قصف هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية

يسار|تصغير| تداعيات في حي إيلبيك في هامبورغ 
تضمن قصف الحلفاء لهامبورغ خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية العديد من الهجمات على المدنيين والبنية التحتية المدنية. إنها مدينة كبيرة ومركز صناعي، ومكان أحواض بناء السفن وأحواض الغواصات. 

كجزء من حملة متواصلة من القصف الاستراتيجي خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أدى الهجوم الذي وقع في الأسبوع الأخير من شهر يوليو عام 1943، والذي أطلق عليه اسم عملية عمورة، إلى إنشاء واحدة من أكبر العواصف النارية التي أثارتها القوات الجوية الملكية والقوات الجوية لجيش الولايات المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثاني،  قتل ما يقدر بنحو 35000 مدني وجرح 125000 آخرين في هامبورغ، وتدمير معظم المدينة تقريبًا.  قبل تطور العاصفة النارية في هامبورغ، لم يكن هناك أمطار لبعض الوقت وكان كل شيء جافًا للغاية.  كان الطقس الدافئ بشكل غير معتاد والظروف الجيدة تعني أن القصف كان مركّزًا للغاية حول الأهداف المقصودة وخلق أيضًا دوامة وتحديث متجدد للهواء شديد الحرارة الذي أحدث إعصارًا في ارتفاع 460 مترًا من النار.

كما كانت هناك العديد من التقنيات والأجهزة الأخرى المستخدمة سابقًا مثل قصف المناطق ورابطات المسار ورادار H2S، والتي تضافرت للعمل بفعالية خاصة. تم استخدام نموذج مبكر من chaff، يُسمى الكود "Window"، بنجاح لأول مرة من قِبل سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني (RAF) - السحب من شرائط القصدير التي أسقطها باثفايندرز بالإضافة إلى تيار المهاجم الأولي - من أجل تحييد الرادار الألماني تمامًا. ألحقت الغارات أضرارا بالغة بإنتاج الأسلحة الألمانية في هامبورغ.

 تسمية 
يأتي اسم عمورة من واحدة من مدينتي سدوم وعمورة الكنعانيين اللتين تم تسجيل تدميرهما في الكتاب المقدس: «ثم أمط الرب الكبريت والنار على سدوم وعمورة، من الرب من السماء». - سفر التكوين 19:24

 مهمات مهمة 

 معركة هامبورغ 
تصغير| لانكستر في سماء هامبورغ، 30/31 يناير 1943 
كانت معركة هامبورغ، التي أطلق عليها اسم عملية عمورة، حملة من الغارات الجوية التي بدأت في 24 يوليو 1943 واستمرت لمدة 8 أيام و 7 ليال. كان في ذلك الوقت أعنف هجوم في تاريخ الحرب الجوية، وكان يطلق عليه فيما بعد هيروشيما ألمانيا من قبل المسؤولين البريطانيين. 

حتى تحول محور قيادة سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني إلى هامبورغ، كان تركيزهم على منطقة الرور الصناعية التي كانت هدفًا لحملة استمرت خمسة أشهر.

تم تنفيذ العملية من قِبل RAF Bomber Command (بما في ذلك سلاح الجو الملكي الكندي والقوات الجوية الملكية الأسترالية والأسراب البولندية) والقوات الجوية الثامنة للقوات الجوية الأمريكية. نفذ البريطانيون غارات ليلية وغارات سلاح الجو الأمريكي.

تضمن الهجوم الأولي على هامبورغ مقدمتين جديدتين للتخطيط البريطاني: استخدموا «نافذة»، والمعروفة أيضًا باسم القشر، للتشويش على الرادار الألماني، بينما أبلغت طائرة باثفايندر فورس، التي أبقت عادةً على صمت الراديو، عن الرياح التي واجهتها، وتمت معالجة هذه المعلومات ونقلها إلى ملاحيين قوة المهاجمات.

