ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ

ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ( ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ 1872 ⴳ ⵡⵣⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵓ ⴳ 18 ⴳⵉⵙ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ .ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.(ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ)ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ   

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ  ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵕⴰⵢⴼⵏⵚⴽⵕⵓⴼⵜ , ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵏⵎⴰⵡⵜⵛⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ  ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵚⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ . ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ  , ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 1874, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵃⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ , ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876 . ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ . ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴳ    ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ,ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ  ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴰ .

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵕⵉⴹⵊ , ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ . ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ .ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893.

ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴽⵙⵟⵓⵏ , ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ .ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ .

 ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ 
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ( german social democracy ). ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ  ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901-1902 ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ "  

ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵏ (theory of descriptions) , ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ" (on denoting ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1905.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ " ( logical Atomism) ,ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ . ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ .

ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵡⵉⵜ ( A History of Western Philosophy ) .

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ : 

 ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ /ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ(1927).
 ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ (1925).
 ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (1935).
 ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ :
 ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1927)
 ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ( 1910)(ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ)ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ 
ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ  ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ 1967-1968-1969 . 

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ , ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ . ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵏⵕⵀⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ .

 ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ 
ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1908 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ .

ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1908 ⴰⵔ 1931 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ , ⴼⵕⵚ , FRS .

ⵙⴳ 1931 ⴰⵍ 1949  : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, FRS .

ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, ⵓⵎ , FRS ,OM .

ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950.ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ 

 ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⵡⴰⴹ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ .
 ⵙⴳ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ .
 ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ,  ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ .
 ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉ ⵜⵥⵥⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ ,ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵖ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ .
 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
 ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰ ⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴼ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ.
 ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵖⴰⵜ , ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ  ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ .
  ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ(ⵍⵊⵏⵜ) ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴷⴼⵏ ,ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ .
 ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵃⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵀⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ . ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
 ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ 

 ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ
 ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
 ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ
 ⵏⵓⴱⵍ
 ⴳⴰⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵍⴰⵕ

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