تنظيم صناعي

المنظمة الصناعية هي حقل في علم الاقتصاد مبني على أسس نظرية الشركات للتحقق من البُنية والحدود بين الشركات والسوق.• G.C. Archibald, 1987 (2008). "firm, theory of the," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 357-63. "%20firm,%20theory%20of%20the"&topicid=&result_number=1 Keywords.  • جان تيرول, 1988. The Theory of Industrial Organization. "The Theory of the Firm," pp. 15–60. MIT Press.   • بينغت هولمستروم and دونالد جون روبرتس, 1998. "The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(4), pp. 73–94 (close Pages tab). 
وُصف هذا الموضوع كعلاقة مع الأسواق التي «لا يمكن تحليلها بسهولة باستخدام نموذج المنافسة المعياري»Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "Industrial Organization," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, p. 803. تضيف المنظمة الصناعية لنموذج المنافسة الممتاز في الحياة الواقعية بعض الأمور كتكاليف التعاملات.• رونالد كوس, 1937. "The Nature of the Firm," Economica, N.S., 4(16), pp. 386–405.   •_____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence," Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 4(1), pp. 33-47. Reprinted in The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development, 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. 61-74.   • _____, 1991. "The Institutional Structure of Production," Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, American Economic Review, 82(4), pp. 713-719.   • أوليفر وليامسون, 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach," The American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548-577 .   • _____, 2009. "Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression," Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, American Economic Review, 100(3), pp. 673–90.  واقتصاديات المعلومات المحدودة وحواجز للمدخلات للشركات الجديدة التي قد ترتبط مع منافسات غير جيدة. فهي تحلل المحددات للشركات والسوق والتعاملات بينهما كالسلوك بين المنافسة والاحتكار• Luigi Zingales, 2008. "corporate governance," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.   • Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp. 171-195.    • فريدريك إم. شيرير and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract.   • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. Modern Industrial Organization, 4th edition, pp. 2-3. Description.  بما في ذلك التعاملات من الجهات الحكومية.

ثمة منهجيات مختلفة لهذا الموضوع. يمكن وصف أحدها بتوفير عرض عن المنظمة الصناعية كمقاييس المنافسة ونسبة حجم المنظمة في القطاع الذي تعمل فيه. في حين تستخدم منهجية ثانية نماذج الاقتصاد الجزئي لتوضيح التنظيم الداخلي للشركة واستراتيجية السوق.• Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Description and 1st ed. review extract.   • Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. Modern Industrial Organization, 4th edition, pp. 2-3. Description.    • Jean Tirole, 1988. The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press. Description , p. 3, and [Part] I, "The Exercise of Monopoly Power."  بالنسبة لتفاعل الشركة مع للاستراتيجية، فإن نظرية الألعاب غير التعاونية أصبحت بمثابة طريقة التحيليل القياسية.• Jean Tirole, 1988. The Theory of Industrial Organization, p. 3 and [Part] II, "Strategic Interaction."   • Drew Fudenberg and Jean Tirole, 1989. "Noncooperative Game Theory for Industrial Organization: An Introduction and Overview," ch. 5, Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259-327.   • كارل شابيرو, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy," RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), pp. 125-137.   • Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization," ch. 49, Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,
v. 3, pp. 1851-1895.   • Martin Shubik, 1987. A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy, Part II. MIT Press. Description.  ثمة مظهر ثالث يوجّه للسياسات العامة كما في القوانين الاقتصادية.Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22-26, abstract links. وقانون مكافحة الاحتكار.• ريتشارد بوسنر, 2001. AntiTrust Law, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. Preview.   • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 553–560. Abstract. • جورج ستيجلر, 1983. The Organization of Industry, University of Chicago Press. Description and contents links and preview.   • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview," Economic Journal, 98(392), pp. 643-681. Working paper link.   • Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier:
Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to description & contents & (partial) chapter outlines.
 _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to description & contents and chapter outlines.
Mark Armstrong and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to description, chapter-content descriptions, chapter outlines, and preview. 
يدين تطوير المنظمة الصناعية لحقل منفصل بالكثير لإدوار تشامبرلين • Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. The Theory of منافسة احتكارية: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value, 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press.   • R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years," Journal of Economic Studies, 14(1), pp.34-54. Abstract.   • William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin," in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 199-.  وإدوارد س. ماسون<ref>Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise," American Economic Review, 29(1, Supplement), pp. 61-74.   • _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States," 'Harvard Law Review, 62(8), pp. 1265-1285.   • _____, 1957. Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem, Harvard University Press. Review extract.   • William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason," in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed. </ref> وجوي س. بين• Joe S. Bain, 1956. Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing Industries, Harvard University Press.   • _____, 1968. Industrial Organization, John Wiley & Sons.   • Richard E. Caves, 2007. "Joe S. Bain," in Pioneers of Industrial Organization, H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. 224-231. E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems," American Economic Review, 60(2), pp. 83-89.  ولمن تبعهم في هذا المجال.Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. Industrial Organization, Edward Elgar. Description and article list. 23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987. 
اختلف تقييم هذا الموضوع مع مرور الزمن. تناولت المقدمة الخاصة ببحث يعود إلى عام 1972 بعنوان «التنظيم الصناعي إلى أين؟» موضوع أن لا يكون كل شيء على ما يرام طالما ازدهر حقل العمل بسهولةفيكتور فوكس, ed., 1972. "Preface" (scrollable down), Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, المكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية, p. xv.  جاءت الاستجابة لهذا البحث بعد حوالي 15 عاماً: الحكم اليوم هو أن المنظمة الصناعية بخير وجيدة وهي ملكة الاقتصاد الجزئي.أوليفر وليامسون, 1987. "Delimiting Antitrust," Georgetown University Law Review, December 76, p. 303. Reprinted in Williamson (1996), The Mechanisms of Governance, p. 306 (snippet). 

