Lyunardu da Vintci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( 14/15 abril 1452 - 2 mayyu 1519), ittyawssan s Leonardo da Vinci, ikka-t-nn iga yan ugtusnak aṭalyani iddrn ɣ tlslalit, iruran taynit dar kigan n yigran zun d unuɣ, taklut, "sculpture", tasdga, tussna, aẓawan, tusnakt, tajnyurit, taskla, "anatomie", tusnakalt, tasnallunt, tasnmɣit, "paléontologie", d "cartographie". 
Ikka-t-nn Leonardo ar ittiri ad yisin akkʷ mad illan f ugama, ad yisin manka s tswuri ku taɣawsa, ikka t nn iḥrc bahra ɣ tiɣri, "designing" d usgadda n kraygatt askkin. 

Ar ttannayn kigan n mddn Leonardo mas iga yan zɣ imklawn akkʷ mqqurnin ɣ umzruy, wiyyaḍ ar t ttannayn zund umayaf nnsn akkʷ. Tnna fllas tanmzruyt n tẓuri Helen Gardner mas d ur jju izri mad t irwasn, acku ikka t inn ar iggar taynit nns s ugudi n tɣawsiwin zun d is ur ili anlli nns iwtta. Ar tizi ad nit ur ta jju nssn yat f manka s tt inn tkka "caractère" nns.  

Ilul d ɣ ammas n Vinci, yat tiɣrmt imẓẓin illan tama n Flurinsa ɣ Ṭṭalyan. Ittuslɣm f ufus n "sculptor" d umekla Andrea del Verrocchio afad ad imɣur ad ig anaẓur, izzri tudrt nns s umata nns, ar gis iswuri dar kra n yiristuqraṭiyn iṭalyann bahra bɣrnin. Ɣ yisggʷasn nns ggʷuranin, iddr ɣ yat tgmmi ifulkin nna as ifka ugllid n Fṛansa. 

Ar tettyawḥasabnt snat ɣ tugniwin nns f tugniwin akkʷ dar mi illa waddur ɣ umaḍal, ad tnt igan d Mona Lisa d The last supper (Imnsi amggaru), iskr ula agudi n wunuɣn, yan bahra gisn ittyawssann zun d Vitruvian Man (Argaz Awvitruv). Ɣ umata n tikkal, ikka t inn Leonardo ar bdda iswingim ɣ yisnulfutn imaynutnin, ilin bdda dis kra n walugn ɣ ittzmmam akkʷ unuɣn d tktiyin nns, amata ɣ yisnulfutn nns ur tn jju sul ismd. Rad gisn naf kra n tktiyin zun d "hélicoptère", "tank", tamsiḍent, "parachute", aṛubu, atilifun, tiẓri n tnflit d "énergie solaire".

Tudert nns
Timẓi nns, 1452-1466

Ilul Leonardo ɣ 15 abril 1452, ɣ tiɣrmt tatuskanit n Vinci, ɣ yiɣzr n wasif Arnu, yura jddis Antonio da Vinci ifruritn n tlalit nns acku ur ta tahln imarawn nns ɣ akud ann, iga iwis n Ser Piero da Vinci, yan umsntam awflurintin bahra ibɣrn, d Caterina, yat tmazzalt nna f ggudin iwennitn d tẓriyin, illa mad fllas ittinin mas tt nn tkka tga yat tsmgt d ikkan bṛṛa n tmazirt nnsen, zun d Ccinwa nɣ d Anẓul-Agmuḍan, yili daɣ mad ittinin mas tt nn tkka ur tgi abla yat tmẓluḍt ult tmazirt nnsn nit. D Leonardo, Iɣʷi t nn sul dars babas ikllf sis, tahl daɣ immas turu smmus wazzann yaḍnin. Ism nns ummid igat "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", isnumkn "Leonardo, iwis n mass Pier u Vinci".

