Nepal

Nepal (尼泊爾) 

 Nipalo Tatekoan-Finawlan Kapolongan-Kitakit(Nipalo a sowal: नेपालPrez, VP to be addressed as ‘His Excellency’. eKantipur.com. 2008年7月23日 [2008-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2008年7月25日） （英語）.; Ikiris a sowal:Nepal ;尼泊爾聯邦民主共和國，Nipalo a sowal:सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालIt is Federal Democratic Republic Nepal, not just Nepal, parliamentary committee says. The Kathmandu Post. 9 November 2020 [28 June 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-07）.） 
O itiraay i Satimolan-Aciya,i Simalaya-Lotokan a lalomaan-karopaw a kitakit, isaka’amisan mada’edo’edo ato Congko, oroma a tolo-salawacan malala’eday ato Indo, o masa’adihangay a kitakit matatapal ato Mongciyala to 27km. o sera ira ko 14,7181 km², o saka 93 rayray itini i hekalThe World Factbook: Rank order population. CIA. [2014-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）., ira ko 2972 ’ofad ko tamdaw o saka 48 rayray itini i hekal.

O kaitiraan o takaraway nani tongroh no riyar, orasaka o satakaraway a tokos itini i hekal no mo’etep ira ko falo itiniay i laloma’an no ano ca i kalala’edan no Nipalo, mahaop ko Senmo-Taporo(聖母峰; Sicang a sowal: ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ; Wili a tilid:Jo mo glang ma; Sicang a tilid:Qomolangma; Congko a sowal:珠穆朗瑪峰). O tokos no Simalaya koninian ira ko 8848.86 laya’ ko ka’akawang.

O kaitiraan no Senmo-Pocok(聖母峰) itiraay i sasifo’an no Simalaya-lotok, o kalala’edan no Conghwa Finawlan Kapolongan-kitakit(Sicang Niyah-Pikowan kowan) ato Saciyamata-Tekedan Etal(薩加瑪塔專區;Nipalo sowal:सगरमाथा अञ्चल，IAST：Sagarmāthā añcal) no Nipalo,o saka’amisan ‘apilis itiraay i Tinlo-Kowan no Sicang, o sakatimolan ’alis itiraay i Solokonpo-kowan(索盧坤布縣; Nipalo a sowal:सोलुखुम्बु जिल्ला ) no Nipalo. 
縮圖|kaitiraan no Nipalo
O lalen no fa’edet nona Comolangma-Pocok i la’enoay to -29 °C, o “ skakatolo a pocok no hekal” hananay a pangangan, o roma a tosa a pocok i,o Saka’amisan-Pocok ato Sakatimolan-Pocok.Tona pinapina a mihecaan malasinol ko latek ira ko 15000 a so’edaan-’alo(冰河;Glacier) o katalawan to konini. Nikawrira to mihecahecaan ‘aloman ko tayniay a macakatay a lafang. 

O Nipolo ira ko katelangay ho a nalacolan no ponka, o patirengay to Mipaypayay-Pitooran(Fociyaw) ci Siciyamoni o itiniay a sofocen.nikawrira o sakakaay a pitooran itni o Indo-Pitooran, ira ho ko roma a Mirocokay-Sicang a Fociyaw, Islam-Pitooran. 

O tamdaw no itiniay talacowa cowa ka ’akawang ko tatirengan, nikawrira cinganganay i hekal ko kaki’emel a milood no Langerko(廓爾喀; Katelangay sowal no Indo:go rakkha; Ikiris a sowal:Gurkha). I sasifo’an no saka 18 sici a mapatireng ko Nipolo Hontian-Kitakit, mi’ecoay ho to Sicang, to ikor to i,malamikotoday-kitakit(附庸國; Ikiris a sowal:Vassal state) no Mancin.

