Xatckar

Xatckar ( okon khachkar, armenavon խաչքար sugdalakiraf gu « gamdaraporxa ») tir livakoraf ok rontagentimaf atcom balumayan gu tanoya ok konaka gamda do fereon zikexa is dile ayafa vola is kosuteks. Ton aptolaca ke armenafa yamba, moe varafo tawavo ke izvafa Armena darekeon tigiyir ise koe Xayastana is Artsakh rekeon zo nendoyeper.

Bat grabom rayan ok blonjayan ok dzetaf ok amudaf, gubeon ontinaf vas 1 ik 2 m- is mantaf vas 0.5 ik 1.5 m- is vaf vas 10 ik 30 cm-, va siofayani ok kimbasi ok djazafi fli tikid ; va « xatckar awalkikxo » dum koe Noratus ok Julfa abdi vilara dile tadled. Va enilt ke armenafa grekafa alka viwazed nume va xonukera ke Yesus Kristos vols inafa lorafa tuwava ton bliaal me kaatoed.

Yambizva ke xatckar atcomeem gu balemoya rekola jadion zo solzarter : xantafa rekola wali IV-eafa is IX-eafa decemda, az tela ke redura is tazukoyera wali IX-eafa is XI-eafa decemda, az tela ke tenukera is tukotunara wali XII-eafa is XIII-eafa decemda, az tela tenafa wali XIV-eafa is XVII-eafa decemda. Nekev warzafa vonera mali 1960-e sanda, witaf xatckar atcom va telyon pulukaf me tukevlad.

Mali 17/11/2010, « yamba ke armenafa gamdaraporxa ; leceva is grupaskira ke xatckar atcom » tir ke vexala dem meugafa arayafa ayikafa gadakiewega ke UNESCO.

 Xatckar, « gamdaraporxa » 
 Ravlemxanta 
Armenavon, xatckar ravlem ( խաչքար ) tir dem toloya tadlexa : xatc ( gamda, խաչ ) az kar ( rapor, քար ). Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 123 Acum yolt vas « gamdaraporxa » num « gamda keve rapor » Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 613 rusunon sugdalar. Ferefa kalkotavara gu « raporgamda » tire tir rolafa kiren xatckar atcom gubeon me tir gamdakoraf. 

 Tentura 
Xatckar atcom tid lana balumarinda nutisa « tela lodadalafa ke Armena », kottode ordafa gu armenafa yamba Der Nersessian 1977, bu 192 ik dace « migaf is arayaf tazuk pilkafa gu Armena ». Donabédian 2011, bu 87  Xatckar tid « livakoraf ok rontagentimaf atcom [...] balumayan gu tanoya ok konaka gamda do fereon zikexa is dile ayafa vola is kosuteks »  Zikexa ke atcom ronon vodjuyun  keve taltef abduak Donabédian 2007, bu 154 is trenaskon Petrosyan 2011, bu72. balumayan ton seyta Donabédian 2007, bu 153. Malsavena raporinda sye tir lizukaf is mildackaf rapor : drelk ok burgi ok andesite ok felsite ok yoot. Donabédian 2007, bu 313

Ontine ke xatckar atcom jadion tir vas 1.5 ik 2 m- ; va tulok tis vas 6 m- ( toda ke toloy xatckar evlon gu 1194 koe Aprank koe vema ke Ereznka poke ref Erzincan ) soe trasit . Mante vas miala ke ontine ke xatckar ( vas mialukon 0.5 ik 1.5 m- )  luxeon loviele milvodar ; xatckar atcom ke Julfa ( Nakhichevan ) soe tid radef : ontine jadion tir vas jonbarafe gu mante.  Isen pwerte ke atcom tir vas 10 ik 30 cm-. 

Toloy ord ke xatckar atcom tid ton pilkovaf tazuk :
 tewawor xatc ( Թեվավոր խաչ ) : laviuca ke atcom tir ton « gamda dem nutaf meem » Donabédian 2007, bu 155.;
 ormnapak xatc ( Որմնափակ խաչ, gamda foltenafa gu kijaxa ) ok xatc karamatur ( խաչքար-մատուռ, amudatcom ) : xatckar ko teca amudama zo blonjayad. 