Izzri Leonardo smmus ɣ yisggʷasn nns imzwura d immas ɣ yat tgmmi mm wurti, fad ilmma immuti s Vinci ad izdɣ d ibbas d tmɣart nns tis snat Albiera, ilin disn ula id jeddis d ɛmmis Francesco. Ḍart mad imqqur Leonardo, ur bahra izmmim f temẓi nns abla yan sin yikttayn ẓlinin, amzwaru lliɣ t nn ikka iẓẓl yan wass bṛṛa ujguggl nns, yuyl nnig as yan ugḍiḍ ixatrn isli t s rric nns ɣ udm nns. Akttay nns azalan wis sin iga t; lliɣ t nn ikka ar issara yan udrar yaf nn yan ifri, d mqqar t nn ikka iksuḍ ad yili kra n xxu ɣ ugns, ur t tujji tdwwayt nns ad srs ikcim ad gis isnubbc.

Tasawrt n Verrocchio, 1466-1476

Ɣ 1466, lliɣ t-nn-tkka dar Leonardo 14 usggʷas, yiwi-t-nn babas dar Flurinsa, afad ad ig anlmad n unaẓur Verrocchio. 

Tekka-tt-nn tga Flurinsa yan udɣar ismectagen ul n yan umeẓyan innurzen ad yaɣul d anaẓur, ddren gis yad kigan n inaẓuren ttyawssanin ɣ temrawant n 1200 zun d Cimabue d Giotto, ɣinna dar ibeṛṛem yan ixef nns qad nn gis yaf ifarsen iẓuranen ẓilnin ttyawssanin, ha takatidralit takeswatt s talqubbet nns tamaynut igan tabarawt, ha taglizt n ugʷrram John s tiggura nns n wureɣ sfiqqisnint, tili ɣ tama nns yat teglizt-yaḍen mi ssutulen wattayen nns "sculptures" d-kkanin "sculpteurs" akkʷ ttyawssannin zun d aselmad n Leonardo s yixef nns. 

Anaẓur igan aleḥyan ɣ akud-ann iga-t wa d yufan kra n umassaɣ i tfelwin nns, yan lli rad tent dars yawi s tugt-nnsent. Tawja akkʷ ibeɣren ɣ Flurinsa n uzemz-ann Medici ad tt-igan, nettni ad dar ikka ubergemmi akkʷ ifejjijen ammas n temdint-ann, d iɛezza dar-sen ad ssaɣen tifelwin, isefrisen d tɣawsiwin yaḍnin ẓilnin, kkan-t-nn awed ar bahra ttraran taynit s tsekla d tfelsuft, kigan d inaẓuren iɛerrimen ɣ akud-ann; kkan ar ttnuruzen ad si-sen raren ayt Medici d yimeddukkal-nnsen taynit. 

Tezri dar Verrocchio yat tsawert imeqquren ur isalan, ɣ ikka Leonardo ar ittelmad tiɣarasin n tẓuri, ɣik-ann ma f t-nn fell-as ikka iga ccil ad ilmed unuɣ, taklut, "sculpture" d umsudem. Mac ɣ wakud igan yan, ilmed daɣ kraygatt tasugert tunfiɛt illan, zun d takrura, tagemɣuzt, tagebbaṣt, tawuri n yilmawen, tamikanikt d tnesramt. 

Ur d Leonardo i waḍu nns ka ɣinn ikkan ɣ tsawert-ann, amunen gis agudi n yimeklawen-yaḍnin, yili akkʷ gi-sen mad yaɣulen d "célèbre" imeqquren, zun d Ghirlandaio, Perugino d Botticelli. Inaẓuren-ad, ur bahra ugren Leonardo s yiseggʷasen. Ar ittales Giorgio Vasari yat tenfust ilan azal f tizi-ad ɣ tudert n Leonardo, ɣ t-nn-ikka Verrocchio ar ikellu yat tfelwit ixatren iqqnen s wudum (baptême) n umasiḥ, ifka-as i Leonardo tmehla n ad iklu yan ɣ yineglusen illan f uẓelmaḍ nns. Inna Vasari mas t-nn ikʷla Leonardo s yat tmamekt imk-ad ifulkin, isres-nn akkʷ Verrocchio ccita nns s yat tikkelt, d ur jju d nettan ad sul iklu kra ɣ tudert nns. S yan uzzray ineɣden, rad ifrek yan i mas d Leonardo ad ixedmen ula igezzumen-ann nns yaḍnin, zun d izṛan, amzaz aqehwi d ula "background nns". Ar ttinin ula f Leonardo mas d fell-as isnulfa Verrocchio ɣ akud-ann asefris nns awbrunẓ n David isker gis zund tmudemt nns. thumb|250px|Baḍaḍ n umajus, (1481) ɣ usefser n UffiziƔ 1472 zun d ɣik-ann, lliɣ t-nn dars tekka 20 useggʷas, ilkem-d Leonardo "Guild" n St Luke (Luke Agʷrram), yat tmaddast n yinaẓuren d yiḍukturen n tesnijjit, d mqqar as d isersel ibbas yat tsawert igan tinnes i yixef nns, iɣama-nn Leonardo dar Verrocchio izdeɣ dars acku tɛezza dars twwuri ɣinna. 

