ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ: ⵄⴷⵉⵎⵙ, [ʕdimes] ⵏⵖ ⵖⴷⴰⵎⵙ, [ɣdames]; ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.

ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ
ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵜⵉⵍⵏⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ 1903 ⴷ 1904. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵖ ⴳ 1968 ⴷ 1973, ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 1944 ⴰⵔ 1945. ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (2013) ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ.

ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ
ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 4,000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵏⵍ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ Lanfry (1973:iv).ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵀⵏoⵍoⴳⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ 10,000 ⴳ 2006 ⴷ 2,000 ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ 10,000 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ 2,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏEncyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ "6b" (Threatened).

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ (classification) ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. Aikhenvald ⴷ Militarev (1984) ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (1999) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ

 ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ
ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ (pharyngealized) ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (pⵍⴰⵉⵏ ⴷⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵛoⵏⵙoⵏⴰⵏⵜⵙ). ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ (contrastive). ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ (sporadically).

+ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (IPA)LabialLabio-dentalDentalDentalphar.PalatalVelarUvularPharyngealGlottalNasalmn̪Stop(p)bt̪d̪t̪ˤdˤɟkɡqFricativeβfs̪z̪s̪ˤz̪ˤʃʒxɣħʕhAffricate(tʃ)Approximantwl̪l̪ˤjTrillr̪r̪ˤ

ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵖⵜ.

+ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (IPA)FrontCentralBackCloseiuClose-mideoMidəNear-openɐOpena

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ Lipzig-Jakarta ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ (1973). 

TingliztTaɣdimst1  fire  ōfa2  nose  tənzart3  to go  as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come)4  water  aman (plurale tantum)5  mouth  ame6  tongue  ēləs7  blood  dămmăn (plurale tantum)8  bone  ɣăṣṣ9  2sg pronoun  šăgg(ən) (m.), šămm(ən) (f.)10  root  aẓur "root of plant"11  to come  as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go)12  breast  bab, admār13  rain  anaẓar14  1sg pronoun  năšš(ən)15  name  ism16  louse  talləkt17  wing  afraw18  flesh/meat  aksəm19  hand/arm  ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm"20  fly  izi21  night  ēβăḍ22  ear  ēsəm23  neck  takorəmt (cf. 47 back)24  far  (not attested)25  to do/make  əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make"26  house  daž, taddart27  stone/rock  ērəj28  bitter  iẓēk "to be bitter"29  to say  ăn30  tooth  asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine"31  hair  azaw32  big  (not attested)33  one  yōn (m.), yōt (f.)34  who?  anno35  3sg pronoun  (n)itto (m.), (n)ittāt (f.)36  to beat/hit  ŏwət37  leg/foot  aḍar38  horn  aškaw39  this  -o40  fish  (not attested)41  yesterday  ənḍəβăd42  to drink  ăsw43  black  săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)44  navel  tamet45  to stand  ăβdəd "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up"46  to bite  ămbər47  back  akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck)48  wind  aḍo "wind, odour"49  smoke  ōβo50  what?  ke, me51  child (kin term)  ara, tarwa52  egg  tasadəlt53  to give  ăkf54  new  (not attested)55  to burn (intr.)  ărɣ56  not  wăl, ak57  good  samēḥ < Arabic58  to know  ăssən59  knee  ōfəd60  sand  tamallilt61  to laugh  ăḍs62  to hear  ăsl63  soil  tammurt "earth, soil"64  leaf  təfra "leaf of tree"65  red  azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggⵯaɣ/)66  liver  tōsa67  to hide  əkənn68  skin/hide  ēlăm "animal skin"69  to suck  ăzməm70  to carry  ăbb "to carry, bring", ăškəl "to carry, lift"71  ant  takəṭfet72  heavy  ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)73  to take  āβăʕ "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold"74  old  imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)"75  to eat  ăšš76  thigh  taɣma77  thick  izwər "to be thick"78  long  əzzəjrət "to be long"79  to blow  sβəḍ80  wood  asɣēr "(piece of) wood"81  to run  ăzzəl82  to fall  ōḍu83  eye  awăll84  ash  ēšəd85  tail  tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic?86  dog  ēde87  to cry/weep  ăẓẓəf88  to tie  ăqqēn89  to see  ălləm90  sweet  (not attested)91  rope  tazara92  shade/shadow  tēle93  bird  ajaḍiḍ94  salt  tēsənt95  small  imtēt "to be small"96  wide  (not attested)97  star  iri98  in  dəj, -i99  hard  (not attested)100  to grind/crush  ăẓəd "to grind", ăddəβ "to crush (in a mortar)"

ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ
 Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
 Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
 Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-940-4.
 Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère. (Archived link)
 Lanfry, J. (1973). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten). [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.

ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