O tatapangan a faco no sieci no Nipalo ono Indo-Pitooran Sawara’ano-Kitakit. I 2006 miheca mapaterep no Kalomaocan-Kitakit ko ’icel no sakowan no honti ci Ciyanantola(賈南德拉·比爾·比克拉姆·沙阿; Nipolo a sowal:ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाहदेव；IAST：Jñānendra Vīra Bikrama Śāh), i 2008 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, malaheci no misanga’ay to kinpo a kalomaocan ko nipifalic to kinpo, mapalasawad ko Sawara’an-faco no sieci tangsol han a mifalic ko ngangan no kitakit to “Nipalo Tatekoan-Finawlan Kapolongan-Kitakit”.

 Ngangan no kitakit(國名) 
縮圖|Langerko sofitay
Ona “Nipalo” hananay a ngangan i,sa’ayaway ira matilid itiyaayho i “Fieto Mihecahecaan” no Indo sakatosa-karopaw, o pipatirengan no Nipalo to Indo-Pitooran a mihecahecaan konini, o sakakaay a pitooran nona kitakit itiya ho. Isasifo’an no ’ayaw no cecay patek ko mihecaan, o mipatirengay to Fociya ci Ciyawtamo sofocen i Lanpini no Nipalo. Macacamolay ko ponka no saka’amisan no Nipalo ato Sicang,o itiraay i sasifo’an a Ciyatomanto ponka macacamol ato Indo-Yalian a ponka, o tada cemahaday a tokay konini a Nipalo-Tekoan kitakit, onini o Nipalo-Mantoro hananay. Tahira to i saka 18 sici, malaheci ko pipalacecay no Koerko-Hontian kitakit to Nipalo. Patirengen no Saa-hontian kitakit 尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.ko Nipalo-Hontian kitakit, to ikor malacecay a kasafelaw ato Tata’angay Ikiris-Hontian kitakit, ona Saa-hontian kitakit caay ho ka kowanen no roma a kitakit, o sakalala’edan kitakit no Ikiris nikowanan a Indo ato Conghwa Hotian-kitakit. 

O Finawlan-Lomaocan Faco mapatireng i 1951 mihecaan, nikawrira i 1960 miheca ato 2005 miheca kinatosa mapaterep no Sawara’an no Nipalo. 1990 mihecahecaan ato tatapangan no 2000 mihecahecaan ira ko Laloma’an-Lalood no Nipalo onini ko pipatireng tono kalotamdawan-kitakit i 2008 miheca, mapalepon to ko saikoray a Indo-Pitooran a Sawara’an-Faco itini i hekal. 

2015 miheca malaheci ko Kinpo no Nipalo mapahapinang o kalotamdawan a Tatekoan-Lomaocan a Kapolongan-Kitakit ko Nipalo, pito ko kowan. I 1955 miheca mikapot to Linheko, i 1950 miheca matatilid ato Indo to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan, i 1960 miheca matatilid ato Congko to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan. O kaitiraan no hisyo no Satimolan-Aciya Kasasipadang-Nipatatekoan由孟加拉、不丹、印度、馬爾地夫、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦和斯里蘭卡七國政府發起成立。(南亞區域合作聯盟; Ikiris a sowal:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) o cecay no misatapangay patirengay a kitakit ko Nipalo. O nisahalakaay a kitakit ko Nipalo to Cowa pikapot-Demak ato Monciyala-Kihaw. O sofitay no Nipalo o sakalima ko katata’ang i Satimolan-Aciya, o Langerko(廓爾喀) ko cinganganay i hekal( mangalefay i Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal ko kacingangan), o sakakaay nipa’icelay to Nipahinakeray-Rihaday a sofitay no Linheko.

 Rikisi(歷史) 
縮圖|Niwaer-tamdaw

 I’ayaw no saka 17sici(17世紀前) 
O cecay a katelangay kitakit itini i Aciya ko Nipalo. Itiya ho ‘adihay ko masasiromaroma a kitakit itini i Nipalo, i’ayaw no saka 6 sici, mipatirengay to ko Nipalo-Tamdaw itini i salawacan no ‘alo i Katomanto. ’iayaw no saka 12 sici, o salikaka ni Kanako Honti no Indo ci Waci ni Kusiya tayni i Nipalo malahonti, to ikor patireng to Kopoer, Asier, Cilati, Licawi a kitakit.