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Xatckar atcom tid :
 lotode, rayan moe snak az fartuyun gu istok , moe dile nugevo, koe bumaxo ok poke atayxo ;
 blonjayan koe rebava ke atayxo ;
 dzetaf, trabe rontion balumayan koe pist.

 Amidaf ordaf xatckar atcom center|200px center|200px center|200px
 Fli 
Xatckar atcom baron benelon yordad :
 atayesi fli : xatckar mantode tir blikera mu glogagiwara va bundasik ik vuwik ( ordaf tazukoy tir : « bata gamda ta tcelmara va glogagiwara va X... ik vuwikeem pu Lorik zo rayar ») ;
 kimbasi fli, loon riafi : xatckar atcom va zabdura ik vegedura ik sayakafa cenera ikz- kimbar ;
 djazafi fli, loeke riafi : xatckar yoltkiraf gu tsasman ( Ցասման ) va nendara ok kevotcera va degrik ok tuwavafa zexa zanudar. 

Bumaf xatckar atcom wetce ninke ke tawova ok kelda ok jowa dere zo rozanudayad.Donabédian 2007, bu 161

 Lecuca 
Lecuca ke xatckar atcom tir ke intafe sare ke vanblira koe Armena : xatckar tir « cugaca ke intaf enilt », ke dan tentura bak VIII-eafa decemda tujradon gu Hovhannes Katholikos ke Odzun zo tubograr : « tana zolonafa exaksara ke soluma solparsasa va Armena gu ellasafa is latinafa tamava. »Donabédian 2009, bu 151 Lorafa tuwava ke Kristos bam zo abdufir numen inafa awalkera me zo kaatoer. Sedme Mkhitar Goch rokopik : « Ellasik is sakartvelik va ewava loeke porad voxen armenik va gamda » Donabedian 2009, bu 154. Gamda me tir « rejdesiki va Kristos [...] ewava va gamdaytas gerot » vols « bliaal, i leca ke cenera va awalk » Donabedian 2009, bu 156. Wetce rayan atcom, « bat xuf vegeduks va remfira ke blisa gaelera co lecar... »

Sedme ewa ke Jean-Pierre Mahé aptacik va kavkazafa vayara :

Ison, koe sanefa folira, kot xatckar atcom vas kimi ke Garifa Gamda dogiskir. « Va lanyona kerdelapa ke armenafa aptuca icde swavay is alkolk is listucafa redura cugeke yunker. »

Tere, trenafa adala ke zikexa ke xatckar atcom va « teniskafa bidga [...] veyburesa va bulafa rowinuca is pilkovafo po gu tumtafa sugda » redur.

 Izva 
Izva ke yamba ke xatckar atcom gu balemoya rekola zo gipular : rekola ke xanta melanafa wali IV-eafa is IX-eafa decemda, az tela ke redura is tazukoyera, az tela wali IX-eafa is XI-eafa decemda, az tela ke tenukera is kotunuca wali XII-eafa is XIII-eafa decemda, az tenafa rekola wali XIV-eafa is XVII-eafa decemda.Azarian 1978, bu 29 is 31

 Xanta ? 
Lan aptacik trakud da xatckar atcom co tid vey prostewa ke abdiizvugal : batinde co tid vey oxileem mali raporey dum tel ke Zorats Karer, don visap raporey ( datcon ice Aragats mefta isu Gegham )Azarian 1978, bu 27, is atcom ke Urartu lize gamda dile kevon zo loplekuyud, is kristevaf atcom ke abdiarabaf ugal Donabédian et Thierry 1987, bu 124, is lanyona briva dum telyona ke Odzun, ke mila rekola.

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Kore bana toloya ironokafa tula va awira ke xatckar atcom rotir yordayad  viele Armena gu arabafa felira tici IX-eafa decemda va int tunuyar, pune xatckar va zinera va toloya ra lokase daned, i va bata ra jadifa ( raporaf atcom ) is bana kristevafa vox apton armenafa.

