شوانوري

تصغير|جزء من شوانوري
كان الشوانوري انتفاضة ملكية أو ثورة مضادة في 12 من الأقاليم الغربية في فرنسا، لا سيما في مقاطعتي بريتاني ومين، ضد الجمهورية الفرنسية الأولى خلال الثورة الفرنسية. حدثت على ثلاث مراحل واستمرت من ربيع 1794 حتى 1800.Albert Soboul (dir.), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Quadrige/PUF, 1989, p. 217, "Chouans/Chouannerie" entry by Roger Dupuy 

 المؤلفات 

 تاريخياً 

 Jacques Duchemin des Cépeaux, Souvenirs de la Chouannerie, 1855 ;
 Émile Souvestre, Scènes de la Chouannerie, Michel Lévy, Paris, 1856;A journalist, Émile Souvestre researched the survivors and, without taking sides too much, entered two theses which always remain diametrically opposed. He gives us a better understanding of the birth of the Chouannerie movement.
 Abbé Jean-François Paulouin, La Chouannerie du Maine et Pays adjacents. 1793-1799-1815-1832. Avec la Biographie de plus de 120 Officiers., Monnoyer, لو مان, 1875
 Jean Morvan, Les Chouans de la Mayenne. 1792 - 1796, Lévy, باريس, 1900
 Abbé Almire Belin (dir.), La Révolution dans le Maine. Revue bimestrielle, Imprimerie Benderitter puis M. Vilaire, Le Mans, 1925–1937
 Marc Valin, Chouans de la Mayenne, Éditions Siloé, لافال (ماين), 1985
 Jean Barreau, La chouannerie mayennaise sous la Convention et le Directoire, Imp. Martin, Le Mans, 1988.
 Anne Bernet, Les Grandes Heures de la chouannerie, Perrin, 1993
 Roger Dupuy, Les Chouans, Hachette Littérature, 1997.Analyses the evolution of the Chouannerie during seven years of civil war in the western French departments. Its different facets (pré-chouannerie, guérilla chouannerie, military chouannerie...) are treated in detail. Besides the historical aspects, the author describes the "chouans au quotidien", or everyday chouans : numbder, age, profession, wives, priests, nobles ...).
 Anne Bernet, Histoire générale de la chouannerie, Perrin, 2000.A general history of the revolt, integrating the Chouanneries in Mayenne, Normandy and Brittany and associating them with the War in the Vendee. It brings to life key characters at certain moments in their lives. At the end, there are two indexes (sixteen pages of first names, and nine pages of placenames) together with some illustrations, including an artist's impression of Jean Chouan. 
 Jean Lepart,"Histoire de la Chouannerie dans la Sarthe", in Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine, Le Mans,tome CLIII, p. 13-64, 2002 and tome CLV, p 65-120, 2004.
 Hubert La Marle, Dictionnaire des Chouans de la Mayenne, Éditions régionales de l'Ouest - Mayenne. 2005.The names and distinctions of around 4,000 Mayenne Chouans, officers, NCOs and men, as well as almoners serving in the Mayenne departement between 1792 and 1832. Biographical notes on the Chouans' military careers, a non-exhaustive list of around 3000 Chouans. It also contributes to rectifying two historical errors - the revolt recruited in the towns as much as in the countryside, and the army quickly organised itself first into companies, then legions, then divisions, in an increasingly highly-structured manner.
 Bernard Coquet, Le dernier des Chouans Louis-Stanislas Sortant, 1777-1840, Éditions Ophrys-SPM, Paris, 2007.

 أعمال خيالية 

 أونوريه دي بلزاك, الشوان, الملهاة الإنسانية, tome XIII. (also adapted as a film, , by Henri Calef, with جان ماريز, 1946).
 فكتور هوغو, ثلاثة وتسعون.
 Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, L'Ensorcelée. and Le Chevalier des Touches.
 , les mouchoirs rouges de Cholet.
 The film Chouans !, by فيليب دي بروكا, with فيليب نويريه، صوفي مارسو، لامبرت ويلسون and ستيفان فرايس, 1988.
 D K Broster 'The Yellow Poppy' published by Duckworth 1920

 المراجع 

 لمزيد من الإطلاع 

 Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), pp 3–10
 Sutherland, Donald. The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counter-Revolution in Upper Brittany, 1770-1796 (1982)
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 

تصنيف:أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1793
تصنيف:التاريخ العسكري بريتاني
تصنيف:تأسيسات سنة 1793 في فرنسا