مواقع التراث العالمى فى كولومبيا

مواقع التراث العالمى التبع منظمة الامم المتحده للتربية والعلم والثقافة (اليونسكو) هيا أماكن ليها اهميه للتراث الثقافى أو الطبيعي، وفق لما ورد فى اتفاقية التراث العالمى لليونسكو، اللى أُبرمت سنة 1972. بيتكون التراث الثقافى من المعالم الأثرية ( ى الأعمال المعمارية، والمنحوتات الضخمة، والنقوش)، ومجموعات المباني، والمواقع (بما فيها المواقع الأثرية). أما التراث الطبيعى فيتألف من السمات الطبيعية (التكوينات الفيزيائية والبيولوجية)، والتكوينات الجيولوجية والفيزيوجرافية (بما فيها مواطن الأنواع المهددة بالانقراض من الحيوانات والنباتات)، والمواقع الطبيعية المهمه من منظور علمى أو بيئى أو جمالى. و انضمت كولومبيا لالاتفاقية فى 24 مايو 1983،و ده جعل مواقعها التاريخية مؤهلة للإدراج فى القائمة.

تضم كولومبيا تسع مواقع مدرجة على قائمة التراث العالمى، منها ستة مواقع ثقافية، وموقعان طبيعيان، وموقع واحد مُختلط. أُدرج أول موقع فى كولومبيا، وهو ميناء وحصون ومجموعة آثار كارتاخينا ، على القائمة فى الدورة الثامنة للجنة التراث العالمي، اللى اتعقدت فى بوينس آيرس ، الأرجنتين ، سنة 1984. أُدرجت جنينة لوس كاتيوس الوطنية كأول موقع طبيعى سنة 1994. فى سنة 2009، صُنِّف الموقع ضمن المواقع المُهددة بالخطر ، بناء على طلب من الحكومة الكولومبية بسبب إزالة الغابات غير القانونية والصيد الجائر. تحسّن الوضع بحلول سنة 2015، فأُزيل الموقع من قائمة المواقع المُهددة بالخطر."Colombia's Los Katíos National Park removed from List of Heritage in Danger". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024. أُضيفت جنينة تشيريبكيتى الوطنية - "مالوكا النمر" - لالقائمة سنة 2018، علشان تكون أحدث إضافة لكولومبيا."Colombia". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018. نظام الطرق الأنديزية (كاباك نان) موقع عابر للحدود، وتتشاركه خمس دول تانيه. ولدى كولومبيا 13 موقع إضافى على قائمتها المؤقتة. و شغلت كولومبيا عضوية لجنة التراث العالمى 3 مرات.