Tawuri akkʷ iqburen dar Leonardo f uyenna ittyawssanen iga-t unuɣ n wasif Arnu ittyawskaren s uɣanib, ittuzemmem s usakud n 5 ɣuct 1473, yili ɣila ɣ usefser n Uffinzi.

Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1476-1499
Adday ittara Vasari f Leonardo, ar issemras kra n yiwaliwen zun d "noble", amafkay, "gracieux" d ufalkay, ar aɣ ittini Vasari mas t-nn-ikka Leonardo ɣ tiɛɛurma nns, iga yan urgaz iɣezzifen ifulkin, ikka-t-nn idus kigan igeḍḍer, ar akkʷ issefraɣ tisaliwin n yisan s yifassen nns qqurnin. Iẓil bahra umesli nns ar sis "charmer" wanna as ka isellan, isiggel kraygatt yan tiddukkla nns ɣ akud-ann. Ikka-t-nn iga yan umeccimɣan dar ɛezzan imudar, ar issaɣ kra tikkal igḍaḍ afad ad ten ka isderfi. 

Ikka-t-nn Leonardo iga yan unaẓur ilan yat tmefkit imqqurn, isnulfa-d ɣ 1482 yat "lyre" n uẓref (nnqert) f talɣa n yixef n wayyis, tizi ɣ t-nn-ikka yan unebbaḍ amaynu ɣ temdint n Milan agafa n Ṭṭalyan, igan s yisem Ludovico il Moro, yan uduk isennuɣjufen inebbaḍen yaḍnin. Yuzen Lorenzo n ayt Medici Leonardo s Milan zund umesqad nns afad ad ifek i Ludovico Lyre-ann nns zund yat trezzift zeɣ dars. Yura Leonardo i uduk n Milan yat tebratt, ɣ ittales kullu tiɣawsiwin-ann ḥrecnin unfiɛnin nna mi izḍar, zun d asnulfu n tmacinin n girra. Yara-as ula s uzegzel mas "issen i teklut ula nettat", ur t-nn akkʷ ikki ɣ ugayyu nns ɣ akud-ann mas d taɣawsa-ad nit s rad bahra sul ittyawssan. Iɣama-nn Leonardo ɣ Milan ar iswuri dar uduk ger iseggʷasen n 1482 d 1499, ikka dars yan ugezzum ɣ twwuri nns iẓlin ɣar s "design" n "défilés" n tfugliwin d ikaṛnabalen, ttyafan dars ula ɣ walugen nns kra n wunuɣen i tmelsa n tmezgunin, idsen yimsegdalen "incroyable" d kra n yisinaryuten nna mi yallfus ad ilin assaɣ d umezgun. thumb|Tazrawt n Leonardo da Vinci s tneqqiḍt n uẓref i Ayyis, c. 1488Leonardo, zun d nettan zun d amata n yinaẓuren bahra ttyawssannin ɣ uzemz nns, kkan-t-nn dars idsen yimazzalen ɣ tsawert nns, swa inelmaden iɛerrimen swa imawasen meqqurnin, ikka-t-nn yan ɣ yinelmaden nns iga s yisem Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oren. Ikka-t-nn iga yan urba iɣudan iṭṭafen "curls" n wureɣ ɣezzifnin fulkinin. Ikkatinn ar dis ittacka ad ig tamudemt n yineglusen dar yinaẓuren. Mac iga ula yan uxendallas iceqqan, "Salai" neɣ "Salaino" (isnumken "iblis imeẓẓin") ka ad as-ittini Leonardo. 

Yura Leonardo ɣ walug nns f Salai, mas t-nn-ikka iga yan uṭemmaɛ d yan bu tkerkas ur ilin anaw, d mas t-nn-ikka ar as bedda ittaker tiɣawsiwin nns ɣ tgemmi, idder dis ɣ ammas n uzedduɣ nns i 30 yiseggʷasen zund unelmad d umazzal nns.

