Sphingidae

Die pylsterte (Sphingidae) is 'n familie van motte in die superfamilie Bombycoidea. Die meeste pylsterte is groot vlinders wat snags vlieg; die kleiner soorte vlieg dikwels bedags. In die hele wêreld is daar meer as 'n duisend spesies bekend. Daar is veral baie soorte in die tropiese gebiede, maar hulle kom ook in Suid-Afrika voor, soos die druiwepylstert en die varkoorpylstert.

Sommide pylsterte, soos Macroglossum stellatarum, vermag dit om in die lug stil te hang om nektar uit 'n blom te suig. Hierdie vermoë om te swewe is slegs vier maal in nektardrinkende diere geëvolueer: kolibries, bepaalde vlermuise, die sweefvlieë en die pylsterte. Dis 'n opmerklike voorbeeld van konvergente evolusie. Pylsterte se behendige vliegvermoë is dikwels bestudeer. Hulle kan ook vinnig sywaarts vlieg, dalk om aan roofdiere te ontkom.

Kenmerke
Die naam pylstert is afgelei van 'n kenmerk van die ruspe wat 'n verharde stekel dra op hul agterste segment. Die ruspes is meesal groot en kleurryk, maar sodanig dat hulle nie op hulle gasheerplant opval nie. Die vlinder het dikwels bont kleure. Die vlerke se spanwydte wissel van 3,5 tot meer as 15 cm. Die grootste een is Cocytius antaeus, en het 'n spanwydte van 17,5 cm. Xanthopan morgani het dalk die langste roltong van ongeveer 30 cm. Hulle liggaam is gestroomlyn en hulle kan snelhede van tot 50 km/uur bereik.

Sommige soorte van die groep Choerocampina kan ultrasoniese geluide produseer. Die funksie daarvan is nie duidelik nie. 

Leefwyse
Die volwasse diere voed hulle met nektar, nes kolibries. Hulle slaan baie vinnig met hulle vlerke en gebruik hulle lang roltong om die nektar op te suig. Hierdie leefwyse kos baie energie en die motte moet gedurig nektar drink om aan hulle energiebehoeftes te voldoen. Die liggaamstemperatuur kan tydens hulle vlug tot 40°C. oploop. Van sommige spesies is daarvoor bekend dat hulle groot afstande kan aflê; hulle is trekvlinders. Die mannetjies en die wyfies kan taamlik lank lewe (10 tot 30 dae). Die wyfies lê deurskynende groen eiers wat meesal enkelvoudig gelê word. Die eiers se ontwikkeling varieer baie, van 3 tot 21 dae.

