omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly-next huggingface dataset:
ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⴽ

(ⵜⵉⵙ 181) ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ CAT (UTC+2) ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +258 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ  MZ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .mz
ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⵇ (/moʊzæmˈbiːk/), ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⵇ (ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ: Moçambique ⵏⵖ República de Moçambique, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰ [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.

ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⴽ ⵖⵔ 31,693,239 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2022. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ (ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ) ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ.

ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020:
 65.48% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 0 ⴷ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ
 2.93% ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 65 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ
 0-14 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ: 45.57% (6,950,800 ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ / 6,766,373 
ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ)
 15-24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ: 19.91% (2,997,529 ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ / 2,994,927 
ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ)
 25-54 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ: 28.28% (3,949,085 ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ / 4,564,031 
ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ)
 55-64 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ: 3.31% (485,454 ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ / 509,430 
ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ)
 65 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ: 2.93% (430,797 ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ / 449,771 
ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵏⴰⵏ)

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2022:
 38.2% ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ

ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ

ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ

 ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔRépublique du Niger  (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ) 220px|border|centerⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 220px|border|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ : Fraternité, Travail, Progrès(ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵍⴰⵢ) ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ : La Nigérienne220px|center|thumb|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜⵏⵢⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏhttp://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htmⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵓⵎⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴼⵓⴷⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏⵛⵉⵎⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵙⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵖⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵜⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ  ⵉⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ • ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵎⴰⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓ • ⴰⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⴱⵔⵉⵊⵉ ⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 3 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1960ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ  1,267,000 ⴽⵎ² (ⵜⵉⵙ 21) • ⴰⵎⴰⵏ (%) 0.02 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ • ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ 2016  20,672,987  • ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2012  17,138,707 • ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ 12.1/ⴽⵎ²ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⵜ ⵜ ⵜ) 2016 • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ  21.655 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=12&sy=2017&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=614%2C668%2C638%2C674%2C616%2C676%2C748%2C678%2C618%2C684%2C624%2C688%2C622%2C728%2C626%2C692%2C628%2C694%2C632%2C714%2C636%2C716%2C634%2C722%2C662%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C199%2C644%2C733%2C646%2C734%2C648%2C738%2C652%2C742%2C656%2C746%2C654%2C754%2C664%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=#cs149.(ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ). (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 1,154 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) 2016  • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 7.674 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 409 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2011)  31.5http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/.ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2014)  0.348http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf(pdf). (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. 2015. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ. 208–211ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ · ⵜⵉⵙ 188ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ (XOF)ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ (UTC+1)ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵢⵜⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ +227ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ NEⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ .ne

ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Niger) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ,ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ، ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. 
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 1,270,0000 ⴽⵎ² ، ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⴹⵏ  17,129,076 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (2012). ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ  ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ   800% ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ .
ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ؛ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  16 ⵜⴹⴼⵔ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ] . ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ  ⵙⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴽⵓⵜⵓ ⵔⵊⴰⵏ  ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ .

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ

ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰFederal Republic of Nigeria (en)Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya (ha)Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (ig)Àpapọ̀ Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà (yo)220px|center|borderⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ220px|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ220px|center|thumb|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ :  Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress(ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ)ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ : Arise Oh Compatriots ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⴱⵓⵀⴰⵔⵉⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜⴰⴱⵓⵊⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⴳⵓⵙⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  923 768 ⴽⵎ²(ⵜⵉⵙ 32)ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ  1,4 %ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ UTC +1ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ • ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ 1 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 1960ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2016)	 186 053 386(ⵜⵉⵙ 7)ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ	 201/ⴽⵎ²ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) (2015)	 490,207 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⵜ ⵜ ⵜ) (2015)   1091,7 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0,514 ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵏⵉⵔⴰ (NGN​)ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓ 3166-1 NGA, NG​ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .ngⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ +234
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵟⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴽⵎⴰⵍⵉⵜ: Norge Norge؛  , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ  ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴷ  ⵊⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ  385,252 ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ , ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 5 ⵎⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ  ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ  ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ , ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ، ⵜⵣⴳⴰ  ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽ  ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵊⵉⵔⴰⴽ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵓ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵏⵜⵙ،  ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵢⵓⵔⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ.