Latek i’ayaw no 563 miheca, Siciyamoni因古印度無記史之傳統，故釋迦牟尼佛生卒年具體不可考，說法紛紜。上座部佛教通常根據摩訶菩提寺記錄，採信公元前623—前543年之說。根據《美國國家地理》在尼泊爾摩耶夫人寺的考古調查[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）[2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）[3] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），發現了前550年左右的古蹟，和經中記載相同，可以確定佛陀生活在前6世紀。前563年—前483年，前480年—前400年兩種說法在全球也較為流行。釋迦佛世壽80年是各方皆有定論的。 sofocen itini tona aniniay Kapilo-Niyaro’UP’s Piprahwa is Buddha’s Kapilvastu? ,Shailvee Sharda May 4, 2015, Times of India (迦毘羅衛城;Kapilavastu) no Nipalo i Lanpini(藍毗尼; Nipalo a sowal:लुम्बिनी，Lumbinī或Lumbin).o nipipasifana’an ni Siciyamoni o Fociya hananay.Niwaer-tamdaw no Sicang-Miyama finacadan o yincumin no Katokanto sanay ko sowal, nikawrira cowa ko sahetoay o Sawalian-finacadan canira, ira ho ‘alomanay a Yalian-tamdaw.Aryan | Definition, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-17） （英語）. itini i saka 17 sici o “ Ci’ekimay-Mihecaan” ko kacemahad no Nipalo-tamdaw, o sakakaay a kahiceraan no paliwalay to dafong ko Nipalo yo mikowan ko Mala-honti i kalala’edan no Sicang ato dafdaf i saka’amisan no Indo. Itiya ho Katomanto, Potan ato Pakotapoer misiikeday to niyahan pikowan, wataay ko kaa’ised nona toloay niyaro’.

 Langerko Hontian-Kitakit(廓爾喀王國) 
Isasifo’an no saka 17 sici tomirengen ko Langerko-tamdaw patireng to mamangay a hontian-kitakit(Saa-Sarawa’an kitakit; 沙阿王朝; Nipalo a sowal:शाह वंश śaāha vaṃśa) i lilis no Kantaci’alo i sa’etipan, 1768 miheca, mapalacecay ni Politowi-Nalayang-Saa ko Nipalo, maparepon to ko itiyay ho Katomanto, Potan ato Pakotaer misiikeday to niyahan pikowan, wataay ko kaa’ised nona toloay niyaro’.

Niwaer-sowal(o Kaliyalaway-tamdaw a Niwaer-sowal o Sicang-Miyanma Kadado’edo sowal(藏緬語系) nani saka 12 sici satapangay to malasowal no sifo ato nitilidan-sowal, tahira i ikor maceror no sowal no Nipalo ko capa’ no Indo-tamdaw o Kaso-tamdaw a sowal to Indo-Yoropa Kadado’edo sowal(印歐語系; Ikiris a sowal:Indo-European languages).
縮圖|Langerko-tamdaw
O ci’iceay a Langerko kinatosa micowat to Sicang i 1788 ato 1791 miheca, saikoray to i,malowid no sofitay no Mancin, itini i rikisi o “Langerko-Lalood”hananay a mipangangan. Ikor to nona lalood malali’ay ko Langerko ato Mancin malamikotoday-kitakit no Mancin, mipaini to dafong i Mancin. Yo micowat sato ko Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris(不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:British East India Company), nornor sa a pasi’amis ko picowat, cilacila micowat to mamangay kitakit o Cemongsyong ato Potan. Orasaka, mararid a masasonga’ay ko Langerko ato Mancin, to sapitakeraw to picowat no Ikiris. Tahira sato i sasifo’an no pikowan no Mancin mafadi’ to ko ‘icel no kitakit, macara no fodfod no niyah to ko Mancin, awa to ko limaw a mikihar to ipapotalay a demak. Sa ira ko sowal, yo tomireng to Conhwaminko o sa’ayaway congtong ci Yinsekay(袁世凱) mitahidangan ko Nipalo a mikaopt to Lima-finacadan Kapolongan-kitakit, nikawrira mapenecay to no Ikiris ko Nipalo itiya.