 Redura is tazukoyera 
Bata rekola wali IX-eafa decemda is toza ke XII-eafa tir tela tazukoyesa va rigotaf nelkoteem abiceke kaikion arapenitin.

Taneaf xatckar atcom bak IX-eafa decemda awid, bak armenaf malblirugal gazon Bagration prostelay Garsoyan 2007, bu 264 radimi arabafa miremba. Sinafa xanta koe taltefa Syunik gola ( re Gegharkunik ) tigir, voxen ko varafa patecta kalion zo mopled aze laninde zo tugolayad.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 124 Xatckar atcom rayan koe Garni bak 879 gan Katranide gazikya vey ke Syunik gola is kur- ke Akhot I, wetce tel losavsaf evlakiraf atcom fereon zo atoer. Soe lan xatckar evlakiraf gu 876 koe Hortun ( gola ke Ararat gola ) krulder. Ostik koe Martakert gola, levak ke lanar xatckar atcom re griawiyis tir dem evla vas 853.

Tore atcom tid granaf dem opelafa zikexa. Ticak gitir vizuaf ok anamkamaf. Tanoy ivamuf atcom dere krulder ( vas 1.80 m- koe Talin ). Rontagentimaf tazuk bak anton X-eafa decemda mupewer azen bak toleaf lik ke XII-eafa decemda ticak ton ayaba rotir ta nendara va zikexeem zo tulivar.


Tore, zikexa opelon tir dem istefa gamda moe nugek dem toloya krilafa toa Der Nersessian 1977, bu 194, i moe « ruxaf nazbal » ke gamda. Bata gamdinda latinordafa tir dem tsokaf matek dem fixukorafa otsa kadasa tagra wali X-eafa is XII-eafa decemda, is batinde « vanlaumasa va aflara va ruxafa tuwava ke inta »; bak XII-eafa decemda bata gamda tir dem toloya anamefa gamda vas lopinaf lum ( lana leca ape ke Golgotha ), ok dile balemoya sotre tanoya koe kotu amu.Donabédian 2007, bu 156 Toloya toa oku toafa gama loviele luxeon tid katanayana gu gluyaxa tite nugek ke gamda az dotolmilon voneyena ton livoda ok tiora, dem otsa ist gamda ; toleafa tola titon dile zo voneyer.Donabédian 2007, bu 157 Bata tola mali IX-eafa decemda rotir « ton tsenke », arabon turestayana is ape taneatomon awiyisa koe Horodomos tucpastaxo.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 168 Leve nugek ke gamda, va ridja ok diemuk ik dace lujor katrasit. Kotak gu tra mali tena ke X-eafa decemda zo kobuder, loviele ton fumekafa skenza moe brivama.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 158

Adre zikes fum  ( kuvime is centa ) azu darkasaberopaf Der Nersessian 1977, bu 195 awid : mali X-eafa decemda koe alavayaxa  is xuta az adre mali XI-eafa decemda keve ludev ke atcom.Donabédian 2007, bu 158 Ayafa vola kali XII-eafa decemda luxeon metid.Donabédian 2007, bu 159

 Pelava 
Yamba ke xatckar atcom to bak XIII-eafa decemda edaver, nope ota is zikesa kuluca danedisa va cugunaykafa deksuca ke lanyon balumasik.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 205