Ayyis Axatar
Afares n Leonardo akkʷ ilan azal ɣ akud-ann ɣ uzemz n uswuri dar Ludovico, iga-t asnulfu n yan usefris imqquren f talɣa n yan umnay issudan ayyis nns, ad sis ssimɣuren s unebbaḍ-nnsen izwaren Francesco Sforza. Izwur-d Leonardo s wayyis, deffir mad bahra isker tezrawin-nnss f "anatomie" n wanaw-a ɣ yimudar, issuneɣ-asen id "design"; isnulfa-d yan wayyis n tallaɣt imqquren mi iga s yisem "Gran Cavallo" (Ayyis Axatar), ikka-t-nn rad as sul ittuga ubrunẓ nns afad ad yaɣul ayyis awbrunẓ akkʷ ixatren ɣ umezruy atrar. Mac ur as sul tettusmid twwuri nns s temgeṛẓa. Ɣ 1494, ifka Ludovico abrunẓ-ann akkʷ dar-sen illan ad t-nn-ssurrin s "cannons" acku fell-asen d-ikcem userdas afṛansis s uwettas n usdurriy. Ayyis n tallaɣt ixatren, ibidd ukan tizi-ann ɣ rad d-urrin ifransisen s Milan ɣ 1499 afad ad daɣ armen ad tt-sdurriyen, smersen-t tikkelt-ad i usleɣmu n tniyyact, xlun-t kullu.

Tamgudt n Isuliln

Ur mzarayent tfelwin ad s yisem, ar mmalant s sin-itsent amuɣli n Maryam Tamgudt d bijju nns Ɛisa, ɣ ammas n yan udɣar ameḍlus igan kullu isulilen,َ mani ɣ rad mmaggaren d John Amseddam. Tella yat tenfust (nna ur illin ɣ Injil, tili ɣar ɣ taysi tawmasiḥt) f manik as imlala Ɛisa bijju d John ɣ uɣaras ittawin s Misṛa. Ɣ tmuɣli-a, illa John ar ittẓalla; yall-d Ɛisa bijju afus nns ibarek-t. Tettyawssan tfelwit-ad n Leonardo s unezwi-ann nns ikerrmen nna aɣ-takka, asidd nns aɣrib ikkaten s yan usyafa ittawin tiysas, imula nns dranin d "background" nns immalan agelmam d yidurar ɣ ammas n taggut. Ur jjun akkʷ tettyawskar kra n tfelwit igan zun d nettat ɣ kullu mayd izrin.thumb|left|Tamgudt n Isulilen, Louvre, yallfus is d 1505–1508.|317x317px

Imnsi Amggaru

Ikka t nn unggal Matto Bandllo ar iẓrra Lonardo ɣ ammas n twuri nns. Yura fllas mas d ar izzray mnnaw n wussan; ar ka ikllu akkʷ mad ila wass s bla n tirmt, ibidd daɣ ilmma kṛaḍ nɣ d kkuẓ n wussan yaḍnin bla gisn iklu wala iskr yat, kra n tikkal; ar ka ɣinn ittṣmmar mnid n tflwin nns ar gisn ittqzzaz. Inna Vasari mas as ɣʷlin idammn i umɣar n tɣzamt tamhawcant, ittr as ad isnɣms Lonardo s mas as d iqqan ad iswurri s timmri. Inna Vasari mas t nn ikka Lonardo ittcṭn akkʷ, acku ur inni d yixf nns is rad nit iẓḍar ad isgadda udm n Ɛisa mzyan, inna as i uduk mas yallfus is rad iskr ɣ wudm n umɣar n yimhiwac tamudmt nns i Judas amɣdar.

Dffir mad tsmd twuri n tflwit, nnan fllas kullu willi tt ẓranin s umata nnsn mas d tawuri nns tamayuft akkʷ aynna.

