ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ (1937-1989) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵊⴰⵃⵓⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1936 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔⵏ (ⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⴰ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ. ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ 1963. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴳ  ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ, ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ  ⴳ 1981 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ .

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵓⴳ ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ.

 ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵟⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1937. ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⴽⵙ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ, ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴹⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ.

ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵣⵖ 1961 ⴰⵔ 1964, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵓⵢⵙⴰ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⵣⵖ 1965 ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ.

ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ, ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1969 ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⵕⵥ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵉⴹⴰⵕ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵛⴽⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵉⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵊⴰⵃⵓⴷ ⴳ 11 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⵏ 1989, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵡⵍ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

 ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ
 ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵜ
 ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔ
 ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