 مواقع التراث العالمى 
تُدرج اليونسكو المواقع وفق لعشرة معايير ؛ و لازم يستوفى كل موقع معيار واحد على الأقل. المعايير من الاولانى لالسادس ثقافية، ومن السابع لالعاشر طبيعية.
+ SiteImageLocation (department)Year listedDescriptionPort, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagenaبديل=A fortress on the top of the hill|150x150بكBolívar1984285; iii (cultural)Cartagena features the most extensive and one of the most complete fortification systems in South America and is a prominent example of the military architecture of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Initial defences were built by the Spanish in 1586 and gradually expanded, protecting one of the most important ports of the Caribbean Sea. There are numerous fortresses around the city. Within the walls, there are churches, palaces, and residences for the wealthy citizens.Los Katíos National Parkبديل=River and flooded plains from above|150x150بكAntioquia, Chocó1994711; ix, x (natural)The national park is located in the Darién Gap and is contiguous with the Darién National Park in Panama. The Great American Interchange of animals took place through this area in late Cenozoic. It was also likely arefugium during the  Pleistocene. which is indicated by a high number of endemic species. The habitats include the Chocó–Darién moist forests and wetlands. The floodplains of the Atrato River are pictured. The park is home to the American crocodile. giant anteater. and Baird's tapir. In 2009, the site was listed as endangered upon a request by the Colombian government because of illegal deforestation and overfishing. The situation has improved by 2015 so the site was removed from the list.Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompoxبديل=Church with elaborate designs on the facade|150x150بكBolívar1995742; iv, v (cultural)Santa Cruz de Mompox was founded by the Spanish in 1540, as a river port on the banks of the Magdalena River. It developed along the main street that runs parallel to the river and also acts as a dyke during floods. The city played a major role in the colonization of the region but declined in importance in the 19th century. The historical centre is well preserved, with numerous buildings featuring decorated portals, balcons, and galleries. The Santa Barbara Church is pictured.National Archeological Park of Tierradentroبديل=Interior of an underground tomb with walls painted with geometric patterns|150x150بكCauca1995743; iii (cultural)The archaeological park, comprising four nearby areas, contains numerous hypogea, underground chambers that were used as tombs. They were created roughly between 600 and 900 CE. The largest of them are up to  wide. The tombs often feature polychrome paintings with geometric designs, animal and human motifs, and stone carvings. The architecture of the tombs intended to resemble human dwellings. There are also several monumental human statues, carved in volcanic stone, in the park.San Agustín Archaeological Parkبديل=Three anthropomorphic statues serving as pillars for a tomb|150x150بكHuila1995744; iii (cultural)The archaeological park comprises three areas with remains of the San Agustín culture. The main monuments date to the Regional Classic period (1-900 AD) and include burial mounds, terraces, funerary structures, and monumental stone statues. The statues at Mesita B are pictured.Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuaryبديل=A rocky island in the ocean|150x150بكValle del Cauca20061216; vii, ix (natural)The site comprises the Malpelo Island, an isolated island around  off the mainland, and the surrounding waters. The island and its rocky outcrops are home to populations of the Nazca booby. swallow-tailed gull. and Galápagos petrel. The nutrient-rich waters support a wide variety of marine life: including large aggregations of pelagic fish species and large predators, such as the hammerhead shark and silky shark. The area is designated as a no-fishing zone.Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombiaبديل=Hills with coffee plantations|150x150بكCaldas, Quindío, Risaralda20111121; v, vi (cultural)Colombia is known for its coffee production. The site comprises six areas with coffee plantations and several urban centres. Cultivation of coffee on steep mountain slopes on small plots in a high forest has resulted in a specific cultural landscape with settlements located on the flat tops and buildings made of cob and pleated cane. The architecture reflects the mixture of the Spanish architectural influences with those of the people from the Antioquia Department, who settled in the area in the 19th century. There are several expressions of intangible cultural heritage, including the traditional  hats and raw hide shoulder bags.Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System*بديل=Paved path in the mountains|200x200بكseveral sites20141459; ii, iii, iv, vi (cultural)Qhapaq Ñan is an extensive pre-Incan and Incan road system, spanning over  across the Andes. The roads connect high mountain peaks with rainforests, coasts, valleys, and deserts. The road system formed the lifeline of the Inca Empire. allowing transport and exchange of goods, as well as movement of messengers, travelers, and even armies. The site comprises 273 components featuring structures such as roads, bridges, ditches, and supporting infrastructure, nine of which are in Colombia. The site is shared with Argentina (a section pictured), Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.Chiribiquete National Park – "The Maloca of the Jaguar"بديل=Several tepui, elevated mountains with flat tops, and rainforest at the bottom|150x150بكCaquetá, Guaviare20181174; iii, ix, x (mixed)The national park is located at the meeting point of the Andes. Amazon. Guayana, and the Orinoco biomes, which results in high levels of biodiversity, numerous endemic species, and it also allows for species to transit between the regions. Large animals include the jaguar. giant otter. giant anteater. and South American tapir. There are numerous tepuis (table-top mountains, example pictured) in the park. Some of them have rock shelters where people were creating rock art through millennia. The paintings include dances, battles, and ceremonies, as well as plants and animals. The indigenous communities consider these sites as sacred.