Rontagentimaf tazuk ke atcom tir preksa ( ivamuf xatckar atcom wan tid riaf ) Afigasuteks va atcom isen istefa gamda tazukarumur ( soe valeveon ) . Warzaf fum awid : krilafa gamda gan nubeem ( tulon xatckar dene Louvre tcila, valeveon ) ok dace pandeem rotikaplekus va toloya toa  dile zo bured. Kali XV-eafa decemda, volas kaatoeks keve snak vonewed : Kristos ton aliuca vanmiae pumkik ok balemoy blisik, ok nakila ke Evangil, ok firvisik okz-.Der Nersessian 1977, bu 199Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 160 Aname istefa gamda bak XIII-eafa decemda dere awid : taka ke Kristos tice gamda zo kaatoer isen tela ke Adam titeon. Fum va gamdaytara moe istefa gamda dere vanblir neke zavzar riaf gu abic atcom tici XIII-eafa decemda. Lana inda yoltkirafa gu Amenaprkich ( Ամէնափրկիչ, « Giwasik va kottan ») keve ant balemoy atcom ke 1270-e sanda valente patecta zo gruper Donabédian 2007, bu 160, nitesa vas kaatoera va solgamdara dem Nikodemos soltioltes va cepta is Ketya is Yohannes grekik is Yosep Atto Arimatayas.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 206 Sanefa folira va selasa tegira ke bata atcominda kaxaar nume gu teco tumtaxo al torigiyir.Azarian 1978, bu 29

 Amenaprkich xatckar atcom center|180px center|200px center|200px center|200px

Nugek ke gamda, dem toloya toa, luxeon re gitir gluyanaf gu maserk ( gluyanaf imwakiraf nugek ) ok kenda ( kendakiraf imwakiraf nugek ) ok dace lefereon mecoba ( griuzianaf imwakiraf nugek ) ; abictode gu imwakirafa taya zo ikaplekuyur. Ware bak XIII-eafa decemda, titak ke gamda wan vonewer : fetinte tuwalzawer , ton tec gamdakoraf poz ; va kaatoeks va awalkik ok firvisik ton tcabanes okollakisik dere rokatrasir. Tra aname buneks milugale vanpir arbenafa tra ok kaikion traga  ok dace jonvidilaca. Dile dace giskisa brivama griawid.

Jadion, gedrucapa ke zikexa va pulasa yovara tuesar. Konaka serna darimon gu XIII-eafa is XIV-eafa decemda soe zo rowaltrakud : tela ke Vayots Dzor ( koe tulon Noravank ) don Momik, adalafa gu pintotafa skura va kadimefa zikexa kan imust, is tela ke Artsakh ( koe Dadivank is Gtishavank ) kum dugaf ugot ( nusamaf drelk ) dem zikexa otsakirafa gamda keve livafa toakoraca dem blisik : kumzilis Kristos ok talas pumkik , ok tela ke Gugark.Donabédian 2007, bu 12 Geeon is talteon va serna ke ontinafa Armena katrasit, dem tulok vas cugon 5 m- fereon zikenaf gu gelang, is va tela ke Rshtunik ( gee Van uzda ) dem toakoraca is birtafa roda turestayana gan turkamongolafa warzera ke Ahlat, is va tela ke Vaspurakan dem vierdapafa zikexa, is va tela ke Bznunik ( talte Van uzda ) warzesa va xatckar atcom vas fereon loon 4 m-.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 262


 Tenafa rekola 
Tolgenira ke Selçuk az tela mongolafa va yamba va xatckar atcom nonupur, voxen prostewa bak XVI-eafa is XVII-eafa decemda zo ginur viele patecta gu persafa Armena isu turkafa zo solzarter.Azarian 1978, bu 31 Xatckar ke bana rekola va caxaf atcom anton zanudackad nume mea tid kan skureka ke mialukugal isen zikexa tir opelackafa Der Nersessian 1977, bu 242  is namafa maneke tutankomawer ise tuvierdawer. Soe bak XVII-eafa is XVIII-eafa decemda, bocafa jebesa rekola dilizer, niedason va « lana kaikvajara is ckanefa deksuca vanfisa va Barocco ask ».Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 312

Konaka serna gire solwikad : lana serna kene domega ke Van uzda tici XVI-eafa decemda awir, adalafa gu « wiltkirapaf » atcom dem mapeem bene istefa gamda ; serna ke taltef Syunik gu blisikaf xatckar atcom dem volas kaatoeks yunkes va gedrafa bifa ke blira ke Kristos solwikar ; serna ke Por poke Bitlis va tela ke Bznunik dakir, voneson va atcom riwe lujoraf is zikeyen gu Malta gamda. Gamdakoraf xatckar atcom wan tid riaf.Donabédian is Thierry 1987, bu 313