 الجدول الزمني 
يسار|إطار|Film footage of the daylight bombing of Hamburg
+Raids on Hamburg during Second World WarDateTarget/TypeRoundel and notesleaflets 10 RAF aircraft.oil installations 48 Hampdens attacked Hamburg oil installations.oil refineries Hampdens attacked oil refineries near Hamburg.oil refineries Hamburg oil refineries were bombed. Hamburg, Wilhelmshafen and Münster were frequent targets during the Battle of Britain (June–October 1940) but lack of bombing accuracy meant that little damage was done, (See Butt Report (August 1941)). Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 12 fires with little loss of life. Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 13 fires with little loss of life. over 200 aircraft. On the first night damage was caused to the Blohm & Voss shipyard and over 60 fires were started. On the second night only 60 aircraft found their target and damage was far less. Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin bombed by a total of 257. 51 people were killed, the highest number in a single raid to date During this month Hamburg was a main target. Hamburg was bombed several times during the month. Raids now usually contained about 100 bombers. 92 aircraft. a raid on Bremen but most bombed Hamburg – an error of 50 miles. 11 out of 35 bombers were shot down by night fighters. 95 aircraft. Only 48 aircraft claimed to have bombed Hamburg. محطة هامبورغ التونا was hit and 12 fires, 7 of them large ones, were started. Six people killed and 22 injured. No aircraft reported lost. 96 aircraft. 52 bombers claimed to have bombed Hamburg successfully. 36 fires started 3 of which were large, 3 people killed and 25 injured. 11 Bombers lost. Bremen was the main target for 83 aircraft, but Hamburg was bombed as a secondary target causing 11 fires and casualties of 5 dead and 12 injured in Hamburg. Four bombers lost. one or two bombers. largest raid to date on a single target. Carried out by 272 aircraft. Raid was considered a failure. 17 people were killed and 119 injured. 5 planes lost. 173 aircraft. 75 fires, 33 classed as large were started. Twenty-three people were killed and 66 injured. Eight aircraft lost. 81 aircraft, dispatched on the 100th anniversary of a great fire in Hamburg. 53 aircraft were estimated to have hit the target. 113 fires started, of which 57 were large. 77 were killed, 243 injured and 1,624 bombed out. 5 aircraft were lost. 403 aircraft. Widespread damage was caused, mostly in housing and semi-commercial districts rather than in the docks and industrial areas. At least 800 fires started, 523 of which were large. 823 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 damaged. More than 14,000 people were bombed out. 337 people were killed and 1,027 injured. 29 aircraft were lost, 7.2% of the force. 256 aircraft. Due to bad weather only 68 bombed in the target area. Fifty-six fires, 15 of them large, were started. Thirteen people were killed and 48 injured. Bomber losses were high, 15.3% for the main group bombing that night. 10 aircraft.nuisance raid single Mosquito.nuisance raid 2 Mosquitoes. light secondary target raid. 2 large fires were started. 8 people were killed and 43 injured. 213 aircraft. There were 26 fires started of which 3 were large. 3 people killed and 16 injured. 15 aircraft lost, 7.0% of the force. 148 aircraft. It was the first H2S radar-assisted attack of the war. H2S use was not successful and the bombs were scattered. However 119 fires were started of which 71 were large. 58 people were killed and 164 injured. 5 aircraft were lost, 3.4% of the force. 263 aircraft. Bad weather affected the bombers with many turning back early. Damage was light for what was planned to be a large raid. 16 bombers were lost, 6.1% of the force, many to nightfighters. 417 aircraft. The Pathfinders marked the wrong target, mistaking a mud bank for the docks with their H2S radar, so most of the bombs landed 13 miles downstream from the centre of Hamburg, around the small town of Wedel. Those bombs which landed on Hamburg did considerable damage starting 100 fires, killing 27 people and injuring 95. The damage to Wedel was extensive. 