Greenland

Kolinlan(格陵蘭） 

Kolinlan(Kolinla a sowal:Kalaallit Nunaat; Tanmay a sowal:Grønland）o sakakay a kanatal itini i hekal, o kakahad i, ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera. O sowal no Tanmay to “Kolinlan” hananay i, o “kandaway pala” anoca o “langsaway sera” , o ilaloma’ay no Tanmay Hontian-Kitakit a Niyah-pikowan a Kitakit. nikawrira, i 2008 mihecaan a Kapolongan-Pitopa malaheci i 2009 mihecaan a mafalic ko faco no kitakit malamisiieday to niyah-pikowan i lalomaan a demak, o kacacefelisan-demak ato roma a kitakti, o sofitay ato paysoan a demak o Tanmay sifo ko citodongay. O tatapangan a kitakit no Kolinla o Tanmay i 1973 miheca mikapot to kasasiromaroma a saopo no Yoropa, nikawrira, i 1982 mihecan a Kapolongan-Pitopa mihayi ko ‘alomanay i 1985 miheca a “Kakaketon no Kolinlan” to piliyas to Yoropa-Lekatep,orasaka tahanini cowa ko cefang no Yoropa-Lekatep, nikawrira, o siiked sanay a kapot no Yoropa-Patekoan Lekatep. O tamdaw no Kolinlan o tamdaw no Tanmay hananay ko pisa’osi, patokeled sa ira ko solongoc no Tamdaw no Yoropa-Lekatep. O Kolinlan matiya o Falo-kanatanatal, manga’ay a miocor to tosa a tamdaw mikapot to Kalomaocan no Tanmay kitakit.

O sera no kolinlan sahetoay itiraay i Saka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw, ikakaay ko kasi’enaw. Malalaeday to riyar makakecor ato So’eda-Kanatal ato Kanata.

Kolinlan-Kanatal(Kalaallit Nunaat；Grønland) ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera, itiraay i saka’amisan no sakawali no Ka

Amisay-Amirika, ila’eday no Ka’amisay So’edaan-Riyar ato Tasiyang.

O sa’osi i 2019 mihecaan ira ko 55,992 ko tamdaw, o kaditek no tamdaw 0.028 km².Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo,macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’.

 Rikisi(歷史) 
縮圖|Yiniwto-tamdaw
O Yincomin no Kolinla o Yiniwto-tamdaw(伊努特人;Yinniwto a sowal:ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Inuit，或譯為因努伊特人), o cecay a yincomin no Amirika-karopaw, matenakay i Ka’amisan-Poco no cikiw,mhahop ko Kolinlan, Alaseka ato Nunafuto-etal, ka’amisan no saka’etip etal, yikon-etal ato Kupiko, o sowal no yiniwto ko kalosowal to romi’ad. Ona finacadan i, o cecay no Aysokimo-tamdaw(o roma i,o Piciwko-tamdaw, o salawinawina no Aliwsin-tamdaw). nikawrira, cowa ka olah to Aysokimo a ngangan, nawhani o pilikaf no Arkuncin-Indian tamdaw kano pangangan, o imi nona sowal o “misimangta’ay koma’en to titi no ‘a’adopen a tamdaw” sanay, o mipalatepesay konini a sowal.onini ko yiniwto-tamdaw sanay ko pitahidang to niyah tiring, o sowal no yiniwto o “tamdaw”sanay, orasaka onini ko kananaman no kalotamdaw a mitahidang, o pingodo konini.o itiraay i Kolinlan a yiniwto tamdaw o Kolinlan-tamdaw hananay a mitahidang. 

O nani cowaay ko tatapangan, mana tama han kona away to ko kaka a si’enaw a pala a maro’, tahanini away ho ko miketonan a sowal. O micowatay a tamdaw no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i 982 miheca macakat i So’eday-Kanatal, onian tamdaw mipatireng to tolo a kamaro’an i saktimolan no Kolinlan, tahanini ko aro’ itini. 