Maca ur as yad issmrs Lonardo i tflwit ann "frsco" as d yusan, iskr as "tmpra" iggi n gissu, nna ur aɣ ittusmrasn yadlli i tflwin n uɣrab. ɣik ann ma f as ittca tɣurdin nns txmmj kullu, trwi s yat tikklt ḍart yat tmiḍi yisggʷasn. Mqqar d iḍr uklu n kra ɣ idɣarn nns zɣ uɣrab, tkka t inn tflwit ann tettyawssan kigan, anct ann lli gis ittusiggzn ittusnɣln yugr kullu tiflwin tisgdanin n umaḍal.

Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1499-1513

Ɣ 1499, sḍrn Ludovico il Moro. Immuti Lyunardu zɣ Milan d umazzal nns Salai d umddakkl nns amusnak Luca Pacioli s Vinisya. Iswuri ɣinna Lyunardu zund kran umasgad d ujnyur asrdasan. Acku tga Vinisya yat tmdint ibiddn f kigan n tgzirin, yurm Lyunardu ad iswingim ɣ itsnt tɣarasin ma s fllas ittgdal azzaɣn n iɣrruba. Ɣ 1500, yurri d Lyunardu s Flurinsa s tamunt n yimazzaln d yinlmadn nns. Fkan as imhiwac n tɣzamt "Holy Annunciation" yat taddart d yat tsawrt imqqurn.


Tamgudt d urba d Anni Tagʷrramt d John Amsddam

Ibda Lyunardu tawuri f yat tflwit yaḍn, ig nn yan uɣawas ɣ yixf nns issunɣ as yat tunuɣt imqqurn; immalan Mayram Tamgudt, tskkus f ufud n immas Ann Tagʷrramt tusi dis abijju nns Ɛisa, yili f ufasi nns John Amsddam (Baptist). Inna Vasari mas tsbhḍ tunuɣt ann tafalkayt akkʷ middn, ddan d ad tt annin irgazn d tmɣarin, imẓyiyn wala wid mqqurnin s tigrummawin, ad tinid is d kra n umuggar imqqurn a s d uckan. Ar tttyafa ɣila tunuɣt ad ɣ Usfsr Anamur, Lunḍun. Mqqar d bahra tqbur tzzf, tili ammas n yat tmṣriyt illasn, da ttkkan middn kraygatt ass asfsr nns afad ad ka skubbrn mnid nns. Zun d nttat zun d mnnawt g twuriwin n Lyunardu, ur as jju ismd taflwit nns.

Imnɣi n Angyari
Ɣ 1502 d 1503, iswuri Lyunardu dar Tcizari Burdja, aristuqraṭ idusn iwwis n ubaba Aliksandr wis sḍis. Ikka t nn Lyunardu ar dis ittmuddu zun d kran umasgad d ujnyur asrdasan, ar ttkkan mnnaw idɣarn ugns n Ṭṭalyan. Tigiriwin n 1503, yurri d Lyunardu s Flurinsa, ilkm d "Guild" n Luk Agʷrram i tikklt yaḍn. 

Tettufka as yat tmskirt bahra istawhmman zɣ dar usqqim (Signoria) n Flurinsa, ran t ad asn iklu yan zɣ sin "frscos" ann mqqurnin nna rad ilin ɣ ammas n yiɣrban n tmṣriyt akkʷ dar mi illa wazal ɣ ubrgmmi n usqqim nna, ittukllaf Michlanglo s tklut n Imnɣi n Cascina, ikllf Lyunardu s tin Imnɣi n Angyari. Issnta Lonard ɣ usnfar nns, iskr tzrawin nns f udmawn n yirgazn rfanin d yiysan nnsn mmaɣnin, issunɣ tn, ilin ukan sul unuɣn a ar ɣilad ɣ walugn nns. Mac s tmgṛẓa, rad daɣ ig uya yan "failur" zɣ dar Lyunardu, acku lliɣ nn ikʷla tugna ann ɣ uɣrab, ɣ udɣar n ad issmrs "frsco", ismrks as ikʷlan nns d uzatim (zzit), ɣikann maf as ggammin ad zwun. Lliɣ yurm ad tn issrɣ s imikk n wafa, tfsi as tflwit kullu tt. Issunɣ Ptr Paul yat tunɣilt i ugzzum nns anammas, awin as d ayt usqqim n tɣrmt ḍart yat tizi ma rad as daɣ yalsn ɣ uɣrab. Ur ikmml Michlanglo taflwit nns ula ntta acku as iɣra ubaba s Ruma.

