Idioma de Goguryeo

L'idioma de Goguryeo foi faláu nel antiguu reinu de Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668), unu de los Tres Reinos de Corea. Esta llingua conozse tamién como goguryeo o Goguryano.

 Clasificación 
Esisten delles hipótesis sobre la clasificación de la llingua, pero toos elles son aldericaes y considérase un problema abiertu.

La llingua namái se conoz por unes poques pallabres, la mayoría de les cualos suxeren que se trata d'una llingua emparentada col Silla ya influyida de la mesma poles llingües tunguses. Otros autores partidarios de la hipótesis altaica suelen clasificar a la llingua de Goguryeo dientro de la familia altaica. La mayoría d'especialistes koreanos consideren que la llingua de Goguryeo taba emparentada coles llingües altaiques. Amás atopáronse fuertes similaridades ente les llingües falaes en Baekje y en Goguryeo, lo cual ye consistente coles lleendes que describen Baekje como un reinu fundáu polos fíos del fundador del reinu de Goguryeo. Los nomes en Goguryano pa diversos puestos de l'alministración son en gran midida similares a los de Baekje y Silla.

 Llingües fuyu 
Dellos autores propunxeron la llamada familia fuyu qu'incluyiría a les llingües de los estaos de Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje según el xaponés antiguu. Los documentos chinos suxeren que les llingües de Goguryeo, Buyeo, Okjeo oriental y Gojoseon yeren similares, anque la llingua de Goguryeo difería significantivamente de la de Malgal (Mohe).
Dellos autores indiquen que los idiomes de Goguryeo, Baekje y Silla, similares ente sigo (posiblemente dialeutos) podríen ser antecesores del idioma coreanu. Otros sostienen que sería antecesor del idioma xaponés.
Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi LiezhuanWei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the WujiLi Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji

 Comparanza léxica 
Del idioma de Goguryeo apenes se conoz. Tan solo hai disponible una llista de topónimos y pallabres, de les cualos la so pronunciación tampoco se conoz con exactitú. 
La tabla siguiente compara la pronunciación figurada de dichos términos, con otros idiomes orientales:

