ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ

ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Phosphorus) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ P, ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 15. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ, ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ DNA, RNA, ⴷ ATP, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ.

 ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ 
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ.
   ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ P4 ⵎⵎ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
   ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ 250 °C ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴼⴰ.
   ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵖⵍⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜ. ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵎⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.

 ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ 
ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 90% ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵟⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵜⵓⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ 
ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ DNA ⴷ RNA, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔ. ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ATP (ⴰⴷⵉⵏⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵕⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⴰⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ" ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "ⵜⵓⵏⵓⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ".

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1669 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ "ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼ", ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵓⴷⴷⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵥⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓ "ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ", ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵖⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