O nipanganganan no Sekantinawiya-tamdaw, do’edoen ko Kawasan-kimad no Ka’amisay-Yoropa toya Saki-‘olic, oya kahengangay ko ngisngis ci Ayloyko cilafo to mipatayay to tamdaw sa milaliw nani So’eday-Kanatal a tayni. Pangangan han ningra to “Langdaway-sera” to sapisorotaw to ‘alomanay tamdaw a tayni. Tada malaheci kona nisafaloco’an ningra, ikor to ira ko 4000 a tamdaw tayni a mahaneknek maro’.

I saka 12 sici, mipatirengay to Sikyo-Etal ko Tinsikiw. 1386 miheca, ma’eco no Norwi, malamikowanan no toloay kitakit a Karma-Patatekoan Lekatep. Yo miliyas ko Roytin, tekop sato kona Lekatep, malanikowanan tono Tanmay-Roytin ko Kolinlan.
縮圖|269x269像素|Kahengangay ko ngisngis ci Ayroyko
Ikor to no mapararid to 500 miheaan, lahedaw sa ko ko kamaro’an no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i saka 15 sici, latek matahepo no “mamangay so’edaan mihecaan”(小冰期;Ikiris a sowal:Little Ice Age) awa ko maamaan a kaka’enen. O wacay nonini o makarkaray itini a ‘okak no tamdaw sahetoay cowa ka ‘edeng ko do’es no tatirengan. Ira ko cecay a tikami i 1424 miheca nani Kolinlan tayra i So’eday-Kanatal, o saikoray to a wacay no maro’ay itini a Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw, to ikor awaay to ko maamaan a sapipawacay to kamaro’ no Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw i Kolinla. Nikawrira, awa ko maamaan kasiwar no Yiniwto-Tamdaw.

1814 miheca, ‘ecoen no Norwi ko awaay ko maro’ay i sakawalian no Kolinlan, lekal sa o “cowa ho ka aro’en no tamdaw a sera” (無主地; Latin a sowal:terra nullius), cisalongoc tonni a sera ko Norwi saan.1833 miheca, hatatosa a mihyi ko Norwi ato Tanmay, patayraen i “Parariday-Pisawkitan no Hekal” no “Patatekoan-Lekatep no Hekal”(League of Nations)kona fangafang, o laheci i maala no Tanmay ko polong a salongoc.

I Sakatosa-Lalood, maketon ko katatongod no Kolinlan ato Tanmay, hawhani,ma’eco no Nacoi-Toic ko Tanmay, micawat ho to Norwi, tangsol sa ko sofitay no Ikiris ato Amirika miki’ayaw a maro’ i Kolinlan to sapitakeraw to kacakat no Toic. 

O Kolinlan sato i,mikarkar i Yiwituto to talid(冰晶石; Ikiris a sowal:Cryolite) misaharateng to sapili’acaaw ato Amirika ato Kanata, to sakacidafongaw. Ona kali’aca pararid tahira i kaleponan no Lalood. 1943 miheca, yo kalaloodan ho mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Tanmay, ikor to cecay a mihecaan mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Toic itini.

 Kaitiraan(地理) 
O sakakaay i hekal ko Kolinla-Kanatal, ono karopaw-kanatal, itiraay i ka’amisan no sakawali no Ka’amisay-Amirika, ilaed no Ka;amisay-So’edaan Riyar ato Tasiyang-Riyar, malalaed ato Pafen-Kihaw ato Taywis-Riyaran Ta’eman makakecor ato ipoco’ay-kanatal no Kanata, isakawalian malalaed to Tanmay Riyaran-Ta’eman makakecor ato So’eday-Kanatal. Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, nawhani, tadakakahaday kona pala. Latek mahaop ko sepat no kalilima itiraay i taliyok no Ka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw, o sakakaay ko kasi’enaw no kakarayan. Edeng o Katimolay-Karopaw o Kolinlan ko sakakaay ko kakahad no hekal. Sahetoay matahepo no so’eda, mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo(侵蝕作用; Ikiris a sowal:erosion),macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’.

