omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly-next huggingface dataset:
0 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ)

0 (ⴰⵎⵢⴰ) ⵏⵖ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵕⴹⵍⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵣⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵚⵉⴼⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵢⴰLe Robert historique de la langue française, 1992, 1998.. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ: 0. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰSelon l'expression de Muhammad Ibn Ahmad dans son ouvrage Les Clés des Sciences rédigé en 976 et cité par JC Risler dans « La civilisation arabe », Payot, Paris, 1955.ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ, ⵥⵉⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ 0, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵟⵟ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ (+) ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵏ ( ), ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵍⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵥⵉⵔⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ
ⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ 2, 8, 10, 16…
ⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔⵉⵏ
ⵥⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
10 (ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ)

10 (ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵔⵏ 9 ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵉ 11.
ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ
ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ
ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ

1 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: December 1) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ 30 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵢ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ
ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ
ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
VHS

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VHS
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
WWE

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World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE)
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ

+ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ Abkhazya 125px 100px ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ 300px
ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵉⵜ: Аҧсны, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵕⵊⵉⵜ: აფხაზეთი, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ: Абха́зия) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⴱⵕⵕⵃ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1991 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵊⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⵔⵓ. ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵕⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 8665 ⴽⵎ², ⵜⴳ ⵙⵓⵅⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴳⴰⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊⵢⴰ (ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1989). ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵟⴰⴱⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵟⴰⴱⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ 37.4% ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⴷⵉⵍ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵣⴰ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴹ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ.

ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ
 De facto President of separatists Republic of Abkhazia. (en, ru, ab, tr）
 Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. Official web-page
 Special Abkhazia on Caucaz.com, Weekly Online about South Caucasus
 BBC Regions and territories: Abkhazia
 Publication of the United States Institute of Peace: Sovereignty after Empire Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union
 Exile Images - Thomas Morley: The forgotten refugees of Abkhazia
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⵙⵓ

ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵔⵉⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: 絲綢之路، ⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ: 丝绸之路) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ  ⵢⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ , ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴽⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ „ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ  ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵏ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⴰⵏⴳ ⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ  [[ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ][ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ( Seidenstraße)، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵜ  ⴰⵎⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴼⵓⵏ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⵜⵀⵓⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ.

ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ][ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴽ  ⵜⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ  ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵔⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ : ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ  ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴳⴰⵔ-ⴽⵉⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ  ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵔⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵔⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⴷⵓⵇⵉⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵅⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ([[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ][) ⴷ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⴳ  ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ .

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ

ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚⵉ (ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵟⵉ) ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 106,400,000 km², ⵉⴷⵍ  20% ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ  ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ «Atlas» ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ: θάλασσα) ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ.  

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ 
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ
ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ
ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵓⵜ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ

ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ (ⵢⵓⵍⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⴳⵜ" ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵉⴷⵉⵙ") ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ.

ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ.

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ

ⵢⵓⵍⵖ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ:
 ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ;
 ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ.
220px|thumb|right|ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ABCD

ⵏⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵔⵜ.

ⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰ.

ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ

ⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ: 
ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ  ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ « ⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ » ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ;
ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ; 
ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ « ⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ » ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ.
ⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ (ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ); ⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵜ ⵏⵖ (ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵜ) « ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ » ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ  ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙ

ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰ.

ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰ.

ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰ, ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⵓ  ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ  ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵓⵢ ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ : ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵏⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ... ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵓⵢ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. 
ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ
ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢ ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ 1 ⴷ 2 ⵓⵔ ⵏⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ : ⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴽⵓⵥⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ 4.

ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ 4 ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ -ⴷⵉⵙ (ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵙⴹⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵙ...).

ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 10 (11 ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ), ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⵓ n ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵏ.

ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵏⵙⵓⵜ
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴷⴰⴳ
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⴼⵏⵙⵓ
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⴼⵏⵙⵓ
ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵢⵜ
ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵢⵜ
ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ
ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ
ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ

ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⵖⵎⵉⵔ
ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⴷⵉⵏ
ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ
ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ (ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ)
ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ (ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ)
ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵎⴰⵙ

ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ



ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ  ⵓⵔ ⵖⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⴷⴰ (ⵙ ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ):

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ n = 3 ⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ  ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵔⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ (ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⴼⵏⵙⵓ, ⵉⴳⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⴷⵏⵜ).

ⵉⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ (ⵉⵎⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰⵙⵏ)
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ
ⵥⵔ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ

ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ Πλάτων /Plato/), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ -428/-427, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ -348/-347 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵔⴰⵏⵥⴻⵥⵏ (sophistes), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⴽⵔⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷ, ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔ, ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ (ⵉⵙⵜⴽⵛⴼ) ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰ (la métaphysique) ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ (l’éthique), ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⴽⵔⴰⵟ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵟⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ، ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ  ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ  ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ „ ⴷ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ، ⵎⴽ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ  . ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ "ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ " ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏ، . ⵜⵍⵍⴰ  ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ   ⴰⵊⵢⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ، ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ  ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵔⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ  ⵉⵙⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵏⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ،  ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ  ⵉⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ  ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ، ⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⴳⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ  ، ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵜⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵀⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵖⵏⵣⵏⵓⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ، ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵛⴽⴽⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵖⴼ   ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

ⵉⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⵢⴰ "ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽ " ⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵀ ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵜⴰⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1709 ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵇⴰⵏⴷⴰⵀⴰⵔ، ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1747.  

ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵥⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⴳⵓ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1979 ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵛⵏⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⴱⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵔⵜ ⵓⵛⵏⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2001.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵔ

ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⴽⵔⵓⴰⴱⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ) ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 322462 ⴽⵎ² ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2015) 26.6.367https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ 83/ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ 7 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1960 ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ 2015 34,048 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔhttps://www.agenceecofin.com/banque/1307-30599-cote-d-ivoire-une-forte-croissance-en-fcfa-mais-un-recul-du-pib-en-dollars ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ 0,663http://hdr.undp.org/fr/countries/profiles/CIV ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ  ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .ci ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ CIV, CI ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ +225

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ

ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Chlorine) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ Cl ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 17. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ 17 (ⵉⵀⴰⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ) ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ-ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴼⵉⵍ. ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ 
 ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ 
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ (Cl₂). ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ-ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ -34.4 °C (238.8 K) ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴳ -101.5 °C (171.6 K). ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ HCl ⴷ HClO. ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵕⵥⴳⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴷⴷⴻⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ.

 ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ 
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ "ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ". ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ (NaCl). ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ (HCl). ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

 ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ 
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1774. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1810, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ "ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ χλωρός (ⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⵙ), ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ", ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ.

 ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ 
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ:
 ⴰⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵛⵛⴼⵏ.
 ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵍ ⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ (PVC): ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉ.ⴼⵉ.ⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ.
 ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵍⵓⵍ: ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⴱⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⴼⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵓⵥⴹⴰⵜⵏ.
 ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ: ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵓⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ.

 ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ 
ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ NFPA 704 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ.
 ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ 4 (ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ): ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵔ.
 ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ 0 (ⴰⵏⴼⴰⴷ): ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴷ.
 ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ 0 (ⵜⴰⵔⵣⴳⵉ): ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
 ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ (ⵉⵥⵍⵉ): OX (ⴰⵎⴽⵙⴰⴷ).
ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ. ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ
ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ
ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ

ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵢⵉ

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ  ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵓⵍⵖⵎ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵓⵣ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ  ⵓⵇⵏⵉⵏ
 ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ

ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Apollo program) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵍⴼⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ  ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵣ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵔⵉ . ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⴳⵣ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1969 ⴷ 1972. ⵖⵔ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ ⵖⵔ 382 ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ  ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⵄⴰⵢⵉⵏⴰⵜ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ  .

ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ
ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ  ⴽⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵇⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ  ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1969 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴹⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⵎⵔⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵡⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1974 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ  ⵖⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 17. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ  ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ  ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ  ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ

ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1961 ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵍⴳⴰⴹⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⴰⵢⴷ  ⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⴹⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵊⴰⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
https://web.archive.org/web/20171213084132/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153316/http://history.nasa.gov/apollo.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20170731105920/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/
https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232717/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20080731231101/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/apollo.htm
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ

ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1913 ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⴼ ⵉⴹⴼⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵙⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 4 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1960. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵔⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⴷⵔ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵥⵓⵎⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ

ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: 16px|♀; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Venus) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵓⵥⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴳⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.  ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵊⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵓⵏ

ⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ: ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ♦
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ♦
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ♦
ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ♦
ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ♦
ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ♦
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ♦
Gender studies ♦
Globalisation ♦
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ♦
ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ♦
ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ♦
ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ♦
ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ♦
ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ♦
ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ♦
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ♦
ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ♦
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ. ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ 42 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵎ², ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ 8,3% ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ 28,2% ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ 970 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 13,6% ⴳ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

Figures caractéristiques de l'Amérique

Liste des métropoles

ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ

Unions transcontinentales

Aménagements territoriaux

ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⵓⵎⵓⵖⵜ

Filmographie

ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵍⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵏⵜ)

FILE:أيت_أكماض.jpg

ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴳⴷⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ-ⴰⵙⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴹⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 11 ⵏ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ 562 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2954 (2004).

