Pulgara Cyning

Pulgara Cyningas be missenlicum titlum ricsoden on Pulgarum of þæs rīces forma staþle (se hēt man þæt Forma Pulgara Rīce) in 681 oð thame dæg þan ahƿeafen Communistas þone cynedōm in 1946. In his ylde þolede þisne cynedōm tƿone tīdas under elelendiscum oferhlāfordscipe: healf ōðre hund geara unde þæm Constantinipolis Rīce and ælmæst fīf hundred ƿintra þæs Oþomaniscan Rīces. Early Pulgarisca rīcan hycgð man benyttedon þone naman Khan, later knyaz for scortum tīde, and æfterƿearde tsar.

Tsar seo titul (se is of þæm Ƿendiscum spræce þæs Læden ƿordes Caesar (se is cāsere), and Pulgare nām þis ƿord for hiera bregum for Simeon I, æfter his mæran sige ofer þæm Constantinopolis Rīce in 913. Eall Simeones æftergengan nyttedon þās title oð Pulgrara rīces feall þæm Turciscum Bregum in 1396.

Æfter þe þā Pulgare abrācon of þæm Turcum in 1878, cēas hiera forma cyning Alexander I þe his titul biþ knyaz, ac his cynedōm næs sundorrīce in Turcena ēagum oþ 1908 and on þæm dæge abannede Ferdinand Alexandres sunu þe he biþ Tsar, se is 'Cyning'.  Se nama tsar abād under Ferdinande his ierfum Boris III and Simeon II.

Oððæt ðe tsar ƿæs onƿendode "cāsere" in þæm Forma and Ōðrum Pulgara Rīcum Empires, in þissum ylde hæfþ man onƿended þæt ƿord "cyning".

In þara fēam alibbendum Middelyldra Pulgariscum cynelicum bōcum, healdon Pulgarena Cyningas mid langum titlum tobysene "In Criste se Ƿealdende se Trēoƿe Cāsere and Autocrat of Eallra Pulgara" oððe gelicum þingum, and oft ēac "... and Rōmƿara, Crēaca, or Vlacha".

Pulgara rīcena getæl
This list does not include the mythical Bulgar rulers and the rulers of Old Great Bulgaria listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans as well as unsuccessful claimants to the throne who are not generally listed among the Bulgarian monarchs.