I 1989 miheca tahira i 1993 nihecaan, o misasolapay a mikinkiw to kakarayan a tamdaw no Yoropa ato Amirika macakat tayra i poco’ no Kolinlan, karkaren nangra ko 3.2km a kakoc no so’eda, kinkiwen nangra ko laloma’an nona kakoc. O fali ilaloma’ cowa ka pakafilo a mita’esel to so’eda a masadak, o ikemoday a fali o sa’ayaway maparo i laloma’ a fali, oninian fali ko kafana’an to kakarayan no Saka’amisan-Karopaw i ‘ayaw ho no 10’ofad a mihecaan ko katelang, itini ko kafana’an to kakarayan no cikiw,halafin to ko katemenek i,fahal saan a mafalic ko kakarayan, to ikor pahinake heca, o rakat no riyar no Tasiyang-Riyar tada masiwar no salawacan no saka’amian no kawali no Kolinla.
縮圖|cikarocekay-sota'

 Saka’orip(經濟) 
I’ayaway sici saka 90 mihecahecaan, makedec ko dafong to saka’orip, nikawrira, ikor no 1993 miheca palaliyaw a macakat ko 'aca no maamaan dafong(通貨膨脹; Ikiris a sowal:inflation). Nani 1980 mihecaan, cowa ka lisawad ko sifo no Kolinlan to pikedec to lakakawa no payso, mihayda to sakikapolongan yosan ato mineker ko macakat no ‘aca no dafong. Nani 1990 mihecan ma’edef ko saikoray a pikarkaran to ‘oteng ato sin a tadafokeloh, pararid ko kanikaw no Kolinlan sifo. I saka’amisan no saka’etip ato saka’amisan no sakawali ira ko kakafahekaan a soped no kasolin-simal, latek ira ko 500 ‘ok ko tolamokang a kasolin-simal ato kaso. Oram sa i,taporo ikatimolay niyaro’ Nahesako makera ko tadamaanay a fokeloh no cikarocekay-sota' a soped.(稀土元素;Ikiris a sowal:rare-earth element).

O pitieran to saka’orip nona kanatal o mifotingay ato misangaan nani foting a dafong, o li’etan nonin ikaka ko kahaop to 80%, ilaloma’ nonini o ‘afar ko sa’adihayay, iraay ko pipakaen to siri, nikawrira, o mi’acaan nani papotal ko sapakaen.
縮圖|ka'emangay no Yiniwto-tamdaw
O tayal no pisalamaan no lafang o ranikaray a ci’etan a tayal konini, nikawrira masiwar no kakarayan a citolas ko tayal. Ono kitakit ato sifoan a kofa ko skakaay micorohay to sapili’etan. O payso no Kolinlan makalitosa o padahof no Tanmay sifo, o skakaay a payso no kapolongan mili’etanan.

 Sici  (政治) 
Kacingangan aca no kitakit a kakeridan a sawara'an hongti no Danmrk, aniniay ci Margaret saka 2, Danmark sifo maocor ko cecay sakakaay citodongay (Rigsombudsmand／High Commissioner) taypiaw no Danmark hongti ato sifo. Greenland lomaocan o pisingkiwan, 4 miheca ko lekad, patireng to 31 lomaocay. Siikeday sifo a citodongay Greenlan congli o sa’alomanay a cefang ko kakeridan. Talacowa o Danmark a kitakit o Europe Lekatep, nakawrira o Greenland caay ko no Europe Lekatep. Greenland i 2008 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad mikapolongan pitopa, polong no kanatal 80 kasaniyaro’ kapolongan pitopa, toya lafii, mihapiw paheci, ira ko 71.96% mitopaay, 75.54% ko mihaydaay misiiked, 23.57% ko miliyangay. kapolongan pitopa mata’elif ko 75% ko finawlan micokeray ko pihayda, mahayda ko kapolongan pitopa, o kasiiked no Greenland nai 2009 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad pitekaan, mala o misiikeday so’elinay sici i kasakitakit a rikec, o niyah ko citodongay to laloma’an, sakiholic ato misalilam tokinaira a midemak, nikawrira o sapi’ading, kacacofelan a demak ato sakipayso a kalocalay a demak o Danmark ko mikowanay. I 2019 miheca 8 folad, midotoc to “Washington sinpon” paratoh, tatosaay a pakatengilay tamdaw to malacongtongay ci Downaer Trump paocor to tadamaanay mipadangay misapalita sakanga’ay no Amilika sifo mi’aca to Greenland. Ikor, itiraay i White House (Kohecalay loma’) a komong no kicay ci Larry Kudlow pahepinang tonian a sowal.    