 Mipecih to sakatimolan sera pafeli to Ikirs ato fodfod no Lana(割讓南部領土給英國及拉納政變) 
I 1791 miheca matatilid ko Ikiris ato Nipalo to matiya ko mi’afasay a “ kalali’acaan kakaketonan”. 1814 miheca, malalood ko Nipalo ato Mikotoday-Indo no Ikiris, malowid ko Nipalo. To cila a mihecaan mapaci’eci ko Nipalo matatilid ato Ikiris to “ Saykoli-Kakaketonan”, makelit ko kakahaday a sera i satimolan pafeli to Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris(British East India Company),makadem no no Ikiris ko Laloma’an-demak ato nipaliwal to dafong. 1846 miheca, o misawidangay to Ikiris a sofitay no Langerko-tamdaw ci Ciyangko-Pahatoer-Lana(江格·巴哈都爾·拉納; Nipalo a sowal:जंग बहादुर राणा) mipacikel to sapifelihaw to sifo, ma’afas ningra ko sakakaay tayal no sofitay.To ikor to i, ma’afas ko sakowan ‘icel no honti, pararid sato malacongli ko laloma’an no Lana.
縮圖|Katomanto-Tokay
I 1923 miheca mihayi ko Ikiris to pisiiked no Nipalo, matatilid to “ Tahada’ocay-Karihaday a kakaketonan”.

 I Sakatosa-Laloodan a Nipalo(第二次世界大戰期間的尼泊爾) 
O Lana-Sawara’an ko mikowanay to Nipalo i Sakatosa-Laloodan.Yo milood ko Toic to Polan i 1939 miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 romi’ad, milekal ko Nipalo to mamilood to Toic i saka 9 folad saka 4 romi’ad. Yo malalood sato ko Ikiris ato Dipon, tangsol sa a miocor to 16 a cefang no hontian-sofitay ko Nipalo tayra i kalaloodan i Miyanma, cowa ko pilood aca mipafeli haca to kowang, dafong ato sa’ema’emang sanay ko ‘aca a ociya, waneng ato kilang i malakatepay-kitakit. 

Yo malalood sato ko Ikiris ato Dipon i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad, mapatalaw ko sofitay no Ikiris i Indoan-Karopaw. Oya maro’ay i Indo a sofitay no Ikiris ocoren tayra i Miyanma kalaloodan. Tada ci’icel ko sofitay no Nipalo a milood to Dipon, mapa’eker ko sofitay no Dipon.

 I sasifo’an ato saikoran no saka 20 sici ato mapacikel ko laloma’an-lalood(20世紀中後期及內戰爆發) 
Ikor no Sakatos-Lalood, caka pahanhan ko pitoker no Nipalo to Ikiris, orasaka mapalahedaw ko sakarihaday no Ikiris i Nipalo.1951 miheca, matateko ko Nipalo-Lomaocan Kasafelaw (尼泊爾大會黨; Nipalo a sowal:नेपाली काँग्रेस) ‘icel no honti, mapaci’eci a patorod to sakowan to Nipalo ko congli ci Lana, ta mapaherek ko madado’edoay a pikowan no laloma’an no Lana to 105 mihecaan. Mipasadak to pacarcaray a kinpo ko honti no Nipalo ci Tilipofan, midemak to Sawara’an-faco a kinpo(君主立憲制;Ikiris a sowal:Constitutional monarchy) .1960 miheca saka 12 folad Mahengtola honti ko mikowanay, 1961 miheca saka 1 folad milekal to pipaterep polong a demak no kasafelaw no sieci, 1962 miheca saka 4 folad miketon to sowal ko kinpo o Indo-pitooran a Sawara’an-kitakit ko Nipalo saan, mapaherek ko nani 1961 mihecaan a away ko kasafelaway a lomaocan-faco, mipacomod to ‘adihayay-kasafelaw a lomaocan-faco. 
縮圖|Tilipofan Honti