Mona Liza

Ɣ wattayn n 1503, ibda Lyunardu ar ikllu taflwit n yat tmɣart ittyawssann s Mona Liza, tasfrist akkʷ nna mi dar illa waddur ngr kullu tiflwin yaḍnin. Mnnaw yisggʷasn ad gis izzri, tga yat tugna imẓẓin ittwaklun s uzatim (zzit) iggi n yan yifil n ukccuḍ. Ar tmmala udm, tafgga tanafllant d yifassn n yat tmɣart ilsan zund ku ass. Ɣ tsfrisin, ar yadlli tlssa tamɣart timlsa d tzuzaf nns timayufnin. Tls ɣid Mona Liza yat tqndurt iḍlan d yan waddal asggan aflla yixf nns. Ɣ umata n tikkal, ar ittajja Lyunardu ɣ tflwin nns kra n yizumal ma's yakka kra n tmula (indics) f umdan nna gisn ittilin. Aynn igan aɣrib ɣ tugna ya d uynna igan aɣbalu i yism nna s tettyawssan iga t uzmummg nns : Mona Liza Giaconda, ar tsnamk Giaconda "tanna ittṣṣan", (tga Mona azgzl n Madonna isnumkn "Lalla nu".)

Tamntilt n max aylliɣ bahra tettyawssan tflwit ad, iga t acku tktur s yidrign, ar nn ttaggʷan alln n Mona Liza s yinigi nns, mac ur inni ta yan ad d ildi aynn issaran ixf nns. Alln nns d ula imi nns, ar ttumann zund is aɣ zmummugn, tamsalt igan tamaynut ɣ tklut n tsfrisin, acku ar gis yadlli ttumann middn s umata nnsn gan idɣriyn. Icqqa ad yakz yan tinfaliyin n wudm n Mona Liza s usnɣd, acku iɣ yad ira yan ad iɣr isyafatn n wayya yakz tn, iqqan t id ad nn iluḥ asmaqql nns s usga n tɣmriwin n walln d yimawn nnsn. Ixdm tt Lyunardu s yat tɣarast ɣ tettumann imula fssusnin ɣ tsggiwin n udm, amggrḍ d yifassn nns, ar tettusmma tamamkt a "sfumato" (isnumkn "aggu" s taṭalyanit). Ḍart mad tt ẓran kra n yinaẓurn yaḍnin, nnan d yiguyya nnsn mas d ur rad zḍarn i tklut n kra n tflwit igan zun d nttat.

Tudrt nns tazzulant, 1506-1516

Ɣ 1506, yurri d Lyunardu s Milan d yinlmadn nns, iddr ɣ tgmmi nns ɣ ammas n Porta Orintal. Aɣuln idsn ɣ yinlmadn nns d imklawn : Brnardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio d Marco D'Oggion. Iskr D'Oggion mnnawt tunɣilin i Imnsi Amggaru, iskr Luini yat i Tamgudt n Isuliln, ikʷla Boltraffio d wiyyaḍ kigan n tugniwin n id Madonna d Ubijju, izḍar yan ad tnt sul iẓr ɣ yisfsar n tẓuri d ula tiglizin.

 Tisaɣulin 

 Tiɣri uggar 
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 Daniel Arasse (1997). Leonardo da Vinci. Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1 56852 1987.
 Liana Bortolon (1967). The life and times of Leonardo. Paul Hamlyn, London. ISBN 075251587X.
 Hugh Brigstoke (2001). The Oxford Companion to Western Art. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198662033.
 Angela Ottino della Chiesa (1967). The complete paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. Penguin Classics of World Art series. ISBN 0-14-00-8649-8.
 Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders (1952). Leonardo on the human body: the anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With translations, emendations and a biographical introduction. Henry Schuman, New York.
 A.E. Popham (1946). The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0 224 60462 7.
 Jean Paul Richter (1970). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover.
 Paolo Rossi (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631227113.
 Bruno Santi (1990). Leonardo da Vinci. Scala / Riverside.
 Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1.

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 Ismaln yaḍnin 
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 Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review) 
 Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090317061000/http://www.mnstate.edu/gracyk/courses/web%20publishing/Vasari_daVinci.htm Vasari Life of Leonardo] : in Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
 Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
 Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
 Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
 Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
 Leonardo da Vinci, a biography with description of his major works, written for children; Tamsyn Taylor, 2020
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