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
 :ar:إمسلان (تكنت) .
ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ

ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵟⵟⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ, ⴷ  ⵓⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵙⵉⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉⵏ (ⵕⴱⴱⵓⵏ) ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ (ⵍⵎⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴱ) ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. 
ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ (ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ (ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ").

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ

ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ
ⵉⵣⵎ
ⴰⵍⵖⵎ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ

ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ  ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ. 

ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⴼⵓⴽ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽ:
 ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ
 ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ
 ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
 ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ
 ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ
 ⴰⴳⵔⵓ
 ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ
 ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵎⵥⵎⵉⵥ

ⴰⵎⵣⵎⵉⵣ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ  ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵜⵥⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ. ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵇⵍⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⵣ ,  
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ  ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ,   ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵄⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵎⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵀⵎⵉⵛ  ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ  ⵏ ⵍⴱⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ.

ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵎⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ,  ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ   ⴷ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ.   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ  ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵎⵉⵣ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ  ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ.
ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ (ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵊⵉⵜ "ⴰⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ")

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ

ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵉⵜ Indonesia ⴷ Republik Indonesia, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵙ 13 466 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ 250 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 4 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ. ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ

ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ، ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡ (ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ  = قارة) ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ  = الكرة الأرضية ) . ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ  ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⴼ (ⵖⴼ = على) ⵍⵇⵓⵟⴱ  ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ، ⵎⴽ ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ  = دورة) ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵙⵙⵜⵍ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  = مساحة ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 14,000,000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵎⴰⵙⵜ  ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.   ⴰⴷⴼⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ  ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 98% ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵎ ⵉⴷⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ  ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ  ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ (ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ = جليد)  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ، ⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ  ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ. ⴰⵏⵜⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵜ  ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ  ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣ  ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ  2000 ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ , ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ  . ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ -89.2 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵔⴱⵄ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ (ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ) ⵉⴳⴰ -63 ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ. ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⴳ 135 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ،  ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴰⵢⴰⴷ  ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵊⴰⵔ  1000 ⴷ 5000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ  ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ . ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ    ⵟⵟⴰⵃⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵍⵠⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵟⵔⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ  ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵄⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵔⵔⵏ    ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵇ. ⵜⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ  ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ  ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ

ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ
ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ « Internet » ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ internetting, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : « ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵣ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1972 ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵏ (Robert Elliot Kahn), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1983, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ « Internet » ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ARPANET ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ

ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ
ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ
ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ

ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ: Argania spinosa, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ Sideroxylon spinosum, ⴷ Argania sideroxylon)http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/5451/1/446_452.pdf.
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ  ⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⵉ. 

ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ, ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵢ...
 +ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ (mg/1000 g).Khallouki F, Younos C, Soulimani R, Oster T, Charrouf Z, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Owen RW (2003) Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects. European journal of cancer prevention. 12(1):67-75. PMID 12548113
   ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ 
  ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
  ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ
  ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔTocophérol 483583190Squalène 3136499

ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ

ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ-ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵟⵜ, ⵜⴱⴹⴰⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ 72 ⴽⵎ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 28 912 ⴳ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2024.ⴰⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ 2024 ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ -> ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ -> ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 7 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ

ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵏ : 20,8%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ) : 19,5%.

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵉ. ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎⵏ : 40,5%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 16,9%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ : 26,3%.
 ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ : 38,2%.
ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ
 ⴱⴰⵕⵓⵅ ⴱⵓⵃⵚⵉⵕⴰ - ⴰⵃⴰⵅⴰⵎ.
 ⵛⵎⵄⵓⵏ ⵛⵜⵔⵉⵜ - ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵜⵉ  ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ.
ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ. ⵉⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ.ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ.

ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ .

 ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ 
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵀⵉⴱⴰ ⵍⵊⵓⵏⴷⵉ, 2021 , "ⵎⴰⵡⴹⵓⵄ".

 ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ, ⵎⵓⵡⴰⵇⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 9-14, 2021. ⴳⴰⵏ:

ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ: ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ.
ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ: ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ  ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ
ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ

ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ( ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ Subtitle-captioning) ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ

ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵉ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ 30% ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴷ 8% ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. 

ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ
 ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⴽⵎ²) ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2013) ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⴱⵓⵍ 647500 30551674 ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵕⵢⴰⴹ 2152000 28828870 ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⴰⵏ 29800 2976372 ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵓ 86600 8177717 ⴱⴰⵃⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 665 68605 ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⴽⴽⴰ 144000 156594962 ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴼⵓ 47000 753945 ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ ⵏⴰⵢⴱⵉⴷⴰⵡ 678500 53259219 ⴱⵔⵓⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⴱⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ 5770 379444 ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵢⴰ ⴼⵏⵓⵎ ⴱⵉⵏⵀ 181035 15135169 ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴱⵉⵊⵉⵏ 9596960 1385566537 ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵢⵓⵏⴳⵢⴰⵏⴳ 120540 24895480 ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵢⵓⵍ 99274 49262598 ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⴹⴰⴱⵉ 82880 9346126 ⵀⵓⵏⴽⵓⵏⴳ 1104 7018636 ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵀⵉ 3287590 1252139596 ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵊⴰⴽⴰⵔⵟⴰ 1919440 24986563 ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵀⵔⴰⵏ  1648000 77447168 ⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ 437072 33765232 ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵓⵔⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ 7733123 ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⴽⵢⵓ 377835 127143577 ⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏ ⵄⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏ 92300 7273799 ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰ 2717300 16440547 ⴽⵉⵔⵖⵉⵣⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵛⴽⵉⴽ 198500 5213898 ⴽⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ 17820 2418393 ⵍⴰⵡⵓⵙ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ  236800 6769755 ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ 10452 4821938 ⵎⴰⴽⴰⵡ 29 566375 ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴽⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵓⵔ 329750 29716965 ⵎⴰⵍⴷⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ 298 359008 ⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵢⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵓⵔ 1565000 2832224 ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴽⴰⵜⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ 147781 27797547 ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵇⴰⵟ 309500 3632444 ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵛⵇⴰⵏⵜ 447400 28934102 ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⴰⴱⴰⴷ 803940 182142594 ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙⵟⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ 5860 4326295 ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⵍⵍⴰ 300000 98393574 ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵕ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵃⴰ 11437 2168673 ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ 142833689 ⵙⵉⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵔ 699 4492150 ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ 65610 21273218 ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ 185180 21898061 ⵟⴰⵊⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵎⴱⵉ 143100 7320815 ⵜⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ  ⵟⴰⵢⴱⵉ 35980 23146090 ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓⴽ 51400067010502 ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⵍⵉ 15007 1132879 ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⵇⴰⵔⴰ 780580 74932641 ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴳⴰⴱⴰⵜ 488100 5042920 ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵏⵓⵢ 329560 91679733 ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵚⴰⵏⵄⴰ 527970 24407855

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵔⵜ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⵓⵎⵓⵖⵜ

ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵣⵔⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ  ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ...

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵙⴳⴷ

⁕ ⴰⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⁕
⁕ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⁕

⁕ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⁕

⁕ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⁕

⁕ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⁕
⁕ ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⁕
⁕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⁕
 __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ __INDEX__
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ Πλάτων / ⴱⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ -428/-427, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ -348/-347 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵔⴰⵏⵥⴻⵥⵏ (sophistes), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵙⵓⴽⵔⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷ, ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔ, ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ (ⵉⵙⵜⴽⵛⴼ) ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰ (la métaphysique) ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ (l’éthique), ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⴽⵔⴰⵟ. (ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...)
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ

ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ φιλοσοφία (ⵜⵏⵢ ⵙ φιλεν, ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ : « ⵉⵔⵉ » ; ⴷ σοφία , ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ : « ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ » ⵏⵖ « ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ »), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ : « ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ». ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⴽ: ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ;  ⴰⵅⵔⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ,  ⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎ; ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ. (ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ...)
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⴷⴷⵓ

ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⴷⴷⵓ  ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 30 ⴽⵎ ⴳ ⴰⴳⴼⴰ ⵏ  ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵉⵏⴱ, ⴳ ⵜçⴰⵢëⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ, ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰä ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵔⵖⵏ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰäⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵉⵖⴰⵏⵉ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⴱⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵙ (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ). ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵓⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ « ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵄⵢⵢⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ], ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵛⵉ ⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵔ. ⴳ ⵍⵃⵔⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ 1893-1894 ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⵡⴰⵜ, çⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵄⵢⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡçⴳⵉⵟ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵖⵔⵎ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵀⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴳⵍⴰⵡⵉ, ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵍⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ « ⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ». ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵔⵖⵏ.thumb|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⴷⴷⵓ|289x289px
ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵓⵙⵉ

ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⴰëëⴰ ⵜⵓãⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵓççⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴽⵓⵔ, ⴳ « ⵍⴱⵔⵊ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ».

ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵙ ⵍⵎëⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓïïⵓⵏ 2.04.10 ⵏ 14 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2004 (ⴱ.ⵄ ⵏⵯ 5187 ⵏ 16 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2004, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ.590). ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰäⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ 1987.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ(ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Barbe Cheval), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 1,45 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ 1,60 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 400 ⴰⵔ 550 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ

link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵟⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ :Azərbaycan) ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ : ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ: Azərbaycan Respublikası) ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵇⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵔⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ  ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ , ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ  ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵣⵡⵉⵏ , ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ,ⴷ ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ ,ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ .

ⵜⴱⵔⵔⵃ  ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1991 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ  ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ , ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ  ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⴷⴳⵙ  ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ.

ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⴱⵍⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ 158 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰ,  ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ  ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ  ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ   (ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ "ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵀⴰⵡⵙ" ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉ  ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵣⵖⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ "ⵙⴰⵎⵡⴰ" ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ  ... ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ).  ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 9 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ  2006 ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⴳ 19 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2006
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ

ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ: ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, پاکِستان ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰⵀ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ. 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ
(ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ : République du Bénin)

 220px|ce­nter ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 220px|center ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ 200p­x|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ|thumb ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg ⵜⵓⵜⵍⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ  ⴼⵓⵏ
ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ  
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵏ 39.2% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰ 17.6% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵊⴰ 15.2%
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰ 9.2% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴰ 6.9% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉ 6.1% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴰ ⵍⵓⴽⴱⴰ 4.0% 
 ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴷⵉ 2.5% ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ    ⴱⵓⵔⵟⵓ ⵏⵡⵉⴼⵓ  ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ    ⴽⵓⵟⵓⵏⵓ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴰⴹ     ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ        1 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1960 ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ   114763 ⴽⵎ²Cite report |date=2012 |title=Annuaire statistique 2010 |language=fr |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique(INSAE)|page=49 |accessdate=17 December 2015 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  10,879,829cite report |date=July 2015 |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2015_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.XLS |title=File POP/1-1: Total population (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, annually for 1950–2100 (thousands) |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |website=World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision |accessdate=17 December 2015 ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ  ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +229 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ       ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .bj
ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⴰⵙ ⵟⵓⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ.cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|page=301 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵟⵓ ⵏⵓⴼⵓ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵟⵓⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ

ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ Belgium KingdomKoninkrijk België (ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ)Royaume de Belgique (ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ)
Königreich Belgien (ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ)220px|center ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ100px|center ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ:
"L'union fait la force"""ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ"" ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ: ⵍⴰ ⴱⵕⴰⴱⴰⵏⵚⵓⵏ - La Brabançonne (ⴼⵕ)center 220px|center|thumb|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⵖⵔⵙ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1830 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ  ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 30,688 ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵎⴰⵏ (%) 6,4% ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  11.376.070  (2018) ⴰⵙⴳⴷ 
71.5% ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ
2.5% ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ
22.0% ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵏ
5.0% ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ
0.5% ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ
0.2% ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ
0.5% ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⵜ ⵜ ⵜ) 2017 • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 420.307 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ $ (2017) • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 37,883$ (2017) ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) 2017 • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 609 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ $ • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 43,686$ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ 	 26.3 (2011) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ0.897 (2013) ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵢⵓⵔⵓ (EURO) ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ/ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ/ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ  ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ +32 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ	BE ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ (LTD) .be ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓ  BE:3166 ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏⴰⵙⵉⵜ¹https://www.belgium.be/ⴰⵙⵉⵜ²https://data.gov.be/

ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Royaume de Belgique)   ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ «ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ» ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵣⵓⴷ "ⵏⵉⵟⵓ".