 قائمة مبدئيه 
إضافةً لالمواقع المدرجة فى قائمة التراث العالمي، ممكن للدول الأعضاء الاحتفاظ بقائمة مواقع مؤقتة قد تنظر فى ترشيحها. ولا تُقبل الترشيحات لقائمة التراث العالمى إلا إذا كان الموقع مدرج سابقا فى القائمة المؤقتة. عند كولومبيا 13 موقع فى قائمتها المؤقتة."Colombia". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
+ SiteImageLocation (department)Year listedUNESCO criteriaDescriptionSeaflower Marine Protected Area (MPA)بديل=Satellite image of an island|150x150بكArchipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina2007ix, x (natural)The largest marine protected area in the Caribbean comprises land and waters around San Andrés (satellite image pictured) and Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands. Habitats include mangroves, dry forests, lagoons, atolls, seagrass meadows, beaches, extensive coral reefs. and deep waters. There is a colony of magnificent frigatebirds nesting on the islands.Canal del Dique - Dike Canalبديل=Sunset over the river channel. Lush vegetation on both sides.|150x150بكAtlántico, Bolívar, Sucre2012i, iv (cultural)The canal connects Cartagena. Colombia's main port; with the Magdalena River, country's main river. However, the Magdalena River delta is not navigable due to obstacles. The first canal was built by the Spanish in 1582 but quickly fell out of use because of lack of maintenance. The next building stage took place in 1650 and was considered an engineering challenge due to its scale. It allowed development of the interior of the country and of several settlements along the canal.University City of Bogotáبديل=University buildings with a mural depicting Che Guevara|150x150بكBogotá2012i, iv (cultural)The university campus of National University of Colombia was created in 1936 by teacher  and architect Leopoldo Rother who developed the architectural and urban plan. The project represented the first such campus in Latin America and a driver of modern architecture in the country. It was influential in the design of campuses in several other countries, including the Venezuelan World Heritage Site of the University City of Caracas. León de Greiff Auditorium is pictured.Pre-Hispanic Hydraulic System of the San Jorge RiverBolivar, Córdoba, Sucre2012iii, iv, v (cultural)Momposina Depression is flooded most of the year, except during the dry season from November to March. The area has been inhabited for at least ten millennia by different communities, including the Zenú people. Flooding makes the soil fertile and attractive for agriculture, however, to establish permanent settlements, societies needed to construct extensive networks of drainage canals, terraces, and ridges. There are also remains of ceramics, gold smithing. and burial mounds. After the arrival of the Spanish, the water works were gradually abandoned.Tayrona and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Parks and their Archaeological Sitesبديل=Ruins of an ancient city with stone terraces|200x200بكCesar, La Guajira, Magdalena2012iii, iv, v, viii (mixed)Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range with the foot at the coast and the highest peak reaching . This creates different habitat types, such as marine and coastal ecosystems, mangroves, and different types of forests on the mountain slopes. They support various flora and fauna. There are numerous archaeological sites in the area, several of them belonging to the Tairona culture between the 5th and 9th centuries. Pre-Hispanic cultures constructed terraces, canals, and roads. Major sites include the Ciudad Perdida (pictured) and Bahía de Cinto.Catholic Doctrine TemplesCauca2012ii, iv (cultural)The Spanish permanently settled in what is now the Cauca Department only in the late 18th century, following a strong resistance by the indigenous communities. As a part of the evangelization and colonization process, they constructed twelve temples, seven of which still remain today. They are made of timber and earth and represent an example of religious syncretism with Spanish building styles and local construction techniques.United Fruit Company InfrastructureMagdalena2012iv, vi (cultural)In the first decades of the 20th century, the multinational United Fruit Company transformed large areas in the Zona Bananera for the purpose of production of bananas. They cleared forests to set plantations, built towns and villages for workers, and constructed railroads. The life on plantations inspired the works of Gabriel García Márquez. the workers strike and the subsequent Banana Massacre in 1928 were the basis for the climax of his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude.South of Ricaurte Provinceبديل=A lake surrounded by hills with sparse vegetation|150x150بكBoyacá2012ii, iii, viii, x (mixed)The Iguaque Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (Lake Iguaque pictured) is located in the mountains between the elevations  and . It is one of the few places with the páramo ecosystem, a mountain ecosystem above the forest line but below the permanent snow line. Fossils of marine organisms from the Cretaceous period were found here, as before the emergence of the Andes mountains, there was a sea. The area has a spiritual significance to the Muisca people and there are several archaeological sites, including an astronomical observatory that is around 2200 years old.Puente de Occidente (Western Bridge)بديل=A suspension bridge crossing a river. Two tower-like structures on the bank serve as support.|150x150بكAntioquia2012i, iv (cultural)The bridge, designed by José María Villa. crosses the Cauca River. It is a suspension bridge with a span of almost . When opened in 1895, it was the third largest bridge in the world and the largest in South America. The architect took the Brooklyn Bridge as a design reference and adjusted it to the local settings. The bridge represented an important engineering achievement of the era and allowed for economic development of the until then isolated region.Cultural Landscape of the Vernacular Stilt Housing of Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta and of Medio Atratoبديل=Two stilt houses connected by an elevated bridge|150x150بكAntioquia, Chocó, Magdalena2013iv, v (cultural)The area between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains and the Magdalena River is covered by wet tropical rainforest and is designated a Ramsar wetland. People adapted to the natural environment by constructing stilt houses (example pictured). The area of Medio Atrato has been inhabited since the 17th century by people mostly of African descent. The main economic activity is fishing.The architectural legacy of Rogelio Salmona: an ethical, political, social and poetic manifestoبديل=A circular two-level construction with columns as a part of a larger building|150x150بكBogotá. Bolívar2022ii, iv (cultural)This nomination comprises seven works by the French-Colombian architect Rogelio Salmona (1927–2007). The buildings, constructed from the middle of the 20th to the beginning of the 21th century, reflect the ideals of the architect who wanted to create an open city with public spaces for diverse encounters. He was drawing from various Western traditions and those from Mesoamerica to produce his artistic expression. Buildings include the Gabriel García Márquez Cultural Center (pictured), General Archive of the Nation. and the Graduate School Building at the National University of Colombia.Paleontological Sites of the Middle Devonian of Floresta, Boyacáبديل=Marine fossils as a museum exhibit|150x150بكBoyacá2024viii (natural)The Floresta Formation from the Middle Devonian epoch is rich with fossils of different types of marine invertebrates, such as trilobites, bivalves. bryozoans. gastropods, and crustaceans. The rock formation, which is around  thick, allows studies of the evolution of life and environment over the period of around ten million years. A museum exhibit of some fossils from the formation is pictured.The La Venta Konzentrat-Lagerstätte: a Neotropical moist forest biome of the middle MioceneHuila2024viii (natural)La Venta is a fossil site with remains from the Middle Miocene sub-epoch, from roughly 13 million years ago, during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. There are fossils of different fish, caiman. early anacondas. as well as mammals. Here, metatheria and xenarthra species are represented, as well as different ungulates. bats. and rodents. It provides a glimpse of what life in the region was like before the main wave of the Great American Interchange.

 مراجع 

تصنيف:كولومبيا
مكان تراث عالمى
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