 Mapaherek ko laloma’an lalood ato mipalasawad to Sawara’an-faco(內戰結束及廢除君主制) 
I 2006 miheca saka 5 folad saka 18 romi’ad, malacecay ko piketon to sowal ko Nipalo-Lomaocan to palasawad to sakowan-’icel to sofitay no honti ci Ciyanantola, cowa to ka pa’eker no laloma’an no honti ko Nipalo. Ano ma’emin mapalaheci ko nilekalan a tilid, edengan o tahapinangan aca ko tireng no honti存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-04）.. Saka 6 folad saka 11 romi’ad, malaheci ko pihayi no Lomaocan to pifelih no honti to “ malaheciay to a rikec no lomaocan”, onini i,todongay i kalahecian no lomaocan a misanga’ to rikec cowa to kapisa’eli ho to pihayi no honti存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-09）.. Satapang a masasowal ko sifo ato Mao-kasafelaw to sakarihaday no kitakit. saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad Nipalo-Kyosanto(Mao-kasafelaw) masongila’ to ko kasasowal, misawad to makakowangay a kalaodot mikapot to tayal no sifo.存档副本. [2006-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-21）.

2007 miheca saka 9 folad saka 18 romi’ad, misawad a mikapot to pacarcaray-sifo ko Mao-kasafelaw. 2008 miheca saka 4 folad saka 10 romi’ad midemak to tata’angay sinkiw, pakaala to cilafas to 30% a satopa ko Mao-kasafelaw, 尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.malasakakaay a tang i pisanga’an to kinpo a pikaykian尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.. 2008 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o polong a kiing 560 ko mihayiay dengan 4 ko mifelihay mapalaheci ko pipalasawad to sawara’an-faco, patireng to Finawlan-kapolongan kitakit ko Nipalo.

2020 miheca saka 6 folad saka 12 romi’ad, o misimaway to kalala’edan no kitakit a sofitay no Nipalo makowang ko itiraay i Sitamaersi-niyaro’ ( 西塔馬爾希;Sitamarhi）a tamdaw ato tosa a tamdaw no Indo. Tangsol sa a mifalic to kinpo ko Nipalo mipasongila’ a pahapinang to Lipoliko-salawacan no tokos ( 里普列克山口; Ikiris a sowal:Lipulekh Pass) a sera i kalala’edan no Nipalo ato Indo, ocoren heca ko 15 a masakapotay sofitay mikacaw i kalala’edan no Indo ato Nipalo誓言夺回印占领土 尼泊尔在15个边境哨所部署部队. [2020-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-09）.. Oninian a pafangafang i,madihecong to sakanga’ay no Conko, orasaka o masiwaray no Conko ko Nipalo sato ko Indo a mapoi’Anbarasan Ethirajan. India and China: How Nepal's new map is stirring old rivalries. 2020-06-10 [2020-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-18）.艾米•卡茲明. 尼泊尔新版地图惹怒印度. 2020-06-16 [2020-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-17）.. Tahira i 2020 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad, cowa ka ngalef ko kalaodot no Indo ato Nipalo. 2020 miheca saka 12 folad saka 14 romi’ad, mihayi ko Linheko to so’elinay a ngangan no Nipalo to “ Nipalo Patatekoan Finawlan-kapolongan kitakit” falicen to “Nipalo” a ngangan no kitakit.

 Sowal (語言) 
O nisowalan a sowal i Nipalo cowa ko nisetekan no sifo a kitakitan-sowal,臨時憲法，第5條，第1項 O Nipalo-sowal kono sifaoan sowal.尼泊爾臨時憲法，第5條，第2項 ona sowal o Kaskula-sowal hananay pangangan i sa’ayawan ho, nikawrira itira i ikor no saka 20 sici o Nipalo-sowalNepali - UCLA. [2008-05-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）. hananay to a mifalic a pangangan.Nepali - UCLA. [2008-05-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）. Ano no sifoan-sowal to, ano no nima to a sowal, maleceday to malasowal ato tilid no sifo i Nipalo.臨時憲法，第5條，第3項 Itini i misatokayay ‘alomanay ko somowalay to Ikiris-sowal, i sakatimolan no Nipalo sahetoay mafana’ay to sowal no Indo. Itni i Nipalo ono kalotamdawn nipatireng pitilidan sahetoay ono Ikiris a sowal ko hasowal, orasaka tongal sa ko kaolah no tamtamdaw to Ikiris a sowal. O sinpon ato kamok no tilifi sahetoay o Ikiris-sowal, pasasotiri’en ato sowal no Indo o sowal no Ikiris ko ikakaay ko kaolah no ka’emangay.