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ

ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ
(Burkina Faso)

 128px|centerⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 128px|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ  
ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ: ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ

(ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Une Seule Nuit) 200px|center|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ|thumb ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ  ⵡⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ  ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵉⵡⵍⵜCite journal|last=André|first=Géraldine|date=2007-05-31|title=École, langues, cultures et développement|url=http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/6960?lang=en|journal=Cahiers d’études africaines|language=fr|volume=47|issue=186|pages=221–247|doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.6960|issn=0008-0055|via= ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ (1995)  
  47.9% ⵎⵓⵙⵉ
  10.3% ⴼⵓⵍⴰ
  6.9% ⵍⵓⴱⵉ
  6.9% ⴱⵓⴱⵓ
  6.7% ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ
  5.3% ⵙⵉⵏⵓⴼⵓ
  5.0% ⴳⵓⵔⵓⵏⵙⵉ
  4.8% ⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ
  3.1% ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵜⵏ  ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ  ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⴳ  5 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1960 ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  274,200 ⴽⵎ² ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ  0.146% ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2014)  17,322,796cite web|url=http://www.insd.bf/fr/ |title=Burkina Faso population projection |work=insd.bf |year=2014 |accessdate=1 October 2014 |language=fr |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901021928/http://www.insd.bf/fr/ |archivedate=1 September 2014  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2007)  39.5cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 September 2009 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0.402cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report|date=2016 |accessdate=21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜCFA Franc BCEAO. Codes: XOF / 952 ISO 4217 currency names and code elements {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090907/http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/table_a1.xml |date=7 April 2014. ISO. ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +226 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ  BF ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .bf 
ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙⵓ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: [buʁkina faso]) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 274,200 ⴽⵎ2 ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ: ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ; ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ; ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ; ⵜⵓⴳⵓ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ; ⴷ ⴽⵓⵜ ⴷⵉⴱⵡⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⴳⵓ.

ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 13,228,000 ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵟⵓⴳⵓ, ⵖⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍ.

ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴱⵓⵕⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵚⵓ.
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ (ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2006)ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴷⵓⵖⵓ1,181,702ⴱⵓⴱⵓ ⴷⵢⵓⵍⴰⵙⵙⵓ435,543ⴽⵓⴷⵓⴳⵓ82,720ⴱⴰⵏⴼⵓⵔⴰ72,144ⵡⴰⵀⵉⴳⵓⵢⴰ70,957ⴽⴰⵢⴰ25,880ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵓⴷⵓⴳⵓ40,839ⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ'ⴳⵓⵔⵎⴰ40,815ⴷⵉⴷⵓⴳⵓ37,793ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵉ34,669

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ

79% ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ
 11% ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏⴳⴰ
 3% ⴱⴰⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ
 3% ⴽⴳⴰⵍⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉ
 3% ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ
 1% ⵓⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ  ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⵉⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ  30 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1966 ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  581,730 ⴽⵎ² ⴰⵎⴰⵏ (%)  2.6 % ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (2014)  2,155,784https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |accessdate=16 April 2014 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ/ⴽⵎ²  3.7/km2  GDP (PPP) (2017)  39.054 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=616&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)	 0.698http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ (BWP) ⴰⴽⵓⴷ  ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ (UTC+2) ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +267 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ 	BW ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .bw ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵡⵉⴱ   http://www.gov.bw