 Xatckar atcom ke tenafa rekola center|180px center|200px center|200px

Tela losposafa serna ke bana rekola tir tela ke Julfa ( XVI-eafa ik XVIII-eafa decemda )  koe Nakhichevan gola. Tulon awalkikxo ke Julfa vas 10000 atcom titi XX-eafa decemda azu ware 3000 abdi vilara va debak gan Azera ruldayar. Ban xatckar atcom gan iranafa yamba zo turestackayad. Balumayan kum keraf drelk, tid lemantaf is dem kabotsakorafa xuta ; va tanoya gamda oku balemoya koxutayana dikid isen ayaba tir zikeyena. Dakison va prostewa, jafasik ton tcabanes okollakisik fereon zo kaatoer ise tite atcom ok keve atcomafo nugevo va gamda dile burer.Donabédian 2007, bu 311

Tela ironokafa solwikasa serna tir tela ke Vaspurakan ( tici XVIII-eafa decemda ), adalafa gu lumamaf xatckar atcom dile balumayan kum batakafa trilna.

 Ckane 
Raporxa kan luzikasiki zo nyofad, i kan gemafa fujema ok myelga ik dace uul kopistes va lava ko rapor Ney, « How They Were Made, What to Look For » az kan bixe zo nirad ise kan zo kuritcafa giroda ok kalka tugemad aze tere gu ling zo besad.« L’art des croix de pierre arméniennes. Symbolisme et savoir-faire des Khachkars », dene UNESCO internetxo

Ckane mal tavesik kal tavembik zo dear ok konolerokon.

 Kosuteks 
Jontik xatckar atcom tid dem kosuteks divnedis va fli loviele syofayani : tela raporinda lidam divaykara va atcom rowin gan jontiktan noved.Donabédian 2007, bu 200 Uncial ( erkatagir ) suterinda mali XI-eafa decemda, va meyunkeyen pak ( doma is icuk ikz- ) is dace dile krileem ke atcom isu radimak besar lize krent jontiktode tir abrotcaf.Donabédian 2007, bu 203 Kosuteks loviele zo gretcad voxe dile tid fetintef nume va listuca ke atcom paked. Mali acku ke XIII-eafa decemda kali toza ke XIV-eafa decemda, gu imwaf cualaks isu fum zo yunked. Ison kotviele ayafa vola awid, pune pilkoma zo razdad.

Bat kosuteks tid tciamaf gu deana giva ordon gu izva ik avopa ik selt ik skapa ikz- ; ison va evla ke atcom fereon razdad, is va dace dile vegedurevla ke kimbana cugexa. Mali XIII-eafa decemda, yolt ke balumasik dile zo miwar.Azarian 1978, bu 30

Ostik kosuteks icde miv atcom givad. Taneon razdad da xatckar trogarn bak mialukugal vugviele zo kofaver : « gamda » trogarn oku « sugda » oku dace « sugda ke Lorik » zo uned. Dere nedid da xatckar gu yolt ke tumtik fereon zo yoltar numen batcoba alutar da atcom rotir zo ziliyayad.

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 Awalkikxo dem xatckar atcom 
Lokotgrupafo awalkikxo dem xatckar atcom tid koe Noratus is Julfa is dere Gavar is Vardenis is Martuni.Azarian 1978, bu 31
 Awalkikxo dem xatckar atcom koe Noratus center|240px center|220px

 Noratus 

Awalkikxo moe tawavo ke Noratus tawadayafa doda koe Gegharkunik utca Mavian 2006, bu 175 arte 90 km- lente Yerevan kelu ke Xayastana kentalte Sevan uzda.