 Kaitiraan (地理) 
縮圖|Senmo-'apocok(聖母峰)
O sera no Nipalo masalipay a liheco to'edaw, nani sa’amisan no saka’etip pasitira i sakatimolan no sakawali, nanikawali pasi’etip o kakahad ira ko 850km, nanimatimol pasi’amis a kakahad ira ko 200 km. o polong no kakahad no sera no Nipalo ira ko 147,181 km². nani tongroh no riyar nani kalala’edan Conkao lotok ato Conko(nani tongroh no riyar 4000laya’)pasikatimol nornor sa a malikelon, sasifo’an o lotolotokan(nani tongroh no riyar 1000 laya’ tahira i 4000 laya’), o mingataay to Indo a sera pa’eneray to ko nani tongroh no riyar(1000 laya’), ’adihay ko kilakilangan itini.o Simalaya-lotok(喜馬拉雅山脈; Fan-tilid: ཧིམཱལཡ himālaya) o kalala’edan no Nipalo ato Congko, mahaop ko Senmo-'apocok(聖母峰; Sicang a sowal:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ，Wili-tilid: Jo mo glang ma;Congko a sowal:珠穆朗瑪峰;Nipalo a sowal:薩加瑪塔峰) o mo’etep a pocok no hekal ira ko 8 pocok itini i Nipalo.

Nani tongroh no riyar 5 ko kasasiromroma no kakarayan:

1.Fa’edetay ato Lafa’efaay etal i la’eno no 1200 laya’.
縮圖|Nipalo faco no kitakit
2.Sa’emelay a kilakilanganeatal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1200-2400 laya’

3.Ki’etecay etal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2400-3600laya’

4.Sakatosa-’apocok etal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3600-4800 laya’

5.Sakakaay-’apocok a kakarayan nani tongroh no riyar itiraay i fafa’ed no 4800 laya’

O ’emin no mihecaan masakilac to kacanglahan,kaciferangan, kacifalian,kalaloodan ato kasi’enawan. Ona kacifalian a kakarayan o masiwaray no nani Monciyala-kihaw a kafodo’an fali, mahawikid no fali ko ’orad ko sakafodo’. Mataker no Simalaya-lotok kona ci’oraday fali pasi’amis, mitaker heca to nani Aciya Sipoliya ki’etecay fali.

 Tamdaw ato Pitooran(人口和宗教) 
縮圖|Pasoer-tamdaw, kasasa'er-no'orip
Tahira i 2010 mihecaan a posa’osi ira ko 2,900 ’ofad ko polong tamdaw noNipalo. O finacadan no Nipalo sakilacen ira ko tosa a finacadan, o cecay i,o mitooran to Indo-pitooran(Kaso-tamdaw) ato cowa ka pitoor tono Indo-pitooran a tamdaw o Matawali-tamdw(o koma’enay to ci’icelay-’epah) . I 2001 miheca mahaop ko 80.6% o mitooray to Indo-pitooran, 10.7% o mipaypayay(sahetoay o Sicang-Miyanma nikasado’edoan-sowal), o 4.4% o Muslin,3.6% o pakaso’elinay to to’asan-kawas 原始宗教（英語：Prehistoric religion，或稱自然宗教或自發宗教），是史前人類宗教信仰和習俗的總稱。(原始宗教;Ikiris a sowal:Prehistoric religion), ira ho ko ‘alomanay tamdaw patokeled sanay a mitoor to Indo ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:Caste;卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip 種姓（英語：Caste，有時也被稱為卡斯特）是一種社會階層制度，其特點是通過內婚制、繼承的方式傳承某一特定階層的生活方式（通常包括職業、階級、溝通交流習慣、禁忌等）Scott & Marshall 2005，第66頁., nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay. Oroma a sowal, o finacadan no Nipalo toloay ko kasiroma saan: Indo-pitooran a finacadan-kasasa’er, o itiniay Sicang-Miyanma yincumin, ato isaka’amisay a Sicang-finacadan. 

