Müstəmləkə Hindistanı

Müstəmləkə Hindistanı, Hindistan koloniyası, Britaniya Hindistanı, Britaniya Racı və ya Hindistan imperiyası (; hind dilindən hərfi tərcüməsi "səltənət/hakimiyyət" deməkdir.Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from  Skr.  rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).) — 1858-ci ildən 1947-ci ilə qədər Birləşmiş Krallığın Hindistan koloniyasının adıdır.Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion." Bu dövrə eyni zamanda müstəmləkə dövrü də deyilir.Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj. Britaniyanın nəzarəti altında olan və indiki adı ilə Hindistan (India) olan   regiona müasir Hindistan, Pakistan, Banqladeş və Myanma ölkələri daxil idi. Onun hökmdarı Britaniya kral ailəsi idi. Paytaxtları Kəlküttə (1858-1912) və Yeni Dehli (1912-1947) idi. Hindistan kimi, 1945-ci ildə San Fransiskoda İkinci Dünya müharibəsindən sonra yaradılan Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının qurucu üzvlərindən biri olmuşdur.

Rəsmi dili olan Hindistani dili ilə hind dilləri eyni dillər deyildirlər.Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4,  It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3,  Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century. Hindistani dili bir hindu-urdu dilidir. Pul vahidi kimi “British Indian Rupee” (Britaniya Hindistanı rupisi) istifadə edilmişdir. Əvvəlcə regionda Şərqi Hindistan Ticarət şirkəti fəaliyyət göstərirdi. İngilislər və hollandlar regionda dominant ticarət gücləri idilər. Böyük Moğol İmperiyasının dağılması ilə İngilislər Hindistanı tutdular və 1947-ci ilə qədər öz üstünlüklərini təsdiq etdirdilər.

Britaniya Racının hökumət sistemi 1858-ci ildə 1857-ci il Sipahi iğtişaşından sonra, Şərqi Hindistan şirkətinin idarəçiliyinin Kraliça Viktoriya adından Britaniya İmperiyasına təhvil verilməsindən sonra yaradılmışdır. (İngiltərə Kraliçası 1876-cı ildə özünü Hindistanın İmperatiriçası elan etmiş və bu vəziyyət “Hindistan İttifaqı” (sonralar Hindistan) və “Pakistan Dominionu” (sonradan şərq hissəsi müasir Banqladeşə çevriləcək Pakistan) olaraq iki ayrı dövlətin müstəqilliklərini elan etdikləri 1947-ci ilə qədər davam etmişdir. Rac administrasiyasının başlandığı 1858-ci ildə Aşağı Birma Britaniya Racının tabeliyində idi. Yuxarı Birma da 1886-cı ildə Rac administrasiyasına birləşdirilmişdir. Birma 1937-ci ilə qədər əyalət kimi idarə olunmuş və 1948-ci ildə özünün müstəqilliyini əldə etmişdir.




 İstinadlar 

 Biblioqrafiya 

 İcmallar 

 Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. The Cambridge Shorter History of India (1934), 996 pp.
 Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003), 405 pp.
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 Coupland, Reginald. India: A Re-Statement (Oxford University Press, 1945)
 Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
 Gilmour, David. The British in India: A Social History of the Raj (2018); expanded edition of The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) Excerpt and text search
 Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. The Oxford Survey of the British Empire (6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India
 James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
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 Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj



 Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (The History and Culture of the Indian People) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
 Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia
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 Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235 pp. the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;

 Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
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 Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology (2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947
 Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599–1947


 Smith, Vincent A. (1958) The Oxford History of India (3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by Percival Spear
 Somervell, D.C. The Reign of King George V, (1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–291, 455–464 online free
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 Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 excerpt and text search
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 Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars


 Xüsusi mövzular 





 Bayly, Christopher Alan. Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780–1830. (Routledge, 2016).

 Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (pdf).
 Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991), scholarly biography

 Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495 pp. full text

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 Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
 Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947

 Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. .
 Gilmour, David. Curzon: Imperial Statesman (2006) excerpt and text search
 Gopal, Sarvepalli. British Policy in India 1858–1905 (2008)

 Gopal, Sarvepalli. Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 (1957)

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 Kaminsky, Arnold P. The India Office, 1880–1910 (1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London

 Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study


 Kumar, Deepak. Science and the Raj: A Study of British India (2006)
 Lipsett, Chaldwell. Lord Curzon in India 1898–1903 (1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp
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 MacMillan, Margaret. Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India (2007)



 Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp. 231–242


 Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt 



 Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) Archive.org, borrowable
 Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt 
 Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt

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 Thatcher, Mary. Respected Memsahibs: an Anthology (Hardinge Simpole, 2008)
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 Voigt, Johannes. India in The Second World War (1988)
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 Wolpert, Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan (2005)
 Wolpert, Stanley A. Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) full text online

 İqtisadi və sosial tarix 

 Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
 Ballhatchet, Kenneth. Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905 (1980).
 Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. A New Economic History of Colonial India (2015)

 Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.
 Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule (1901); The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1906) online
 Gupta, Charu, ed. Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism (2012)
 Hyam, Ronald. Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (1990).

 Lockwood, David. The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century (I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress.


 Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). Economics of British India ... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.

 Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (1995).
 Strobel, Margaret. European Women and the Second British Empire (1991).




 Tarixşünaslıq və xatirələr 


 Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.



 Mantena, Rama Sundari. The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology (2012).
 Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English.
 Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India". Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 13 (2014). online.
 Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria". Perennial Journal of History 2.2 (2021): 114–130. online.
 Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India". Journal of Asian and African Studies 56.3 (2021): 511–532. online.
 Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.
 Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship.

 Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian online.

 Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire.
 Winks, Robin W. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966).
 Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg.

 Müxtəlif mövzular 



 Əlavə ədəbiyyat siyahısı 

 Judd, Denis. The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 (Oxford University Press, 2005).  online
 Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)  ch 4 and 5 on Raj
 Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
 Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.
 , major primary source

 İllik məcmuələr və statistik qeydlər 

 Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 1861 edition

 The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
 Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
 The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
 The Indian Year Book: 1914 (1914)
 The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 online
 1930 edition
 1921 edition
 1919–1947 editions

 Xarici keçidlər 
 Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions

 Британская Индия // Военная энциклопедия : [в 18 т.] / под ред. В. Ф. Новицкого … [и др.]. — СПб. ; [М.] : Тип. т-ва И. Д. Сытина, 1911—1915.
 Воейков А. И., Булич С. К., Яновский А. Е. Индия // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

Kateqoriya:Hindistan tarixi
Kateqoriya:Britaniya Hindistanı