Taliyokan no pala

Taliyokan no pala（kuwaping a sowal：自然環境）  
Taliyokan no Pala pitoro’ to hekalay ato i palaay a ma’oripay ato caayay ka ’orip a demak to sedak sanay mahapinang. O nano kasasipaini no pala kaloma’oripay noni a hekal.

Taliyokan no Pala ira ko pinapina a kasasiiked:

1.Masongila’ay a sadama to palapalaan mihaopay, o patoro’ to caayay ka rawraw no tamdaw a tekedan kadademak a seray a lalan, halo rengos, ’a’adopen, fayking, sera, ’ongcoy, lahod, ato salaloma’ay no mademakay no serayan.

2.Caayay kacipinang to kadademak no tamdaw a kinaira no palapalaan ato masapinangay a masanga’ay, tinako to fali, nanom ato kasafalifali no romi’ad, ato pakayraan no ’icel, midenga’ay a ’icel, citingkiay a ’icel ato misolotay a tingki.

Taliyokan no Pala kasaso’ayaw no mapatirengay a pala, mapatirengay a pala halo masaniyaro’ay ato masaopoay a nidemakan no tamdaw, o cecay a niyaro’ o ecayay a Taliyokan no Pala.

Manengneng ko masongila’ay a Taliyokan no Pala o kada’atan, nika manengnengay i kadado’edo no kafalifalic no serayan, nai lafalifali o 0% ko seray, tangasa i roma nga’ayay lafalifali 100% ko so’elinay seray. So’elinen ko sowal, misaharateng kita to caayay kalecad pala ato sakapotan, manengneng ko seray naira o aayay ka lecad. [2]

Tinako, ano o maomahay kita, misahiraterateng to awaayay ko tenem ato sera a kinaira, masapinang ita, ’ayaway ni sowalan malecaday o caayay kacara a sera no kilang, nika o masasiromaay ko kinaira

Taliyokan no Pala o pacarcaran ko palecadan a sowal. Tinako, tona masowal ita ko macingaway a ngafol o ma’oripay itira i fa’edetay rengorengosan a Taliyokan no Pala. 
縮圖|Jordens inre-numbers地球的層狀結構。（1）內核;（2）外核;（3）下地函;（4）上地函;（5）岩石圈;（6）地殼

 Kararayray: 

 1. sakapot 

 2.kadademak no sera 

 3. Nanom no cikiw 

 4.Lahod, kasafalifalic romi’ad ato no romi’adan 

 5. Saka hemhem no romi’ad no hekal 

 6. Ma’oripay ato pinalengaw 

 7. Pinalengaw a faco 

 8. Kahiceraan no pinalengaw 

 9. Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol 

 10. Tanengnengan pitiri’an 

 sakapot 

 Cikiw kakak sepatay ko kahirahira(kahirahira no Ciliw kakak), liyok ’ongcoy, liyok nanom, liyok sela’ no hekal, liyok molengaway, sakalalitemoh ‘ongcoy,nanom, fali ato ’orip.Kasahira ato masarayay Taliyokan no Pala adihay ko kahirahira. O nikaira no fali,nanom, rengosan, ’a’adopen, sera, ’ongcoy tenem, no cidal a kadenga. 

 Patodongan: 

 Sera a nifana’an O radac no sera, noca karatan(liyok ’ongcoy), radac, o papotalay a radac a no hekal. O nano malasooray a ’ongcoy (malananom a ’ongcoy) mafasaw mala’ateka’kay fokeloh. Masiiked malapadiyac a ’ongcoy, masakimooday sera, malapadiyac a ’ongcoy i kaenoay no sera, kafa’eday no kimooday a sera, ato horac no sera caay ka tatongod to ni Mo (Andrija Mohorovičić) caay katatongotongod a nisowalan, padiyac ato kimooday o ni Gut (Beno Gutenberg) caay katatongotongod.  Malapadiyac a ’ongcoy masiiked fafaeday, palakecay ato la’enoay padiyac, fafaeday padiyac halo ’ongcoy ato koemihay, sakalakoemihay o nai adihayay mapasadak ko macahedal ko yanan a mapafa’edet, o nian nai papotalay a ’ongcoy marara a malinah, o nisowalan a malasapaday ’ongcoy a nisowalan. 