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ

ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍBrasilRepública Federativa do Brasil (ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ)
Federative Republic of Brazil (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) 220px|center ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 130px|center ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ:
"Ordem e Progresso""ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ""ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ"center 220px|center|thumb|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵏⵚⴱⵏ 21 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵢⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵀⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵣⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⵖⵔⵙ 7 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1822 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ  ⵙⴰⵡ ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ 8.515.767ⴽⵎ²(ⵜⵉⵙ 5) ⴰⵎⴰⵏ (%) 0.65 ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  217,240,060 ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ  41285 ⴽⵎ²(ⵜⵉⵙ 180) ⴰⵙⴳⴷ 
86.8% ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ
64.6% ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ
22.2% ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ
8% ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⵏ
5.2% ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⵜ ⵜ ⵜ) 2023 • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 4.020 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ $ 10px • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 18,686$ 10px ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) 2023 • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 2.081 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ $ 10px • ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ 9,673$ 10px ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2020)	 48.9 10px  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ 0.754 (2021) 10px  ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉ (BRL) ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ www.gov.br ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ/ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ/ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ  ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ +55 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ	BR ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ (LTD) .br ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓ  BR:3166-2

ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ: Brasil), (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ: bra'ziw), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ "ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ" (ⵙ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ: República Federativa do Brasil), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 8.5ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴽⵎ², ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (218ⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵢⴰ.

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ

ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ

ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰ

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴰⵙⵖⵔⵙ
ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ

ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

ⴰⵙⴳⴷ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ

ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ

thumb
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ

República da Guiné-Bissau ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ

 128px|centerⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ 128px|centerⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ 240px|center|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ|thumb ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ
ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ
(11°52′N 15°36′W) ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ  ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ  ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵓⵜ  ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ 
22.5% ⵉⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ (Balanta)

28.5% ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴰⵢⵏ (Fula)

8.3% ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵊⴰⴽⴰⵢⵏ (Manjaca)

14.7% ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⴽⴰⵢⵏ (Mandinka)

9.1% ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵍⵉⵢⵏ (Papel)
>1% ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  ⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 36,125 ⴽⵎ² (ⵜⵉⵙ 136) • ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ 22.4 ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ • ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2014  1,693,398https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html%20

(ⵜⵉⵙ 148) • ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ 46.9/ⴽⵎ² (ⵜⵉⵙ 154) ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2016  • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 2.851 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ $http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=14&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= • ⵉ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵉⴹ  1,568 $http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=14&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2016  • ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ 1.168 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ $http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=14&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= • ⵉ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵉⴹ 642 $http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=14&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ  35  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0.424http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf 

(ⵜⵉⵙ 178) ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ (XOF) ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ  GMT (UTC+0) ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ  ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ    +245 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ  GW ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .gw

ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ  ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ (ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ:República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ 36125 ⴽⵎ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 1,815,698 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ

ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ  الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: République algérienne démocratique populaire, ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ: الدزاير) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 1962 ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ.
 ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ 
(ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية)
 220px|center ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ thumb|alt=.|.
ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ 200px|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ|thumb  ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ : ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ 
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ  ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ  ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵍⵉⵇⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ  ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ  ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ  ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  2,381,741 ⴽⵎ² ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  40,400,000"Démographie (ONS)". ONS. 19 January 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +213 ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .dz ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ  DZ

123 Viva l'Algérie!

 ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⵓⵍⵟⵉⵔ

ⴼⵓⵍⵟⵉⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: Voltaire ⵏⵖ François Marie Arouet), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 21 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1694, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 30 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1778. 

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ

(ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: La Marseillaise)
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:La Marseillaise.ogg ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ  ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ  ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ  ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  643,801 ⴽⵎ²"The World Factbook – Field Listing – Area". [CIA.gov]. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 1 November 2015. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ (2017)  66,991,000"Bilan démographique 2016 – Insee".[www.insee.fr.] ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2017)  2,833 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ"France, World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ  ⵢⵓⵔⵓ 
ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ (2013)	 30.1"CIA World Factbook". CIA. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (2015)  0.897"2016 Human Developstyle="ment Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ 2017)  43,652"France, World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ  .fr ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ  +33 ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ  ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ 
ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ France), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵔⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ 22 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ
 220px|center1. Alsace
2. Aquitaine
3. Auvergne
4. Basse-Normandie
5. Bourgogne
6. Bretagne
7. Centre
8. Champagne-Ardenn
9. Corse
10. Franche-Comté
11. Haute-Normandie12. Île-de-France
13. Languedoc-Roussillon
14. Limousin
15. Lorraine
16. Midi-Pyrénées
17. Nord-Pas-de-Calais
18. Pays de la Loire
19. Picardie
20. Poitou-Charentes
21. Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
22. Rhône-Alpes

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