TérminuGoguryeo Llingües túrquiques Mongol Xaponés antiguu Xaponés Baekje Silla Coreanu mediu Coreanu Idiomes tunguses Jurchen Manchú Evenki君主  kʌi / kai(皆) kai-sɐ(皆次)  qaγan（可汗）kagan  kaγan(可汗)  ki1el mio1("king, emperor, monarch")  kimi("you")  ka(瑕)kisi(吉支)nirimɯ(君) kan(干) kɯm(今)kahan  kɯi긔(王)nim kɯm  nim kɯm  ***  ***  han  ***善射  jumong,chumo(朱蒙,鄒牟)  ***  jəmə("noted bow"),Jobe-Mergen  tomo("shooter's tool")tomu("friend, follower")tama("excellent,important,soul")tuma("tip")tomoe(emblem of tomu)tomu-tamatsume("nail,claw")  ***  ***  ***  ***  ***  ***  jolin-manga ,julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿)  ***金 so(蘇) sol(召尸, silver)  ***  ***  ***  ***  so(所) so 素 ("gold")  ***  sö("metal") söh 쇳  ***  ***  sele("iron")šun("sun") sigūn("sun")鉛 nəi-miuət/namer  (乃勿)  ***  ***  namari  namari  *** ***  *namr  nap/납  ***  ***  ***  ***復舊土  ta mul(多勿)  ***  ***  tabi (度:time; whenever)  tabi/tambi tamlo  ***  ***  taɕi ("again") tø- ("re-")tam ***  ***  tabu-(to divide,to tear)  ***北（背後）  je(提) jwat(絶) 椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部  arka("back")  hoina （布里亚特语 huain)utaraumara  tʃy("back")  se("back,height")  ***  ***  tuih  tui  ("back, behind")  xama  ***  amargiamasi("back")  ***南（前方）  kuan(灌)(灌奴部)kuzey,Ön(front) ***  kaɸo("face")kan-(予:"pre-")  kao("look, face")kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish)  久知下(kujiha)  ***  ***  kət("surface, look")  ***  *** julergi ***東（左）  źwən,sun(順),  (順奴部)  doğo,sol(left) źeü , źegün  a-dʒuma/a-duma("east")  azuma  得安(dɯkan)  ***  ***  ön("left") sae("east")  źun  ***  dergi  junjəgin("left")西（右）  yən (涓),  (涓奴部) batı ürüne , barun  yo-(善:"good")yá-(否:"non,foul")  yo-/i-("good,correct,suitable,agreeable")iya/yá-(disagreeable)  ***  ***  ***  orn("right")parn("right")hani(west)  xangid  ***  wargi  anŋū(right)石  ***  taš  cilao(n) （古蒙古语）  culuu （喀尔喀蒙古）  šuluu(n) (布里亚特语)  isi  ishi  turak(珍惡)  ***  tōlh  tōl  ***  ***  tahan("steppingstones")  ***巌，峴，岑  pa-・ιəi,pua-・ιəi*pàI,pa'i /pua-斤ei,*paxe  巴衣,波衣,波兮  ***  *** ia / iao (probably unrelated)  iwao ("great rock, bedrock")  *** ***  pahoy（巌）巴衣,바회  pawi pax（石・崖）  （尼夫赫语）  ***  wehe  ***土地  non  内/奴～弩/悩nori奴閭  ***  ńurū  nu/non(野"land")  non  non nu¨～nu¨ri/nε (世） ***  nuri  na （土地）  na  na（土地）,noro(-n)  ***國  (nua) > na / non  內,那,奴,惱ra(羅)  ili  ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s)  nu/na(奴)  ***  puri (夫里)  *** narah nara  guru-n(< * buru-n)  guru-n(< * buru-n)  gurun  ***城  hol / holo  (忽) kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨)  qol-γan  küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan  koori (郡)  kōri  ***  ***  ***  kol (邑, 郡) kol kur ~kur ~kuran  ***  kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") golo（省:province)  ***中  kabl 加火  ***  ***  kaɸis-("middle, help")kaɸi("egg,result,worth")  kais-kai  *** ***  kaβn가ㅸㄴ  kaun(-de) -gaus/-aus 가웃/아웃("half")  ***  ***  ***  ***最大  māk (莫) ma(馬)makhara(莫何邏)莫何邏繡支,莫何何羅支 ***  ***  ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect")makana-(truly beloved)  ma-  ma *** ***  mal-말  mad 맏("first;eldest;oldest")  maŋga ("strong")  ***  maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better")  maŋa ("strong")主事者 makhaharaji(莫何何羅支/太大兄)~ji("guy") ***  ***  ma-kakaɸo-(undertake, be under orders,hold)>*kagaɸo-toto/titi(father)dʒidʒi("old guy,grandfather") ma-kakaer-(hold)clicajiji/ji- *** kakgan(角干)  madhal-~ji("guy")  madhal-~ji("guy")  ***  ***  ***  ***首領 makli-ji(莫離支)~ji("guy") baš(head)  ***  ma-kur-i("to command, to manage")dʒi("old guy,grandfather")  ma-kuri-(繰)ji ***  malip-kan(麻立干)hasə(河西)(mari) maruha(瑪樓下,抹樓下)  məri(head)~ji("guy")maru("ridge") ***  ***  ***  ***峰  süni (首泥)  ***  ***  so1ra ("sky; tip, top, above (the trees, etc.)")  sora("sky")  *** ***  sunɯrk 수늙  suri 수리 ("top of the head")  ***  ***  šun("sun")sukdun("air")  ***高  dat/§ap (or tar)  (達)  ***  ***  taka-/daka-（"high"）  taka-/daka  達率 ***  *** ***  ***  ***  dean ("high")dekde- ("to rise")  ***山  tara / tal (達)   taγ（"mountain"）  aula(n) （古蒙古语） ūl （喀尔喀蒙古） ūla （布里亚特语） aul（达斡尔语）  tara(多羅)yama(山)/mure(山)/mori(森)  yama  ***  督 tr(山),tara(多禮,多羅)（土地）  moyh(山) me-뫼  tang,tal（土地） tuk（丘）orɯm （济州方言） ***  ***  alinbalta（田地）mulu("ridge of mountain")  ***堤  el to (吐)   töpü  ***  take2（岳）tutu-el miotum-(to stack,to pile,to gather) taketsutsumitsum-  ***  ***  *** 언덕 əntək둑 tuk(堤)  ***  ***  do-("to stop")  ***樹木 knul / naro?  (斤乙)  i¨("forest")/i¨γac（树）  ***  ki2 / ke2 ～ ko2kunu-ki(a kind of oak)　 kikunu-gi  *** ***  斤:nal(訓)/kɯn근 kɯru 그루 ("stump; unit for counting trees")namu 나무 （树、树木）  ***  ***  ***  ***水  el mio (米)  mai,mie,moru(買,模盧)  ***  mören(江, 海)  müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese)  el mio1du/el mio1/el mio1n-  mizu  el mio(彌) ***  ml  mul  mu  mu 沒  muke  mū("water")泉（井）  əl(於乙):井 iri(伊梨):泉  bul-a-q/bul-a-γ（喷泉、泉水）  s (水"water")  wi （井、水库、灌溉水塘）  i  ***  l(乙)  umɯl ("well")  umul ("well")  eri～erri（小河、川） （尼夫赫语）  ***  üla (大河、江)  ***池沼 nemi / naymi(内米) ***  namug ("marsh, swamp")  ? nami1 ("wave")  nami  el mio(r)ji(蜜地,彌知) ***  *** ? nnmul ("stream")  mos 못 ("pond") nɯp 늪 ("swamp")  namu, lamu ("sía, ocean; lake" 海)  ***  mūsa ("swamp")  ***河  kur(屈) na(那) köl("lake")  ***  kaɸa  kawa  nari(那利) 久麻那利 ***  krm 가람  nāyh 냏,내  karam 가람n 내  ***  ***  ula  ***海 padal  (波旦)  ***  ***  wata  wada-tsu-el mio("The god of Sía")  *** 波珍 padl  padah～parʌl  pada 바다  ***  namu  namu  ***口  huət-ts‘ii/ku ërtsi/k útsi< *kutui, >* kolci/ko-ts‘ii (忽次/古次/串)  ***  훌츠qurc（喀尔喀蒙古）("skewer, spit" 串)  kutu～kuti/kuti < *kutui  kuchi  *** ***  koj 곶 ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串)  kulrε (Jeju dialect)  kul (South Jeolla dialect)  ***  ***  ***  ***進入  ・ιi/*i  (伊)  ***  ire-  来  dir- 进入  dir-  *** ***  ip（口）/ip（門戸）  dir-(to arrive; to come)ip  i-（入）  ***  ibe-("to get foward")  ***新  ιəo/*sü  首  ***  ***  zu("new, present, developing,a gleam")suga-("fresh")  