Vas 728 xatckar atcom ke IX-eafa ik XVI-eafa decemda ruldar  ise tir telo logijafo awalkikxo ke witafa Xayastana. Tel losavsaf atcom tir evlakiraf gu 996 Hakobyan 2003 isen awalkikxo vas katcalafa belca dem gavef xatckar atcom dere ruldar.Kouymjian 2007, bu 370

 Julfa 
 Awalkikxo dem xatckar atcom koe Julfa center|300px center|180px

Tigixo ke awalkikxo mone Julfa widava « The History and Art of the Djulfa Cemetery », dene Djulfa Virtual Memorial and Museum koe Nakhichevan sokasane ( Vaspurakan izvafa winka ke Armena ) koe Azera jowon ice Irana.Baltrušaitis is Kouymjian 1986, bu 9-10 Welmot ke awalkikxo tiyir 1600 m² kale Aras kuksa moe baroyi kesi.

Bato awalkikxo tiyir telo logijafo dem xatckar atcom koe izvafa Armena  ( 10000 olkoy titi XX-eafa decemda az ware 3000 abdi vilara )Donabédian 2007, bu 314 Lo atcom kum keraf drelk, ontinaf is tiguaf tiyir evlaf gu tena ke XVI-eafa decemda ik toza ke XVIII-eafa ise tiyid warzeks ke aptolafa serna. Tel losavsaf soe tiyir ke 1160 Kouymjian 2007, bu 371 isen konakar ke tena ke XV-eafa decemda.Kouymjian 2007, bu 370 Isen yonar kali XVIII-eafa decemda zo epuyud.

Vilara va awalkikxo kaiki sovietafa rekola bak 1998 zo bokar viele 800 xatckar atcom zo grivegedud voxen sopura nope kevotcera ke UNESCO zo nonur.« ICOMOS World Report 2002-2003 on monuments and sites in danger (Azerbaijan)», dene ICOMOS Wori awalkikxo bak 2002 ik 2003 kan « vilasa sopura azedena gan bowere ke Azera » zo kalvilar, i kan sopura elpatayana is afigasuteyena male jowa ke Irana.Petrosyan 2011, bu 75 Bata vilara tir olkom ke azerafa sugara va armenafa izvafa tigira koe Nakhichevan.Pickman 2006

 Xatckar bak rekeugal 
 Koe Xayastana 
Ota ke xatckar atcomeem zo rotuldinejer Ney, « A Perfect Form: 13th-14th centuries », voxen trakut da mon 40000 koe sokasane ke Xayastana wan tid. UNESCO grustaks va kotak vas alub-kunoy koe sutelaks dakter.

Mwa ke 11/04/2013 va xatckar atcom koe loma dem izvafa bedablafa kiewega pular, i dem kiewega torigina gu pilkaca ke sokasane ke Xayastana num meroripindana.(hy) « ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՕՐԵՆՔԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՍԵՓԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ ՀԱՄԱՐՎՈՂ ԵՎ ՕՏԱՐՄԱՆ ՈՉ ԵՆԹԱԿԱ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՄՇԱԿՈՒՅԹԻ ԱՆՇԱՐԺ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆՆԵՐԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ », dene Vedeyafa Koka ke sokasane ke Xayastana,‎ 11/04/2003

Yon tulokany den Izvafa Tcila ke Armena koe Yerevan is anam wevala ke Echmiatsin zo arbureyed ( tulon lan xatckar atcom ke 991 ke Noratus is lanar ke 1291 ke Goshavank ).« Armenian Sculptural Reliefs », dene History Museum of Armenia Debak ruldas va lo atcom koe Xayastana re tir awalkikxo ke Noratus.

Epura va xatckar atcom nelkon caxaf mali 1960-e sanda koe Xayastana al zo ginur, voxen warzaf grabom va atcom ke mialukugal me rotukevlad. Va balumasik va xatckar atcom koe Yerevan rowit.

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 Koe Artsakh 
Wetce pakava ke izvafa Armena, Artsakh gola vas jontik xatckar atcom ruldar.

 Vayaks va xatckar atcom 
== Vuestexa ==


Loma:Armena

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