troops also entered each of the nine accessible fire-proof vaults in the underground shelter and meticulously burned one after another (entrance to the 10th was blocked by rubble, thus saving its contents). Part of the general planned destruction of Warsaw.Multiple private libraries all over Tokyo.TokyoJapanese Empire1945US army air forceUS firebombing of Tokyo in May 1945 destroyed many private Japanese libraries such as the 40,000 volumes in Hasegawa Nyozekan's house. The firebombing of Tokyo destroyed the majority of personal libraries there with many publications from before the war being permanently lost. Firebombing damaged Keio university in Tokyo.Warsaw Public LibraryWarsawGerman-occupied Poland (General Government)1945Nazi German troopsBefore the outbreak of World War II the library already contained 500,000 book volumes. In January 1945 it was set ablaze by retreating Nazi German soldiers. As a result, 300,000 books were destroyed, another 100,000 were looted.100pxRaczyński LibraryPoznańGerman-occupied Poland (Reichsgau Wartheland)1945Nazi German troopsThe retreating Nazi German troops planted explosives in the building and triggered detonation, demolishing the entire structure and burning 90% of the collection, while the remaining 10% were looted in advance.100px Lebanese National Library Beirut Lebanon 1975 Lebanese Civil War The 1975 war fighting began in Beirut's downtown where the National Library was located. During the war years, the library suffered significant damage. According to some sources, 1200 of most precious manuscripts disappeared, and no memory is left of the Library's organization and operational procedures of that time.100pxNational Library of CambodiaPhnom PenhCambodia1976–1979The Khmer RougeBurnt most of the books and all bibliographical records. Only 20% of materials survived.100pxJaffna Public LibraryJaffnaSri Lanka1981–05-??Plainclothes police officers and othersIn May 1981, a mob composed of thugs and plainclothes police officers went on a rampage in minority Tamil-dominated northern Jaffna, and burned down the Jaffna Public Library. At least 95,000 volumes – the second largest library collection in South Asia – were destroyed. Sikh Reference Library Punjab India 1984-06-07 Indian Army Prior to its destruction by Indian troops, the library hosted a vast collection of an estimated 20,000 literary works, including 11,107 books, 2,500 manuscripts, newspaper archives, historical letters, documents/files, and others mostly on Sikhism and in the Punjabi language but also on other topics and in other languages.Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf  Its destruction could have been a desperate act on failure to locate letters or documents that could have implicated the then Indian government and its leader Indira Gandhi.The Smoking Gun Recovered, United Sikhs documentary"|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6AFP1NiF-U 100px!100px Central University Library of Bucharest Bucharest Romania 1989-12-2? Romanian Land Forces Burnt down during the Romanian Revolution. Oriental Institute in Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-05-17 Bosnian Serb Army Destroyed by the shellfire during the Siege of Sarajevo. 100pxNational and University Library of Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-08-25Bosnian Serb Army The library was completely destroyed during the Siege of Sarajevo.Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature & National Library of AbkhaziaSukhumiAbkhazia1992–10-??Georgian Armed ForcesDestroyed during the War in Abkhazia.City libraryLinköpingSweden1996-09-20Lack of evidence for trialAfter a year of repeated, minor arson attempts against an information bureau for immigrants located in the building, the library is eventually burnt down to the ground. Pol-i-Khomri Public Library Pol-i-Khomri Afghanistan 1998 Taliban militia It held 55,000 books and old manuscripts. Iraq National Library and Archive, Al-Awqaf Library, Central Library of the University of Baghdad, Library of Bayt al-Hikma, Central Library of the University of Mosul and other libraries Baghdad Iraq 2003–04-?? Unknown members of the Bagdad population Several libraries looted, set on fire, damaged and destroyed in various degrees during the 2003 Iraq