ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ

ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵀⴰⵏⵔⵉⵛ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵜ: Karl Marx)Hobsbawm، Eric. "Marx, Karl Heinrich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ 28/11/2025., (1818-1883) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵣ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ/ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ/ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵊⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ  ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵔⵉⵜ(ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴷⴰ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ. ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ "ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵙⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ/ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵙⵓⵔⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ "ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ. ⵣⵔⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.Little، Daniel. "Marxism and Method".ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28/11/2025.

 ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ 
ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵏⵔⵉⵛ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵎⵢⴰ/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ(ⴱⴰⴹⵏ) ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵀⵉⴳⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ", ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⴷⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ/ⵉⵎⵥⵕⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏNicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen 1976، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 77–79; Wheen، Francis (2001). Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate.2001، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 62–66;"McLellan، David (2006). Karl Marx: A Biography (fourth edition). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan".  2006، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 73–74, 94. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28/11/2025. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ, ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ(ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵎⵙⴰ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵙⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵣⵜ ⵙⵔⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉ/ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ 
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵣ ⴳ 1844, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵖ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ "ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1844" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ". ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵍⴰ(ⵓⵟⵟⴰⵢ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵣ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ"ⴼⵓⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ (1964). ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ: ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28/11/2025., ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵏⴳⴰⵜ/ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵎⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ", ⵙⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵢⵓⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⵙⵓⵔⵏ" ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ "ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⵙⵓⵔ" ⴳ 1848, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⵣⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ "ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ/ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ" 
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ 1848 ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ, ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵣ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⵥⵡⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ "ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ / ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵖⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 1867. ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵇⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ(ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴳⵓⵔⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ/ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ" ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

 ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ/ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ: ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵏⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ 
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵏⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵉⵕⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ,  ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵏⵖ "ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ" (ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ), ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴽⵜⴰ (idéologie).
ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⴰⵏ/ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ). ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ". ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴷⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴹⵕ/ⵜⵍⵓⵃ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵉⵏ.

 ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ  ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⵏ/ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ "ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ"(Le Capital). ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜ", ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ. ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ".

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ "ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ "ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ" ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜ. ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉ/ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵓ (concentration ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ.

 ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ 
ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⴹⵕ/ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵃⴰⴷⴷⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ: " ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ". ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴹⵕ/ⵜⵍⵓⵃ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ/ⵉⵏⵀⵎ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵕⵉⴹⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵔⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴷⴰ" ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ(ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ). ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵜⵉ(ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ) ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⵎ/ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ "ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⴹⴰⵜ(ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ)" , ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ.

 ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1883 ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ(ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ). ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ  ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏ", "ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ", "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴽⵜⴰ", "ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ", ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵍⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ. ⴷ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵅⴰⵔⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ "ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ", ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ.

 ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵥⴹⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
 ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜ,(ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. 
 ⵉⴳ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵡⴰ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵉⵣⵉⴽⵔ.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ
 ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