 Gelicnes Titul Nama Rīce Glēsing/DēaþFirst Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Dulo cynn (681–753) 100px  Khan  Asparukh  681–700  Kubrating, se ricsode on þæm Eald Micel Pulgaraland. Æfter his sige æt Ongal Beadƿe in 680 sceap he Pulgara land on Europan. Forþferde in 700 in gūþ ƿiþ Khazaras.Andreev, p. 19 100px  Khan  Tervel  700–721  Fōn þā titul 'Caesar' in 705.Andreev, p. 23Whittow, p. 273 Tervel sæd man in his dæge ƿæs Europan Hælend forþæm þe Pulgare slōgon Arabas in þære Constantinopolis Besetnesse. Forþferde in 721.Andreev, p. 27  Khan  Kormesiy  721–738  Deaþ unbekenned.Andreev, p. 29  Khan Sevar  738–753  Se endmesta rica þæs Dulo cynnes. Forþferde oððe ƿæs ahƿearf in 753.Andreev, p. 30 Vokil clan (753–762) Khan   Kormisosh  753–756  Floces unfriþ ongann. Ahƿearf in 756.Andreev, p. 32  Khan  Vinekh  756–762  Gemorð in 762.Andreev, p. 33 Ugain cynn (762–765) Khan   Telets  762–765  Gemorð in 765.Andreev, p. 35 Ne of þæm cynecynne (765–766)  Khan  Sabin  765–766  Of Ƿendiscum gebyrde hycgþ  man. Ahƿearf be Folcesræde in 766, fliemede to Constantinopolis.Andreev, p. 36 Vokil clan (766)  Khan  Umor  766  Ricsode 40 niht. Ahƿearf in 766 and fled to the Byzantine Empire.Andreev, p. 38 Non-dynastic (766–768) Khan  Toktu  766–767  Killed in the forests of the Danube in 767 by the opposition.Andreev, p. 39  Khan  Pagan  767–768  Murdered by his servants in the region of Varna.Andreev, p. 40 Krum/Dulo dynasty (768–997) 100px Emperor Telerig  768–777  Son of Tervel.Fled to Constantinople in 777 and baptised.Andreev, p. 42  Khan  Kardam  777–803  End of the internal crisis. Stabilization and consolidation of the country. Unknown date of death.Andreev, p. 44 100px  Casere  Krum  803–814  Lof mid Pliska Beadƿe þærin feall  Nikephoros I Constantinopolis Cāsere, and ēac þe he geaf Pulgarum hiera ǣrrostan geƿriten ǣ. Forþferde in his bedde.Andreev, pp. 53–54 100px  Micel Casere (Kanasubigi),  Ruler of the many BulgariansAndreev, p. 62  Omurtag  814–831  Mǣre þe he timbrode micel and ednīƿede þone lēodƿeard ac he persecuted Cristenmenn.Andreev, pp. 61–62  Khan  Malamir  831–836  Omurtages þridde and iengsta sunu. Forþferde in his bedde æt geongum ylde.Andreev, pp. 67–68  Khan  Presian I  836–852  Ælmæst eall Mæcedonia þæt land ƿæs brōhted in Pulgaraland.Andreev, p. 70 Brego (Knyaz)  Boris I  852–889  He brohtede þa Pulgare to Criste and bannede þe Eald Ciriceƿendisc biþ þære cirican and þæs rīces ambehtsprǣc.Whittow, p. 284 Abdicated in 883, Forþferde on 2 May 902, æt 80 ƿintra ylde.Andreev, pp. 85–86 Proclaimed a Saint.  Brego  Vladimir  889–893  Borises I ieldsta sunu. Tried to restore Tengriism. Ahƿearf and blinded be his fæder in 893.Andreev, p. 89   Brego & TsarPulgara and Rōmƿara Cāsere (be crafunge)Stephenson, p. 23  Pulgara Cāsere (be rihte)Stephenson, p. 22  Simeon I  893–927  Borisses Þridde sunu, he gang to ƿeordenne prēost ac drifen on þone cynestōl be þæm Preslaf Ræd. Pulgaraland areccede his hēastan be lofe and in landscipe. Gylden yld þara Pulgare. Forþferde of heorte attack on 27 May 927, æt 63 ƿintrum.Andreev, pp. 103–104   CaserePulgara CāsereWhittow, p. 292  Petar I  927–969  Second son of Simeon I. His 42-year cynedōm is þæt lengste rīce in Pulgara stǣre. Abdicated in 969 and ƿeard munuc and forþferde on 30 January 970.Andreev, p. 112 Proclaimed a Saint. 100px  Casere  Boris II  970–971  Petares ieldsta sunu.. Dethroned be þæm Constantinopolis Rīce in 971 and geslēan in unfære be Pulgariscum mearcƿeardum in 977 þan he cƿōm eft on his agen land.Andreev, p. 118 100px  Casere  Roman  977–991 (997)  Second son of Petar I. Castrated by the Byzantines but escaped to Bulgaria in 977. Captured in battle by the Byzantines in 991 and Forþferde in prison in Constantinople in 997.Andreev, p. 121-122 Cometopuli dynasty (997–1018) 100px  CaserePulgara CāsereWhittow, p. 297  Samuel  997–1014  Co-ruler and general under Roman between 976 and 997. Officially proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. Forþferde of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, aged 69–70.Andreev, p. 127  Casere  Gavril Radomir  1014–1015  Eldest son of Samuel, crowned on 15 October 1014. Murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav in August 1015.Andreev, pp. 129–130  Casere  Ivan Vladislav  1015–1018  Arones sunu and Samueles nefa. Gesl ēan æt sæcce be þære Dyrrachium Besetnesse.Andreev, p. 133 His death brought the end of the First Bulgarian Empire which was annexed by the Byzantine Empire.Proclaimed monarchs during the Byzantine rule (1040–1041 / 1072) Cometopuli dynasty 100px  Casere  Petar II Delyan  1040–1041  Claimed to have been descendent of Gavril Radomir. Led an unsuccessful uprising against Byzantine rule.Andreev, p. 136 100px  Casere  Petar III  1072  Named Constantine Bodin and Descendent of Samuel, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the sainted emperor Petar I during the Uprising of Georgi Voiteh.Andreev, p. 142-143 Between 1081 and 1101 he ruled as Duklja Cyning.Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) Asen dynasty   Casere  Petar IV  1185–1190  Named Theodore, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria as Petar IV during the successful Uprising of Asen and Petar. In 1190 he gave the throne to his younger brother.Andreev, pp. 146–147   Casere  Ivan Asen I  1190–1196  Younger brother of Petar IV. A successful general, he ruled until 1196 when he was murdered by his cousin Ivanko.Andreev, pp. 157–158   Casere  Petar IV  1196–1197  Murdered in 1197. 100px  CaserePulgara and Vlacha Casere  Kaloyan  1197–1207  Third brother of Asen and Petar. Expanded Bulgaria and concluded a Union with the Catholic Church. Murdered by plotters during the siege of Salonica.Andreev, p. 173 100px  Casere  Boril  1207–1218  Son of a sister of Kaloyan. Ahƿearf and blinded in 1218.Andreev, p. 184 100px   CasereEmperor of the Bulgarians and the GreeksLaskaris, p. 5  Ivan Asen II  1218–1241  Eldest son of Ivan Asen I. The Second Bulgarian Empire reached its apogee. Forþferde of natural death on 24 June 1241, aged 46–47.Andreev, p. 193  Casere  Kaliman Asen I  1241–1246  Son of Ivan Asen II. Born in 1234, he Forþferde or was poisoned in 1246, aged 12.Andreev, p. 197 100px  Casere  Michael II Asen  1246–1256  Son of Ivan Asen II. Murdered by his cousin Kaliman.Andreev, p. 205  Casere  Kaliman Asen II  1256  Murdered in 1256.Andreev, p. 208  Casere  Mitso Asen  1256–1257  Fled to the Nicaean Empire in 1261.Andreev, p. 211 100px  CasereIn Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the BulgariansIvanov, pp. 578–579  Constantine I  1257–1277  Bolyar of Skopie. Murdered in 1277 by the peasant leader Ivaylo.Andreev, p. 229  Casere  Ivan Asen III  1279–1280  Eldest son of Mitso Asen. Fled to Constantinople with the treasury.Andreev, p. 233 Non-dynastic  Casere  Ivaylo  1277–1280  Leader of a major peasant uprising. Fled to the Golden Horde but was murdered by the Mongol Khan Nogai. Terter dynasty (1280–1292) Casere  George Terter I  1280–1292  Bolyar of Cherven. Fled to the Byzantine Empire in 1292, Forþferde Bulgaria in 1308–1309.Andreev, p. 239 Non-dynastic (1292–1300)  Casere  Smilets  1292–1298  Bolyar of Kopsis. Murdered or Forþferde of natural death in 1298.Andreev, p. 240  Casere  Chaka  1299–1300  Son of the Mongol Nogai Khan. Ahƿearf and strangled in prison in 1300.Andreev, p. 244 Terter dynasty (1300–1322) 100px  Casere  Theodore Svetoslav  1300–1321  Son of George Terter I. Spent his youth as a hostage in the Golden Horde. His rule marked a revival of Bulgaria. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1321, aged 50–55.Andreev, p. 251   Casere  George Terter II  1321–1322  Son of Theodore Svetoslav. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1322.Andreev, p. 254 Shishman dynasty (1323–1396)  Casere  Michael III Shishman  1323–1330  Bolyar of Vidin. Mortally wounded in the battle of Velbazhd on 28 July 1330 against the Serbs.Andreev, p. 263  Casere  Ivan Stephen  1330–1331  Son of Michael III Shishman. Ahƿearf in March 1331 and fled to Serbia.Andreev, p. 267 Might have Forþferde in 1373. 100px  CasereIn Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all BulgariansIvanov, p. 584 and GreeksIvanov, pp. 590–591  Ivan Alexander  1331–1371  Bolyar of Lovech. Descended of the Asen, Terter and Shishman dynasties. Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture. Forþferde of natural death on 17 February 1371, leaving Bulgaria divided among his sons. 100px  CasereIn Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and GreeksIvanov, pp. 602–608  Ivan Shishman  1371–1395  Fourth son of Ivan Alexander. Beheaded by the Ottomans on 3 June 1395.Andreev, p. 286 100px  CasereEmperor of the Bulgarians  Ivan Sratsimir  1356–1396  Third son of Ivan Alexander. Ruled in Vidin. Captured by the Ottomans in 1396 and imprisoned in Bursa where he was strangled.Andreev, p. 298   Tsar  Constantine II  1397–1422  Son of Ivan Sratsimir (Ivan Sracimir) of Bulgaria by Anna, daughter of prince Nicolae Alexandru of Wallachia. He was crowned co-emperor by his father in or before 1395.Pulgaraland þæt Bregorīce and Pulgaraland þæt Cynerīce (1878–1946) Battenberg Hūs 100px  Brego  Alexander I  29 April 1879 –   Abdicated due to Russian pressure. Forþferde on 23 October 1893 in Graz. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Hūs 100px  Brego/Tsar  Ferdinand I  7 July 1887 –   Became Tsar after the official proclamation of independence on 22 September 1908. Abdicated on 3 October 1918 after the defeat in World War I. Forþferde on 10 September 1948 in Coburg. 100px  Tsar  Boris III   – 28 August 1943  Forþferde on 28 August 1943 in unclear circumstances. 100px  Tsar  Simeon II  28 August 1943 –   Monarchy abolished by the Communists. He þegnede sƿa Pulgaralandes Forma Þegn betƿuh 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.

 Ūtƿearda hlencas 

 Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers (PDF) 

References

Fruman









Cyningas
Flocc:Cyningas