suga-suga-s-  ***  say  say (새)  s  ***  iche  ice  ***牛  ιəo/*sü  首  ***  ***  usi  ushi  *** ***  ʃyo/쇼  so  ***  ***  exa("castrated cow")  ***豬  o-sie/o-s^i¨ŋ  烏斯/烏生  *doŋuz > domuz  ***  usi ("ox; cattle")wi ("swine")  ***  *o-ni (猪耳)  ***  tot 돝  twji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect)  ***  ***  ulgiyan("pig")ulha("domestic animal")  ***鹿  kosya  (古斯也)  ***  ***  kuzika  shika  *** ***  *** korani  고라니 ("Manchurian elk")kōri, kori (Gyeongsang dialect)  ***  ***  kandahan ("a kind of deer")  ***馬  ***  ***  mori～muri  uma～muma  uma  *** ***  ｍʌl/(馬)  mal  mori  (Nanai)  ***  morin  ***斧  ・ιo-sie , nərə-si (於斯)  ***  ***  wono2  ono  *** ***  *odzgy(烏子蓋) ("ax") nlh 날ㅎ ("blade")  nal (칼)날 ("blade")nas ("sickle; scythe")tōkki ("ax") ***  ***  anjikū ("hatchet")  ***廣  nərə-si, ə-si, (於斯)  ***  osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant) nalai  naras-o("roll,to level off")vos-o("transcend, surpass")y-si("right,wide,noble,enough")  naras-o("to level off")vos-o("to transcend, to press, to push")  *** ***  어위 (< *어쉬)  nəlbɯn 넓은nəlbnərɯn  ***  očo 我撮(寬)  ončo(廣:wast)  ***翼  nərəgiəji(於支)  *älig > el ("hand")  ***  tadamgi(arm)atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money)  ashi  *** ***  nʌlg  nar, nalg 날개  ***  ***  asχa  ***横  ・ιo-sie/*ye  (於斯)  ***  ***  yo2ko2（横)/yo2k-（避）  yoko/yokeru  *** ***  əs/엇  əs  ***  ***  ***  ***谷  tan/el toən/t‘ən  (旦,頓,呑)  ***  ***  tani  tani *** ***  tʌn～el toʌn（"village", 村）  ***  ***  ***  ***  ***榖 ninəŋ-biuʌt  仍伐  ***  ***  ina-ɸo（"ear of rice"）mi2（"fruit, seed, grain"）nebar-("stickiness of rice")  inahonebar-  *** ***  pyə（"rice plant; unhulled rice"）  nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"）  ***  ***  ***  ***粗 kuət-・ιəi  (骨衣)  ***  ***  kata-("tough,firm")  katai("tough,stiff")  ***  ka¨c¨l  kəcɯl- (荒)  kəchil-kud-  ***  ***  kata-("to become hard, to become rough")  ***耕  ka-ʃιi  (加尸)  kerci-（"to cut, to dig trenches"）  ***  kar-("to plow")  kar-  *** ***  karai（木[木+欠]・鍬, kal-（plow)kal（刀）  kal-  gerbe-("break, snap") (Nanai)  ***  halhan（犂先）/halhan～halgan(犂[金+華])  gerbe-("break, snap")邊 ka-(・a)  (加阿)  kera  ***  hai("edge, blade")kari("edge")  haikari  *** ***  kʌs  kā  ***  ***  kaja-("to cut")huwesi-("cutter, small blade")  ***圓 toŋ-pιoəi  (冬非)  ***  ***  tubura（丸）/maro（丸:"round"）  tsubura  *** ***  el toŋgɯl-（圓） el toŋgɯl-（圓}  ***  ***  torho-("to roll,to circle")  ***丸 ani, anip, wando(安市,安十,丸都)  ***  nduh （达斡尔语）  azi("reason,value") aji(taste) *** ***  ***  al 알  (x)elū-  ***  umhanmuheren  elū足  tor (廻)  ***  ***  tar-(足る:"enough,last,to reach")  tarir-  *** *** tʌri  tari 다리  ***  ***  juru(numberal for something pair up)  ***毛  tjʌr (鐵)  ***  ***  ***  ***  *** *** tʌri  tʌr 털  ***  ***  ***  ***重  biar/bιεt  (別)  ***  ***  ɸy  ***  *** ***  pʌl  ***  ***  ***  fe("ex-, past, former")  ***松 pιo-sie/pιo-so  (扶蘇/扶蘇)  ***  ***  matu  matsu bu(扶,負)so(蘇)***  sol（松）/pos（樺）  