O kasasa’er-no’orip no Nipalo ira ko lima kasakilac:

1.    cimisamisay to keliw tamdaw:o itokosay a Polomon(Pahang),Satili(Citayroy), ikatiolay Polomon ato Lacipoto-tamdaw, Polomon no Nipalo-tamdaw ato mitooray to Indo-pitooran a Sinroysta kasasa’er-no’orip.種姓制度 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書 (wikipedia.org)
縮圖|Polomon(Cikawasay)
2.    Cowa kanga’ay a palakolien a koma’enay to ci’icelay ’epah a tamdaw: Nipalo-tamdaw, Kulong-tamdaw, Lipo-finacadan, Maciya-tamdaw , Layi-tamdaw.

3.    Manga’ayay kalakolien a koma’enay to ci’icelay ’epah a tamdaw:Tamang-tamdaw, Cipon-finacadan, Siyaerpa-tamdaw, Taro-finacadan.

4.    Manga’ayay ingiden a ma’oningay tamdaw:o nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Nipalo-tamdaw, Muslin ato roma kitakit a tamdaw.

5.    Cowa ka nga’ay a ingiden a tamdaw: o nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Kaso-tamdaw, ikatimolay a nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip, nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Nipalo-tamdaw.

 Saka’orip(經濟) 
Mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw no Nipalo o maomahay. O dafdaf i sakatimolan, tada macemahaday ko lalan itini, wataay ko kacacofelis no saka’orip ato Indo.itira i lotolotokan o sakakaay a pihamhaman to lafang o kaci’etanan no Nipalo.

O saka’amisan no Nipalo malala’eday ato Congko, nikawrira, isaka’amisan o kaitiraan no Simalaya-Lotok, ’akawang ko tokos ‘angongor ko kasaco’edan, cowa ka rihaday itini. Mihamham ko Nipalo to sapicomahadaw to saka’orip ato Congko, nikawrira, ‘adihay ta to ko lotok mipatolasay to kacacofelis no dafong ato tamdaw, mapapatolas ko kali’aca to dafong.

 Ponka (文化) 
I’ayaw no 2006 miheca, o dengan mitooray to Indo-pitooran a hontian-kitakit itini i hekal, o ponka sato i,mahapinangay ono Indo-pitooran.

Cowa ka koma’en to titi no kolong ko Nipalo-tamdaw, nawhani, o tada-fangcalay ko tada’kolongay nenengen ni Nipalo-tamdaw; cowa ka koma’enen to titi no diyong, nawhani ka’acekan ko diyong sanay. Mapatay ko Nipalo-tamdaw, o Polomon(cikawasay) ko misikiay to demak, tafoen to kohecalay kiradom ko tatirengan no mapatayay, tangsolen mitodo tatiihay palafasen to 24 toki, oya ’afo taktaken i ’alo. iskakaay ko pisalimela to pisiki padongos to mapatayay, mingodo to malitengay, ano o malitengay ko mapatayay, ’is’isen ko fanoh no tatirengan no niyah, tafoen ho to kohecalay kiradom ko niyah tireng,misatapang a misaliway, oninian o mingodo ato mapatayay a malitengay a misaliway,cowa ka pidii’ to 13 rom’ad, ikor to cecay a mihecaan tatiihay a malawla, kkoma’en to ’epah ato micomod i pita’ongan loma’, malepon to ko cecay miheca ta manga’ay a helongen koya nisariko’an a kohecaay riko’.

 Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) 
Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis

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