Llingües apacheanes

Les llingües apacheanas son un grupu de la caña de llingües atabascanes de la familia llingüística na-dené. Tamién se conocen col nome de llingües atabascanes meridionales. El grupu subdividir en dos rames: apache-kiowa y apache-navajo. 

Les llingües apaches son falaes por casi 6000 falantes nos estaos norteamericanos d'Arizona, Nuevu Méxicu, Oklahoma y unos 20 falantes nos estaos mexicanos de Chihuahua, Sonora y Coahuila.

 Clasificación 
Les llingües apaches o apacheanas constitúin la caña meridional de la familia atabasca y representen una migración relativamente recién dende'l NO d'América del Norte. Estes llingües estremar en tres grupos principales:

I. Apache de les praderíes
1. Idioma apache kiowa
II. Llingües apacheanas occidentales
A. Mescalero-chiricahua
2. Idioma chiricahua
3. Idioma mescalero
4. Idioma navajo 
5. Idioma apache coyotero
III. Llingües apacheanas orientales
6. Idioma jicarilla
7. Idioma lipán

 Comparanza léxica 
Los numberales en distintes llingües apacheanas son:V. Dosch Hymes, 1955, pp. 26-45.Na-Dené Numerals
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|-
! GLOSA
! Apacheoccid. !! Navajo !! Mescalero !! Chiricahua(San Carlos) !! Jicarilla
! PROTO-APACHEANO
|-
| '1' || dáłaʼádáłaʼé || tʼɑ́aɑ łɑ́ʼí || tašayay || datładišłai || tahčli || *táłaʼáí
|-
| '2' || nɑ́kih || nɑːki || nahki || nɑːki || nahki || *náˑʔki
|-
| '3' || tɑ̄ːgi || tɑ́ːʼ || kayai || tɑːgikɑːgue || kiyi || *táˑʔgi
|-
| '4' || dɪ̨̄ːʼi || dɪ̨́ːʼ || inyeh || dingi || tini || *dɪ́ˑŋgi
|-
| '5' || ɑšdlaʼiišdlaʼi || ɑšdlɑʼ || aštlai || aštlaištli || atsčli || *ašdlaʼi
|-
| '6' || gostɑ́n || hɑstɑ̜́ː || hostkonnai || goːstan || koskon || *gostáˑn
|-
| '7' || gostsʼidigostsʼigi || tsotsʼid || hosteedai || gastede || kossetpi || *gostsʼidi
|-
| '8' || tsebīːsebīː || tseːbíː || hahpi || tsepi || tsapi || *tsáˑʔpi
|- 
| '9' || góstʼɑ́íńgóstʼɑ́í || nɑ́hɑ́stʼéí || 'nghostai || 'ngostai || nusti || *ngostʼáí
|-
| '10' || goneznɑ́ngoniinɑ́n || neːznɑ́ː || gonaihannai || || koneznan || *goneˑznáˑn
|}

 Referencies 

 Bibliografía 
 Dosch Hymes, Virginia: "Athapaskan Numberal Systems", International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 21, Non. 1, pp. 26-45, 1955.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75-87.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1948). The Apachean verb, part IV: Major form classes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 14 (4), 247–259.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1949). The Apachean verb, part V: The theme and prefix complex. International Journal of American Linguistics, 15 (1), 12–22.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1956). The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 219-232.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1–29). University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Hoijer, Harry (Ed.). (1963). Studies in the Athapaskan languages. University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. Y. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (Non. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
 Hymes, Dell H. (1957). A note on Athapaskan glottochronology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 291-297.
 Liebe-Harkot, Marie-Louise. (1984). A comparison of Apachean languages, exemplified by the verb system for handling verbs. In H. Krenn, J. Niemeyer, & O. Eberhardt (Eds.), Sprache und Text: Akten des 18: Linguistischen Kolloquiums, Linz 1983. Linguistische Arbeiten (Max Niemeyer Verlag) (Nos. 145-146). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. ISBN 3-484-30145-7 (Bd. 1); ISBN 3-484-30146-5 (Bd. 2).
 de Reuse, Willem J. (2001). Prototypes and fuzziness in the system and usage of Apachean classificatory verb stems. In S. Tuttle & G. Holton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2001 Athabaskan Languages Conference (Non. 1, pp. 75–94). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
 Sapir, Edward. (1936). Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho. American Anthropologist, 38 (2), 224-235.
 Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 393–400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7.

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