sol,sonamu,so  ***  ***  bahiya("pine cone")  ***深  bιuk-sie/puk (伏斯)  ***  ***  ɸuka-si/puka-  fuka-  *** ***  kiph o·n  kiph-  puk ("deeply")  ***  ***  ***  ***狌  yia-ʃιi  (也尸)  ***  ***  itatʃi(weasel)  itachi(weasel)  ***  ***  yezï ~ yez-("fox")  yəo ("fox")여시yəsi(dialect)  ***  ***  ***  ***隣  ιi-bιoʌt  (伊伐) ***  ***  iɸa("residences") iɸa-udo/iɸa-ɸito("family,genealogy") iɸawi/iɸewi("domiciles,houses") i-ba-sho("one's whereabouts" sho is a loan word) *** ***  ***  iut (隣) ***  ***  imiya-("to gather togather")  ***霜 sat  (薩)  ***  ***  sai, see, zai, zae(dialeutal Japanese words for "icicle" or "ice on the branches of trees or on the surface of a body of water")  ***  *** ***  səri  səri  ***  ***  juhe  ***菁  ka-tʃιy  (加支)  ***  ***  kati/katʃin(brown/lush),katute(in the past)  katʃte  *** ***  *** kəch-(蕪)kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants")  ***  ***  ***  ***鵠  ko-・ιəi  (古衣)  qoγo  ***  kukuɸi1～kubi1("swan")  kukui/kugui("swan")  *** ***  kohaykon  koni  ***  ***  gaha("bird, raven")gasha("big bird")  ***群落  ul (于尸) uruk ("cla")  ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde")  udi ("cla, family; the standing of one's family, the social status of one's family, lineage, birth; surname")  uchi("me, home, family")  *** ***  ul（"relations; relatives; kinsfolk; cla"）uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans")  ***  ***  ***  urse ("people")uce("entrance")  ***牙  kʌi-ʃιi  (皆尸)  ***  ***  ki1 ("fang; tusk")  ***  *** ***  *** ***  ***  ***  ***  ***平  pii-lιεt  (比烈) biri  ***  ɸi1ra-(比良:flat,level)taira("flat")  hirata-taira  *** ***  ***  pʌl  ***  ***  ba("field, district")pile-("to confirm, to criticize")tehere-("to flat, to be equal")  ***母親  yá chi  (也次) Ana  *** aa("mother")/oya("parent")  haha, oya  ***  *** əzi 어미əel mio아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect) ***  eniyen  a ja  ***嬰兒  gιəo-sie / kus / kyus(仇斯)  koto(儿子，匈奴語)kız （女孩、女儿）O'gul  ***  ko1 (子)  kodomo  ***  ***  ***  koma(童) koma-(小-)  ***  omo  jui("kid")  kuŋa ("child")熊 komok (功木)  ***  ***  kuma  kuma  koma  ***  kom  kōm  ***  ***  ***  ***兔  o-sie-həｍ(烏斯含) tawïsγan  ***  usagi1 / wosagi1  usagi  ***  ***  thos-gi 톳기  tho-ggi 토끼  ***  ***  ***  ***見面 pʌk/*pak (伯)  bak-（"to see, to look; to find"）  ***  mak-(設:"to obtain,to prepare,to make")ɸak-(別:"to see, to know,to understand")>*wakar-ɸakar-(諮・計:"to consult,to talk, to obtain")  mōker-wakar-hakar-  ***  ***  poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)")  po-（"to see, to look"）/ poyp-（"to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)"）pak  ***  baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search")  baha-（"to get, to obtain"）  baka-（"to find"）難 ma (馬)  ***  ***  ma- ("truely, really")  ma-  ***  ***  modir-  mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel")  ***  manga(難:hard)  maŋga(堅、難"hard")  maŋa心／胸 kιo-sιi (居尸)  göğüs  kökün  ko2ko2ro2("heart")/koro("oneself")  kokoro  ***  ***  ***  kogäŋi （核心）/ kesm （胸、心）  ***  ***  huhun (乳、乳房)  ***韮  mai-tʃιi (買尸)  ***  maŋgirsun(野蒜)  el mio1ra(韮)  nira ("garlic chives")  ***  ***  manʌl(蒜)  manɯl  ***  ***  maca ("garlic chives")  ***根  tsʌm (斬)  ***  ***  tukene("root,knot,joint")  tʃukene  ***  pul?