 Nanom no cikiw(地球上的水) 

 Riyar (海洋) 

 Riyar o nitaliyokan no nanom, o kaheciday nanom ko sakaira. Salong no sera ira ko 71% nitahepoan no riyar (362 ’ofad ko dadahal), mapado’edoay ko kacinanom, masiiked ko tata’angay ato mamangay a riyar. Mataelif malitosaay 3000 kungce (9800 ingce) ko talolong. Polong no riyar saheto o kaheciday 30-38 ppt laloma’an, no riyar a kahecid patek no 35 (35ppt; 3.5%). Cingangan ko kasahira no riyar, nika o cecayay a sowal, kasakakafit no kahecid o no hekal a riyar (World Ocean or global ocean) ahan. O na riyar ira (ta’angay tangasa mimingay): Taypinyang, Tasiyang, Intoyang, Nantayang ato Piepinyang. 

 Sa’alo’alo (河川) 

 Kasa’alo’alo o karomakatan no nanom, kafesa’ay han ko sowal, masonol tayra i riyar, fanaw ato roma ’alo. Sakimatiniay i, o ’alo ’ayaw no malananom, masonol i sera ato malalahod. O mimingay ’alo o cici’, ’alo ato sa’owac (stream, creek and brook). Tarawadaw i o kadado’edoan, kasaopoan no masonolay nanom; palolol to la’enoay no sera ato nemnem a nanom; misopeday o li^etecay ato so^eda parocek to palapala. 

 Lahod, kasafalifalic romi’ad ato no romi’adan 大氣，氣候和天氣 
O lahod no hekal o sakararid no kasafalifalic no romi’ad a faco, onini a kihepicay mitahepoay to hekal a lahod malakaretengay ko kasaopo. Mahayhayay a lahod nao 78% ko Tan-ci, 21% a Yang-ci ato 1% a Ya-ci ato Tou a rahod, eyanghuatan masakapot.
Roma a lahod o mimiday a lahod han, i lalomay a lahod, tinako cilahoday, eyanghuatan, ciyawan, iyanghuaetan, cuoyang. Mapaliso’so’ay a fali ira ko mimingay a malatayhiay. Caayayho kapaliso’so’ a fali i, ci’adihayay ko tataparan maliso’so’ay, halo tahfod, hoper no falo ato papo, langod, acohod no celal ato mi’oliday fo’is. Kasasiroma no tayhi latek ira i laloma’ no fali, tinako lyu (yensu ato huahewu), fuhuahewu, yensukong, eyanghualiw ato no liw a kacacamol oya SO2. O kahetengay a lahod no cikiw milowanay to cadi^eci(UV) no likat i hekal, midama to ma’oripay i hekal a DNA saka^eca ka kari’ang no cadi^eci. Kasata’edi’edip no lahod o sapicaliwa’ to falawfaw, o dadaya mihoped to fa’edet, milowan to pakanaliay fa’edeta no romi’ad.

 Kasata’edi’edip no lahod(主要大氣層) 
Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no hekal lima ko kasasiiked, mido’edo to katakaraw no lotok a mafali ko hemhem to takaraw ato kalowan. Nai ’akawangay tangasa po^eneray:

 Papotalay a lahod to’edip(外氣層): 
Papotalay no kasata’edi’edip no lahod, oya cingci ato hayci sakapot.

 Mirakarakay lahod to’edip(游離層): 
Mitongalay to’edip, miliyasay to’edip, tingrohay no mirakarakay lahod to’edip laenoay no papotalay a lahod to’edip, la’ed to sera 800 kongli, Taykongcan no kasakitakit itiraay toni a kato’edip no lahod to’edip.

 Sasifoay to’edip(中間層): 
Tenokay lahod a to’edip, itira i 50 tangasa 85 kongli ko takaraw, o kacakat katefad no falawfaw. 

 Maladacay to’edip(平流層): 
Malecaday falawfaw, 50 kongli ko raraay to sera, laeno 10 kongli, nonini a to’edip awaay ko lalitemoh, kasopedan no adihayay no cuoyang, o cuoyangcen han.

 Kasacoelisan to’edip(對流層): 
Mingataay to sera a kasato’edip no lahod, mayamayam ko kasaco’elis, o nian a to’edip ko kadademakan no romi’ad, o kasaco’elis no to’edip o kacakat katefad no falawfaw, kacakatan 100 kongce, 0.6°.