10 aircraft lost, 2.4% of the force.nuisance raid 2 Mosquitoes.Blohm & Voss Mission Number 67: 275 B-17 are to attack submarine pens and industrial areas of Hamburg and Bremen, but the primary targets are obscured by cloud so the bombers hit 167 bomb "targets of opportunity in NW Germany". The 384th Bombardment Group of the USAAF are involved in the attack of an initial 19 aircraft, 11 aborted the mission and only 5 joined the combat wing.nuisance raid 4 Mosquitoes.nuisance raid 4 Mosquitoes.nuisance raid 4 Mosquitoes.nuisance raid 4 Mosquitoes.large raid 791 Halifaxes and Lancasters marked the opening of the "Battle of Hamburg" or so called "Operation Gomorrah raid". A countermeasure against the radar-directed German nightfighters in the form of "Window" was used for the first time. In the clear weather visual and H2S marking was accurate and on the town centre. 728 aircraft dropped their bombs in 50 minutes. Less than half the force bombed within 3 miles of the centre with a bomb creepback of six miles. Damage was caused in the central and north-western districts, particularly in Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hoheluft. The Rathaus (Town Hall), the St. Nikolai church, the main police station, the main telephone exchange and the Hagenbeck Zoo were among the well-known landmarks to be hit. About 1,500 people were killed which was the largest outside the range of the "Oboe" radio navigation system which helped to concentrate the bombing pattern. Thanks to the use of Window only 12 aircraft were lost, 1.5% of the force.Blohm & VossMission Number 76. It is planned that 123 B-17 will bomb the diesel engine works at Hamburg but due to cloud cover, 100 planes from the 91st, 351st, 381st (= 1st combat wing), 303rd, 379th, 384th bomb group (= 41st combat wing) bomb the shipyards in a 15-minute period starting at 16:30. 15 B-17's are lost, and American casualties are 1 killed five wounded and 150 missing..Blohm & VossMission Number 77. 121 B-17's dispatched against Hanover (54) and the U-boat yards at Hamburg between 11:59 and 12:00 (71).nuisance raid 6 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.Large raid 787 Halifaxes and Lancasters guided in by Pathfinders using H2S bombed about 2 miles east of city centre. Due to the unseasonally dry conditions, a firestorm was created in the built-up working-class districts of Hammerbrook, Hamm, Borgfelde and Rothenburgsort. The bombing was more concentrated than the RAF was usually able to manage at this stage of the war. In just over half an hour it is estimated that 550–600 bomb loads fell into an area measuring only 2 miles by 1 mile and this gradually spread the fire eastwards. The firestorm lasted for about three hours, consuming approximately 16,000 multi-storyed apartment buildings and killing an estimated 40,000 people, most of them by carbon monoxide poisoning when all the air was drawn out of their basement shelters. Fearing further raids, two-thirds of Hamburg's population, approximately 1,200,000 people, fled the city in the aftermath.nuisance raid 4 Mosquitoes.Large raid 777 aircraft guided in by pathfinders marking using H2S. The plan was to bomb the untouched northern suburbs. But a mistake in mapping led to the bombing of an area just north of the area devastated by the firestorm three nights before. The residential areas of Wandsbek and Barmbek districts and parts of the Uhlenhorst and Winterhude were severely damaged and widespread fires but no firestorm. Twenty-eight aircraft 3.6% of the force was lost. 740 aircraft dispatched on a raid to Hamburg but bad weather stopped all but a few bombers reaching Hamburg; many bombed secondary targets instead. 30 aircraft, 4.1% of the force was lost.nuisance raid 6 Mosquitoes. Hamburg and other cities raided by a total of 26 Mosquitoes.diversionary raid (Berlin) 15 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.nuisance raid 20 Mosquitoes. 35 Mosquitoes.diversionary raid 16 Mosquitoes. 26 Mosquitoes.oil refineries Mission 421: B-17s bombed Hamburg-Ebano (18), Hamburg-Eurotank (54), Hamburg- (38), and Hamburg-Schindler (36). a Battle of the Ruhr mission (including the )oil refineries Mission 425: B-17s bombed oil refineries at Hamburg/Deut.Petr.AG (53), Harburg/Ebano (60),Hamburg/Eurotank (107), Hamburg/ (50), Harburg/Rhenania (53), Hamburg/Schliemanns (54), and Hamburg/Schindler (26).diversionary raid 29 Mosquitoes.diversionary raid 26 Mosquitoes.diversionary raid 30 Mosquitoes. 307 aircraft. The raid was not a success, the bombing was scattered and German sources estimated that only 120 bombers landed their load on the city. 22 aircraft were lost mainly to night fighters.oil refineriesMission 514: 181 B-17s bombed Hamburg refineries.oil refineries Mission 524: Hamburg oil refineries bombed at Hamburg/Deutsche (54), Hamburg/ (33), Hamburg/Rhenania (61), Hamburg/ (62), Hamburg/Schlieman (32), and Hamburg/Schulau (72 B-17s). Rhenania-Ossag was a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. diversionary nuisance raid 13 Mosquitoes.diversionary nuisance raid Hamburg was one of five cities bombed by a total of 53 Mosquitoes.nuisance raid 32 Mosquitoes.diversionary nuisance raid 6 Mosquitoes. 