omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly-next huggingface dataset:
ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ

ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵣⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⵉⴳ  ⵓⴽⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ.

ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ  ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ "ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵯⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ". ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ " ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ" ⵙ " ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ" ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵚⵓ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏⴰⵜⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴱⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 187, 2022..

ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ , ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵏ (ⴰⵡⵏⴰⴽ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵕⴹ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵏⵏ,ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ.
ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ
ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ 230ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ 9 ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ 1331/ 13 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1913, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ 26 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2019. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ 1913 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ:

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵜ

ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵍⵄⵢⵓⴹ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵟⵉⵄ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ  ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵉⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵍⵉⵚⵏ (Alaudidae). ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ. ⵡⴰⵅⴰ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ: ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ “ⴱⵓ ⵉⵙⴽ” ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ “ⴱⵓ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ” ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfSBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Heliocorys%22+syn&pg=PA188https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480730

 ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ 
ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ (ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5.2,2015) ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ:

 Galerida deva – Cochevis de Sykes
 Galerida modesta – Cochevis modeste
 Galerida magnirostris – Cochevis à gros bec
 Galerida theklae – Cochevis de Thékla
 Galerida cristata – Cochevis huppé
 Galerida malabarica – Cochevis de Malabar
 Galerida macrorhyncha – (?)

ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ:
 ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ  ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ  ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ  ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ 120px Galerida deva  Sykes's lark   ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ 120px Galerida modesta  Sun lark    ⵖⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ 120px Galerida magnirostris  Large-billed lark   ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ 120px Galerida theklae  Thekla lark  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴱⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ: ⵙⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ 120px Galerida cristata  Crested lark  ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ 120px Galerida malabarica  Malabar lark    ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ  137x137px Galerida macrorhyncha  Maghreb lark  ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ 

 ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ 

 ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ 
 ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎⵜ: ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵚⴰⴱ

thumb
ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵚⴰⴱⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵕⵉⴱ (Carte du Maroc, Edition tifinaghe), ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵄⵔⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ (ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ.

 ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ 
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⵏ : ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⵓⵏⵣⴰⵔ (ⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵣⵍⵜⴰⵏ.Clips around Essawira, Atlante Diffusion, ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, 2017, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 38.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴼⴼⵉ ⵖ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵡⴽⵉ.

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉ  ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ.

 ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵔⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ
ⴰⵙⵉⴼ

ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⵜⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ.

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
*
ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⵓⵏⵣⴰⵔ

ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⵓⵏⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵣⵔⴳⵓⵏ, ⵖ ⴰⵟⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵕⴰⵏ. ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ (Amoudou Travel Map), www.apef.education.com

ⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.Clips around Essawira, Atlante Diffusion, ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ, 2017, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 38.

 ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ 
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵣⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵚⴰⴱ, ⵖ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ.

 ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵔⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ
ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)

ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ 

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴰ
ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴽⵉⴱⵓⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏⵏ

ⴽⵉⴱⵓⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏⵏ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵏⵜⴰⵣⵢⴰ, ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⴱⵉⵍⵀⴰⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵛⵓ, ⴰⵀⵏ ⵀⵢⵓ-ⵙⵓⴱ, ⵎⵉⵢ ⵀⵓⵏⴳ, ⵊⵉ-ⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵢⵓ, ⵢⵓⵏⵊⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⵎ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2025.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

Category:ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ
ⵅⴰⵣⵄⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷⵉ

ⵅⴰⵣⵄⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ, ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1951. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵣⵄⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷⵉ

 ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ 
ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ/ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1996. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009.

 ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ 
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1973-1996 ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ  1998 ⴰⵔ 2003 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ. ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1996-1998 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ .

ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2003 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ. ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 2007-2014 ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ-ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⵡⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ(ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ) ⴷ (ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ: ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰ ⴳ 2011, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.ⵅⴰⵣⵄⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷⵉ

 ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ 
    (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ  ⵙⵓⵎⵔ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴰⵛⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ 1999.
    (ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ 1995.
    (ⵜⵓⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ) 1997.

 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵢⴰⵣⵜ
    (ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵙⵕⴰⴼⵉⵍ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ1984.
    (ⵅⵉⵣⴰⵢⵉⵍ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ 1989.
    (ⵛⵓⵖⴰⵜ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵣⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰ 2013.
 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ
    (ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍ) 1990.
    (ⵃⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⴰⵙ) 1991.
    (ⵀⴰⵎⵍⵉⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵎⵍⵉⵜ) 1992.
    (ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ) 1992.
    (ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ) 1993.

 ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ
    (ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ) ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 2004.ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ
 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏ
 ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ
 ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ (1945 – 2001) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ  ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⵏ "ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ/ ⵙⵓⵇ ⵍⴰⵔⴱⵄⴰ ⵍⵖⵔⴱ", ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵄⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⵅⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ.

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⵍⵎⴰⵊⴰⵍⵍⴰ" ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ.

ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳ 1970 ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ "ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵉⵔⵣ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ "ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ", ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ .

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993, ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ "ⵜⵓⵍⴷⵉⵜ" ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵃ". ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ.  ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ

 ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵉⵔⵣ"حوار في ليل متأخر": ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ 1970.
 ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ "المرأة والوردة": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ, ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ, 1972.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ"بيوت واطئة:  ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, 1977.
 ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ" قبور في الماء": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵜⵓⵏⵙ, 1978.
 ⴰⵍⴳⵎⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ "الأفعى والبحر": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, 1979.
 ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ "الشجرة المقدسة": ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ, 1980.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵥⵉⴹ "بيضة الديك": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, 1984.
 ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ "محاولة عيش": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⵏⵙ, 1985.
 ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵓⵏ "ملك الجن": ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, 1988.
 ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ "ملاك أبيض": ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵕⴰ, 1988.
 ⵜⵓⵍⴷⵉⵜ "عربة": ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵄⵓⴽⴰⴹ, ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, 1993.ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ 
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⴳ 2002, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⴽⵓⵏⵉ 2005).

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴳ 13 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2001 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵔⵔⴰⵢ( ⵍⴽⵓⵏⵚⵉⵕ).

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ
ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⴰⵔⵓⵅ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ

ⴱⵉⵏⵜⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ: ⴱⴰⵔⵓⵅ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵓⵙ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵚⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1632, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ 1677, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵚⵟⵓⵡⵉⵣⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⴽⵢⴰⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵀⵓⴱⴱⵙ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⵖ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⴱⵏⵉⵜⵣ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⵟ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵯⵔⵉⵜ. 

ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ, ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⵉⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵓⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵟⵟⵓⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ. ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵯⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵉⴳⵙ. ⵙ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ  ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. 

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵖ 1632, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏⵓ ⴼⴰⵔⵏⵜⵙ, ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴱⵔⵜⵉⵇⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵇⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙⵖ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ  ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1638, ⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ. 

ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵓⵅ, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵜ.  

 ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ
ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ

ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1944) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ-ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⴹ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⵕⵏ".

 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⴱⵏ ⵊⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⴳ 1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1944 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⴰⴽⴷ 94 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ 1965, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜⴰ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ  ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴳ  ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ , ⴷ  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ "ⵍⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷ" ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ "ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ" ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ  ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ: "ⵃⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵓⵏⵓⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1973, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⴰⵎⵅⵍⴰⵡ, ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⴳⵔⵉ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981, ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981, "ⴰⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1985, "ⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⴰⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1987, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ: "ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1976, ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ "ⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1980, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ "ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1995. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ, "ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ"2024, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵊⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ", ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵓⴳⵉ".ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ "ⵍⵓⵎⵓⵏⴹ" ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ", ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⴹ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉ ?" ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙ "ⵓⵀⵓ", ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵢⵓⵥⵉⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⵛⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵏⵖ  ⵉⵏⴽⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵜⵛⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ.ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ. 2011 .
 ⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ. 1996.
 ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵡⴷ ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 2017.
 ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵕⵥⴰⵏⵉⵏ . ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ,2017.
 ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⴻⵔ . ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ , 2017 .
 ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵊⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ .ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ 2024 .ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ 

 2010: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ .

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ

ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ

ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵎⴰⵡⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mickey Mouse) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵎⵉⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ

ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 16 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵉⵏ/ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ/ⵓⴳⵯⴷⵉⵍ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ 
ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵚⵉⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵕⴱⵉⴱ, ⵍⵄⴰⵡⵏⵉ, ⵍⵄⴱ ⵎⵄ ⴷⴷⵢⴰⴱ/ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴼ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ "ⵙⴰⵄⴰ ⴼ ⵊⵊⴰⵀⵉⵎ/ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ "ⵟⵟⵕⵉⵇ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ /ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ". ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ "ⵃⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵍⵉⵣ" ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ/ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ

 ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ 
   ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ (2004)

   ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴼ (2010)

   ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⴱⴱⵓⵍ (2012)

   ⵣⵣⵉⵕⵓ/ⴰⵎⵢⴰ (2012)ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⵙ  (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ)

   ⵍⴼⵔⴷⵉ/ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ (2012)

   ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (2014)

   ⵕⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ (2015)

   ⵓⵕⴽⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ (2015)

   ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ (2016)

   ⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵚ(2016)

   ⵍⵄⵟⵚⴰ/ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵉ(2016)

   ⵍⵃⵏⵛ /ⴰⴼⵉⵖⵔ(2017)

   ⵄⵎⵎⵉ /ⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⵓ (2017)

   ⴼⵉ ⴱⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵊⴰⵢⴱ/ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵏⵏ (2017)

   ⵚⵕⵅⴰ ⵎⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵅⵕ (2018)

   ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵄⴼⵉⵏⴰ (2019)

   ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵄⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵄⴷⴰⵏ (2018)

   ⴰⵏⴰ ⵎⵛⵉ ⴰⵏⴰ /ⵏⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽ (2023)

   ⵍⴱⴰⵟⴰⵍ/ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ (2024)

 ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ 
ⵔⵔⴱⵉⴱ (2004)

ⵍⵄⴰⵡⵏⵉ (2005)

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ (2008)

ⵃⴰⵡⵍⵓ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵎⵙⵜⵓⵔ (2012)

ⴹⵓⵕ ⴱⵉⵀⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ/ⵙⵃⵓⵡⵚ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ (2013)

ⵕⴰⵚ ⵍⵎⵃⴰⵢⵏ/ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵏⴰⵣⵏ (2013)

ⵏⴰⵢⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ/ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ (2015)

ⵃⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵍⵉⵣ (2017)

ⵡⵍⴰ ⵄⵍⵉⴽ (2018)

ⵓⵛⵛⵏ (2018)

ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ/ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ (2018)

ⵀⵎⵎⵉ ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵎⵎⵉ (2019)

ⵍⵎⴰⴹⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵜ/ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵜⴰⵜ (2019)

ⵇⵚⵕ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ/ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ (2019)

ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵅⵜⴰⵕ (2019)

ⵣⵀⵕ ⵍⴱⴰⵜⵓⵍ (2020)

ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ (2020)

ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎ/ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ (2021)

ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵔⵕⴰ/ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵏ(2021)

ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵀⴰ ⵓ ⵟⵕⵉⵇⵓ (2021)

ⵉⵍⴰ ⴹⴰⵇ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ (2023)

ⵊⵓⵊ ⵡⵊⵓⵀ (2024)

 ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ 
ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵛⵓ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)

ⵄⵏⴷⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵏ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)

Face à Face (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)

FBM ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ (ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ)

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵍⵓⵟⴼⵉ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵙⵟⴰⵡⵉ

ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ

ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ.ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ  

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵣⵣⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940 ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵏ". ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ 
ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ  ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵜⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰⵡⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ ⵊⵊⵔⴰⵔⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵕⵕⴰⵛⴷⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵎⵔ. ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ .ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵎ.. ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵉⵍ" ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ "ⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔⴰⵎⵉ" ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⴱⵍⵉⵡⵏ
 ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ/ⵉⵏⵉⵍⵍⵉ
 ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ/ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ
 ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ
 ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ

 ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012 ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵏ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ 4 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2015 ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵛⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ , ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴼⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ/ⵜⵓⵛⵍⵉⵅⵜ" (ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵏⵏⵃⵡⵉ) ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵇⴰⵟⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵊⴱⴰⵍ /ⵡⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵍ" ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ "ⵙⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵙ" ,ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵣⵣⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉ

ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴽⴽⴰⵍⵉ

ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ

ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⵉⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: "ⴰⵔ ⴽ ⵙⴰⵇⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ" ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵄⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵇⵇ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ". ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⵢⵓⴳⵯⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ 7000 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ) ⵙ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

 ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1987).
 ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⴽ, 1990, 208 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ).
 ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵣⵏⵉⴼ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1983).
 ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷⵉⴱⴰⴷ
 ⴰⵎⴷⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, 2000.
 ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ " ⵏⵊⵎⴰ/ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ", ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993.
 ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ
 ⴰⵜⵉ ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴽⵯⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵎⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, 2020. ⵜⵓⴱⵇⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ (ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ).ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ

ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ   ( 1948 - 2012) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ(, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵡⴼⵔⵉⵇ, ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵉⵡⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ/ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴹⵓⵕ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1974. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ/ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵜⴰ/ⵓⴷⴷⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ/ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵥⵉ.ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ

 ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ/ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ 
ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵥⵉ. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ. ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴹ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ/ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ", ⴷ "ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵖⵉⵔ ⵅⵓⴷⵓⵏⵉ, ⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵅⵓⴷⵓⵏⵉ/ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵢⵉ, ⴼ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵢⵉ " ⴷ "ⵏⵕⵊⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵛⵉⵜ", ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍ ⵊⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ  ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵏⴽⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵔ". ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⴷⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵢ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵙ "ⵍⵎⵄⵍⵍⵎ", ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎ.ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵇⵇⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵀⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵊⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ  ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⵏⵏ/ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ .

 ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴷⵉ 
ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ", ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⴽⵓ", ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵀⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵃⴰⵍ" ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ .

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ/ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ 14 ⴳⵉⵙ .ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⴱⴰⴽⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
 ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ
 ⴳⵏⴰⵡⴰ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ

ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ .ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ

 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1947 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ - ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ - ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1967 ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵅⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵔ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ "ⵍⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ/ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵀⴷ/ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ 
ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ  ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵯⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 1970: ⵍⵃⵔⵔⴰⵣ (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) 
 1993: ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 1996: ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
 1996: ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵎ  (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 1998: ⴰⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ  (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 1999: ⵎⴱⵔⵓⴽ/ⵉⵔⵖⵓⴷ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
 2001 - 2002: ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴱⵓⵃ 
 2002: ⵎⴰⴷⵓ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ)
 2004: ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 2007: ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) 
 2008: ⵜⵔⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⴱⵟⵟⴰⵛ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 2009: ⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴰ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
 2011: ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵖ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 2013: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴼ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
 2013: ⵙⵃⵓⵚ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏⵉ (ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ) 
 2014: ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ(ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
 2015: ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) 
 2018: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵡⵓⵍⵜ(ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ) ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ .ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ
 ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ
 ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ (1949 - 1997), ⴰⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ . ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ "ⵡⵍⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⵉⵔⵉ" ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵡⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵊ/ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵇⵓⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ. ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵏⴷ/ⵢⵉⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ . ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵄⵏⵓⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵊⵎⵉⵄ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷ  ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵍⵃⴰⵍ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ: "ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ.

ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⴷⵊⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ. ⴱⴱⵓⵇⵇⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵉ/ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ/ⵕⵕⴰⵃⵉⵍ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ/ⴰⵜⵏⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ .ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ

 ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ "ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ" ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⵜⵓⵏ. ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ "ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⵖⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵊⴷⵓⴱ) ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ 
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ : "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵊⵉⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⵜ". ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⵚⵉⵕ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵖⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵎⴰⵎ", ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ.ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ 
 ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⵉⴷ 
 ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵉⵔⵓⵛ 
 ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ: الجمعية المغربية للبحث والتبادل الثقافي) ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵙⵙⵏⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴻⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Association marocaine de recherche et d'échange culturels, ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⴳⵣⴻⵍ AMREC). ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵓ 1967 ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴹⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.

ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴰⵟ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵙ 10 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1967 (ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ 28 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2917), ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ, ⵃⵎⴻⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ, ⴰⴱⴷⴻⵍⴼⴰⴷⵍ ⵍⵖⵡⴰⵍⵉ, ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ, ⴰⵀⵎⴻⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⴰⵡⵓ, ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⴼⴰⵡⵉ, ⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵊⴰⵡⵉ. ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ.

ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵃⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴼⴽⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ 1967, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵏⵓⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.

 ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ 

ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ:
 ⵕⴱⴰⵟ
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ
 ⵍⴽⵏⴹⵔⵜ
 ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
 ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
 ⵟⴰⵟⴰ
 ⴱⵏⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
 ⴰⵏⵥⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
 ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ
10,ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ εⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ (ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ)
ⵏ° 34 ( ⵍⴳⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛ ⴷoⵏⴰⵍⴷ’ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ)
ⵕⴱⴰⵟ - ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ
ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ : ⵡⵡⵡ.ⴰⵎⵔⴻⵛ.ⵎⴰ

 ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

 ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ  

mondeberbere.com

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ

ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ (; ), ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ  ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵖ 1915, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ 2004. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰⵡⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "". ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴼⵜⵓⵃ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⵖ 1949, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "" ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵖ 1930, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1932.

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ 
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ 1915 ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵜⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ "", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ ⵏ "ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵃⴰ".  ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 1938, ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "" ⵖ 1949, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵖ 2004 ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵔⵏ 89 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵀⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.

 ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ 
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ:

 ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ "Le Chapelet d'ambre".
 ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953.
 ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949.
 ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 






 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 2004
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ
ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (CRB, s tfṛansist: Centre de Recherche Berbère) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵛo) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵟ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ.  ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴰⴷⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⵛⴰⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ 1990, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 2009. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010.

 ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ 
 Centre de Recherche Berbère - Accueil

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ

ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1933) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ/ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ/ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴹ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017.ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ)

 ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 7 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ/ⴰⴳⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵉⵏ/ⵍⵉⵙⵍⵎⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1963.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ: 1830-1912". ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000.ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ/ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ/ⵉⵎⵊⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ/ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ,ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ.ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ( ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ)

 ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

 ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1971.
 ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ: ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1978.
 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰ, 1980.
 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, 1981.
 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, 1981.
 ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ/ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1983.
 ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, 1984.
 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ/ⵍⴼⴰⵔⵉⵇ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1986.
 ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ/ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵇ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ, 1989.
 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1992.
 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ, 1996.
 "ⵖⴰⵢⵍⴰ": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ. ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴷ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, 2009.
 ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015).
 ⴰⵎⵙⵇⵙⵉ, 2016.
 ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 2020.

 ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ 
ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⴷⴼ/ⵜⵍⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ 2011.

ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ/ⵓⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ .

 ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ 
ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ
 ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ
 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ

ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵖ 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵍⵢⵓ 1921 ⵖ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵕⵥ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵥⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ “ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ" (ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ: ⴷⴻⵙⴰⵙⵜⵔⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴰⵍ). ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵥⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.Olmo, Guillermo D. (19 July 2011). Quirós, Julián (ed.). "La derrota más amarga del Ejército español". ABC (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Diario ABC, S.L. (Vocento). ISSN 1136-0143. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021.

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵓⵏⵚⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵥⴳⵯⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ.

 ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ 
ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1921, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⵉⵙⵜⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ. ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ 130 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴱⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴽ (blocaos), ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵄⵚⴽⵕⵉ (12 ⴰⵔ 20). ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉⵃ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.Villatoro, Manuel P. (10 August 2016). Quirós, Julián (ed.). "Los 16 héroes de la Legión que defendieron el «Blocao de la muerte» contra cientos de rifeños". Diario ABC (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Diario ABC, S.L. (Vocento). ISSN 1136-0143. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ.Luna, Joaquín (21 July 2021). Juan, Jordi; Godó, Javier (eds.). "Silvestre, vida y muerte del general frívolo". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain: Grupo Godó. ISSN 1133-4835. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.

ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴼⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⵔⵢⴰⵖⵍ.Pennell, C. R. (2000). Morocco since 1830: A History. London: Hurst. p. 634. ISBN 9781850652731.

 ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ 
ⵖ 15 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1921, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⵉⵙⵜⵔ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵛⴽ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜ. ⵚⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⵉⵍ ⴼⵙⵜⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵓⵏⵚⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⵉⵙⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.Woolman 1968, p. 91.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ  

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
Hi my name is pibbler

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ  
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1957 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ 3-3. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵉⵏⵔⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976, ⵉⵖⵡⵉ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ 2018 ⴷ 2020, ⵉⵖⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ 2012. ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 1986, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ:
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 0-0 ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 0-0 ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 3-1 ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ.

ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022 ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵕ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ 16, ⵉⵏⵔⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ ⵙ 1-0 ⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵔⵓⵏ ⵙ 2-0. ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1930 ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002.

 ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ 
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵖⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ:https://www.365scores.com/ar/news/magazine/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%9F-%D8%AA/
+ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ36941966–1979ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵚⵉⵕ27591994–2002ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⵢⵢⴰⵛ25642015-ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵏⴰⵚⵉⵕⵉ23772016-ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵜⵛⵓ19481995–2002
 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⴰⵛⵔⴰⴼ ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉ
 ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⵢⵢⴰⵛ
 ⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⵃⴰⵊⵊⵉ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ

ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵀⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ. ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵖ,ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ (ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ), ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ 2024/2025.

 ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ 
ⴳ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵣⴰ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴷⵔⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵛⵛⴼⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴷⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵔⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵛⵛⴰⵢⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵃⴱⵓ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵃⴰⴼ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ.ⵏⴰⵊⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ,ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ 2018.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ
 ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ
 ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ

ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1983) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵕⵉⵢⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵡⵡⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓ ⴳⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ/ⵓⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1983 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴱⵉⵀⵉ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ(ⴰⴱⵃⵔⵉ). ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ.  

ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵓⵡⵛⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴷⴷⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓ/ⴰⵙⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ. ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ  ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ/ⵜⵉⴷⵓⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⵓⵡⵛⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ.ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ

ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵕⵊ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵕⵉⵢⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ.

ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ :

 ⴰⴳⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ.
 ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ.
 ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ/ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.
 ⴰⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ.
 ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⵉⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ.
 ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ.

 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 
ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴱⴰⵏ

ⴱⵉⵀⵉ ⴱⵓⵄⵊⵉⵏ

ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