War. The People's Library Occupy Wall Street Zuccotti Park Lower Manhattan New York City United States 2011 New York City Department of Sanitation Over 5,000 books cataloged in LibraryThing were seized.100px Egyptian Scientific Institute Cairo Egypt 2011–12-??Aftermath of street clashes during the Egyptian revolution A first estimate says that only 30,000 volumes have been saved of a total of 200,000.100px Ahmed Baba Institute (Timbuktu library) Timbuktu Mali 2013-01-28 Islamist militias Before the library was burned down, it contained over 20,000 manuscripts with only a fraction of them having been scanned as of January 2013. Before and during the occupation, more than 300,000 Timbuktu Manuscripts from the Institute and from private libraries were saved and moved to more secure locations. Ratanda Public Library Lesedi Local Municipality South Africa 2013-03-12 Public riots 1,807 library books, technological infrastructure including seven patron workstations, a photocopy machine and a large screen television. Libraries of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canada 2013 Government of Canada headed by prime minister Stephen Harper Digitization effort to reduce the nine original libraries to seven and save $C443,000 annual cost. Only 5–6% of the material was digitized, and scientific records and research created at a taxpayer cost of tens of millions of dollars were dumped, burned, and given away. Particularly noted are baseline data important to ecological research, and data from 19th century exploration. Saeh Library Tripoli Lebanon 2014-01-03 Unknown The Christian library was burned down, it contained over 80,000 manuscripts and books. 100px National Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (partially) Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014-02-07 Seven Bosnian rioters suspected of having started the fire; two (Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka) were arrested.On 4 April 2014, Salem Hatibović and Nihad Trnka were released (although still under suspicion of terrorism), on conditions that they don't leave their places of residence and abstain from having any contact with each other. Both were also mandated to report to the police once every week. During the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina large amounts of historical documents were destroyed when sections of the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, housed in the presidential building, were set on fire. Among the lost archival material were documents and gifts from the Ottoman period, original documents from the 1878–1918 Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as documentations of the interwar period, the 1941–1945 rule of the Independent State of Croatia, papers from the following years, and about 15,000 files from the 1996–2003 Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the repositories that were burnt, about 60 percent of the material was lost, according to estimates by Šaban Zahirović, the head of the Archives. Mosul University librariesand private libraries Mosul Iraq 2014–12-?? Ongoing ISIL book burning Book burning. Libraries in Al Anbar Governorate Al Anbar Governorate Iraq 2014–12-?? Ongoing ISIL book burning Book burning. 100px Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION) (partially?) Moscow Russia 2015-01-29 Unknown. Fire spread to 2000 m2 in third Floor. The roof caved in. Additional water damage. Ambient temperature too high for self-freezing of damaged Works. The library contains 14 million books, including rare texts in ancient Slavic languages, documents from the League of Nations, UNESCO, and parliamentary reports from countries including the US dating back as far as 1789. Mosul public library(Central Public Library in Ninawa) Mosul Iraq 2015–02-?? ISIL book burning 8,000 rare old books and manuscripts. Manuscripts from the 18th century, Syriac books printed in Iraq's first printing house in the 19th century, books from the Ottoman era, Iraqi newspapers from the early 20th century. Howard College Law Library, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa 2016-09-06 FeesMustFall protestors Law Library, including early Roman-Dutch law texts, burnt by protesters during confrontations with the police.