46 Mosquitoes.oil refinery (Harburg/Rhenania) Mission 667: 121 of 406 dispatched B-24s bombed the Harburg/Rhenania oil refinery. 52 Mosquitoes.oil refineries Mission 688: 455 B-17s dispatched to hit the Harburg (221, including those of the 447th BG) and Rhenania oil refineries (214) at Hamburg. 297 B-17s dispatched to hit the primary hit secondaries, Harburg (179) and Rhenania oil refineries (106) at Hamburg; cloud cover limited accuracy, devastation of Harburg cityoil refineries Mission 693: 357 B-24s are dispatched to hit the Harburg oil refinery (72) and Rhenania oil refinery (67) at Hamburg, 28 bomb Hamburg targets of opportunity.oil refinery Mission 700: 257 B-17s are dispatched to hit the Harburg oil plant at Hamburg (238), 186 of 193 B-17s hit the Rhenania oil plant at Hamburg.ordnance depots US : send 160 B-26s and A-20s to attack ammunition, ordnance, and supply depots in Hamburg.oil refineries Mission 704: 291 B-17s are dispatched to hit the Harburg (142) and Rhenania (138) oil refineries at Hamburg.oil refineries 237 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitoes of No 5 Group are dispatched to hit the Rhenania-Ossag oil refinery Harburg, which had been attacked several times by American day bombers.oil refineries Mission 720: 366 B-24s are sent to hit the Dpag (178) and Rhenania (171) oil plants at Hamburg.(cloud cover limited accuracy, devastigation of Harburg city)diversionary raid 53 Mosquitoes. 28 Mosquitoes.nuisance raid 7 Mosquitoes hit Hamburg-Wandsbek and -Barmbek at 3 am.Blohm & Voss Mission 772: 526 B-17s are dispatched to hit oil industry targets at Hamburg (68), the Wilhelmsburg refinery at Harburg (92), the Grassbrook refinery at Hamburg (71) and the industrial area at Hamburg (72).diversionary nuisance raid 9 Mosquitoes.Blohm & Voss The 384 BG bombed the Hamburg submarine yards. oil refineries Mission 845: 362 B-17s are sent to hit the Albrecht 278 and Harburg 70 oil refineries at Hamburg.oil refinery Mission 865: 120 of 126 B-24s hit the Harburg oil refinery at Hamburg without loss.Blohm & Voss 312 aircraft, including those of the No. 466 Squadron RAAF, bombed Blohm & Voss to destroy the type XXI U-boats (cloud cover limited accuracy).Blohm & Voss The No. 466 Squadron RAAF bombed Blohm & Voss.oil refinery Mission 881: 469 of 485 B-17s bomb the Wilhelmsburg oil refinery at Hamburg; one other hits a target of opportunity; one B-17 is lost and 41 damaged; 3 airmen are wounded and 10 are missing in action.shipyards, docs and oil installations Mission 898: 451 bombers and 355 fighters are dispatched to bomb the shipyard and dock area at Hamburg and an oil refinery. All the targets were bombed including the Blohm & Voss U-boat yard.oil refinery (Erdölwerke) 159 aircraft put the refinery out of action for the rest of the war.oil depotMission 918: 530 B-17s are sent to bomb 2 U-boat yards oil depot at Hamburg. 64 bomb the yards and 169 the depot. 263 bomb the port area at Hamburg (the secondary target) and one bombs Bremen (a target of opportunity). Bombing is both visual and using H2X radar. raid by 43 Mosquitoes.Blohm & Voss 469 aircraft to destroy the Type XXI U-boats under construction. Cloud cover prevented serious damage to the target, but there was considerable damage to houses, factories, energy supplies and communications over a wide area of southern Hamburg. 11 aircraft lost mainly to German day fighters.nuisance raid 1 Mosquito.U-boat yard A DISNEY mission: 22 of 24 B-17s bomb the Finkenwarder U-boat yard at Hamburg without loss.shipyard 440 aircraft—partial cloud caused the raid to become dispersed. There was some damage to the yards but it was not clear whether the damage was American or British or both.oil storage 57 Lancasters of No. 5 Group RAF attacked oil-storage tanks (40 aircraft) and U-boat shelters (17 aircraft of  with Grand Slams and Tallboy bombs). Both attacks were successful. 2 Lancasters were lost from the raid on the oil tanks.diversionary raid 24 Mosquitoes.diversionary raid 87 Mosquitoes.

 Notes 

تصنيف:هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية
تصنيف:ألمانيا في 1943
تصنيف:العمليات الجوية ومعارك الحرب الثانية التي شاركت فيها المملكة المتحدة
تصنيف:القصف الإستراتيجي لألمانيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
تصنيف:القنابل النارية
تصنيف:انفجارات في 1943
تصنيف:حملة النفط للحرب العالمية الثانية
تصنيف:هامبورغ في عقد 1940
تصنيف:نزاعات في 1943