Tirli Vilhelm

Tirli Vilhelm () və ya Tirli Giyom (; ) — Yerusəlim krallığında ruhani və ictimai xadimi, kral I Amorinin saray tarixçisi, səlib yürüşlərinin ən mühüm salnaməçilərindən biri.

 Həyatı 
Onun ailəsinin regiona Fransadan, ya da İtaliyadan gəldiyi güman edilir.Emily Atwater Babcock and August C. Krey, trans., introduction to William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (Columbia University Press, 1943), vol. 1, p. 7. Tarixçilər onun valideynlərin krallıqda məskunlaşmış "varlı tacirlər" olduqlarını ehtimal edirlər,R. B. C. Huygens, "Editing William of Tyre", Sacris Erudiri 27 (1984), p. 462. lakin onların Birinci Səlib yürüşündə iştirak edib-etmədikləri və ya sonradan region məskunlaşıb-məskunlaşmadıqları məlum deyil. Vilhelm təxminən 1130-cu ildə Yerusəlim şəhərində anadan olmuşdur. Onun ən azı Ralf adında bir qardaşı var idi. Anasının 1165-ci ildən əvvəl vəfat etməsi istisna olmaqla, ailəsi haqqında başqa heç nə məlum deyil.Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 14.

Vilhelm latın, fransız, yunan, ərəb, süryani və alman dillərini mükəmməl bilirdi. Tir mitropolitinin arxidiakonu və vəliəhd şahzadə Bolduinin pedaqoqu, o zaman Konstantinopol və Romadakı səfiri kimi xidmət etmişdir. 1168-ci ildə I Amori imperator I Manuil Komninlə ittifaq bağlamışdır. Vilhelm 1174-cü ildə Tir arxiyepiskopu təyin edilmiş və Yerusəlim krallığının siyasətinə rəhbərlik etməyə başlamışdır. 1179-cu ildə Romada papaların seçilməsi qaydasını təyin edən Üçüncü Lateran Şurasında iştirak etmişdir.

 İstinadlar 

 Əlavə ədəbiyyat 

 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
 John Carl Andressohn, The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon. Indiana University Publications, Social Science Series 5, 1947.
 Susan M. Babbitt, "William of Tyre." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph Strayer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989, vol. 12.
 Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189." A History of the Crusades (gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
 Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
 Frederic Duncalf, "The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople." A History of the Crusades (gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
 Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, "William of Tyre and the Patriarchal election of 1180." The English Historical Review 93 (1978), repr. Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 1–25.
 Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
 Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin." Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. Maya Shatzmiller (Leiden: Brill, 1993), repr. in Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 173–189.
 Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Harvard University Press, 1927; repr. Meridian Books, 1966.
 R. B. C. Huygens, "Guillaume de Tyr étudiant: un chapître (XIX, 12) de son Histoire retrouvé." Latomus 21 (1962), pp. 811–829. 
 R. B. C. Huygens, "Editing William of Tyre." Sacris Erudiri 27 (1984), pp. 461–473.
 G. A. Loud and J. W. Cox, "The 'Lost' Autobiographical Chapter of William of Tyre's Chronicle (Book XIX.12)." The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4, Appendix: Texts and Documents #4, pp. 1305–1308.
 Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham. Oxford University Press, 1988.
 Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre and the origin of the Turks: on the sources of the Gesta Orientalium Principum," in Dei gesta Per Francos: Études sur les crioisades dédiées à Jean Richard/Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard, edd. Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan Riley-Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 217–229.
 Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre." The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4.
 Helen J. Nicholson, "William of Tyre." Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, ed. Kelly Boyd. Taylor & Francis, 1999, vol. 2.
 Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1951.
 Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
 R. C. Schwinges, "William of Tyre, the Muslim enemy, and the problem of tolerance." Tolerance and Intolerance. Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades, ed. Michael Gervers and James M. Powell, Syracuse University Press, 2001.
 Christopher Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades. University of Toronto Press, 1998.
 Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin, 2006.
 Jacques Verger, "The birth of the universities". A History of the University in Europe, vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens. Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 47–55.
 D. W. T. C. Vessey, "William of Tyre and the art of historiography." Mediaeval Studies 35 (1973), pp. 433–455.
 Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens. 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis, vols. 63 & 63a. Turnholt: Brepols, 1986. Latin text with introduction and notes in French.
 L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens occidentaux, vols. I-II (1844, 1859). 
 J. A. Giles, trans. Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. London, 1849.
 La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. Louis de Mas Latrie. Paris, 1871. 
 Guillaume de Tyr et ses continuateurs, ed. Alexis Paulin Paris. Paris, 1879–1880. 
 Margaret Ruth Morgan, La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197). Paris, 1982. 
 Helen J. Nicholson, ed. The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum and the Gesta Regis Ricardi. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
 Janet Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
 Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford University Press, 2004.
 Ralph Henry Carless Davis, "William of Tyre." Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), pp. 64–76.
 Peter W. Edbury, "The French translation of William of Tyre's Historia: the manuscript tradition." Crusades 6 (2007).
 Bernard Hamilton, "William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire." Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides, eds. Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook, and Judith Herrin (Ashgate, 2003).
 Philip Handyside, The Old French William of Tyre. Brill, 2015.
 Rudolf Hiestand, "Zum Leben und Laufbahn Wilhelms von Tyrus." Deutsches Archiv 34 (1978), pp. 345–380. 
 Conor Kostick, "William of Tyre, Livy and the Vocabulary of Class." Journal of the History of Ideas 65.3 (2004), 352–367.
 Hans E. Mayer, "Guillaume de Tyr à l'école." Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon 117 (1985–86), repr. Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 1994), pp. 257–265. 
 Hans E. Mayer, "Zum Tode Wilhelms von Tyrus." Archiv für Diplomatik 5–6 (1959–1960), pp. 182–201. 
 Margaret Ruth Morgan, The Chronicle of Ernoul and the Continuations of William of Tyre. Oxford University Press, 1973.
 Hans Prutz, "Studien über Wilhelm von Tyrus." Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 8 (1883), pp. 91–132. 

 Xarici keçidlər 

 Excerpts from the Historia from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
 Fiasco at Damascus 1148 from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
 Latin version from the Patrologia Latina, via The Latin Library 
 Latin version from Crusades-Encyclopedia.com 
 Latin version with concordance from Intertext.com 
 Old French translation and continuation from Internet Medieval Sourcebook 
 English translation by E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, from ACLS Humanities E-Books (login required)

Kateqoriya:XII əsr tarixçiləri