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ، ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ , ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⴰⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵜⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ،  ⴰⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ. ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵟⵕⵓⵍ، ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ،  ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ  ⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ، ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵜⵔoⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⴷⴳ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ 2007  2010، ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵔⵡⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ

ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ, (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ Εὐκλείδης / Eukleidês), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ « ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ », ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ; ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ 300 ⴷ.ⵄ. ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵇⴱⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏⵜ ; ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴽⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⵜ 467 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴽⴰⵜ ⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ, ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⵣⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷ, ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ (ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ), ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵔⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵃⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⴰⵛⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 9 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1963 ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⴽoⵔⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵟ ⵏ ⴱⴳⴰⵢⵜ(ⴱⵊⴰⵢⴰ). ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰ (ⵇⵙⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ), ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⴳⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵙⵉⵜ.

ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ
1998: Ithvirène
1999: si 1954 ar 1999(ⵙⵉ 1954 ⴰⵔ 1999)
2000: uccen d weydi (ⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴷⵉ)
2001: Pouvoir assassin
2002: USU (ⵓⵍⴰⵛ ⵙⵎⴰⵃ ⵓⵍⴰⵛ - Pas de pardon)
2005: Azul al Paris (ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⵉ)
2006: Arraw n Tlleli (ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴻⵍⵉ)
2008: Hemlegh-kem (ⵃⵎⵍⵖ ⴽⵎ)
2010: Slilwan
2012: Nostalgik
ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ
ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵓⵔⴹⵓⵏ

ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : الأردن) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵟⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵟⴰⵛⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ  ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵇⵏⴷ .  ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵠⵢⵉⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵔⴰⵇⵍ ⴱⴰⴽ. ⵎⴽ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ  ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ . ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⵇⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵟⴰⵛⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵅⵓⵔⴰⵣⵎ. ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ، ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵙⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴰⵎⵅⴰⵔⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉ  ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ . ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⴰ ⴷⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ 447.400 ⴽⵎ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ  ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ   1981  ⵉⵡⴹⵏ 16.161000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ، ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ  -1988  ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 19.569.000، ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵉⴳ 14.872.440 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ    1920  ⵎⴽ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵛⵇⴰⵏⴷ. ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ  ⵙⵎⵔⵇⴰⵏⴷ. ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳ  ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵛⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴽ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ  1987  ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 2 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ.   ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ:<< ⵉⵏⴰⵙ! ⵉⵏⴰⵙ! /ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ >> ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 01/01/1950.ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ 17/01/2012.

ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵃⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ  ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ  ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵖⵓⵖⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉ.

ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ
ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵍⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⴼⵕⴰ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵕⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴳⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.

ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979 ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ,ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴷⴰ ⴳⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏ 1980, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ :ⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵎⵏ ⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⵡ ⵄⴷⴰⴱ. ⴰⴽⴽⵉ   ⵣⵣⵓⵔⵅ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵊⵓⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵉ >>. ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵄ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵄⴰⵍ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵟⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=757577a1302f0adfJmltdHM9MTcxNTA0MDAwMCZpZ3VpZD0wNzAxY2RkZS05ZDA5LTYxNzItMTk5OS1kOWJkOWNjZTYwNTAmaW5zaWQ9NTIyMg&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=0701cdde-9d09-6172-1999-d9bd9cce6050&psq=%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af+%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b4%d8%a9&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hci53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvJUQ5JTg1JUQ4JUFEJUQ5JTg1JUQ4JUFGXyVEOCVCMSVEOSU4OCVEOSU4QSVEOCVCNCVEOCVBOQ&ntb=1
ⵕⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ

ⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷReal Madrid (ⵜⵚⴱ) ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (ⵜⵚⴱ) https://web.archive.org/web/20141104231126/http://www.lfp.es/liga-bbva/real-madridⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ Los Blancos (ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ)Los Merengues (ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⴳⵉⵢⵏ)Los Vikingos (ⵉⴼⴰⵢⴽⵉⵏⴳⵏ)https://web.archive.org/web/20141015132338/http://ligadecampeones.com/los-vikingos-arrasan-europa-98430/ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ Real, RM, RMA, RMDⴰⵙⵖⵔⵙ 6 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1902http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202730681095/noticia/Noticia/Real_Madrid_turns_106_(I).htmⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⴱⵢⵢⵓⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⴰⵔ81,044http://www.realmadrid.com/en/santiago-bernabeu-stadiumⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱhttp://www.realmadrid.com/
ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol), ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵔⵢⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
 ⵉⴼ ⵙⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ
 ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏⵙⵢⴰ
 ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵅⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ

ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ:السودان, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ:Sudan) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵚⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ

ⵚⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵛⴰⵍⴰ

ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴰⴹ، ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ  ,ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ.

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵚⴼⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ  ⴰⵎ  ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ "ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ" (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: Sala Colonia) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵔⴰⵇⵔⴰⵇ.  
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ   ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ  ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ، ، ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ،  ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵍ  ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⴷⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵉⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵄⴽⵔⴰⵛ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 144 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ  ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ، ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ  ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ. ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ. 
ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ

ⴰⵕⵟⵓⵕ   ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ  ( ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ:  Arthur Schopenhauer)  (22  ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ  1788- 21  ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ  1860)  ⴷ   ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ   ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ,  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⵡⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏ    "ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ   ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ"   ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1818  (ⵉⴼⴼⵖ  ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵡⵉⵙ   ⵙⵉⵏ     ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1844).  ⴰⵔ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⵅⴼ   ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ    ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ  ⵏ   ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ   ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴹⵏ   ⵉ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   (ⵏⵓⵎⵉⵏⵓⵏ).

ⵉⵚⴽⴰ   ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ    ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵅⴼ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ   ⴽⴰⵏⵟ,  ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎ  (ⵢⵓⵙⵉ)   ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ   ⴰⵡⵔⵔⵉ  ⴷ   ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⴳⴷ,  ⴷⴰ  ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵉ   ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵜ    ⵉⵏⵏ    ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ   ⴳ     ⵓⵣⵎⵣ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ    ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.  

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ    ⵜⵜ    ⵉⵏⵏ    ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ   ⵙⴳ   ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ  ⵏ      ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ   ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ    ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ   ⴷ   ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ,   ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⵍⵇⵇⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵣⵔⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵍⵎⴰⵢⴰ   ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ  (ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ   ⵓⵃⵍⵉⵙ    ⴷ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⴳⵉⵏ  ⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴷⵜ   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵡ).  ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ   ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ     ⵏ     ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵔ    ⵎⴰⵙ    ⴳⴰⵏⵜ    ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ   ⴷ   ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ    ⵉ     ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔⴽ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ.

ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ

220px|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ|thumb

ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ , ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰOffice for National Statistics, (2001), Britain 2001: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom, p. vii) ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.within a country ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ; ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ.http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp%7Ctitle=The Countries of the UK] ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏFall in UK university students|title= BBC News, 29 January 2009Country Profiles|title= Transport Research Knowledge Centre. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ⴳ ⴱⵉⵍⴼⴰⵙⵜ, ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏ.http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517|title=Key facts about the United Kingdom|date 26 July 2008]

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ

ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ φιλοσοφία (ⵜⵏⵢ ⵙ φιλεν, ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ : « ⵉⵔⵉ » ; ⴷ σοφία , ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ : « ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ » ⵏⵖ « ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ »), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ : « ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ». ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⴽ: ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ;  ⴰⵅⵔⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ,  ⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎ; ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ

ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ:
 ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ. ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵡ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵎⵓⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ...

ⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ
ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ

ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ العربيةFrançaisⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓتفاحPomme 🍎ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏبرتقالOrange 🍊ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵜليمونCitron 🍋ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜموزBanane 🍌ⴰⴹⵉⵍ عنبRaisin 🍇ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜتين (كرموس)Figue 🍈ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜدلاح (بطيخ أحمر)Pastèque 🍉ⴰⵅⵓⵅخوخPêche 🍑ⴰⵎⵛⵎⴰⵛمشمشAbricot 🍊ⵜⴰⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵜكرموس هندي (الهندية)Figue de barbarie 🌵ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜفراولةFraise 🍓ⵕⵕⵎⵎⴰⵏرمانGrenade 🍎ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉتمرDatte 🌴ⴰⴱⵜⵜⵉⵅبطيخ أبيض (سويهلة)Melon 🍈ⴰⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎكرزCerise 🍒ⵉⴽⵉⴽⴷلوزAmande 🌰ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⵊⵜجوز (كركاع)Noix 🥜ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙⵜكمثرىPoire 🍐
+ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵉⵖⵜالعربيةenglishⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏموزbananathumb|ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ 

 ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ 
 ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
 ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ-ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ~ anamek.org

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Béni Mellal-Khénifra) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ 12 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2975/2015, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ. ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ, ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 36.258ⴽⵎ² ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ 2.520.776 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ (ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ  2014), ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ'ⵜ (5).

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: جهة كلميم واد نون) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ 2015.

ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ: 
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ - ⵥⵥⴰⴳ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⵉ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: جهة الداخلة واد الدهب) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ 2015.

ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ: 
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵡⵙⵔⴷ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ : ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: جهة درعة تافيلالت) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ 2015.

ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ.

ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ: 

 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ. 
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ. 
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⵜ. 

 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ (ⵕⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵉⵢⵢⴰ). 
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ. 

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴱⴱⴰⵢⴹⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ (ⵉⴳⴰⵎⵉⵡⵏ), ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵓⵔⵏ. 

ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ,         

ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ /ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ                           

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ, ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.                                                                                                                                                                      

, ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.  ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ                                                                                                              

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: جهة فاس مكناس) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ 2015.

ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ: 
 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ
 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⴱ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ : ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ.
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⵄⵇⵓⴱ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: جهة مراكش اسفي) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵡⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ 2015.

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ: 
 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵢⵢⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵡⵉⵕⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵃⴰⵎⵏⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵇⵍⵄⴰⵜ ⵙⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⴰⵡⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵣ

ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ

ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵣⵉⴽ
ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ

ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ
ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ
ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Atheism)  ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ, ⴰⵖⵉⵔⵉⵏ (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ) ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ. ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵎⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ , ⴽⴽⵓ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ " ⴰⵟⵀⵉ " ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 18 ⴳ ⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ , ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ. ⴰⵟⵀⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴳ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵟⵀ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵟⵀⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ , ⵜⵎⵛⵛⵓⵛⴰⴹ  ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴽⵓⵍⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵀⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⵣⵏ ( 64.000 ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ 11% ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵟⵀⵉⵏ ) ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ 8% ⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉⵟⵀⵉⵏ!

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ: "ⵜⴰⵔ" ⴷ "ⴰⴽⵓⵛ". 

ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⴹ ( ⴰⵥⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ) ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵟⴰⵏ
 ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵎⵕⵥⴳⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ
 ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ( ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ  ⵉⵙⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵎⵖⴰⵔ 80% ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ )  
 ⵉⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵀⵉⵍ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ
ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ 25% ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ, ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵅ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴳ 1979 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 35% ⵉ 40% ⴳ 2023 , ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⵅⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ: 
ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ: 25%
ⵉⵕⴰⵏ: 35%
ⵜⵓⵏⵙ: 24%
ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ: 30%
ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵙⵜⴰⵏ: 5%

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ : 
 ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ: 43%
 ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ: 65%
 ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ: 41%
 ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ: 42%

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ (ⴰⵙⵢⴰ)
 ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ: 71%
  ⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ : 56% 
  ⵛⵓⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ : 75% 
  ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵢⴰ : 97%

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2023 ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 20%  ⴰⵔ 25%. 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2005, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⴳⴷ 63 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ

ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵔⵖⵓⵏⵜ
 ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ
 ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ
 ⵓⵍⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵏⵓⵏⴰ
 ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵍⵢⵢⴰ
 ⵍⵇⵚⴱⴰ (ⵙⵉⵍⵙⵉⵍⴰ)
 ⵍⵃⵊⵔ (ⵍⵊⴷⵉⴷ)

ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
 تارودانت حاضرة سوس TAROUDANT CITE DU SOUSS, Tiwuriwin n wussan inmlanen 7 - 8 - 9 Ibrir 1988.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ, ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵉⵡⵉⵥⵏ... ⴰⵜⴳ.) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ"
ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵢⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ "ⵙⵏ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ", ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Astronomy), ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵡⵉⵥⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵢⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵙⵙⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵉⵎⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵏⵢ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵏ- ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ"
 ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ 
 ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ 
 ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⵓⵎⵓⵖⵜ 
 ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ 
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ

ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ Prathet Thaï, ประเทศไทย ⵏⵖ Ratcha Anachak Thai, ราชอาณาจักรไทย, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 514 000 ⴽⵎ². ⴷⴰⵜ 1939, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵢⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵊ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵡⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵔⵓⵏⴳ ⵜⵉⴱ (Krung Thep) (กรุงเทพฯ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⵏ), ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓⴽ. ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵀⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ 1932 ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴱⴻⴱⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ 1946, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵉⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵍⵢⴰⴷⵊ (ⵔⴰⵎⴰ 9), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 13 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2016. ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵀⴰ ⴼⴰⵊⵉⵔⴰⵍⵓⵏⴳⴽⵓⵔⵏ (ⵔⴰⵎⴰ 10) ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2016. ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ 10 ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ 1782.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ

ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: 16px|☾) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ. 

ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ 180 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ (ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ).

ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵖⵙ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵏⵏⵉⴹ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵖⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ). ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢⵔⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⵙ ⴽⵓ 6 ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ

ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ: https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=142450&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵅⴼⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵔ, ⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵎ : ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⴰⵔⵉⵔ, ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴽⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ)
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ:
 ⵙⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵎⵃⵏⴷ - ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
 ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ

ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ
ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ:
ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵣ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ
 ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵍⴰⵄⵜⵉⵇ- ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⵏⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵓ - ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉ

ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ
ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴹⵓⵜ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵏ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ:
ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵜ - ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵟⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴹⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴱⴰⵢ
 ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵟⵟⴰ

ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙ (ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ)
ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ:
ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵇⵉⵛ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ:
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⴼⴰⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
ⵉⵏⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ. ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ:
ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⴱⵓⵇⵇⴰⵛ: ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴳⵍⵜ"
 ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵔⵏⵉⵛ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ"

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ

ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ 

Udzima wa Komori (ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵃⵉⵍⵉⵜ) 

الاتحاد القمري (ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ) 

Union des Comores (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ)

 220px|centerⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 220px|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ 200px|center|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ|thumb  ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ

ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ

Udzima wa ya Masiwa 

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:National Anthem of Comoros by US Navy Band.ogg ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ  ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵃⵉⵍⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ
ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ  ⵎⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉ  ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ   ⵎⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 2,034 ⴽⵎ²  ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2010) 798.000 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ² 392/ⴽⵎ² ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2016)

• ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 

• ⵉ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵉⴹ• 1.255 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔwww.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.

• 1,523 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔwww.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2004) 64.3http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=26 July 2013 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ 2015  0.497http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⴳ   6 July 1975 ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ (KMF)  ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +269 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .km

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

En:Comoros
Fr:Comores
ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ

ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ' (ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ: Islas Canarias'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ. ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 100ⴽⵎ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ  ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ , ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⴰ (MPAIAC), ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1964. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968  . thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ.ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1978، ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴹⴰⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ.Javier Nart i Antonio Cubillo (MPAIAC)
ⵜⴱⵕⵕⵃ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ".History . ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ، ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ  ، 
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982.MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ، ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ  ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ  ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ

ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.

ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ

ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⴰⵎ,ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2024.ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2014.  ⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.ساكنة منطقة حاحا بإقليم الصويرة.. بين التهميش والعزلة معاناة لا تنتهي

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ

ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1515, ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳ 1844.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ  ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⴱⴹⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ، ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ" ⵎⴽⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ  . ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ  ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ  ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴱⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  . ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵜⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⵓⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ  ⵜⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ   . ⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵖⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ  ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⴼⵀⴰⵎ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⴹⴰⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Fédération Française de Football) ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ 1919 ⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⵯⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1954.

ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔFédération Française de Football

ⵉⵙⵅⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⵢ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1998 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001 ⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵟⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵜ: Türkmenistan ) ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ: Туркмения) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵇⵣⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴱⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ، ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⴼⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1991 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴱⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ، ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳⵜ. ⴷⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 488,100 ⴽⵎ².

ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 6.1 ٪ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⵡⴰⵙⵙ 2009، ⵢⵉⵡⴹ  ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⴷⴳ  ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ، ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ  ⵓⵢⵙ ⵓⵔ  ⵉⵙⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ، ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵚⴰⴱⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⴰⵣⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ، ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⵣⵓⴼ  (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ: Türkmenbaşy ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⴱⴰⵛⵉ)، ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ  ⴷⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2006. ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⵉ ⵇⵔⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉ ⴱⵔⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⴰⴷⵓⴼ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴳ 11 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2007.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ

ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵡⵙⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵙⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⵙⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⵇⴰⵏⵉⵜ. 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ

300px|right|thumb|ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ: 日本語 ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏⴳⵓ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ, ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 125 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏ (日本), ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵀⵓⵏⴳⵓ (日本語) (ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ -ⴳⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ). ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴱⴱⵓⵏⴳⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ; ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. 

ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ: ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰ, ⴽⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵊⵉ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵢⵏ (ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏⵊⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ (ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ). ⵜⵣⵎⵔⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ. 

ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: a, i, u, e, o, ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ (ⴳⵎⴳ/IPA) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⴰ: /a/, /i/, /ɯ/, /e/, /o/, ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ: ⴰ, ⵉ, ⵓ, , ⵓ (ⴰⵎ ⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ). ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⵓⵊⵉⵙⴰⵏ (おじさん, ⵄⵎⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵓⵊⵉⵉⵙⴰⵏ (おじいさん, ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰ).

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ
ⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ), ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ. ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵀⵓⵓⴳⵏ (方言); ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵔⵏⵏⵓ ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⴱⵏ (弁) ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵛⵉ ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ.

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵓⴽⵢⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵓⴽⵢⵓ, ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰ.

ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ
ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵊⵉⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜありがとうarigatōⴰⵔⵉⴳⴰⵟⵓⵓⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⵉⵔⵜ水mizuⵎⵉⵣⵓⴰⵎⴰⵏ島shimaⵛⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓ ⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵊⵉ (漢字). ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏⵊⵉ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰ (ひらがな ⵏⵉⵖ 平仮名) ⴷ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰ (カタカナ ⵏⵉⵖ 片仮名).

ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰ
220px|right|thumb|ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ 'ⴰ' ⵙ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰ, あ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 46 ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰ.
ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴳⴰⵏⴰⴰあⵉいⵓう (e ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ)えⵓ (ⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵥⵔⵓ, o ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ)お

ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ
ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ (ⵜⵉⵙ 19), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (ⵎⴰⵏⴳⴰ, ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉ...) ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1990.

ⴳ 2003, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 90,000 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵍⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ 77,000 ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ 15,000 ⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
 ⵀⵉⵏⵓⵀⵉⵏⵓⵎⵓⵀⵉⵊⵉ
 ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵊⵉ
 ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵙⵡⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ
 ⵔⵢⴰⴽⵓⴳⵓ, ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ汉语／漢語; Hànyǔ
中文; Zhōngwénthumb|280px|center|ⵀⴰⵏⵢⵓ (ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ) ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ (ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ), ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ (ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ) ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉ (ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ).ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ 1.35 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ (2022)ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ 

ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ.ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 1 ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ||
 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉⵏ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ
|-
| ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ  ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵜⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵣⴰ
 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ 
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ (ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ)
ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵟⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ)
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ (ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ)
ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ (ⵎⴰⴽⴰⵡ)
ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ (ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ)
ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ (ⵙⴰⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵔⴰ)ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜISO 639-1(zh)ISO 639-2(shi"B")  *(zho"T")ISO 639-3(zho)
(cdo)
(cjy)
(cox)
(cmn)
(czh)
(czo)
(gan)
(hak)
(hsn)
(mnp)
(nan)
(wuu)
(yue)
(csp)
(cnp)
(och)
(ltc)
(lzh)
(csp)ⴳⵍⵓⵜⵓⵍⵓⴳ(sini1245)Linguasphere 
(79-AAA)thumb|280px|center|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⵛⵛ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ. ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢ250px
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ: 汉语; ⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ: 漢語),  ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ «ⵀⴰⵏⵢⵓ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⵏ", ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ: 中文 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰ «ⴳⵓⵏⴳⵡⵉⵏ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ") ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ.
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ. ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⵟⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ.
ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 1.35 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ (16% ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⵛⴰⴷ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ 
(ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: République du Tchad)
ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جمهورية تشاد)

 220px|centerⵜⵛⴰⴷ 220px|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ 220px|center|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ|thumb 220px ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ  ⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ  
 ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ 
 ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ  27.7% ⵙⴰⵔⴰ
 12.3% ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ
 10.5% ⵜⵓⴱⵓ
 9.5% ⵎⴰⵢⵓ ⴽⴰⴱⵉ
 9.0% ⴽⴰⵏⵎ ⴱⵓⵔⵓ
 8.7% ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉ
 6.7% ⵀⴰⴷⵉⵊⴰⵍⴰⵢ
 6.5% ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵊⵉⵍⵉ
 4.7% ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰ
 6.4% ⵓⵢⵢⴰⴹ
 0.3% ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ  ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ  ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ  ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⴳ  11 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1960 ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  1284000 ⴽⵎ²cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081746/http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref |title=Le TCHAD en bref |language=fr |date=22 July 2013 |publisher=INSEED |accessdate=18 December 2015 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ  1.9% ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2015)  13,670,084Cite report |date=July 2014 |title=Projections demographiques 2009-2050 Tome 1: Niveau national |language=fr |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154146/http://www.inseedtchad.com/IMG/pdf/projections_demographiques_nationales.pdf |publisher=INSEED |page=7 |accessdate=18 December 2015 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜ²  8.6/ⴽⵎ² ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (2017)  $29.730 billioncite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=9&sy=2017&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Chad |publisher=International Monetary Fund  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2017)  43.3cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TD|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=16 April 2017 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0.396cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ  ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  XAF ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +235 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .td ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ  TCD

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵙⵜⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵜ: Тоҷикистон) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2013, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 98 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 143,100 ⴽⵎ², ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 96 ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ,  ⴽⵉⵔⴳⵉⵣⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ، ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵣⵉ،  ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴹⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵏⵅⵜⴰⵍⴼⵏ،  ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ  ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵙ، ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ، ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ، ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ. ⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵜ  ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ  ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ، ⵏⵏⴰⴳ  ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ، ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⵢⵓⵏ، ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵍⵉⵜ، ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉ „ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳⵜ ⴳ 1991. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ    ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ  1992 ⴰⵔ 1997 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ، ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵕⴰⵚⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵢ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼⵏ  ⵉ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ  "ⴰⵎ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ " ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ , ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ  ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ، ⵓⵚⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ  ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ  ،ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵅⵛⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ .

ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵡⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ، ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵜ، ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵔⵉⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ   ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ   ⴷⴰ  ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ. ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 90٪ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵄⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1266 ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵙⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ) ⴷ 136 ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎⵜ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ

"ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ"
"
center thumb|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ  ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ  ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ  ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  301,336 ⴽⵎ²"The World Factbook – Fld Listing – Area". [CIA.gov]. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2015. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ (2017)  60,484,000"Bilan démographique 2018 – Insee" ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2017)  2,833 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ"France, World Economic Outlook Database" ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⵢⵓⵔⵓ (EUR) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2013)	 30.1"CIA World Factbook". CIA. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0.897"2016 Human Developstyle="ment Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2017)  43,652"France, World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .it ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +39 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ
ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ: Italia) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵙⵙ, ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵙⵙ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵟⵓⴳⵓ

| TG
|-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9;
|ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ| +228
|-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9;
|ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ''' .tg

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 3 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023.« Incubator:Site creation log », ⵖ incubator.wikimedia.org« Requests for new languages », ⵖ meta.wikimedia.org« Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Moroccan Amazigh », ⵖ meta.wikimedia.org ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ.ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ) ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵎⴰⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ  ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ,  ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ, ⴷ  ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵔⵎⴰⴷⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
 ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
 ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ
ⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱⴱ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⵜⴰⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⵜ

ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵎⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ-ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 41 656 ⴳ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2024.ⴰⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ 2024 ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ -> ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ-> ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ
ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ

ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵏ : 25,8%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ) : 19%.