 O kasasikiked a sakowan  (行政劃區) 
I ’ayaw malitoloay ko pisaliyad a da’etal no Greenland, 18 ko kasaniyaro’. Mahaenay a pisaliyad i 2009 miheca mapalasawaday, nanoya ikor a laliyad no Greenland ira ko pina a ta’akay maci (Greenland sowal: kommuneqarfiit, Danmark a sowal: kommuner): Semesok (halo tdamaci Nook ato pasawali a niyaro’), Cualek (Farwell pt. a liyok), Kekata (paka’amis no tadamaci fafaeday no Davis ’efong), Keketalik (Disco Bay liyok a niyaro’) ato Avannata (kaetip ka’amsay niyaro’ no Greenland). Saikoray tosaay a saniyaro’ o nano sepatay a niyaro’ a Kasuytrup i 2018 miheca malitosaay sakapot. Kawali ka’amisay no pala o caayay ko ptirengan a niyaro’ a kawali ka’amisay kitakit koing no Greenland. Thule a kaitiraan no karayan sofotay o caayay kanga’ay patirengan a niyaro’, o Avannata a maci a cecay kaeferan, sakidademaken o karayan sofitay no Amilika ko mikowanay. Oni a kaitiraan pipatireng sa’alomanay ira 12,000 ko finawlan no Amilika, nikawrira to pina miheca o itiniay tina kaitiraan pala malowanay to 1,000 tamdaw ko maro’ay.     

 Tamdaw(人口) 
O kadadico no tamdaw tadamatakaray, o roma sato i makeror ko tamdaw itini. Nawhani, tadamasasiromaay ko kafalic no romi’ad ato dadaya, masiwar ko kalo’orip no tamdaw. ora saka o sakakaay ko katalawan to kaciadada no harenteng itini i hekal, orasaka, ikaka ko ka’adihay no kinapatayay.

O sa’osi no tamdaw:

56,370 ko polong a tamdaw(2013 miheca a sa’osi) mahaop ko 88% o Yiniwto-tamdaw(mahaop ko ko ciramramay to ‘irang a Yiniwto-tamdaw), o roma i, o mirocokay to ‘irang no Yoropa a maforaway tayni a tamdaw, o sakakaay o maforaway a Tanmay-tamdaw.ira ko pinapina a Kolinlan tamdaw maforaw tayra i Tanmay.
縮圖|o kasadakan no mama no krismas

 Ponka (文化) 
O sakakaay a ponka no Kolinlan ono Yiniwto tamdaw,marecep no misasolapay a Wicin(維京人; Katelang Nors a sowal:víkingr). Tahanini mifotingay ho ko ‘orip no papinapina a Yiniwto tamdaw. macacafi’ to mihecaan to mitengtengan no waco selic, mifoting,romakat ato milacal a miposisir to so’eda. 

I saka 40 liyad a lomaocan no mama no krismas , mapahapinang ko o so’elinay a kasofocan no mama no krismas ( 聖誕老人或稱耶誕老人; Ikiris a sowal:Santa Claus、Saint Nicholas、Father Christmas) ko Kolinlan.格陵兰击败拉普兰成为圣诞老人故乡. [2008-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-13）.

Tata’angay-Pitilidan mapatireng i 1987 miheca. 

 pacefaday tilid(註腳) 

 格陵兰击败拉普兰成为圣诞老人故乡. [2008-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-13）.

 Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) 
 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government


Kasasiwasiw:Denmark