 التصنيفات الفرعية 
Subareas of the subject are defined by the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, in which Industrial Organization, at JEL: L, comprises one of 19 primary classifications. There, it has 10 categories, each with multiple subcategories.JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories These are listed below, followed by numbered links, if applicable, to similarly classified article-preview links from The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online (2008):

JEL: L0 – عام

JEL: L1 – هيكلية السوق، إستراتيجية الشركة وأداء السوق 

JEL: L2 – أهداف الشركة والتنظيم والسلوك 

JEL: L3 – منظمة غير ربحية وشركة عامة

JEL: L4 – سياسات وقضايا مكافحة الاحتكار 

JEL: L5 – اقتصاديات التنظيم والسياسات الصناعية

JEL: L6 – الدراسات الصناعية: التصنيع 

JEL: L7 – الدراسات الصناعية: المنتجات الأولية والبناء

JEL: L8 – الدراسات الصناعية: الخدمات 

JEL: L9 – الدراسات الصناعية: النقل والمرافق العمومية.

 هيكلية السوق 
البُنى السوقية المعروفة ذات العلاقة بهذا المجال هي:
 منافسة مثالية
 منافسة احتكارية
 احتكار القلة
 Oligopsony
 احتكار
 احتكار الشراء

 مجالات الدراسة 
Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments with
 تمييز في الأسعار
 تميز المنتج
 سلعة معمرةs
 Experience goods
 سوق ثانويs or second-hand markets, which can affect the behaviour of firms in primary markets.
 Collusion
 Signalling, such as warranties and advertising.
 اندماج واستحواذ
 مدخلات (اقتصاد) ومخرجات (اقتصاد)

A competitive market structure has the performance outcome of lower costs and lower prices, (Shepherd, W: 1997:4).

The subject has a theoretical side and a practical side. According to one text book: "On one plane the field is abstract, a set of analytical concepts about competition and monopoly. On a second plane the topic is about real markets, teeming with the excitement and drama of struggles among real firms" (Shepherd, W.; 1985; 1).

The extensive use of نظرية الألعاب in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of اقتصاد جزئي، such as اقتصاد سلوكي and تمويل الشركات. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on قانون المنافسة and قانون المنافسة.

 History of the field 
A 2009 book Pioneers of Industrial Organization traces the development of the field from آدم سميث to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. Pioneers of Industrial Organization. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar . Description and content links and preview. 

Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937, 1972/1933,James W. McKie, 1972. "Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass," ch. 1 in فيكتور فوكس, ed., Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, NBER, pp. 1-15.  1974,Almarin Phillips and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. "The Historical Development of Industrial Organization," History of Political Economy, 6(3), pp. 324-342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. Citation.  1987/7 from 1968 on, 3 from 1937 to 1956,Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview," Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), pp. 371-378.  and 2009/c. 1900.Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. "Between Competition and Monopoly," Competing Schools of Economic Thought, ch. 9, pp. 213-42. Springer 

 طالع أيضاً 
 نقطة كورنو
 نموذج المدخلات - المخرجات
 تركز صناعي

 المراجع 

 مراجع إضافية 
 Paul Belleflamme and Martin Peitz, 2010. Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Summary and Resources
 Cabral, Luís M. B., 2000. Introduction to Industrial Organization. MIT Press. Links to Description and chapter-preview links.
 Shepherd, William, 1985. The Economics of Industrial Organization, Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-231481-9
 Shy, Oz, 1995. Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications. Description and chapter-preview links. MIT Press.
 Vives, Xavier, 2001. Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools''. MIT Press. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
 Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, 2005. "Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach," (aka IOSA )”, Free Textbook
 Nicolas Boccard, 2010. "Industrial Organization, a Contract Based approach (aka IOCB )”, Open Source Textbook

 نشرات 
 International Journal of the Economics of Business and issue preview links
 International Journal of Industrial Organization and issue-preview links
 Journal of Industrial Economics, Aims and Scope, and issue-preview links.
 Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization and issue-preview links.
 Review of Industrial Organization and issue-preview links.

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