 Kasafalifalic no romi’ad.(氣候) 
Kasafalifalic no romi’ad a falawfaw, so^emet, mipececay a lahod, ’icel no fali, sakatefad a nanom, no lahod a safak ato adihayay kasafalifalic no paromi’ad ato patonekan a niyaro’. Pipalecad to kasafalifalic, romi’adan o patodong no kasafalifalic no romi’ad tosaay lipay mahapinang ko paromi’adan. Kasafalifalic no romi’ad midotoc to kasasiroma no romi’ad to liyok ato masamaan ko rakat a misiiked, marariday o kafalawfaw ato katefad no nanom. Pakaynien i Koppen Kasafalifalic no romi’ad pisiiked no faco.
縮圖|Water cycle. Nanom nika koliyol

 Romi’adan(天氣) 
Romi’adan patodong toya toki, patonekan no romi’ad a niyaro’ a demak. Adihayay kadademakan no rimi’ad i kaca’elisan masadak. O romi’ad patodong to cecayay romi’ad a falawfaw ato kalokelon no nanom, i kadademak no lahod mahapinang ko toki a romi’adan. I caayay ko patoro’an, romi’adan o patoro to romi’ad no cikiw. Romi’adan o kaira no niyaro’ to mahemhemay ato soemetay a kasasiroma kasamaan no romi’ad.

Saka hemhem no romi’ad no hekal (全球氣候變暖的影響)

Ma’oripay ato pinalengaw (生命與生物圈)

Pinalangaw a faco (生態系統)

Kahiceraan no pinalengaw (生物群落)

Kahiceraan no pinalengaw matiya o faco no pinalengaw. Pakayni i pinalengaw a fana’ malecad to romi’adan, saki romi’ad ato seraan pisiiked to pala, matiya pinalengaw a kaheceraan, no ’a’adopen kahiceraan ato no sera a pinalengaw. Pinalengaw a kahiceraan mangaay midotoc to sapiwama a misiiked, matiya pinalengaw a mala (kilang, pangpang ato rengos), papah (pada’eciay kilang), kalasal (lolotokan, demedematan, rengorengosan), ato kasafalifalic no romi’ad.
縮圖|Plagiomnium affine laminazellen.These are Chloroplasts visible in the cells of Plagiomnium affine

 Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol(生物地質化學循環) 
Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol (Ikiris sowal:Biogeochemical Cycle), sadama to palapalaan mihaopay faco no camel kalaliyol) saki sadama to palapalaan fana’ o saki tayhi nikaira ato kasasilsil nai sadama to palapalaan a faco a masiiked ko pina’orip kahiceraan ato mipatadoan pala masasiliyol a rarakaten. Pakayni malacalayay a sakaira masaloyol, talacowa kai sasiyol no sakaira no tayhi halafinay masoped i mateli caay ka lalinah.

 Tan a kasasiyol(氮循環) 
O patodong to sadaksanay a Tanhuahewu a malasaka Cunhuacuyong, malalima a masiiked, masiiked a Tunghuacuyong, An huacuyong, Syawhuacuyong, Tuosyawhuacuyong ato Kutancuyong.

 Nanom nika koliyol(水循環) 
縮圖|Oxygen Cycle.Sapasasela’ nika koliyol
O nanom i fafaed ato la’eno no cikiw malalinalinah. kalaliyol no nanom, pakaynien no nanom malalood, maloso’ay, malarahod masasiroma kaira i masasiromaay a niyaro’. Talacowa micekeroh i roma romi’adan, i fafaeday no cikiw a nanom macekel mapararoyay, makahacecayay a nanom manga’ay pakonira sa a malalinah.

 Malangtoay nika koliyol(碳循環) 
I fafaeday no cikiw a pina’orip, seraan, ’ongoyan, nanoman ato rahodan a malangtoay a kafafalifalic.

 Sapasasela’ nika koliyol(氧循環) 
Ira ko toloay katelian no sapasasela’ (lahod, pina’orip ato ’ongcoy) a kalalinah, sapasasela’ nika koliyolpakayni tedi’ no likat ka sakalalinah.

 Lin nika koliyol(磷循環) 
Ira i Lin a ’ongcoyan, nanoman ato pina’orip a malinah, Lin ato romaroma a kaira o nai lalood ko sakaira.ci Masao Nikar ko hongyakuay.
縮圖|Carbon cycle-cute diagram. Malangtoay nika koliyol