(根)  pulhuy(根)  ppuri  tʃamγ（根株） （尼夫赫语）  ***  da  ***文 kɯl/kιən-ʃιi (斤尸)  ***  ***  kak-(to write)kuk-/*kurum-(to collect, to form,to bind)ko2to2（"word, speech, language"）  kak-kukur-/kurum-koto  ***  ***  kɯl  kɯl  ***  herse  hergen  ***玉 ko-ie (古斯)  ***  gas  kusiro2（"bracelet")  kushiro  ***  ***  kusɯl ("jewel")  kusɯl  ***  γun  gu  ***孔  dzei〈tsei〉-ts‘ii  斉次/濟次  ***  ***  tʃuk-(透), tʃuki（隙）  suki ("chink, gap, vulnerable point")  *** ***  *** t'ul-(透), tm（隙）***  ***  ***  ***  ***穴  kap,kap-pii  甲,甲比  qapca（"gorge, ravine"）, qapi¨γ（"Gate"）  ***  kaɸi1 （"gorge, strait, narrow valley") kubomi  *** ***  *** kul (穴)  ***  ***  ***  ***三  mir, mil(密)  siet/s^ïei(悉/史)  bis(5)  gurav  el mio1  el mio  ***  mil  sei/səih  셋 sʰet̚  ***  ilan  ilan  ***五  ütsi,uci,üc,uca,uchha (于次,弓次)  üç(3)  tabun  itu  itsu  ***  ***  tasul (打戌)  tasət  닷 tah  dügün  sunja  sunja  ***七  nan-・ιən,  nanən,nanun,nanin  (難隠)Yeti  ***  añada  añada  ***  *** (n)ìlgɯp(一急)  (n)ìlgúp  naden  naden  naden  ***十  tək,duk (德)  on  toquz(9)  arav  to2/to2wo  tō-  ***  ***  ***  열 yəl(10) 온on(100)즈믄chɯmun(1000)  juwa  juwan  juwan  uwan黑  *kəmər, kəmhək  (今勿)  Qara  ***  kuro1  kuro  ***  ***  kəm-/검-  검 kʌm  ***  ***  kara  ***白 nə γeiʃιi-lap  (奈兮 / 尸臘) Aq  ***  sira(白)  shiro  ***  ***  hʌy-(白) hʌy-  hin  hayan  ***  ***  šara-("to become white")šeyen("white")šanggiyan("white")  ***紅 s^a-bιuks^a-pιoəi-kιən  sa(i)puk, sa(i)pikon sapi  沙伏, 沙非斤 Qyzyl  *hulaan > ulaan  so2ɸo<*so2po/so2ɸo(赭,朱)/sa(接頭語)  ***  supi(赤鳥)  sapi(泗沘)  sitpɯk(赤)  붉은pulgɯn시뻘건sippəlgən("deep rede")seppəlgənbug(bulg)  ***  ***  fulgiyan  ***黃 kweyru/kuət  ***  ***  ki2-~ kú- ki(iro)  ***  ***  ***  ***  ***  ***  suwayan  ***綠  puruk/bιoʌt-lιək  (伐力)  ***  ***  mido  midori  ***  ***  phɯrɯn ("blue, green")  pharan phurɯn ("blue, green")parah  ***  ***  ***  ***

 Ver tamién 
 Idioma coreanu
 Llingües altaiques: llingües túrquiques, llingües tunguses.
 Llingües fuyu

 Referencies 
 Notes 

 Bibliografía 
 Beckwith, C. I. (2004). Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13949-4
 Beckwith (2006). "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity." Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199-234.
 Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
 Beckwith (2007): Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5


 Enllaces esternos 
 Xaponés 
 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ


 Inglés 
 The Language(s) of Goguryeo - Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 

Categoría:Llingües fuyu
Categoría:Llingües muertes d'Asia
Categoría:Llingües de Corea

Categoría:Wikipedia:Páxines con enllaces interllingüísticos