 Taksonomie 
 Genus  Mioclanis Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
 Genus  Sphingidites Kernbach, 1967
 Genus  Teisseirei Roselli, 1939
 Onderfamilie Langiinae Tutt, 1904
 Genus Langia Moore, 1872
 Onderfamilie Macroglossinae , 1839
 Tribus Dilophonotini , 1878
 Subtribus Dilophonotina Burmeister, 1878
 Genus Aellopos Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Baniwa Lichy, 1981
 Genus Callionima Lucas, 1857
 Genus Erinnyis Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Eupyrrhoglossum Grote, 1865
 Genus Hemeroplanes Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Isognathus Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1861
 Genus Kloneus Skinner, 1923
 Genus Madoryx Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Nyceryx Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Oryba Walker, 1856
 Genus Pachylia Walker, 1856
 Genus Pachylioides Hodges, 1971
 Genus Perigonia Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]
 Genus Phryxus Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Protaleuron Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Pseudosphinx Burmeister, 1855
 Genus Stolidoptera Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Subtribus Philampelina Burmeister, 1878
 Genus Aleuron Boisduval, 1870
 Genus Amphion Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Cautethia Grote, 1865
 Genus Enyo Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Eumorpha Hübner, [1807]
 Genus Euproserpinus Grote & Robinson, 1865
 Genus Himantoides Butler, 1876
 Genus Pachygonidia Fletcher, 1982
 Genus Proserpinus Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Sphecodina Blanchard, 1840
 Genus Unzela Walker, 1856
 Tribus Hemarini Tutt, 1902
 Genus Cephonodes Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Hemaris Dalman, 1816
 Tribus Macroglossini , 1839
 Subtribus "Sphingonaepiopsis Genusgroep"
 Genus Neogurelca Hogenes & Treadaway, 1993
 Genus Sphingonaepiopsis Wallengren, 1858
 Subtribus Acosmerygina Tutt, 1904
 Genus Acosmeryx Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Dahira Moore, 1888
 Genus Deidamia Clemens, 1859
 Genus Micracosmeryx Mell, 1922
 Subtribus Choerocampina	Grote & Robinson, 1865
 Genus Basiothia Walker, 1856
 Genus Cechenena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Cechetra Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
 Genus Centroctena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Chaerocina Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Deilephila [Laspeyres], 1809
 Genus Euchloron Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Griseosphinx Cadiou & Kitching, 1990
 Genus Hippotion Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Hyles Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Pergesa Walker, 1856
 Genus Phanoxyla Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Rhodafra Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Theretra Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Xylophanes Hübner, [1819]
 Subtribus Clarinina Tutt, 1904
 Genus Acosmerycoides Mell, 1922
 Genus Ampelophaga Bremer & Grey, 1853
 Genus Clarina Tutt, 1903
 Genus Darapsa Walker, 1856
 Genus Elibia Walker, 1856
 Genus Enpinanga Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Subtribus Macroglossina	Harris, 1839
 Genus Altijuba Lachlan, 1999
 Genus Angonyx Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Antinephele Holland, 1889
 Genus Atemnora Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Cizara Walker, 1856
 Genus Daphnis Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Eurypteryx Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1874
 Genus Giganteopalpus Huwe, 1895
 Genus Hayesiana Fletcher, 1982
 Genus Hypaedalea Butler, 1877
 Genus Leucostrophus Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Maassenia Saalmüller, 1884
 Genus Macroglossum Scopoli, 1777
 Genus Nephele Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Pseudenyo Holland, 1889
 Genus Pseudoangonyx Eitschberger, 2010
 Genus Rethera Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Temnora Walker, 1856
 Genus Temnoripais Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Tinostoma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Zacria Haxaire & Melichar, 2003
 Subtribus Incertae Sedis
 Genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989
 Genus Gnathothlibus Wallengren, 1858
 Genus Microsphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Odontosida Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Onderfamilie Smerinthinae , 1865
 "Cypa Genusgroep"
 Genus Cypa Walker, [1865]
 Genus Cypoides Matsumura, 1921
 Genus Grillotius Rougeot, 1973
 Genus Rhodambulyx Mell, 1939
 Genus Rhodoprasina Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Smerinthulus Huwe, 1895
 "Polyptychus Genusgroep"
 Genus Andriasa Walker, 1856
 Genus Chloroclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Neopolyptychus Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Polyptychus Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Pseudoclanis Rothschild, 1894
 Tribus Ambulycini , 1876
 Genus Adhemarius Oiticica Filho, 1939
 Genus Akbesia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Ambulyx Westwood, 1847
 Genus Amplypterus Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Barbourion Clark, 1934
 Genus Batocnema Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Compsulyx Holloway, 1979
 Genus Orecta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Protambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Trogolegnum Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Tribus Incertae Sedis
 Genus Afrosphinx Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Agnosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Anambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Callambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Ceridia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Coequosa Walker, 1856
 Genus Craspedortha Mell, 1922
 Genus Falcatula Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Imber Moulds, Tuttle & Lane, 2010
 Genus Lophostethus Butler, 1876
 Genus Microclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Opistoclanis Jordan, 1929
 Genus Oplerclanis Eitschberger, 2007
 Genus Parum Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Platysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Poliodes Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Rufoclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Xenosphingia Jordan, 1920
 Tribus Leucophlebiini Boisduval, 1875
 Genus Afroclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Clanidopsis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Clanis Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Leptoclanis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Leucophlebia Westwood, 1847
 Genus Malgassoclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Neoclanis Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Phylloxiphia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Pseudandriasa Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Pseudopolyptychus Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Rhadinopasa Karsch, 1891
 Genus Viriclanis Aarvik, 1999
 Tribus Mimatini Tutt, 1902
 Genus Amorpha Hübner, [1809]
 Genus Mimas Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Morwennius Cassidy, Allen & Harman, 2002
 Genus Phyllosphingia Swinhoe, 1897
 Tribus Sataspedini Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
 Genus Afrosataspes Basquin & Cadiou, 1986
 Genus Sataspes Moore, [1858]
 Tribus Sichiini Tutt, 1902
 Genus Daphnusa Walker, 1856
 Genus Gynoeryx Carcasson, 1968
 Genus Likoma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Marumba Moore, [1882]
 Tribus Smerinthini , 1865
 Genus Laothoe Fabricius, 1807
 Genus Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Paonias Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Smerinthus Latreille, [1802]
 Onderfamilie Sphinginae , 1802
 Sphinginae "Australische Sphingulini"
 Genus Coenotes Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Hopliocnema Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Synoecha Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Tetrachroa Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Tribus Monardini	 Haxaire & Minet, 2017
 Genus Monarda Druce, 1896
 Tribus Pentateuchini 	Haxaire & Minet, 2017
 Genus Pentateucha Swinhoe, 1908
 Tribus Sphingini , 1802
 "Psilogramma Genussgroep"
 Genus Leucomonia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Notonagemia Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
 Genus Pantophaea Jordan, 1946
 Genus Poliana Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Psilogramma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Subtribus Acherontiina , 1875
 Genus Acherontia [Laspeyres], 1809
 Genus Agrius Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Callosphingia Rothschild & Jordan, 1916
 Genus Coelonia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Megacorma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Subtribus Cocytiina Tutt, 1904
 Genus Amphimoea Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Cerberonoton Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
 Genus Cocytius Hübner, [1819]
 Genus Neococytius Hodges, 1971
 Genus Panogena Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Xanthopan Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Subtribus Sphingina Latreille, 1802
 Genus Apocalypsis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Ceratomia Harris, 1839
 Genus Dolba Walker, 1856
 Genus Dolbogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Dovania Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Ellenbeckia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Euryglottis Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Hoplistopus Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Ihlegramma Eitschberger, 2003
 Genus Isoparce Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Lapara Walker, 1856
 Genus Lintneria Butler, 1876
 Genus Litosphingia Jordan, 1920
 Genus Lomocyma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Manduca Hübner, [1807]
 Genus Meganoton Boisduval, [1875]
 Genus Nannoparce Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Neogene Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Oligographa Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Paratrea Grote, 1903
 Genus Praedora Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Genus Pseudodolbina Rothschild, 1894
 Genus Rothinjoa Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
 Genus Sagenosoma Jordan, 1946
 Genus Sphinx Linnaeus, 1758
 Genus Taboribia Strand, 1910
 Genus Thamnoecha Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
 Tribus Sphingulini , 1903
 Genus Dolbina Staudinger, 1877
 Genus Kentrochrysalis Staudinger, 1887
 Genus Sphingulus Staudinger, 1887

 Afbeeldings 

 Verwysings 

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