 Təbii fəlakətlər 
 Şəkil Kitabxananın adı Şəhər Ölkə Məhv edildiyi tarixZərərin səbəbləri və/və ya təsviri 100px Royal Library of Portugal, Ribeira Palace Lisbon Portugal 1755-11-01 Great Lisbon earthquake Imperial University Library in Tokyo, Max Müller Library, Nishimura Library, Hoshino Library Japan 1923-09-01 An earthquake and the following fires. In September 1923 Tokyo Imperial University library lost 700,000 volumes to the Great Kanto earthquake setting off fires. National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío Nicaragua 1931, 1972 It was damaged in the 1931 earthquake. Another earthquake in 1972 caused damage. 100px Several libraries, archives, and museums Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Thailand, Sri Lanka 2004-12-26 The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. See Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

 Fire 
Image Name of the library City Country Date of destruction Account of destruction 100px Library of Celsus Ephesus Roman Empire 262 A fire caused by the 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake or a Gothic invasion.University of Copenhagen LibraryCopenhagenDenmark1728 OctoberCopenhagen Fire of 1728Cotton LibraryLondon, Ashburnham HouseUnited Kingdom1731-10-23Library of CongressWashington, D.C.United States1814-08-25Birmingham Central LibraryBirminghamUnited Kingdom1879-01-11A fire broke out behind a wooden partition serving as a temporary wall during building operations. The fire caused extensive damage, with only 1,000 volumes saved from a stock of 50,000.University of Virginia LibraryCharlottesville, VirginiaUnited States1895-10-27New York State LibraryAlbany, New YorkUnited States1911-03-29National Library of PeruLimaPeru1943-05-10Jewish Theological Seminary of America libraryNew York CityUnited States1966-04-18Jewish Theological Seminary library fireCharles A. Halbert Public LibraryBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis1982St Michael's HouseCrafersAustralia1983St Michael's House was destroyed as a result of the Ash Wednesday bushfires. The entire 40,000 volume library was lost including works from the 16th century.Dalhousie University Law LibraryHalifax, Nova ScotiaCanada1985-08-16A lightning strike caused a short circuit in the electrical system which started a fire that destroyed the top floor of the building which housed the library.120x120pxLos Angeles Central LibraryLos Angeles, CaliforniaUnited States1986-04-29 & 1986-09-03At 10:52 a.m. on April 29, 1986, a fire alarm alerted staff and patrons of a fire in the library's main building. Over 350 firefighters responded to the blaze, which burned for about 7 hours. An estimated 400,000 books were destroyed and an additional 350,000 materials suffered significant amounts of smoke and water damaged. The fire was determined to have begun on the fifth tier of the northeast stack.100pxAcademy of Sciences LibraryLeningradUSSR1988-02-14The 1988 fire in the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences) broke out on Sunday, February 14, 1988, in the newspaper section on the third floor of the library. According to the library's acting director Valeriy Leonov, the fire alarm sounded at 8:13 pm, when the library was closed for visitors. By the time the fire was extinguished the following afternoon, it had destroyed between 190,000 and 300,000 books of the total 12 million housed. About 3.5 million volumes initially became damp due to firefighting foam.Norwich LibraryNorwich, EnglandUnited Kingdom1994-08-01On August 1, 1994, Norwich Central Library caught fire due to an electrical fault. Over one hundred firefighters responded as the flames escalated and smoke became visible from twenty miles away. Over 100,000 books and thousands of historical documents were destroyed.Iraq National LibraryBaghdadIraq2003-04-15 100pxDuchess Anna Amalia LibraryWeimarGermany2004-09-02Glasgow School of Art, Rennie Mackintosh LibraryGlasgow, ScotlandUnited Kingdom2014-05-24 & 2018-06-15On May 24, 2014, a fire began inside the Charles Rennie Mackintosh building at the Glasgow School of Art. The Mackintosh Library was lost in the blaze; however all students and staff were directed to safety and no injuries resulted. The fire began after gases from an expanding foam canister being used in a student project were ignited by a sparking projector. At the time of the incident, the building's recently installed fire suppression system was not yet operational. While the Mackintosh building was under renovation following the 2014 fire, a second fire broke out around 11:15 p.m. on June 15, 2018. Larger in scale than the previous fire, the damages that resulted destroyed all of the building's renovation progress, as well as part of the school that had been left untouched by the first fire.Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION)MoscowRussia2015-01-31Mzuzu University LibraryMzuzuMalawi2015-12-18In the very early hours of December 18, 2015, the Mzuzu University library caught fire. Although the library's wooden structure and carpeting spread the flames rapidly, students, staff, and firefighters on the scene attempted to rescue materials by carrying them out of the building and away from the flames. But by 5:00 a.m. the library collapsed, resulting in the loss of 45,000 volumes. Then a sudden rainstorm heightened the damage by soaking materials that had been carried out of the burning building. 100px National Museum of Brazil Quinta da Boa Vista in Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2018-09-02 Not yet investigated. See National Museum of Brazil fire. Museum library was also destroyed.100pxJagger Library (partially)Cape TownSouth Africa2021-04-18Partially destroyed by the 2021 Table Mountain fire. However, the library's fire detection systems stopped the destruction of the entire collection.

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