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎⵏ : 40,5%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 18,9%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ : 25,1%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ : 37,9%.
ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ

ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔ  ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴱⵓⴱⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵣⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. 

ⵀⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵢⴰⵡⵓ.

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ 15 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ.
ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ

ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ
 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ

ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ

ⵍⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⵥⵏⵏⴰⵕ

ⵔⴱⵉⵖ ⴰⵛⴽⴽⴰⵕ

ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴱⴰⵕ

ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵓⵥⴱⴱⴰⵕ

ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵛⴼⴼⴰⵕ

ⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵅⵅⴰⵕ

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵕ

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵖ ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ

ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵖⴰⵕ

ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⴰⵕ

ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵖⴰⵕ

ⵅ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴰⵕ

ⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵀⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ

ⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵖ ⵉ ⵓⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ

--

ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

-ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵕ :ⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ

-ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ :ⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ

-ⴰⴼⵉⵏⴰⵕ :ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎ

-ⴰⵀⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ :ⴰⴳⴰⵢⵡⴰⵕ

-ⴰⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵕ :ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ,ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ

ⴰⵖⴰⵣⴰⴼ ⵀⵎⵎⵓⵏ (ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ)

26/10/2973/09/11/2023
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mauretania) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ. ⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵎⵓⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ: Μαυρουσῐ́ᾱ).The Geography of Strabo-  The Geography of Strabo. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2020. ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏPhillip C. Naylor (7 May 2015) - Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 376. 978-0-8108-7919-5 ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mauri)."Region, North Africa"- Encyclopedia Britannica. August 9, 2007

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵣⵓ

ⴱⵣⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : بزو) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴱⵣⵓ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ. ⴱⵣⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⴹ.

ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 2 ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵓ: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ “ⴰⴼⵣⵓ/ⴰⴼⵣⴰ”, ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ “ⴰⴱⵣⴰⵡ” (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ)

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵓ

 ⵍⵎⴷⵕⵙⵜ
 ⴰⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ
 ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰ
 ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ
 ⴱⴰⵃⵉ
 ⴰⵇⵕⵎⵓⴷ
 ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ
 ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
 ⵎⴰⵥⵓⵥ
 ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ
 ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵚ
 ⵜⴰⵎⵇⴷⵉⵜ
 ⴱⴰⵍⵍ
 ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ
 ⴰⵛⴱⴰⵔⵓ
 ⵍⵄⵟⴼ
 ⵜⴰⵄⵛⵛⵓ
 ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵏⵜ
 ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⴼⵔⵜ
 ⵡⴰⵔⴳ
 ⵡⴰⵍⴳⵏ
 ⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⵃⵏ
 ⵎⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ
 ⵍⵇⵚⵕ
 ⵏⵙⴰⵍⵜ
 ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵃⴰⴷⵊ
 ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ
 ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵓⴽⵓ
 ⵣⵣⵏⴳⵯⵕ
 ⵜⵉⵏⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ
 ⵡⴰⵡⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

Il y a actuellement  liés au Maroc. 
voir les dernières modifications






__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
10 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ

10 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: January 10) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 355 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ
ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ
ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
3 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ

3 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: February 3) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 331 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵢ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ

 740: ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⴷⵖⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵢⵉⵏ.

1783: ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ  ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ).

1815: ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ.

1969: ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵔ ⵄⴰⵔⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⵚⵟⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ.

1987: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵄⴰⵔⴰⴱⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ. ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵇⵍⵄⴰⵜ ⵎⴳⵓⵏⴰ.

1998:ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ".

ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ
ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